See surge in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
Download JSON data for surge meaning in English (27.2kB)
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "countersurge"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "pyroclastic surge"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "storm surge"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "surgeless"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "surge pricing"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "surge protector"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "surge suppressor"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "surge tank"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "surge testing"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*h₃reǵ-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "surgen"
},
"expansion": "Middle English surgen",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "frm",
"3": "sourgir"
},
"expansion": "Middle French sourgir",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fro",
"3": "surgir",
"t": "to rise, ride near the shore, arrive, land"
},
"expansion": "Old French surgir (“to rise, ride near the shore, arrive, land”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "roa-oca",
"3": "surgir"
},
"expansion": "Old Catalan surgir",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "surgō"
},
"expansion": "Latin surgō",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "surrigō"
},
"expansion": "surrigō",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "subrigō",
"pos": "vt",
"t": "lift up, raise, erect; intransitive rise, arise, get up, spring up, grow, etc."
},
"expansion": "subrigō (“lift up, raise, erect; intransitive rise, arise, get up, spring up, grow, etc.”, transitive verb)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "sub",
"3": "",
"4": "from below; up"
},
"expansion": "sub (“from below; up”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "regō",
"t": "to stretch"
},
"expansion": "regō (“to stretch”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*h₃réǵeti",
"4": "",
"5": "to straighten; right"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *h₃réǵeti (“to straighten; right”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*h₃reǵ-"
},
"expansion": "*h₃reǵ-",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English surgen, possibly from Middle French sourgir, from Old French surgir (“to rise, ride near the shore, arrive, land”), from Old Catalan surgir, from Latin surgō, contraction of surrigō, subrigō (“lift up, raise, erect; intransitive rise, arise, get up, spring up, grow, etc.”, transitive verb), from sub (“from below; up”) + regō (“to stretch”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₃réǵeti (“to straighten; right”), from the root *h₃reǵ-; see regent.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "surges",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "surge (plural surges)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "2012 November 7, Matt Bai, “Winning a Second Term, Obama Will Confront Familiar Headwinds”, in New York Times",
"text": "As President Obama turns his attention once again to filling out a cabinet and writing an Inaugural Address, this much is clear: he should not expect to bask in a surge of national unity, or to witness a crowd of millions overrun the Mall just to say they were there.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"text": "He felt a surge of excitement.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A sudden transient rush, flood or increase."
],
"id": "en-surge-en-noun-VKkheaMJ",
"links": [
[
"transient",
"transient"
],
[
"rush",
"rush"
],
[
"flood",
"flood"
],
[
"increase",
"increase"
]
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "61 3 23 8 1 1 0 3",
"code": "af",
"lang": "Afrikaans",
"sense": "sudden transient rush or flood",
"word": "stuwing"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 3 23 8 1 1 0 3",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "priliv",
"sense": "sudden transient rush or flood",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "прилив"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 3 23 8 1 1 0 3",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "nahluvane",
"sense": "sudden transient rush or flood",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "нахлуване"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 3 23 8 1 1 0 3",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "sudden transient rush or flood",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "příval"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 3 23 8 1 1 0 3",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "sudden transient rush or flood",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "nápor"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 3 23 8 1 1 0 3",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "sudden transient rush or flood",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "poryv"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 3 23 8 1 1 0 3",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "sudden transient rush or flood",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "vzedmutí"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 3 23 8 1 1 0 3",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "sudden transient rush or flood",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "golf"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 3 23 8 1 1 0 3",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "sudden transient rush or flood",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "stortzee"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 3 23 8 1 1 0 3",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "sudden transient rush or flood",
"word": "aalto"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 3 23 8 1 1 0 3",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "sudden transient rush or flood",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "montée"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 3 23 8 1 1 0 3",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "sudden transient rush or flood",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "poussée"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 3 23 8 1 1 0 3",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "sudden transient rush or flood",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "vague"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 3 23 8 1 1 0 3",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "sudden transient rush or flood",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "afflux"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 3 23 8 1 1 0 3",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "sudden transient rush or flood",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Aufwallung"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 3 23 8 1 1 0 3",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "sudden transient rush or flood",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "Schwall"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 3 23 8 1 1 0 3",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "sudden transient rush or flood",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Welle"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 3 23 8 1 1 0 3",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "sudden transient rush or flood",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Woge"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 3 23 8 1 1 0 3",
"code": "izh",
"lang": "Ingrian",
"sense": "sudden transient rush or flood",
"word": "höökö"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 3 23 8 1 1 0 3",
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"roman": "napliv",
"sense": "sudden transient rush or flood",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "наплив"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 3 23 8 1 1 0 3",
"code": "mi",
"english": "storm surge",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "sudden transient rush or flood",
"word": "tai reporepo"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 3 23 8 1 1 0 3",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "sudden transient rush or flood",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "napływ"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 3 23 8 1 1 0 3",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "sudden transient rush or flood",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "przypływ"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 3 23 8 1 1 0 3",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "sudden transient rush or flood",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "surto"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 3 23 8 1 1 0 3",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "vsplesk",
"sense": "sudden transient rush or flood",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "всплеск"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 3 23 8 1 1 0 3",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "volná",
"sense": "sudden transient rush or flood",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "волна́"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 3 23 8 1 1 0 3",
"code": "sk",
"lang": "Slovak",
"sense": "sudden transient rush or flood",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "nával"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 3 23 8 1 1 0 3",
"code": "sk",
"lang": "Slovak",
"sense": "sudden transient rush or flood",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "príval"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 3 23 8 1 1 0 3",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "sudden transient rush or flood",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "aluvión"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 3 23 8 1 1 0 3",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "sudden transient rush or flood",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "oleada"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 3 23 8 1 1 0 3",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "skok v napreženieto",
"sense": "sudden transient rush or flood",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "скок в напрежението"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 3 23 8 1 1 0 3",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "sudden transient rush or flood",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "špička"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 3 23 8 1 1 0 3",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "sudden transient rush or flood",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "náraz"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 3 23 8 1 1 0 3",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "sudden transient rush or flood",
"word": "jännitepiikki"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 3 23 8 1 1 0 3",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "sudden transient rush or flood",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Überspannung"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 3 23 8 1 1 0 3",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "sudden transient rush or flood",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "Spannungsstoß"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 3 23 8 1 1 0 3",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "sudden transient rush or flood",
"word": "túlfeszültség"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 3 23 8 1 1 0 3",
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "sudden transient rush or flood",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "borradh"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 3 23 8 1 1 0 3",
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "sudden transient rush or flood",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "borradh cumhachta"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 3 23 8 1 1 0 3",
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "sudden transient rush or flood",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "borradh leictreachais"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 3 23 8 1 1 0 3",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "sāji",
"sense": "sudden transient rush or flood",
"word": "サージ"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 3 23 8 1 1 0 3",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "sudden transient rush or flood",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "skok napięcia"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 3 23 8 1 1 0 3",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "skačók naprjažénija",
"sense": "sudden transient rush or flood",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "скачо́к напряже́ния"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 3 23 8 1 1 0 3",
"code": "sk",
"lang": "Slovak",
"sense": "sudden transient rush or flood",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "špička"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 3 23 8 1 1 0 3",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "sudden transient rush or flood",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "sobretensión"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 3 23 8 1 1 0 3",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "sudden transient rush or flood",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "sobrecarga"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 3 23 8 1 1 0 3",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "sudden transient rush or flood",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "överspänning"
}
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"The maximum amplitude of a vehicle's forward/backward oscillation."
],
"id": "en-surge-en-noun-c6E2VPD8"
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Electricity",
"orig": "en:Electricity",
"parents": [
"Electromagnetism",
"Physics",
"Sciences",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "A power surge at that generator created a blackout across the whole district.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"ref": "1959 March, Cecil J. Allen, “Locomotive Running Past and Present”, in Trains Illustrated, page 132",
"text": "When the diesel was being worked full out, the ammeter normally showed about 1,500-1,600 amps, with occasional surges of current at starting or up the steepest gradients to 1,700 or even 1,800 amps.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A sudden electrical spike or increase of voltage and current."
],
"id": "en-surge-en-noun-BdP2WYyh",
"links": [
[
"electricity",
"electricity"
],
[
"electrical",
"electrical"
],
[
"spike",
"spike"
],
[
"increase",
"increase"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(electricity) A sudden electrical spike or increase of voltage and current."
],
"topics": [
"business",
"electrical-engineering",
"electricity",
"electromagnetism",
"energy",
"engineering",
"natural-sciences",
"physical-sciences",
"physics"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Aviation",
"orig": "en:Aviation",
"parents": [
"Aeronautics",
"Transport",
"Sciences",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "3 2 6 20 6 22 0 8 8 10 8 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A momentary reversal of the airflow through the compressor section of a jet engine due to disruption of the airflow entering the engine's air intake, accompanied by loud banging noises, emission of flame, and temporary loss of thrust."
],
"id": "en-surge-en-noun-E0Vt9z2m",
"links": [
[
"aviation",
"aviation"
],
[
"airflow",
"airflow"
],
[
"jet engine",
"jet engine"
],
[
"air intake",
"air intake"
],
[
"banging",
"banging"
],
[
"flame",
"flame"
],
[
"thrust",
"thrust"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(aviation) A momentary reversal of the airflow through the compressor section of a jet engine due to disruption of the airflow entering the engine's air intake, accompanied by loud banging noises, emission of flame, and temporary loss of thrust."
],
"topics": [
"aeronautics",
"aerospace",
"aviation",
"business",
"engineering",
"natural-sciences",
"physical-sciences"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "3 3 3 70 4 13 0 4",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "(aviation) a momentary reversal of the airflow",
"word": "ryntäys"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 3 3 70 4 13 0 4",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "(aviation) a momentary reversal of the airflow",
"word": "pumppaus"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 3 3 70 4 13 0 4",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "(aviation) a momentary reversal of the airflow",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "pompage"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Nautical",
"orig": "en:Nautical",
"parents": [
"Transport",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1901, Bible (American Standard Version), James i. 6",
"text": "He that doubteth is like the surge of the sea driven by the wind and tossed."
}
],
"glosses": [
"The swell or heave of the sea (FM 55-501)."
],
"id": "en-surge-en-noun-b-k-0DnQ",
"links": [
[
"nautical",
"nautical"
],
[
"swell",
"swell"
],
[
"heave",
"heave"
],
[
"sea",
"sea"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(nautical) The swell or heave of the sea (FM 55-501)."
],
"topics": [
"nautical",
"transport"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "2 1 4 12 58 16 0 7",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "vǎlnenie",
"sense": "(nautical) swell of the sea",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "вълнение"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 1 4 12 58 16 0 7",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "(nautical) swell of the sea",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "vzedmutí"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 1 4 12 58 16 0 7",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "(nautical) swell of the sea",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "příval"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 1 4 12 58 16 0 7",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "(nautical) swell of the sea",
"word": "maininki"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 1 4 12 58 16 0 7",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "(nautical) swell of the sea",
"word": "aallokko"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 1 4 12 58 16 0 7",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "(nautical) swell of the sea",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "houle"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 1 4 12 58 16 0 7",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "(nautical) swell of the sea",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Brandung"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 1 4 12 58 16 0 7",
"code": "he",
"lang": "Hebrew",
"roman": "gál néd",
"sense": "(nautical) swell of the sea",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "גַּל נֵד"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 1 4 12 58 16 0 7",
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "(nautical) swell of the sea",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "borradh"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 1 4 12 58 16 0 7",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "volná",
"sense": "(nautical) swell of the sea",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "волна́"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 1 4 12 58 16 0 7",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "pribój",
"sense": "(nautical) swell of the sea",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "прибо́й"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 1 4 12 58 16 0 7",
"code": "sk",
"lang": "Slovak",
"sense": "(nautical) swell of the sea",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "príboj"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 1 4 12 58 16 0 7",
"code": "sk",
"lang": "Slovak",
"sense": "(nautical) swell of the sea",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "vlnobitie"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 1 4 12 58 16 0 7",
"code": "sk",
"lang": "Slovak",
"sense": "(nautical) swell of the sea",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "zdúvanie"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 1 4 12 58 16 0 7",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "(nautical) swell of the sea",
"word": "oleada"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "American English",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "3 2 6 20 6 22 0 8 8 10 8 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "surge capacity; surge fleet; surge deployment capabilities"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A deployment in large numbers at short notice."
],
"id": "en-surge-en-noun-MPIOzLOJ",
"links": [
[
"deployment",
"deployment"
],
[
"short notice",
"short notice"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(US, naval, often attributive) A deployment in large numbers at short notice."
],
"tags": [
"US",
"attributive",
"often"
],
"topics": [
"government",
"military",
"naval",
"navy",
"politics",
"war"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"text": "1523-1525, John Bourchier, 2nd Baron Berners, Froissart's Chronicles\nall great rivers are gorged and assembled of various surges and springs of water"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A spring; a fountain."
],
"id": "en-surge-en-noun-QbENILJH",
"raw_glosses": [
"(obsolete) A spring; a fountain."
],
"tags": [
"obsolete"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"The tapered part of a windlass barrel or a capstan, upon which the cable surges, or slips."
],
"id": "en-surge-en-noun-SwxV1itF"
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/sɝd͡ʒ/",
"tags": [
"US"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/sɜːd͡ʒ/",
"tags": [
"UK"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɜː(ɹ)d͡ʒ"
},
{
"homophone": "serge"
},
{
"audio": "en-us-surge.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/af/En-us-surge.ogg/En-us-surge.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/En-us-surge.ogg",
"tags": [
"US"
],
"text": "Audio (US)"
},
{
"enpr": "sûrj",
"tags": [
"UK"
]
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "inrush"
}
],
"word": "surge"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*h₃reǵ-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "surgen"
},
"expansion": "Middle English surgen",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "frm",
"3": "sourgir"
},
"expansion": "Middle French sourgir",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fro",
"3": "surgir",
"t": "to rise, ride near the shore, arrive, land"
},
"expansion": "Old French surgir (“to rise, ride near the shore, arrive, land”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "roa-oca",
"3": "surgir"
},
"expansion": "Old Catalan surgir",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "surgō"
},
"expansion": "Latin surgō",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "surrigō"
},
"expansion": "surrigō",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "subrigō",
"pos": "vt",
"t": "lift up, raise, erect; intransitive rise, arise, get up, spring up, grow, etc."
},
"expansion": "subrigō (“lift up, raise, erect; intransitive rise, arise, get up, spring up, grow, etc.”, transitive verb)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "sub",
"3": "",
"4": "from below; up"
},
"expansion": "sub (“from below; up”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "regō",
"t": "to stretch"
},
"expansion": "regō (“to stretch”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*h₃réǵeti",
"4": "",
"5": "to straighten; right"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *h₃réǵeti (“to straighten; right”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*h₃reǵ-"
},
"expansion": "*h₃reǵ-",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English surgen, possibly from Middle French sourgir, from Old French surgir (“to rise, ride near the shore, arrive, land”), from Old Catalan surgir, from Latin surgō, contraction of surrigō, subrigō (“lift up, raise, erect; intransitive rise, arise, get up, spring up, grow, etc.”, transitive verb), from sub (“from below; up”) + regō (“to stretch”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₃réǵeti (“to straighten; right”), from the root *h₃reǵ-; see regent.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "surges",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "surging",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "surged",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "surged",
"tags": [
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "surge (third-person singular simple present surges, present participle surging, simple past and past participle surged)",
"name": "en-verb"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "source"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "surgation"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"text": "Toaster sales surged last year.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"ref": "2013 March 22, David S. Senchina, “Athletics and Herbal Supplements”, in American Scientist, volume 101, number 2, page 134",
"text": "Athletes' use of herbal supplements has skyrocketed in the past two decades. At the top of the list of popular herbs are echinacea and ginseng, whereas garlic, St. John's wort, soybean, ephedra and others are also surging in popularity or have been historically prevalent.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To rush, flood, or increase suddenly."
],
"id": "en-surge-en-verb-CG2J1nOq",
"links": [
[
"rush",
"rush"
],
[
"flood",
"flood"
],
[
"increase",
"increase"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive) To rush, flood, or increase suddenly."
],
"tags": [
"intransitive"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "82 14 2 2",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "nadigam se",
"sense": "to rush, flood, or increase suddenly",
"word": "надигам се"
},
{
"_dis1": "82 14 2 2",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "bušuvam",
"sense": "to rush, flood, or increase suddenly",
"word": "бушувам"
},
{
"_dis1": "82 14 2 2",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "to rush, flood, or increase suddenly",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "vzedmout se"
},
{
"_dis1": "82 14 2 2",
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "to rush, flood, or increase suddenly",
"word": "impeti"
},
{
"_dis1": "82 14 2 2",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to rush, flood, or increase suddenly",
"word": "paisua"
},
{
"_dis1": "82 14 2 2",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to rush, flood, or increase suddenly",
"word": "déferler"
},
{
"_dis1": "82 14 2 2",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to rush, flood, or increase suddenly",
"word": "steil ansteigen"
},
{
"_dis1": "82 14 2 2",
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"note": "of the sea",
"sense": "to rush, flood, or increase suddenly",
"word": "pōrutu"
},
{
"_dis1": "82 14 2 2",
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"note": "of the sea",
"sense": "to rush, flood, or increase suddenly",
"word": "hotu"
},
{
"_dis1": "82 14 2 2",
"code": "ota",
"lang": "Ottoman Turkish",
"roman": "şişmek",
"sense": "to rush, flood, or increase suddenly",
"word": "شیشمك"
},
{
"_dis1": "82 14 2 2",
"code": "ota",
"lang": "Ottoman Turkish",
"note": "of a liquid",
"roman": "kabarmak",
"sense": "to rush, flood, or increase suddenly",
"word": "قبارمق"
},
{
"_dis1": "82 14 2 2",
"code": "sk",
"lang": "Slovak",
"sense": "to rush, flood, or increase suddenly",
"word": "nahrnúť sa"
},
{
"_dis1": "82 14 2 2",
"code": "sk",
"lang": "Slovak",
"sense": "to rush, flood, or increase suddenly",
"word": "navaliť sa"
},
{
"_dis1": "82 14 2 2",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to rush, flood, or increase suddenly",
"word": "dispararse"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"text": "A ship surges forwards, sways sideways and heaves up.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"ref": "2011 September 2, “Wales 2-1 Montenegro”, in BBC",
"text": "Wales began the second half as they ended the first, closing down Montenegro quickly and the pressure told as Bale surged into the box and pulled the ball back for skipper Ramsey, arriving on cue, to double their lead.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To accelerate forwards, particularly suddenly."
],
"id": "en-surge-en-verb-78FZOy-G",
"links": [
[
"accelerate",
"accelerate"
]
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "11 83 3 3",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "to accelerate forwards, particularly suddenly",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "vyrazit"
},
{
"_dis1": "11 83 3 3",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "to accelerate forwards, particularly suddenly",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "vyrážet"
},
{
"_dis1": "11 83 3 3",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "to accelerate forwards, particularly suddenly",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "vyřítit se"
},
{
"_dis1": "11 83 3 3",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "to accelerate forwards, particularly suddenly",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "poskočit"
},
{
"_dis1": "11 83 3 3",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to accelerate forwards, particularly suddenly",
"word": "rynnätä"
},
{
"_dis1": "11 83 3 3",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "to accelerate forwards, particularly suddenly",
"word": "xurdir"
},
{
"_dis1": "11 83 3 3",
"code": "sk",
"lang": "Slovak",
"sense": "to accelerate forwards, particularly suddenly",
"word": "vyraziť"
},
{
"_dis1": "11 83 3 3",
"code": "sk",
"lang": "Slovak",
"sense": "to accelerate forwards, particularly suddenly",
"word": "vyrútiť sa"
},
{
"_dis1": "11 83 3 3",
"code": "sk",
"lang": "Slovak",
"sense": "to accelerate forwards, particularly suddenly",
"word": "vyvaliť sa"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Aviation",
"orig": "en:Aviation",
"parents": [
"Aeronautics",
"Transport",
"Sciences",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "Use of maximum reverse thrust at low speeds can cause the engine to surge from ingesting its own exhaust.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To experience a momentary reversal of airflow through the compressor section due to disruption of intake airflow."
],
"id": "en-surge-en-verb-tSrf8JLK",
"links": [
[
"aviation",
"aviation"
],
[
"jet engine",
"jet engine"
],
[
"airflow",
"airflow"
],
[
"compressor",
"compressor"
],
[
"intake",
"intake"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive, aviation, of a jet engine) To experience a momentary reversal of airflow through the compressor section due to disruption of intake airflow."
],
"raw_tags": [
"of a jet engine",
"of a jet engine"
],
"tags": [
"intransitive"
],
"topics": [
"aeronautics",
"aerospace",
"aviation",
"business",
"engineering",
"natural-sciences",
"physical-sciences"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Nautical",
"orig": "en:Nautical",
"parents": [
"Transport",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To slack off a line."
],
"id": "en-surge-en-verb-wcUdgLx6",
"links": [
[
"nautical",
"nautical"
],
[
"slack off",
"slack off"
],
[
"line",
"line"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive, nautical) To slack off a line."
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
],
"topics": [
"nautical",
"transport"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/sɝd͡ʒ/",
"tags": [
"US"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/sɜːd͡ʒ/",
"tags": [
"UK"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɜː(ɹ)d͡ʒ"
},
{
"homophone": "serge"
},
{
"audio": "en-us-surge.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/af/En-us-surge.ogg/En-us-surge.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/En-us-surge.ogg",
"tags": [
"US"
],
"text": "Audio (US)"
},
{
"enpr": "sûrj",
"tags": [
"UK"
]
}
],
"word": "surge"
}
{
"categories": [
"English 1-syllable words",
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms derived from Latin",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Middle French",
"English terms derived from Old Catalan",
"English terms derived from Old French",
"English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *h₃reǵ-",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"English terms with audio links",
"English terms with homophones",
"English verbs",
"Rhymes:English/ɜː(ɹ)d͡ʒ",
"Rhymes:English/ɜː(ɹ)d͡ʒ/1 syllable"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "countersurge"
},
{
"word": "pyroclastic surge"
},
{
"word": "storm surge"
},
{
"word": "surgeless"
},
{
"word": "surge pricing"
},
{
"word": "surge protector"
},
{
"word": "surge suppressor"
},
{
"word": "surge tank"
},
{
"word": "surge testing"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*h₃reǵ-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "surgen"
},
"expansion": "Middle English surgen",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "frm",
"3": "sourgir"
},
"expansion": "Middle French sourgir",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fro",
"3": "surgir",
"t": "to rise, ride near the shore, arrive, land"
},
"expansion": "Old French surgir (“to rise, ride near the shore, arrive, land”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "roa-oca",
"3": "surgir"
},
"expansion": "Old Catalan surgir",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "surgō"
},
"expansion": "Latin surgō",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "surrigō"
},
"expansion": "surrigō",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "subrigō",
"pos": "vt",
"t": "lift up, raise, erect; intransitive rise, arise, get up, spring up, grow, etc."
},
"expansion": "subrigō (“lift up, raise, erect; intransitive rise, arise, get up, spring up, grow, etc.”, transitive verb)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "sub",
"3": "",
"4": "from below; up"
},
"expansion": "sub (“from below; up”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "regō",
"t": "to stretch"
},
"expansion": "regō (“to stretch”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*h₃réǵeti",
"4": "",
"5": "to straighten; right"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *h₃réǵeti (“to straighten; right”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*h₃reǵ-"
},
"expansion": "*h₃reǵ-",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English surgen, possibly from Middle French sourgir, from Old French surgir (“to rise, ride near the shore, arrive, land”), from Old Catalan surgir, from Latin surgō, contraction of surrigō, subrigō (“lift up, raise, erect; intransitive rise, arise, get up, spring up, grow, etc.”, transitive verb), from sub (“from below; up”) + regō (“to stretch”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₃réǵeti (“to straighten; right”), from the root *h₃reǵ-; see regent.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "surges",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "surge (plural surges)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"English terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "2012 November 7, Matt Bai, “Winning a Second Term, Obama Will Confront Familiar Headwinds”, in New York Times",
"text": "As President Obama turns his attention once again to filling out a cabinet and writing an Inaugural Address, this much is clear: he should not expect to bask in a surge of national unity, or to witness a crowd of millions overrun the Mall just to say they were there.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"text": "He felt a surge of excitement.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A sudden transient rush, flood or increase."
],
"links": [
[
"transient",
"transient"
],
[
"rush",
"rush"
],
[
"flood",
"flood"
],
[
"increase",
"increase"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"The maximum amplitude of a vehicle's forward/backward oscillation."
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"English terms with usage examples",
"en:Electricity"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "A power surge at that generator created a blackout across the whole district.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"ref": "1959 March, Cecil J. Allen, “Locomotive Running Past and Present”, in Trains Illustrated, page 132",
"text": "When the diesel was being worked full out, the ammeter normally showed about 1,500-1,600 amps, with occasional surges of current at starting or up the steepest gradients to 1,700 or even 1,800 amps.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A sudden electrical spike or increase of voltage and current."
],
"links": [
[
"electricity",
"electricity"
],
[
"electrical",
"electrical"
],
[
"spike",
"spike"
],
[
"increase",
"increase"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(electricity) A sudden electrical spike or increase of voltage and current."
],
"topics": [
"business",
"electrical-engineering",
"electricity",
"electromagnetism",
"energy",
"engineering",
"natural-sciences",
"physical-sciences",
"physics"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"en:Aviation"
],
"glosses": [
"A momentary reversal of the airflow through the compressor section of a jet engine due to disruption of the airflow entering the engine's air intake, accompanied by loud banging noises, emission of flame, and temporary loss of thrust."
],
"links": [
[
"aviation",
"aviation"
],
[
"airflow",
"airflow"
],
[
"jet engine",
"jet engine"
],
[
"air intake",
"air intake"
],
[
"banging",
"banging"
],
[
"flame",
"flame"
],
[
"thrust",
"thrust"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(aviation) A momentary reversal of the airflow through the compressor section of a jet engine due to disruption of the airflow entering the engine's air intake, accompanied by loud banging noises, emission of flame, and temporary loss of thrust."
],
"topics": [
"aeronautics",
"aerospace",
"aviation",
"business",
"engineering",
"natural-sciences",
"physical-sciences"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"en:Nautical"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1901, Bible (American Standard Version), James i. 6",
"text": "He that doubteth is like the surge of the sea driven by the wind and tossed."
}
],
"glosses": [
"The swell or heave of the sea (FM 55-501)."
],
"links": [
[
"nautical",
"nautical"
],
[
"swell",
"swell"
],
[
"heave",
"heave"
],
[
"sea",
"sea"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(nautical) The swell or heave of the sea (FM 55-501)."
],
"topics": [
"nautical",
"transport"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"American English"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "surge capacity; surge fleet; surge deployment capabilities"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A deployment in large numbers at short notice."
],
"links": [
[
"deployment",
"deployment"
],
[
"short notice",
"short notice"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(US, naval, often attributive) A deployment in large numbers at short notice."
],
"tags": [
"US",
"attributive",
"often"
],
"topics": [
"government",
"military",
"naval",
"navy",
"politics",
"war"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with obsolete senses"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "1523-1525, John Bourchier, 2nd Baron Berners, Froissart's Chronicles\nall great rivers are gorged and assembled of various surges and springs of water"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A spring; a fountain."
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(obsolete) A spring; a fountain."
],
"tags": [
"obsolete"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"The tapered part of a windlass barrel or a capstan, upon which the cable surges, or slips."
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/sɝd͡ʒ/",
"tags": [
"US"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/sɜːd͡ʒ/",
"tags": [
"UK"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɜː(ɹ)d͡ʒ"
},
{
"homophone": "serge"
},
{
"audio": "en-us-surge.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/af/En-us-surge.ogg/En-us-surge.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/En-us-surge.ogg",
"tags": [
"US"
],
"text": "Audio (US)"
},
{
"enpr": "sûrj",
"tags": [
"UK"
]
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "inrush"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "af",
"lang": "Afrikaans",
"sense": "sudden transient rush or flood",
"word": "stuwing"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "priliv",
"sense": "sudden transient rush or flood",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "прилив"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "nahluvane",
"sense": "sudden transient rush or flood",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "нахлуване"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "sudden transient rush or flood",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "příval"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "sudden transient rush or flood",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "nápor"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "sudden transient rush or flood",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "poryv"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "sudden transient rush or flood",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "vzedmutí"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "sudden transient rush or flood",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "golf"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "sudden transient rush or flood",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "stortzee"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "sudden transient rush or flood",
"word": "aalto"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "sudden transient rush or flood",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "montée"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "sudden transient rush or flood",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "poussée"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "sudden transient rush or flood",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "vague"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "sudden transient rush or flood",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "afflux"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "sudden transient rush or flood",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Aufwallung"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "sudden transient rush or flood",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "Schwall"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "sudden transient rush or flood",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Welle"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "sudden transient rush or flood",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Woge"
},
{
"code": "izh",
"lang": "Ingrian",
"sense": "sudden transient rush or flood",
"word": "höökö"
},
{
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"roman": "napliv",
"sense": "sudden transient rush or flood",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "наплив"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"english": "storm surge",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "sudden transient rush or flood",
"word": "tai reporepo"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "sudden transient rush or flood",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "napływ"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "sudden transient rush or flood",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "przypływ"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "sudden transient rush or flood",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "surto"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "vsplesk",
"sense": "sudden transient rush or flood",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "всплеск"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "volná",
"sense": "sudden transient rush or flood",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "волна́"
},
{
"code": "sk",
"lang": "Slovak",
"sense": "sudden transient rush or flood",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "nával"
},
{
"code": "sk",
"lang": "Slovak",
"sense": "sudden transient rush or flood",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "príval"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "sudden transient rush or flood",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "aluvión"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "sudden transient rush or flood",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "oleada"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "skok v napreženieto",
"sense": "sudden transient rush or flood",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "скок в напрежението"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "sudden transient rush or flood",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "špička"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "sudden transient rush or flood",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "náraz"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "sudden transient rush or flood",
"word": "jännitepiikki"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "sudden transient rush or flood",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "montée"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "sudden transient rush or flood",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Überspannung"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "sudden transient rush or flood",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "Spannungsstoß"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "sudden transient rush or flood",
"word": "túlfeszültség"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "sudden transient rush or flood",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "borradh"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "sudden transient rush or flood",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "borradh cumhachta"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "sudden transient rush or flood",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "borradh leictreachais"
},
{
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "sāji",
"sense": "sudden transient rush or flood",
"word": "サージ"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "sudden transient rush or flood",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "skok napięcia"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "skačók naprjažénija",
"sense": "sudden transient rush or flood",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "скачо́к напряже́ния"
},
{
"code": "sk",
"lang": "Slovak",
"sense": "sudden transient rush or flood",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "špička"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "sudden transient rush or flood",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "sobretensión"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "sudden transient rush or flood",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "sobrecarga"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "sudden transient rush or flood",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "överspänning"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "vǎlnenie",
"sense": "(nautical) swell of the sea",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "вълнение"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "(nautical) swell of the sea",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "vzedmutí"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "(nautical) swell of the sea",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "příval"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "(nautical) swell of the sea",
"word": "maininki"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "(nautical) swell of the sea",
"word": "aallokko"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "(nautical) swell of the sea",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "houle"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "(nautical) swell of the sea",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Brandung"
},
{
"code": "he",
"lang": "Hebrew",
"roman": "gál néd",
"sense": "(nautical) swell of the sea",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "גַּל נֵד"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "(nautical) swell of the sea",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "borradh"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "volná",
"sense": "(nautical) swell of the sea",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "волна́"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "pribój",
"sense": "(nautical) swell of the sea",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "прибо́й"
},
{
"code": "sk",
"lang": "Slovak",
"sense": "(nautical) swell of the sea",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "príboj"
},
{
"code": "sk",
"lang": "Slovak",
"sense": "(nautical) swell of the sea",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "vlnobitie"
},
{
"code": "sk",
"lang": "Slovak",
"sense": "(nautical) swell of the sea",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "zdúvanie"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "(nautical) swell of the sea",
"word": "oleada"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "(aviation) a momentary reversal of the airflow",
"word": "ryntäys"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "(aviation) a momentary reversal of the airflow",
"word": "pumppaus"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "(aviation) a momentary reversal of the airflow",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "pompage"
}
],
"word": "surge"
}
{
"categories": [
"English 1-syllable words",
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms derived from Latin",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Middle French",
"English terms derived from Old Catalan",
"English terms derived from Old French",
"English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *h₃reǵ-",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"English terms with audio links",
"English terms with homophones",
"English verbs",
"Rhymes:English/ɜː(ɹ)d͡ʒ",
"Rhymes:English/ɜː(ɹ)d͡ʒ/1 syllable"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*h₃reǵ-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "surgen"
},
"expansion": "Middle English surgen",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "frm",
"3": "sourgir"
},
"expansion": "Middle French sourgir",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fro",
"3": "surgir",
"t": "to rise, ride near the shore, arrive, land"
},
"expansion": "Old French surgir (“to rise, ride near the shore, arrive, land”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "roa-oca",
"3": "surgir"
},
"expansion": "Old Catalan surgir",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "surgō"
},
"expansion": "Latin surgō",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "surrigō"
},
"expansion": "surrigō",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "subrigō",
"pos": "vt",
"t": "lift up, raise, erect; intransitive rise, arise, get up, spring up, grow, etc."
},
"expansion": "subrigō (“lift up, raise, erect; intransitive rise, arise, get up, spring up, grow, etc.”, transitive verb)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "sub",
"3": "",
"4": "from below; up"
},
"expansion": "sub (“from below; up”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "regō",
"t": "to stretch"
},
"expansion": "regō (“to stretch”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*h₃réǵeti",
"4": "",
"5": "to straighten; right"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *h₃réǵeti (“to straighten; right”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*h₃reǵ-"
},
"expansion": "*h₃reǵ-",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English surgen, possibly from Middle French sourgir, from Old French surgir (“to rise, ride near the shore, arrive, land”), from Old Catalan surgir, from Latin surgō, contraction of surrigō, subrigō (“lift up, raise, erect; intransitive rise, arise, get up, spring up, grow, etc.”, transitive verb), from sub (“from below; up”) + regō (“to stretch”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₃réǵeti (“to straighten; right”), from the root *h₃reǵ-; see regent.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "surges",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "surging",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "surged",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "surged",
"tags": [
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "surge (third-person singular simple present surges, present participle surging, simple past and past participle surged)",
"name": "en-verb"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"related": [
{
"word": "source"
},
{
"word": "surgation"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English intransitive verbs",
"English terms with quotations",
"English terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "Toaster sales surged last year.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"ref": "2013 March 22, David S. Senchina, “Athletics and Herbal Supplements”, in American Scientist, volume 101, number 2, page 134",
"text": "Athletes' use of herbal supplements has skyrocketed in the past two decades. At the top of the list of popular herbs are echinacea and ginseng, whereas garlic, St. John's wort, soybean, ephedra and others are also surging in popularity or have been historically prevalent.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To rush, flood, or increase suddenly."
],
"links": [
[
"rush",
"rush"
],
[
"flood",
"flood"
],
[
"increase",
"increase"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive) To rush, flood, or increase suddenly."
],
"tags": [
"intransitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"English terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "A ship surges forwards, sways sideways and heaves up.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"ref": "2011 September 2, “Wales 2-1 Montenegro”, in BBC",
"text": "Wales began the second half as they ended the first, closing down Montenegro quickly and the pressure told as Bale surged into the box and pulled the ball back for skipper Ramsey, arriving on cue, to double their lead.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To accelerate forwards, particularly suddenly."
],
"links": [
[
"accelerate",
"accelerate"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English intransitive verbs",
"English terms with usage examples",
"en:Aviation"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "Use of maximum reverse thrust at low speeds can cause the engine to surge from ingesting its own exhaust.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To experience a momentary reversal of airflow through the compressor section due to disruption of intake airflow."
],
"links": [
[
"aviation",
"aviation"
],
[
"jet engine",
"jet engine"
],
[
"airflow",
"airflow"
],
[
"compressor",
"compressor"
],
[
"intake",
"intake"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive, aviation, of a jet engine) To experience a momentary reversal of airflow through the compressor section due to disruption of intake airflow."
],
"raw_tags": [
"of a jet engine",
"of a jet engine"
],
"tags": [
"intransitive"
],
"topics": [
"aeronautics",
"aerospace",
"aviation",
"business",
"engineering",
"natural-sciences",
"physical-sciences"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English transitive verbs",
"en:Nautical"
],
"glosses": [
"To slack off a line."
],
"links": [
[
"nautical",
"nautical"
],
[
"slack off",
"slack off"
],
[
"line",
"line"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive, nautical) To slack off a line."
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
],
"topics": [
"nautical",
"transport"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/sɝd͡ʒ/",
"tags": [
"US"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/sɜːd͡ʒ/",
"tags": [
"UK"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɜː(ɹ)d͡ʒ"
},
{
"homophone": "serge"
},
{
"audio": "en-us-surge.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/af/En-us-surge.ogg/En-us-surge.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/En-us-surge.ogg",
"tags": [
"US"
],
"text": "Audio (US)"
},
{
"enpr": "sûrj",
"tags": [
"UK"
]
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "nadigam se",
"sense": "to rush, flood, or increase suddenly",
"word": "надигам се"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "bušuvam",
"sense": "to rush, flood, or increase suddenly",
"word": "бушувам"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "to rush, flood, or increase suddenly",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "vzedmout se"
},
{
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "to rush, flood, or increase suddenly",
"word": "impeti"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to rush, flood, or increase suddenly",
"word": "paisua"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to rush, flood, or increase suddenly",
"word": "déferler"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to rush, flood, or increase suddenly",
"word": "steil ansteigen"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"note": "of the sea",
"sense": "to rush, flood, or increase suddenly",
"word": "pōrutu"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"note": "of the sea",
"sense": "to rush, flood, or increase suddenly",
"word": "hotu"
},
{
"code": "ota",
"lang": "Ottoman Turkish",
"roman": "şişmek",
"sense": "to rush, flood, or increase suddenly",
"word": "شیشمك"
},
{
"code": "ota",
"lang": "Ottoman Turkish",
"note": "of a liquid",
"roman": "kabarmak",
"sense": "to rush, flood, or increase suddenly",
"word": "قبارمق"
},
{
"code": "sk",
"lang": "Slovak",
"sense": "to rush, flood, or increase suddenly",
"word": "nahrnúť sa"
},
{
"code": "sk",
"lang": "Slovak",
"sense": "to rush, flood, or increase suddenly",
"word": "navaliť sa"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to rush, flood, or increase suddenly",
"word": "dispararse"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "to accelerate forwards, particularly suddenly",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "vyrazit"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "to accelerate forwards, particularly suddenly",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "vyrážet"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "to accelerate forwards, particularly suddenly",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "vyřítit se"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "to accelerate forwards, particularly suddenly",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "poskočit"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to accelerate forwards, particularly suddenly",
"word": "rynnätä"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "to accelerate forwards, particularly suddenly",
"word": "xurdir"
},
{
"code": "sk",
"lang": "Slovak",
"sense": "to accelerate forwards, particularly suddenly",
"word": "vyraziť"
},
{
"code": "sk",
"lang": "Slovak",
"sense": "to accelerate forwards, particularly suddenly",
"word": "vyrútiť sa"
},
{
"code": "sk",
"lang": "Slovak",
"sense": "to accelerate forwards, particularly suddenly",
"word": "vyvaliť sa"
}
],
"word": "surge"
}
{
"called_from": "page/2517",
"msg": "UNIMPLEMENTED parse_translation_template: trans-top-see {1: '(electricity) electrical spike', 2: 'power surge'}",
"path": [
"surge",
"trans-top-see"
],
"section": "English",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "surge",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-04-22 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-04-21 using wiktextract (fc4f0c7 and c937495). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.