See tundra in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
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{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ru",
"3": "ту́ндра"
},
"expansion": "Russian ту́ндра (túndra)",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "sjd",
"3": "тӯндрэ"
},
"expansion": "Kildin Sami тӯндрэ (tūndre)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from Russian ту́ндра (túndra), from Kildin Sami тӯндрэ (tūndre), the accusative/genitive form of тӯндар (tūndar).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "tundras",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
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"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
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{
"kind": "place",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Asia",
"orig": "en:Asia",
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"Eurasia",
"Nature",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
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],
"derived": [
{
"word": "steppe-tundra"
},
{
"word": "tundra bean goose"
},
{
"word": "tundral"
},
{
"word": "tundra swan"
},
{
"word": "tundra tyre"
},
{
"word": "tundra vole"
},
{
"word": "tundra wolf"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A flat and treeless Arctic biome."
],
"id": "en-tundra-en-noun-vWrG7cGR",
"links": [
[
"flat",
"flat"
],
[
"treeless",
"treeless"
],
[
"Arctic",
"Arctic"
],
[
"biome",
"biome"
]
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "af",
"lang": "Afrikaans",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"word": "toendra"
},
{
"code": "ain",
"lang": "Ainu",
"roman": "nuf",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"word": "ヌﾌ"
},
{
"code": "sq",
"lang": "Albanian",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"word": "tundër"
},
{
"code": "ar",
"lang": "Arabic",
"roman": "tundrā",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "تُنْدْرَا"
},
{
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"roman": "tundra",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"word": "տունդրա"
},
{
"code": "aii",
"lang": "Assyrian Neo-Aramaic",
"roman": "ṭundrā",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "ܛܘܼܢܕܪܵܐ"
},
{
"code": "az",
"lang": "Azerbaijani",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"word": "tundra"
},
{
"code": "be",
"lang": "Belarusian",
"roman": "túndra",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"word": "ту́ндра"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "túndra",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "ту́ндра"
},
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "tundra"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"word": "凍原"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "dòngyuán",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"word": "冻原"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "táiyuán",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"word": "苔原"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"word": "凍土層"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "dòngtǔcéng",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"word": "冻土层"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "tundra"
},
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "tundra"
},
{
"code": "dlg",
"lang": "Dolgan",
"note": "тыа (tıa, literally “forest”)",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region"
},
{
"code": "dlg",
"lang": "Dolgan",
"note": "муора (muora, literally “sea”)",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"word": "toendra"
},
{
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"word": "tundro"
},
{
"code": "et",
"lang": "Estonian",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"word": "tundra"
},
{
"code": "fo",
"lang": "Faroese",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "tundra"
},
{
"code": "fo",
"lang": "Faroese",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "frostmýra"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"word": "tundra"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "toundra"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "tundra"
},
{
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "ṭundra",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"word": "ტუნდრა"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Tundra"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "toúntra",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "τούντρα"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "toúndra",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "τούνδρα"
},
{
"code": "haw",
"lang": "Hawaiian",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"word": "nakilinaka"
},
{
"code": "he",
"lang": "Hebrew",
"roman": "túndra",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "טוּנְדְרָה"
},
{
"code": "hi",
"lang": "Hindi",
"roman": "ṭuṇḍrā",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"word": "टुंड्रा"
},
{
"code": "hi",
"lang": "Hindi",
"roman": "tundrā",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"word": "तुन्द्रा"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"word": "tundra"
},
{
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "freðmýri"
},
{
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "túndra"
},
{
"code": "io",
"lang": "Ido",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"word": "tundra"
},
{
"code": "izh",
"lang": "Ingrian",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"word": "tundra"
},
{
"code": "ia",
"lang": "Interlingua",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"word": "tundra"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "tundra"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "tundra"
},
{
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "tsundora",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"word": "ツンドラ"
},
{
"alt": "とうげん",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "tōgen",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"word": "凍原"
},
{
"code": "kk",
"lang": "Kazakh",
"roman": "tundra",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"word": "тундра"
},
{
"code": "kjh",
"lang": "Khakas",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"word": "кӧдіре"
},
{
"code": "ko",
"lang": "Korean",
"roman": "tundeura",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"word": "툰드라"
},
{
"code": "ky",
"lang": "Kyrgyz",
"roman": "tundra",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"word": "тундра"
},
{
"code": "lv",
"lang": "Latvian",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "tundra"
},
{
"code": "lt",
"lang": "Lithuanian",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "tundra"
},
{
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"roman": "túndra",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "ту́ндра"
},
{
"code": "mn",
"lang": "Mongolian",
"roman": "tundr",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"word": "тундр"
},
{
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "tundra"
},
{
"code": "nn",
"lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "tundra"
},
{
"code": "os",
"lang": "Ossetian",
"roman": "tundræ",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"word": "тундрӕ"
},
{
"code": "fa",
"lang": "Persian",
"roman": "tundrâ",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"word": "توندرا"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "tundra"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "tundra"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "tundră"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "túndra",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "ту́ндра"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"tags": [
"Cyrillic",
"feminine"
],
"word": "ту̑ндра"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"tags": [
"Roman",
"feminine"
],
"word": "tȗndra"
},
{
"code": "cjs",
"lang": "Shor",
"roman": "ködre",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"word": "кӧдре"
},
{
"code": "sk",
"lang": "Slovak",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "tundra"
},
{
"code": "sl",
"lang": "Slovene",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "tundra"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "tundra"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "tundra"
},
{
"code": "tl",
"lang": "Tagalog",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"word": "tundra"
},
{
"code": "tg",
"lang": "Tajik",
"roman": "tundra",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"word": "тундра"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"word": "tundra"
},
{
"code": "tk",
"lang": "Turkmen",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"word": "tundra"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "túndra",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "ту́ндра"
},
{
"code": "ug",
"lang": "Uyghur",
"roman": "tundira",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"word": "تۇندىرا"
},
{
"code": "uz",
"lang": "Uzbek",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"word": "tundra"
},
{
"code": "vi",
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"word": "đài nguyên"
},
{
"code": "vi",
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"word": "đồng rêu"
},
{
"code": "vi",
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"word": "lãnh nguyên"
},
{
"code": "vo",
"lang": "Volapük",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"word": "muskän"
},
{
"code": "cy",
"lang": "Welsh",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "twndra"
},
{
"code": "sah",
"lang": "Yakut",
"roman": "tuundara",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"word": "туундара"
},
{
"code": "esu",
"lang": "Yup'ik",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"word": "nunapik"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"tundra"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈtʌndɹə/"
},
{
"audio": "en-us-tundra.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3a/En-us-tundra.ogg/En-us-tundra.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/En-us-tundra.ogg"
},
{
"audio": "en-au-tundra.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/aa/En-au-tundra.ogg/En-au-tundra.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/En-au-tundra.ogg"
}
],
"word": "tundra"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"word": "steppe-tundra"
},
{
"word": "tundra bean goose"
},
{
"word": "tundral"
},
{
"word": "tundra swan"
},
{
"word": "tundra tyre"
},
{
"word": "tundra vole"
},
{
"word": "tundra wolf"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ru",
"3": "ту́ндра"
},
"expansion": "Russian ту́ндра (túndra)",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "sjd",
"3": "тӯндрэ"
},
"expansion": "Kildin Sami тӯндрэ (tūndre)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from Russian ту́ндра (túndra), from Kildin Sami тӯндрэ (tūndre), the accusative/genitive form of тӯндар (tūndar).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "tundras",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "~"
},
"expansion": "tundra (countable and uncountable, plural tundras)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms borrowed from Russian",
"English terms derived from Kildin Sami",
"English terms derived from Russian",
"English uncountable nouns",
"Entries with translation boxes",
"Mandarin terms with redundant transliterations",
"Pages with 17 entries",
"Terms with Afrikaans translations",
"Terms with Ainu translations",
"Terms with Albanian translations",
"Terms with Arabic translations",
"Terms with Armenian translations",
"Terms with Assyrian Neo-Aramaic translations",
"Terms with Azerbaijani translations",
"Terms with Belarusian translations",
"Terms with Bulgarian translations",
"Terms with Catalan translations",
"Terms with Czech translations",
"Terms with Danish translations",
"Terms with Dolgan translations",
"Terms with Dutch translations",
"Terms with Esperanto translations",
"Terms with Estonian translations",
"Terms with Faroese translations",
"Terms with Finnish translations",
"Terms with French translations",
"Terms with Galician translations",
"Terms with Georgian translations",
"Terms with German translations",
"Terms with Greek translations",
"Terms with Hawaiian translations",
"Terms with Hebrew translations",
"Terms with Hindi translations",
"Terms with Hungarian translations",
"Terms with Icelandic translations",
"Terms with Ido translations",
"Terms with Ingrian translations",
"Terms with Interlingua translations",
"Terms with Irish translations",
"Terms with Italian translations",
"Terms with Japanese translations",
"Terms with Kazakh translations",
"Terms with Khakas translations",
"Terms with Korean translations",
"Terms with Kyrgyz translations",
"Terms with Latvian translations",
"Terms with Lithuanian translations",
"Terms with Macedonian translations",
"Terms with Mandarin translations",
"Terms with Mongolian translations",
"Terms with Norwegian Bokmål translations",
"Terms with Norwegian Nynorsk translations",
"Terms with Ossetian translations",
"Terms with Persian translations",
"Terms with Polish translations",
"Terms with Portuguese translations",
"Terms with Romanian translations",
"Terms with Russian translations",
"Terms with Serbo-Croatian translations",
"Terms with Shor translations",
"Terms with Slovak translations",
"Terms with Slovene translations",
"Terms with Spanish translations",
"Terms with Swedish translations",
"Terms with Tagalog translations",
"Terms with Tajik translations",
"Terms with Turkish translations",
"Terms with Turkmen translations",
"Terms with Ukrainian translations",
"Terms with Uyghur translations",
"Terms with Uzbek translations",
"Terms with Vietnamese translations",
"Terms with Volapük translations",
"Terms with Welsh translations",
"Terms with Yakut translations",
"Terms with Yup'ik translations",
"en:Asia",
"en:Europe",
"en:Geography",
"en:North America"
],
"glosses": [
"A flat and treeless Arctic biome."
],
"links": [
[
"flat",
"flat"
],
[
"treeless",
"treeless"
],
[
"Arctic",
"Arctic"
],
[
"biome",
"biome"
]
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
],
"wikipedia": [
"tundra"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈtʌndɹə/"
},
{
"audio": "en-us-tundra.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3a/En-us-tundra.ogg/En-us-tundra.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/En-us-tundra.ogg"
},
{
"audio": "en-au-tundra.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/aa/En-au-tundra.ogg/En-au-tundra.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/En-au-tundra.ogg"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "af",
"lang": "Afrikaans",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"word": "toendra"
},
{
"code": "ain",
"lang": "Ainu",
"roman": "nuf",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"word": "ヌﾌ"
},
{
"code": "sq",
"lang": "Albanian",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"word": "tundër"
},
{
"code": "ar",
"lang": "Arabic",
"roman": "tundrā",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "تُنْدْرَا"
},
{
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"roman": "tundra",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"word": "տունդրա"
},
{
"code": "aii",
"lang": "Assyrian Neo-Aramaic",
"roman": "ṭundrā",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "ܛܘܼܢܕܪܵܐ"
},
{
"code": "az",
"lang": "Azerbaijani",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"word": "tundra"
},
{
"code": "be",
"lang": "Belarusian",
"roman": "túndra",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"word": "ту́ндра"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "túndra",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "ту́ндра"
},
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "tundra"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"word": "凍原"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "dòngyuán",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"word": "冻原"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "táiyuán",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"word": "苔原"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"word": "凍土層"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "dòngtǔcéng",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"word": "冻土层"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "tundra"
},
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "tundra"
},
{
"code": "dlg",
"lang": "Dolgan",
"note": "тыа (tıa, literally “forest”)",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region"
},
{
"code": "dlg",
"lang": "Dolgan",
"note": "муора (muora, literally “sea”)",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"word": "toendra"
},
{
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"word": "tundro"
},
{
"code": "et",
"lang": "Estonian",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"word": "tundra"
},
{
"code": "fo",
"lang": "Faroese",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "tundra"
},
{
"code": "fo",
"lang": "Faroese",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "frostmýra"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"word": "tundra"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "toundra"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "tundra"
},
{
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "ṭundra",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"word": "ტუნდრა"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Tundra"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "toúntra",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "τούντρα"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "toúndra",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "τούνδρα"
},
{
"code": "haw",
"lang": "Hawaiian",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"word": "nakilinaka"
},
{
"code": "he",
"lang": "Hebrew",
"roman": "túndra",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "טוּנְדְרָה"
},
{
"code": "hi",
"lang": "Hindi",
"roman": "ṭuṇḍrā",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"word": "टुंड्रा"
},
{
"code": "hi",
"lang": "Hindi",
"roman": "tundrā",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"word": "तुन्द्रा"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"word": "tundra"
},
{
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "freðmýri"
},
{
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "túndra"
},
{
"code": "io",
"lang": "Ido",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"word": "tundra"
},
{
"code": "izh",
"lang": "Ingrian",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"word": "tundra"
},
{
"code": "ia",
"lang": "Interlingua",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"word": "tundra"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "tundra"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "tundra"
},
{
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "tsundora",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"word": "ツンドラ"
},
{
"alt": "とうげん",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "tōgen",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"word": "凍原"
},
{
"code": "kk",
"lang": "Kazakh",
"roman": "tundra",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"word": "тундра"
},
{
"code": "kjh",
"lang": "Khakas",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"word": "кӧдіре"
},
{
"code": "ko",
"lang": "Korean",
"roman": "tundeura",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"word": "툰드라"
},
{
"code": "ky",
"lang": "Kyrgyz",
"roman": "tundra",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"word": "тундра"
},
{
"code": "lv",
"lang": "Latvian",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "tundra"
},
{
"code": "lt",
"lang": "Lithuanian",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "tundra"
},
{
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"roman": "túndra",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "ту́ндра"
},
{
"code": "mn",
"lang": "Mongolian",
"roman": "tundr",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"word": "тундр"
},
{
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "tundra"
},
{
"code": "nn",
"lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "tundra"
},
{
"code": "os",
"lang": "Ossetian",
"roman": "tundræ",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"word": "тундрӕ"
},
{
"code": "fa",
"lang": "Persian",
"roman": "tundrâ",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"word": "توندرا"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "tundra"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "tundra"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "tundră"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "túndra",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "ту́ндра"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"tags": [
"Cyrillic",
"feminine"
],
"word": "ту̑ндра"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"tags": [
"Roman",
"feminine"
],
"word": "tȗndra"
},
{
"code": "cjs",
"lang": "Shor",
"roman": "ködre",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"word": "кӧдре"
},
{
"code": "sk",
"lang": "Slovak",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "tundra"
},
{
"code": "sl",
"lang": "Slovene",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "tundra"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "tundra"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "tundra"
},
{
"code": "tl",
"lang": "Tagalog",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"word": "tundra"
},
{
"code": "tg",
"lang": "Tajik",
"roman": "tundra",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"word": "тундра"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"word": "tundra"
},
{
"code": "tk",
"lang": "Turkmen",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"word": "tundra"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "túndra",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "ту́ндра"
},
{
"code": "ug",
"lang": "Uyghur",
"roman": "tundira",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"word": "تۇندىرا"
},
{
"code": "uz",
"lang": "Uzbek",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"word": "tundra"
},
{
"code": "vi",
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"word": "đài nguyên"
},
{
"code": "vi",
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"word": "đồng rêu"
},
{
"code": "vi",
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"word": "lãnh nguyên"
},
{
"code": "vo",
"lang": "Volapük",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"word": "muskän"
},
{
"code": "cy",
"lang": "Welsh",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "twndra"
},
{
"code": "sah",
"lang": "Yakut",
"roman": "tuundara",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"word": "туундара"
},
{
"code": "esu",
"lang": "Yup'ik",
"sense": "flat treeless arctic region",
"word": "nunapik"
}
],
"word": "tundra"
}
Download raw JSONL data for tundra meaning in English (13.8kB)
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/2013",
"msg": "more than one value in \"roman\": permafrost vs. dòngtǔcéng",
"path": [
"tundra"
],
"section": "English",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "tundra",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "wiktionary/179/20240425",
"msg": "tundra/English/noun: 'word' should be a non-empty string (it is a mandatory field): {\"code\": \"dlg\", \"lang\": \"Dolgan\", \"note\": \"\\u0442\\u044b\\u0430 (t\\u0131a, literally \\u201cforest\\u201d)\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\"}: {\"derived\": [{\"word\": \"steppe-tundra\"}, {\"word\": \"tundra bean goose\"}, {\"word\": \"tundral\"}, {\"word\": \"tundra swan\"}, {\"word\": \"tundra tyre\"}, {\"word\": \"tundra vole\"}, {\"word\": \"tundra wolf\"}], \"etymology_templates\": [{\"args\": {\"1\": \"en\", \"2\": \"ru\", \"3\": \"ту́ндра\"}, \"expansion\": \"Russian ту́ндра (túndra)\", \"name\": \"bor\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"en\", \"2\": \"sjd\", \"3\": \"тӯндрэ\"}, \"expansion\": \"Kildin Sami тӯндрэ (tūndre)\", \"name\": \"der\"}], \"etymology_text\": \"Borrowed from Russian ту́ндра (túndra), from Kildin Sami тӯндрэ (tūndre), the accusative/genitive form of тӯндар (tūndar).\", \"forms\": [{\"form\": \"tundras\", \"tags\": [\"plural\"]}], \"head_templates\": [{\"args\": {\"1\": \"~\"}, \"expansion\": \"tundra (countable and uncountable, plural tundras)\", \"name\": \"en-noun\"}], \"lang\": \"English\", \"lang_code\": \"en\", \"pos\": \"noun\", \"senses\": [{\"categories\": [\"English countable nouns\", \"English entries with incorrect language header\", \"English entries with topic categories using raw markup\", \"English lemmas\", \"English nouns\", \"English terms borrowed from Russian\", \"English terms derived from Kildin Sami\", \"English terms derived from Russian\", \"English uncountable nouns\", \"Entries with translation boxes\", \"Mandarin terms with redundant transliterations\", \"Pages with 17 entries\", \"Terms with Afrikaans translations\", \"Terms with Ainu translations\", \"Terms with Albanian translations\", \"Terms with Arabic translations\", \"Terms with Armenian translations\", \"Terms with Assyrian Neo-Aramaic translations\", \"Terms with Azerbaijani translations\", \"Terms with Belarusian translations\", \"Terms with Bulgarian translations\", \"Terms with Catalan translations\", \"Terms with Czech translations\", \"Terms with Danish translations\", \"Terms with Dolgan translations\", \"Terms with Dutch translations\", \"Terms with Esperanto translations\", \"Terms with Estonian translations\", \"Terms with Faroese translations\", \"Terms with Finnish translations\", \"Terms with French translations\", \"Terms with Galician translations\", \"Terms with Georgian translations\", \"Terms with German translations\", \"Terms with Greek translations\", \"Terms with Hawaiian translations\", \"Terms with Hebrew translations\", \"Terms with Hindi translations\", \"Terms with Hungarian translations\", \"Terms with Icelandic translations\", \"Terms with Ido translations\", \"Terms with Ingrian translations\", \"Terms with Interlingua translations\", \"Terms with Irish translations\", \"Terms with Italian translations\", \"Terms with Japanese translations\", \"Terms with Kazakh translations\", \"Terms with Khakas translations\", \"Terms with Korean translations\", \"Terms with Kyrgyz translations\", \"Terms with Latvian translations\", \"Terms with Lithuanian translations\", \"Terms with Macedonian translations\", \"Terms with Mandarin translations\", \"Terms with Mongolian translations\", \"Terms with Norwegian Bokmål translations\", \"Terms with Norwegian Nynorsk translations\", \"Terms with Ossetian translations\", \"Terms with Persian translations\", \"Terms with Polish translations\", \"Terms with Portuguese translations\", \"Terms with Romanian translations\", \"Terms with Russian translations\", \"Terms with Serbo-Croatian translations\", \"Terms with Shor translations\", \"Terms with Slovak translations\", \"Terms with Slovene translations\", \"Terms with Spanish translations\", \"Terms with Swedish translations\", \"Terms with Tagalog translations\", \"Terms with Tajik translations\", \"Terms with Turkish translations\", \"Terms with Turkmen translations\", \"Terms with Ukrainian translations\", \"Terms with Uyghur translations\", \"Terms with Uzbek translations\", \"Terms with Vietnamese translations\", \"Terms with Volapük translations\", \"Terms with Welsh translations\", \"Terms with Yakut translations\", \"Terms with Yup'ik translations\", \"en:Asia\", \"en:Europe\", \"en:Geography\", \"en:North America\"], \"glosses\": [\"A flat and treeless Arctic biome.\"], \"links\": [[\"flat\", \"flat\"], [\"treeless\", \"treeless\"], [\"Arctic\", \"Arctic\"], [\"biome\", \"biome\"]], \"tags\": [\"countable\", \"uncountable\"], \"wikipedia\": [\"tundra\"]}], \"sounds\": [{\"ipa\": \"/ˈtʌndɹə/\"}, {\"audio\": \"en-us-tundra.ogg\", \"mp3_url\": \"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3a/En-us-tundra.ogg/En-us-tundra.ogg.mp3\", \"ogg_url\": \"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/En-us-tundra.ogg\"}, {\"audio\": \"en-au-tundra.ogg\", \"mp3_url\": \"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/aa/En-au-tundra.ogg/En-au-tundra.ogg.mp3\", \"ogg_url\": \"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/En-au-tundra.ogg\"}], \"translations\": [{\"code\": \"af\", \"lang\": \"Afrikaans\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"word\": \"toendra\"}, {\"code\": \"ain\", \"lang\": \"Ainu\", \"roman\": \"nuf\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"word\": \"ヌﾌ\"}, {\"code\": \"sq\", \"lang\": \"Albanian\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"word\": \"tundër\"}, {\"code\": \"ar\", \"lang\": \"Arabic\", \"roman\": \"tundrā\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"تُنْدْرَا\"}, {\"code\": \"hy\", \"lang\": \"Armenian\", \"roman\": \"tundra\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"word\": \"տունդրա\"}, {\"code\": \"aii\", \"lang\": \"Assyrian Neo-Aramaic\", \"roman\": \"ṭundrā\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"ܛܘܼܢܕܪܵܐ\"}, {\"code\": \"az\", \"lang\": \"Azerbaijani\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"word\": \"tundra\"}, {\"code\": \"be\", \"lang\": \"Belarusian\", \"roman\": \"túndra\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"word\": \"ту́ндра\"}, {\"code\": \"bg\", \"lang\": \"Bulgarian\", \"roman\": \"túndra\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"ту́ндра\"}, {\"code\": \"ca\", \"lang\": \"Catalan\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"tundra\"}, {\"code\": \"cmn\", \"lang\": \"Chinese Mandarin\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"word\": \"凍原\"}, {\"code\": \"cmn\", \"lang\": \"Chinese Mandarin\", \"roman\": \"dòngyuán\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"word\": \"冻原\"}, {\"code\": \"cmn\", \"lang\": \"Chinese Mandarin\", \"roman\": \"táiyuán\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"word\": \"苔原\"}, {\"code\": \"cmn\", \"lang\": \"Chinese Mandarin\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"word\": \"凍土層\"}, {\"code\": \"cmn\", \"lang\": \"Chinese Mandarin\", \"roman\": \"dòngtǔcéng\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"word\": \"冻土层\"}, {\"code\": \"cs\", \"lang\": \"Czech\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"tundra\"}, {\"code\": \"da\", \"lang\": \"Danish\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"tags\": [\"common-gender\"], \"word\": \"tundra\"}, {\"code\": \"dlg\", \"lang\": \"Dolgan\", \"note\": \"тыа (tıa, literally “forest”)\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\"}, {\"code\": \"dlg\", \"lang\": \"Dolgan\", \"note\": \"муора (muora, literally “sea”)\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\"}, {\"code\": \"nl\", \"lang\": \"Dutch\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"word\": \"toendra\"}, {\"code\": \"eo\", \"lang\": \"Esperanto\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"word\": \"tundro\"}, {\"code\": \"et\", \"lang\": \"Estonian\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"word\": \"tundra\"}, {\"code\": \"fo\", \"lang\": \"Faroese\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"tundra\"}, {\"code\": \"fo\", \"lang\": \"Faroese\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"frostmýra\"}, {\"code\": \"fi\", \"lang\": \"Finnish\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"word\": \"tundra\"}, {\"code\": \"fr\", \"lang\": \"French\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"toundra\"}, {\"code\": \"gl\", \"lang\": \"Galician\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"tundra\"}, {\"code\": \"ka\", \"lang\": \"Georgian\", \"roman\": \"ṭundra\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"word\": \"ტუნდრა\"}, {\"code\": \"de\", \"lang\": \"German\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"Tundra\"}, {\"code\": \"el\", \"lang\": \"Greek\", \"roman\": \"toúntra\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"τούντρα\"}, {\"code\": \"el\", \"lang\": \"Greek\", \"roman\": \"toúndra\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"τούνδρα\"}, {\"code\": \"haw\", \"lang\": \"Hawaiian\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"word\": \"nakilinaka\"}, {\"code\": \"he\", \"lang\": \"Hebrew\", \"roman\": \"túndra\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"טוּנְדְרָה\"}, {\"code\": \"hi\", \"lang\": \"Hindi\", \"roman\": \"ṭuṇḍrā\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"word\": \"टुंड्रा\"}, {\"code\": \"hi\", \"lang\": \"Hindi\", \"roman\": \"tundrā\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"word\": \"तुन्द्रा\"}, {\"code\": \"hu\", \"lang\": \"Hungarian\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"word\": \"tundra\"}, {\"code\": \"is\", \"lang\": \"Icelandic\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"freðmýri\"}, {\"code\": \"is\", \"lang\": \"Icelandic\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"túndra\"}, {\"code\": \"io\", \"lang\": \"Ido\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"word\": \"tundra\"}, {\"code\": \"izh\", \"lang\": \"Ingrian\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"word\": \"tundra\"}, {\"code\": \"ia\", \"lang\": \"Interlingua\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"word\": \"tundra\"}, {\"code\": \"ga\", \"lang\": \"Irish\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"tags\": [\"masculine\"], \"word\": \"tundra\"}, {\"code\": \"it\", \"lang\": \"Italian\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"tundra\"}, {\"code\": \"ja\", \"lang\": \"Japanese\", \"roman\": \"tsundora\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"word\": \"ツンドラ\"}, {\"alt\": \"とうげん\", \"code\": \"ja\", \"lang\": \"Japanese\", \"roman\": \"tōgen\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"word\": \"凍原\"}, {\"code\": \"kk\", \"lang\": \"Kazakh\", \"roman\": \"tundra\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"word\": \"тундра\"}, {\"code\": \"kjh\", \"lang\": \"Khakas\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"word\": \"кӧдіре\"}, {\"code\": \"ko\", \"lang\": \"Korean\", \"roman\": \"tundeura\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"word\": \"툰드라\"}, {\"code\": \"ky\", \"lang\": \"Kyrgyz\", \"roman\": \"tundra\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"word\": \"тундра\"}, {\"code\": \"lv\", \"lang\": \"Latvian\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"tundra\"}, {\"code\": \"lt\", \"lang\": \"Lithuanian\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"tundra\"}, {\"code\": \"mk\", \"lang\": \"Macedonian\", \"roman\": \"túndra\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"ту́ндра\"}, {\"code\": \"mn\", \"lang\": \"Mongolian\", \"roman\": \"tundr\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"word\": \"тундр\"}, {\"code\": \"nb\", \"lang\": \"Norwegian Bokmål\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"tags\": [\"masculine\"], \"word\": \"tundra\"}, {\"code\": \"nn\", \"lang\": \"Norwegian Nynorsk\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"tags\": [\"masculine\"], \"word\": \"tundra\"}, {\"code\": \"os\", \"lang\": \"Ossetian\", \"roman\": \"tundræ\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"word\": \"тундрӕ\"}, {\"code\": \"fa\", \"lang\": \"Persian\", \"roman\": \"tundrâ\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"word\": \"توندرا\"}, {\"code\": \"pl\", \"lang\": \"Polish\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"tundra\"}, {\"code\": \"pt\", \"lang\": \"Portuguese\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"tundra\"}, {\"code\": \"ro\", \"lang\": \"Romanian\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"tundră\"}, {\"code\": \"ru\", \"lang\": \"Russian\", \"roman\": \"túndra\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"ту́ндра\"}, {\"code\": \"sh\", \"lang\": \"Serbo-Croatian\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"tags\": [\"Cyrillic\", \"feminine\"], \"word\": \"ту̑ндра\"}, {\"code\": \"sh\", \"lang\": \"Serbo-Croatian\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"tags\": [\"Roman\", \"feminine\"], \"word\": \"tȗndra\"}, {\"code\": \"cjs\", \"lang\": \"Shor\", \"roman\": \"ködre\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"word\": \"кӧдре\"}, {\"code\": \"sk\", \"lang\": \"Slovak\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"tundra\"}, {\"code\": \"sl\", \"lang\": \"Slovene\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"tundra\"}, {\"code\": \"es\", \"lang\": \"Spanish\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"tundra\"}, {\"code\": \"sv\", \"lang\": \"Swedish\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"tags\": [\"common-gender\"], \"word\": \"tundra\"}, {\"code\": \"tl\", \"lang\": \"Tagalog\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"word\": \"tundra\"}, {\"code\": \"tg\", \"lang\": \"Tajik\", \"roman\": \"tundra\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"word\": \"тундра\"}, {\"code\": \"tr\", \"lang\": \"Turkish\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"word\": \"tundra\"}, {\"code\": \"tk\", \"lang\": \"Turkmen\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"word\": \"tundra\"}, {\"code\": \"uk\", \"lang\": \"Ukrainian\", \"roman\": \"túndra\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"ту́ндра\"}, {\"code\": \"ug\", \"lang\": \"Uyghur\", \"roman\": \"tundira\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"word\": \"تۇندىرا\"}, {\"code\": \"uz\", \"lang\": \"Uzbek\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"word\": \"tundra\"}, {\"code\": \"vi\", \"lang\": \"Vietnamese\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"word\": \"đài nguyên\"}, {\"code\": \"vi\", \"lang\": \"Vietnamese\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"word\": \"đồng rêu\"}, {\"code\": \"vi\", \"lang\": \"Vietnamese\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"word\": \"lãnh nguyên\"}, {\"code\": \"vo\", \"lang\": \"Volapük\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"word\": \"muskän\"}, {\"code\": \"cy\", \"lang\": \"Welsh\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"tags\": [\"masculine\"], \"word\": \"twndra\"}, {\"code\": \"sah\", \"lang\": \"Yakut\", \"roman\": \"tuundara\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"word\": \"туундара\"}, {\"code\": \"esu\", \"lang\": \"Yup'ik\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"word\": \"nunapik\"}], \"word\": \"tundra\"}",
"path": [],
"section": "English",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "tundra",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "wiktionary/179/20240425",
"msg": "tundra/English/noun: 'word' should be a non-empty string (it is a mandatory field): {\"code\": \"dlg\", \"lang\": \"Dolgan\", \"note\": \"\\u043c\\u0443\\u043e\\u0440\\u0430 (muora, literally \\u201csea\\u201d)\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\"}: {\"derived\": [{\"word\": \"steppe-tundra\"}, {\"word\": \"tundra bean goose\"}, {\"word\": \"tundral\"}, {\"word\": \"tundra swan\"}, {\"word\": \"tundra tyre\"}, {\"word\": \"tundra vole\"}, {\"word\": \"tundra wolf\"}], \"etymology_templates\": [{\"args\": {\"1\": \"en\", \"2\": \"ru\", \"3\": \"ту́ндра\"}, \"expansion\": \"Russian ту́ндра (túndra)\", \"name\": \"bor\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"en\", \"2\": \"sjd\", \"3\": \"тӯндрэ\"}, \"expansion\": \"Kildin Sami тӯндрэ (tūndre)\", \"name\": \"der\"}], \"etymology_text\": \"Borrowed from Russian ту́ндра (túndra), from Kildin Sami тӯндрэ (tūndre), the accusative/genitive form of тӯндар (tūndar).\", \"forms\": [{\"form\": \"tundras\", \"tags\": [\"plural\"]}], \"head_templates\": [{\"args\": {\"1\": \"~\"}, \"expansion\": \"tundra (countable and uncountable, plural tundras)\", \"name\": \"en-noun\"}], \"lang\": \"English\", \"lang_code\": \"en\", \"pos\": \"noun\", \"senses\": [{\"categories\": [\"English countable nouns\", \"English entries with incorrect language header\", \"English entries with topic categories using raw markup\", \"English lemmas\", \"English nouns\", \"English terms borrowed from Russian\", \"English terms derived from Kildin Sami\", \"English terms derived from Russian\", \"English uncountable nouns\", \"Entries with translation boxes\", \"Mandarin terms with redundant transliterations\", \"Pages with 17 entries\", \"Terms with Afrikaans translations\", \"Terms with Ainu translations\", \"Terms with Albanian translations\", \"Terms with Arabic translations\", \"Terms with Armenian translations\", \"Terms with Assyrian Neo-Aramaic translations\", \"Terms with Azerbaijani translations\", \"Terms with Belarusian translations\", \"Terms with Bulgarian translations\", \"Terms with Catalan translations\", \"Terms with Czech translations\", \"Terms with Danish translations\", \"Terms with Dolgan translations\", \"Terms with Dutch translations\", \"Terms with Esperanto translations\", \"Terms with Estonian translations\", \"Terms with Faroese translations\", \"Terms with Finnish translations\", \"Terms with French translations\", \"Terms with Galician translations\", \"Terms with Georgian translations\", \"Terms with German translations\", \"Terms with Greek translations\", \"Terms with Hawaiian translations\", \"Terms with Hebrew translations\", \"Terms with Hindi translations\", \"Terms with Hungarian translations\", \"Terms with Icelandic translations\", \"Terms with Ido translations\", \"Terms with Ingrian translations\", \"Terms with Interlingua translations\", \"Terms with Irish translations\", \"Terms with Italian translations\", \"Terms with Japanese translations\", \"Terms with Kazakh translations\", \"Terms with Khakas translations\", \"Terms with Korean translations\", \"Terms with Kyrgyz translations\", \"Terms with Latvian translations\", \"Terms with Lithuanian translations\", \"Terms with Macedonian translations\", \"Terms with Mandarin translations\", \"Terms with Mongolian translations\", \"Terms with Norwegian Bokmål translations\", \"Terms with Norwegian Nynorsk translations\", \"Terms with Ossetian translations\", \"Terms with Persian translations\", \"Terms with Polish translations\", \"Terms with Portuguese translations\", \"Terms with Romanian translations\", \"Terms with Russian translations\", \"Terms with Serbo-Croatian translations\", \"Terms with Shor translations\", \"Terms with Slovak translations\", \"Terms with Slovene translations\", \"Terms with Spanish translations\", \"Terms with Swedish translations\", \"Terms with Tagalog translations\", \"Terms with Tajik translations\", \"Terms with Turkish translations\", \"Terms with Turkmen translations\", \"Terms with Ukrainian translations\", \"Terms with Uyghur translations\", \"Terms with Uzbek translations\", \"Terms with Vietnamese translations\", \"Terms with Volapük translations\", \"Terms with Welsh translations\", \"Terms with Yakut translations\", \"Terms with Yup'ik translations\", \"en:Asia\", \"en:Europe\", \"en:Geography\", \"en:North America\"], \"glosses\": [\"A flat and treeless Arctic biome.\"], \"links\": [[\"flat\", \"flat\"], [\"treeless\", \"treeless\"], [\"Arctic\", \"Arctic\"], [\"biome\", \"biome\"]], \"tags\": [\"countable\", \"uncountable\"], \"wikipedia\": [\"tundra\"]}], \"sounds\": [{\"ipa\": \"/ˈtʌndɹə/\"}, {\"audio\": \"en-us-tundra.ogg\", \"mp3_url\": \"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3a/En-us-tundra.ogg/En-us-tundra.ogg.mp3\", \"ogg_url\": \"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/En-us-tundra.ogg\"}, {\"audio\": \"en-au-tundra.ogg\", \"mp3_url\": \"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/aa/En-au-tundra.ogg/En-au-tundra.ogg.mp3\", \"ogg_url\": \"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/En-au-tundra.ogg\"}], \"translations\": [{\"code\": \"af\", \"lang\": \"Afrikaans\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"word\": \"toendra\"}, {\"code\": \"ain\", \"lang\": \"Ainu\", \"roman\": \"nuf\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"word\": \"ヌﾌ\"}, {\"code\": \"sq\", \"lang\": \"Albanian\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"word\": \"tundër\"}, {\"code\": \"ar\", \"lang\": \"Arabic\", \"roman\": \"tundrā\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"تُنْدْرَا\"}, {\"code\": \"hy\", \"lang\": \"Armenian\", \"roman\": \"tundra\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"word\": \"տունդրա\"}, {\"code\": \"aii\", \"lang\": \"Assyrian Neo-Aramaic\", \"roman\": \"ṭundrā\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"ܛܘܼܢܕܪܵܐ\"}, {\"code\": \"az\", \"lang\": \"Azerbaijani\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"word\": \"tundra\"}, {\"code\": \"be\", \"lang\": \"Belarusian\", \"roman\": \"túndra\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"word\": \"ту́ндра\"}, {\"code\": \"bg\", \"lang\": \"Bulgarian\", \"roman\": \"túndra\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"ту́ндра\"}, {\"code\": \"ca\", \"lang\": \"Catalan\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"tundra\"}, {\"code\": \"cmn\", \"lang\": \"Chinese Mandarin\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"word\": \"凍原\"}, {\"code\": \"cmn\", \"lang\": \"Chinese Mandarin\", \"roman\": \"dòngyuán\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"word\": \"冻原\"}, {\"code\": \"cmn\", \"lang\": \"Chinese Mandarin\", \"roman\": \"táiyuán\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"word\": \"苔原\"}, {\"code\": \"cmn\", \"lang\": \"Chinese Mandarin\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"word\": \"凍土層\"}, {\"code\": \"cmn\", \"lang\": \"Chinese Mandarin\", \"roman\": \"dòngtǔcéng\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"word\": \"冻土层\"}, {\"code\": \"cs\", \"lang\": \"Czech\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"tundra\"}, {\"code\": \"da\", \"lang\": \"Danish\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"tags\": [\"common-gender\"], \"word\": \"tundra\"}, {\"code\": \"dlg\", \"lang\": \"Dolgan\", \"note\": \"тыа (tıa, literally “forest”)\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\"}, {\"code\": \"dlg\", \"lang\": \"Dolgan\", \"note\": \"муора (muora, literally “sea”)\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\"}, {\"code\": \"nl\", \"lang\": \"Dutch\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"word\": \"toendra\"}, {\"code\": \"eo\", \"lang\": \"Esperanto\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"word\": \"tundro\"}, {\"code\": \"et\", \"lang\": \"Estonian\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"word\": \"tundra\"}, {\"code\": \"fo\", \"lang\": \"Faroese\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"tundra\"}, {\"code\": \"fo\", \"lang\": \"Faroese\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"frostmýra\"}, {\"code\": \"fi\", \"lang\": \"Finnish\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"word\": \"tundra\"}, {\"code\": \"fr\", \"lang\": \"French\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"toundra\"}, {\"code\": \"gl\", \"lang\": \"Galician\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"tundra\"}, {\"code\": \"ka\", \"lang\": \"Georgian\", \"roman\": \"ṭundra\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"word\": \"ტუნდრა\"}, {\"code\": \"de\", \"lang\": \"German\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"Tundra\"}, {\"code\": \"el\", \"lang\": \"Greek\", \"roman\": \"toúntra\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"τούντρα\"}, {\"code\": \"el\", \"lang\": \"Greek\", \"roman\": \"toúndra\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"τούνδρα\"}, {\"code\": \"haw\", \"lang\": \"Hawaiian\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"word\": \"nakilinaka\"}, {\"code\": \"he\", \"lang\": \"Hebrew\", \"roman\": \"túndra\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"טוּנְדְרָה\"}, {\"code\": \"hi\", \"lang\": \"Hindi\", \"roman\": \"ṭuṇḍrā\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"word\": \"टुंड्रा\"}, {\"code\": \"hi\", \"lang\": \"Hindi\", \"roman\": \"tundrā\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"word\": \"तुन्द्रा\"}, {\"code\": \"hu\", \"lang\": \"Hungarian\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"word\": \"tundra\"}, {\"code\": \"is\", \"lang\": \"Icelandic\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"freðmýri\"}, {\"code\": \"is\", \"lang\": \"Icelandic\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"túndra\"}, {\"code\": \"io\", \"lang\": \"Ido\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"word\": \"tundra\"}, {\"code\": \"izh\", \"lang\": \"Ingrian\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"word\": \"tundra\"}, {\"code\": \"ia\", \"lang\": \"Interlingua\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"word\": \"tundra\"}, {\"code\": \"ga\", \"lang\": \"Irish\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"tags\": [\"masculine\"], \"word\": \"tundra\"}, {\"code\": \"it\", \"lang\": \"Italian\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"tundra\"}, {\"code\": \"ja\", \"lang\": \"Japanese\", \"roman\": \"tsundora\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"word\": \"ツンドラ\"}, {\"alt\": \"とうげん\", \"code\": \"ja\", \"lang\": \"Japanese\", \"roman\": \"tōgen\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"word\": \"凍原\"}, {\"code\": \"kk\", \"lang\": \"Kazakh\", \"roman\": \"tundra\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"word\": \"тундра\"}, {\"code\": \"kjh\", \"lang\": \"Khakas\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"word\": \"кӧдіре\"}, {\"code\": \"ko\", \"lang\": \"Korean\", \"roman\": \"tundeura\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"word\": \"툰드라\"}, {\"code\": \"ky\", \"lang\": \"Kyrgyz\", \"roman\": \"tundra\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"word\": \"тундра\"}, {\"code\": \"lv\", \"lang\": \"Latvian\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"tundra\"}, {\"code\": \"lt\", \"lang\": \"Lithuanian\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"tundra\"}, {\"code\": \"mk\", \"lang\": \"Macedonian\", \"roman\": \"túndra\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"ту́ндра\"}, {\"code\": \"mn\", \"lang\": \"Mongolian\", \"roman\": \"tundr\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"word\": \"тундр\"}, {\"code\": \"nb\", \"lang\": \"Norwegian Bokmål\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"tags\": [\"masculine\"], \"word\": \"tundra\"}, {\"code\": \"nn\", \"lang\": \"Norwegian Nynorsk\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"tags\": [\"masculine\"], \"word\": \"tundra\"}, {\"code\": \"os\", \"lang\": \"Ossetian\", \"roman\": \"tundræ\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"word\": \"тундрӕ\"}, {\"code\": \"fa\", \"lang\": \"Persian\", \"roman\": \"tundrâ\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"word\": \"توندرا\"}, {\"code\": \"pl\", \"lang\": \"Polish\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"tundra\"}, {\"code\": \"pt\", \"lang\": \"Portuguese\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"tundra\"}, {\"code\": \"ro\", \"lang\": \"Romanian\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"tundră\"}, {\"code\": \"ru\", \"lang\": \"Russian\", \"roman\": \"túndra\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"ту́ндра\"}, {\"code\": \"sh\", \"lang\": \"Serbo-Croatian\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"tags\": [\"Cyrillic\", \"feminine\"], \"word\": \"ту̑ндра\"}, {\"code\": \"sh\", \"lang\": \"Serbo-Croatian\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"tags\": [\"Roman\", \"feminine\"], \"word\": \"tȗndra\"}, {\"code\": \"cjs\", \"lang\": \"Shor\", \"roman\": \"ködre\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"word\": \"кӧдре\"}, {\"code\": \"sk\", \"lang\": \"Slovak\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"tundra\"}, {\"code\": \"sl\", \"lang\": \"Slovene\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"tundra\"}, {\"code\": \"es\", \"lang\": \"Spanish\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"tundra\"}, {\"code\": \"sv\", \"lang\": \"Swedish\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"tags\": [\"common-gender\"], \"word\": \"tundra\"}, {\"code\": \"tl\", \"lang\": \"Tagalog\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"word\": \"tundra\"}, {\"code\": \"tg\", \"lang\": \"Tajik\", \"roman\": \"tundra\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"word\": \"тундра\"}, {\"code\": \"tr\", \"lang\": \"Turkish\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"word\": \"tundra\"}, {\"code\": \"tk\", \"lang\": \"Turkmen\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"word\": \"tundra\"}, {\"code\": \"uk\", \"lang\": \"Ukrainian\", \"roman\": \"túndra\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"tags\": [\"feminine\"], \"word\": \"ту́ндра\"}, {\"code\": \"ug\", \"lang\": \"Uyghur\", \"roman\": \"tundira\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"word\": \"تۇندىرا\"}, {\"code\": \"uz\", \"lang\": \"Uzbek\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"word\": \"tundra\"}, {\"code\": \"vi\", \"lang\": \"Vietnamese\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"word\": \"đài nguyên\"}, {\"code\": \"vi\", \"lang\": \"Vietnamese\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"word\": \"đồng rêu\"}, {\"code\": \"vi\", \"lang\": \"Vietnamese\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"word\": \"lãnh nguyên\"}, {\"code\": \"vo\", \"lang\": \"Volapük\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"word\": \"muskän\"}, {\"code\": \"cy\", \"lang\": \"Welsh\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"tags\": [\"masculine\"], \"word\": \"twndra\"}, {\"code\": \"sah\", \"lang\": \"Yakut\", \"roman\": \"tuundara\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"word\": \"туундара\"}, {\"code\": \"esu\", \"lang\": \"Yup'ik\", \"sense\": \"flat treeless arctic region\", \"word\": \"nunapik\"}], \"word\": \"tundra\"}",
"path": [],
"section": "English",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "tundra",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-09-22 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-09-20 using wiktextract (af5c55c and 66545a6). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.