See sham in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
Download JSONL data for sham meaning in English (19.5kB)
{
"antonyms": [
{
"word": "genuine"
},
{
"word": "sincere"
},
{
"word": "real"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "sham marriage"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "shammish"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "Uncle Sham"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_text": "Probably a dialectal form of shame.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "?"
},
"expansion": "sham",
"name": "en-adj"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"text": "It was only a sham wedding: they didn't care much for one another, but wanted their parents to stop hassling them.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Intended to deceive; false."
],
"id": "en-sham-en-adj-QRTTG7aA",
"links": [
[
"deceive",
"deceive"
],
[
"false",
"false"
]
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "89 11",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "prestoren",
"sense": "intended to deceive",
"word": "престорен"
},
{
"_dis1": "89 11",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "podpraven",
"sense": "intended to deceive",
"word": "подправен"
},
{
"_dis1": "89 11",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "intended to deceive",
"word": "偽"
},
{
"_dis1": "89 11",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "wěi",
"sense": "intended to deceive",
"word": "伪"
},
{
"_dis1": "89 11",
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "intended to deceive",
"word": "falsa"
},
{
"_dis1": "89 11",
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "intended to deceive",
"word": "pseŭda"
},
{
"_dis1": "89 11",
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "intended to deceive",
"word": "trompa"
},
{
"_dis1": "89 11",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "intended to deceive",
"word": "näennäinen"
},
{
"_dis1": "89 11",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "intended to deceive",
"word": "falsch"
},
{
"_dis1": "89 11",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "intended to deceive",
"word": "Schein-"
},
{
"_dis1": "89 11",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "intended to deceive",
"word": "ál-"
},
{
"_dis1": "89 11",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "intended to deceive",
"word": "fasullo"
},
{
"_dis1": "89 11",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "intended to deceive",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "udawany"
},
{
"_dis1": "89 11",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "intended to deceive",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "păcăleală"
},
{
"_dis1": "89 11",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "fiktívnyj",
"sense": "intended to deceive",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "фикти́вный"
},
{
"_dis1": "89 11",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "intended to deceive",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "falso"
},
{
"_dis1": "89 11",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "intended to deceive",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "fingido"
},
{
"_dis1": "89 11",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "intended to deceive",
"word": "ficticio"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1881, Benjamin Jowett, transl., Thucydides, Oxford: Clarendon Press, VIII.64, p. 592",
"text": "For the subject-cities, having secured a moderate form of government, and having no fear of being called to account for their proceedings, aimed at absolute freedom; they scorned the sham independence proffered to them by the Athenians.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2024 May 23, Sam Jones, “Spanish police recover Francis Bacon painting worth €5m”, in The Guardian, →ISSN",
"text": "But the artist[…] is equally famous for his drinking, gambling, his turbulent relationships, his famously chaotic studio, and for the mordant toast frequently attributed to him: “Champagne for my real friends, real pain for my sham friends.”",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Counterfeit; unreal."
],
"id": "en-sham-en-adj-vTgpOIP9",
"links": [
[
"Counterfeit",
"counterfeit"
],
[
"unreal",
"unreal"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ʃæm/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-æm"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-sham.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f0/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-sham.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-sham.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f0/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-sham.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-sham.wav.ogg"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "mock"
}
],
"word": "sham"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "Abraham sham"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "shamateur"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_text": "Probably a dialectal form of shame.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "shams",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "~"
},
"expansion": "sham (countable and uncountable, plural shams)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "pillow sham"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "3 10 28 4 5 8 25 5 8 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 13 25 7 6 7 13 11 11",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Bulgarian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 16 28 9 7 8 8 8 8",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Cantonese translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "6 15 24 10 7 8 10 10 10",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Dutch translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "5 13 33 9 6 7 9 9 8",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Esperanto translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 13 25 7 6 7 13 11 11",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Finnish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "6 14 24 10 6 7 10 12 10",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with French translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 16 28 9 7 8 8 8 8",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with German translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "5 13 21 9 10 16 9 9 8",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Greek translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "5 13 20 6 8 13 12 12 10",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Hungarian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "5 13 32 9 6 7 9 9 8",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Italian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "5 13 32 9 6 7 9 9 8",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Japanese translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "5 12 38 9 6 6 8 8 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Lushootseed translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "6 13 25 7 9 10 9 12 9",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Mandarin translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 14 21 8 6 7 14 12 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Polish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 13 25 7 6 7 13 11 11",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Romanian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "5 13 32 9 6 7 9 9 8",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Russian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "5 13 28 9 6 7 9 14 9",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Spanish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 13 26 6 5 6 14 11 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Turkish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "The time-share deal was a sham.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A fake; an imitation that purports to be genuine."
],
"id": "en-sham-en-noun-aRVZOQx6",
"links": [
[
"fake",
"fake"
],
[
"imitation",
"imitation"
]
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "96 2 1 1",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "izmama",
"sense": "fake, imitation",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "измама"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 2 1 1",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "imitacija",
"sense": "fake, imitation",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "имитация"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 2 1 1",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "fake, imitation",
"word": "nep"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 2 1 1",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "fake, imitation",
"word": "imitatie"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 2 1 1",
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "fake, imitation",
"word": "falsaĵo"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 2 1 1",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "fake, imitation",
"word": "jäljennös"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 2 1 1",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "fake, imitation",
"word": "väärennös"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 2 1 1",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "fake, imitation",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "faux-semblant"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 2 1 1",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "fake, imitation",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Fälschung"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 2 1 1",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "fake, imitation",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "Imitat"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 2 1 1",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "fake, imitation",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "falso"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 2 1 1",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "magaimono",
"sense": "fake, imitation",
"word": "紛い物"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 2 1 1",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "manegoto",
"sense": "fake, imitation",
"word": "真似事"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 2 1 1",
"code": "lut",
"lang": "Lushootseed",
"sense": "fake, imitation",
"word": "səxʷʔiw̓adəb"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 2 1 1",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "poddélka",
"sense": "fake, imitation",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "подде́лка"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 2 1 1",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "pritvórstvo",
"sense": "fake, imitation",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "притво́рство"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"text": "A con-man must be skilled in the arts of sham and deceit.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Trickery, hoaxing."
],
"id": "en-sham-en-noun-6F3JZf5S",
"links": [
[
"Trickery",
"trickery"
],
[
"hoaxing",
"hoaxing"
]
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "1 97 1 1",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "simulacija",
"sense": "trickery, hoaxing",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "симулация"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 97 1 1",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "prestruvka",
"sense": "trickery, hoaxing",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "преструвка"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 97 1 1",
"code": "yue",
"lang": "Chinese Cantonese",
"roman": "mai⁴ mou⁶",
"sense": "trickery, hoaxing",
"word": "迷雾"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 97 1 1",
"code": "yue",
"lang": "Chinese Cantonese",
"roman": "mai⁴ mou⁶",
"sense": "trickery, hoaxing",
"word": "迷思"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 97 1 1",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "míwù",
"sense": "trickery, hoaxing",
"word": "迷雾"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 97 1 1",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "míwù",
"sense": "trickery, hoaxing",
"word": "迷思"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 97 1 1",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "trickery, hoaxing",
"tags": [
"figuratively"
],
"word": "("
},
{
"_dis1": "1 97 1 1",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "trickery, hoaxing",
"word": "bedrog"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 97 1 1",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "trickery, hoaxing",
"word": "oplichterij"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 97 1 1",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "trickery, hoaxing",
"word": "kwakzalverij"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 97 1 1",
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "trickery, hoaxing",
"word": "trompo"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 97 1 1",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "trickery, hoaxing",
"word": "huijaus"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 97 1 1",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "trickery, hoaxing",
"word": "petos"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 97 1 1",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "trickery, hoaxing",
"word": "huiputus"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 97 1 1",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "trickery, hoaxing",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "feinte"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 97 1 1",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "trickery, hoaxing",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "tromperie"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 97 1 1",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "trickery, hoaxing",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "ruse"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 97 1 1",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "trickery, hoaxing",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "astuce"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 97 1 1",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "trickery, hoaxing",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "Schwindel"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 97 1 1",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "trickery, hoaxing",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Mogelei"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 97 1 1",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "trickery, hoaxing",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "Betrug"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 97 1 1",
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "psevdís",
"sense": "trickery, hoaxing",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "ψευδής"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 97 1 1",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "trickery, hoaxing",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "trucco"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 97 1 1",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "trickery, hoaxing",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "finta"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 97 1 1",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "gomakashi",
"sense": "trickery, hoaxing",
"word": "ごまかし"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 97 1 1",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "mošénničestvo",
"sense": "trickery, hoaxing",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "моше́нничество"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 97 1 1",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "žúlʹničestvo",
"sense": "trickery, hoaxing",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "жу́льничество"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 97 1 1",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "trickery, hoaxing",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "engaño"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 97 1 1",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "trickery, hoaxing",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "truco"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 97 1 1",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "trickery, hoaxing",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "fraude"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 97 1 1",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "trickery, hoaxing",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "farsa"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 97 1 1",
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "trickery, hoaxing",
"tags": [
"colloquial"
],
"word": "üçkâğıt"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 97 1 1",
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "trickery, hoaxing",
"tags": [
"colloquial"
],
"word": "dolap"
}
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"A false front, or removable ornamental covering."
],
"id": "en-sham-en-noun-8kZTcgjw",
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "3 11 11 5 6 26 19 5 10 3",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Bedding",
"orig": "en:Bedding",
"parents": [
"Home",
"Society",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A decorative cover for a pillow."
],
"id": "en-sham-en-noun-LMqZPTdr",
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ʃæm/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-æm"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-sham.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f0/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-sham.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-sham.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f0/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-sham.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-sham.wav.ogg"
}
],
"word": "sham"
}
{
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_text": "Probably a dialectal form of shame.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "shams",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "shamming",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "shammed",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "shammed",
"tags": [
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "sham (third-person singular simple present shams, present participle shamming, simple past and past participle shammed)",
"name": "en-verb"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"To deceive, cheat, lie."
],
"id": "en-sham-en-verb-DLIepoX4",
"links": [
[
"deceive",
"deceive"
],
[
"cheat",
"cheat"
],
[
"lie",
"lie"
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],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "76 19 5",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "mamja",
"sense": "to cheat or deceive",
"word": "мамя"
},
{
"_dis1": "76 19 5",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "prestruvam se",
"sense": "to cheat or deceive",
"word": "преструвам се"
},
{
"_dis1": "76 19 5",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to cheat or deceive",
"word": "huijata"
},
{
"_dis1": "76 19 5",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to cheat or deceive",
"word": "huiputtaa"
},
{
"_dis1": "76 19 5",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to cheat or deceive",
"word": "puijata"
},
{
"_dis1": "76 19 5",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to cheat or deceive",
"word": "tromper"
},
{
"_dis1": "76 19 5",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to cheat or deceive",
"word": "tricher"
},
{
"_dis1": "76 19 5",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to cheat or deceive",
"word": "mentir"
},
{
"_dis1": "76 19 5",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to cheat or deceive",
"word": "sich verstellen"
},
{
"_dis1": "76 19 5",
"code": "lut",
"lang": "Lushootseed",
"sense": "to cheat or deceive",
"word": "səxʷʔiw̓adəb"
},
{
"_dis1": "76 19 5",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "to cheat or deceive",
"word": "păcăli"
},
{
"_dis1": "76 19 5",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "mošénničatʹ",
"sense": "to cheat or deceive",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "моше́нничать"
},
{
"_dis1": "76 19 5",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "žúlʹničatʹ",
"sense": "to cheat or deceive",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "жу́льничать"
},
{
"_dis1": "76 19 5",
"code": "ru",
"english": "to pretend",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "pritvorjátʹsja",
"sense": "to cheat or deceive",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "притворя́ться"
},
{
"_dis1": "76 19 5",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to cheat or deceive",
"word": "fingir"
}
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"To obtrude by fraud or imposition."
],
"id": "en-sham-en-verb-iwv3l6O-",
"links": [
[
"obtrude",
"obtrude"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"To assume the manner and character of; to imitate; to ape; to feign."
],
"id": "en-sham-en-verb-TWbGpgKh",
"links": [
[
"imitate",
"imitate"
],
[
"ape",
"ape"
],
[
"feign",
"feign"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ʃæm/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-æm"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-sham.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f0/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-sham.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-sham.wav.mp3",
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}
],
"word": "sham"
}
{
"etymology_number": 2,
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "-"
},
"expansion": "sham (uncountable)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"word": "champagne"
}
],
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "3 10 28 4 5 8 25 5 8 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "3 7 27 3 5 7 34 4 7 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"parents": [
"Entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Clipping of champagne."
],
"id": "en-sham-en-noun-UyYDlMPD",
"links": [
[
"champagne",
"champagne#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(slang) Clipping of champagne."
],
"tags": [
"abbreviation",
"alt-of",
"clipping",
"slang",
"uncountable"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ʃæm/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-æm"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-sham.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f0/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-sham.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-sham.wav.mp3",
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}
],
"word": "sham"
}
{
"antonyms": [
{
"word": "genuine"
},
{
"word": "sincere"
},
{
"word": "real"
}
],
"categories": [
"English 1-syllable words",
"English adjectives",
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"English terms with audio links",
"English uncountable nouns",
"English verbs",
"Rhymes:English/æm",
"Rhymes:English/æm/1 syllable",
"Terms with Bulgarian translations",
"Terms with Cantonese translations",
"Terms with Dutch translations",
"Terms with Esperanto translations",
"Terms with Finnish translations",
"Terms with French translations",
"Terms with German translations",
"Terms with Greek translations",
"Terms with Hungarian translations",
"Terms with Italian translations",
"Terms with Japanese translations",
"Terms with Lushootseed translations",
"Terms with Mandarin translations",
"Terms with Polish translations",
"Terms with Romanian translations",
"Terms with Russian translations",
"Terms with Spanish translations",
"Terms with Turkish translations",
"en:Bedding"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "sham marriage"
},
{
"word": "shammish"
},
{
"word": "Uncle Sham"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_text": "Probably a dialectal form of shame.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "?"
},
"expansion": "sham",
"name": "en-adj"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "It was only a sham wedding: they didn't care much for one another, but wanted their parents to stop hassling them.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Intended to deceive; false."
],
"links": [
[
"deceive",
"deceive"
],
[
"false",
"false"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1881, Benjamin Jowett, transl., Thucydides, Oxford: Clarendon Press, VIII.64, p. 592",
"text": "For the subject-cities, having secured a moderate form of government, and having no fear of being called to account for their proceedings, aimed at absolute freedom; they scorned the sham independence proffered to them by the Athenians.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2024 May 23, Sam Jones, “Spanish police recover Francis Bacon painting worth €5m”, in The Guardian, →ISSN",
"text": "But the artist[…] is equally famous for his drinking, gambling, his turbulent relationships, his famously chaotic studio, and for the mordant toast frequently attributed to him: “Champagne for my real friends, real pain for my sham friends.”",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Counterfeit; unreal."
],
"links": [
[
"Counterfeit",
"counterfeit"
],
[
"unreal",
"unreal"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ʃæm/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-æm"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-sham.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f0/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-sham.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-sham.wav.mp3",
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],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "mock"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "prestoren",
"sense": "intended to deceive",
"word": "престорен"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "podpraven",
"sense": "intended to deceive",
"word": "подправен"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "intended to deceive",
"word": "偽"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "wěi",
"sense": "intended to deceive",
"word": "伪"
},
{
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "intended to deceive",
"word": "falsa"
},
{
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "intended to deceive",
"word": "pseŭda"
},
{
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "intended to deceive",
"word": "trompa"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "intended to deceive",
"word": "näennäinen"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "intended to deceive",
"word": "falsch"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "intended to deceive",
"word": "Schein-"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "intended to deceive",
"word": "ál-"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "intended to deceive",
"word": "fasullo"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "intended to deceive",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "udawany"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "intended to deceive",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "păcăleală"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "fiktívnyj",
"sense": "intended to deceive",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "фикти́вный"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "intended to deceive",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "falso"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "intended to deceive",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "fingido"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "intended to deceive",
"word": "ficticio"
}
],
"word": "sham"
}
{
"categories": [
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"English adjectives",
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
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"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"English terms with audio links",
"English uncountable nouns",
"English verbs",
"Rhymes:English/æm",
"Rhymes:English/æm/1 syllable",
"Terms with Bulgarian translations",
"Terms with Cantonese translations",
"Terms with Dutch translations",
"Terms with Esperanto translations",
"Terms with Finnish translations",
"Terms with French translations",
"Terms with German translations",
"Terms with Greek translations",
"Terms with Hungarian translations",
"Terms with Italian translations",
"Terms with Japanese translations",
"Terms with Lushootseed translations",
"Terms with Mandarin translations",
"Terms with Polish translations",
"Terms with Romanian translations",
"Terms with Russian translations",
"Terms with Spanish translations",
"Terms with Turkish translations",
"en:Bedding"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "Abraham sham"
},
{
"word": "shamateur"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_text": "Probably a dialectal form of shame.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "shams",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "~"
},
"expansion": "sham (countable and uncountable, plural shams)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"word": "pillow sham"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "The time-share deal was a sham.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A fake; an imitation that purports to be genuine."
],
"links": [
[
"fake",
"fake"
],
[
"imitation",
"imitation"
]
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "A con-man must be skilled in the arts of sham and deceit.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Trickery, hoaxing."
],
"links": [
[
"Trickery",
"trickery"
],
[
"hoaxing",
"hoaxing"
]
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"A false front, or removable ornamental covering."
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"A decorative cover for a pillow."
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ʃæm/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-æm"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-sham.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f0/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-sham.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-sham.wav.mp3",
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],
"translations": [
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "izmama",
"sense": "fake, imitation",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "измама"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "imitacija",
"sense": "fake, imitation",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "имитация"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "fake, imitation",
"word": "nep"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "fake, imitation",
"word": "imitatie"
},
{
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "fake, imitation",
"word": "falsaĵo"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "fake, imitation",
"word": "jäljennös"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "fake, imitation",
"word": "väärennös"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "fake, imitation",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "faux-semblant"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "fake, imitation",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Fälschung"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "fake, imitation",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "Imitat"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "fake, imitation",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "falso"
},
{
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "magaimono",
"sense": "fake, imitation",
"word": "紛い物"
},
{
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "manegoto",
"sense": "fake, imitation",
"word": "真似事"
},
{
"code": "lut",
"lang": "Lushootseed",
"sense": "fake, imitation",
"word": "səxʷʔiw̓adəb"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "poddélka",
"sense": "fake, imitation",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "подде́лка"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "pritvórstvo",
"sense": "fake, imitation",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "притво́рство"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "simulacija",
"sense": "trickery, hoaxing",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "симулация"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "prestruvka",
"sense": "trickery, hoaxing",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "преструвка"
},
{
"code": "yue",
"lang": "Chinese Cantonese",
"roman": "mai⁴ mou⁶",
"sense": "trickery, hoaxing",
"word": "迷雾"
},
{
"code": "yue",
"lang": "Chinese Cantonese",
"roman": "mai⁴ mou⁶",
"sense": "trickery, hoaxing",
"word": "迷思"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "míwù",
"sense": "trickery, hoaxing",
"word": "迷雾"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "míwù",
"sense": "trickery, hoaxing",
"word": "迷思"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "trickery, hoaxing",
"tags": [
"figuratively"
],
"word": "("
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "trickery, hoaxing",
"word": "bedrog"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "trickery, hoaxing",
"word": "oplichterij"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "trickery, hoaxing",
"word": "kwakzalverij"
},
{
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "trickery, hoaxing",
"word": "trompo"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "trickery, hoaxing",
"word": "huijaus"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "trickery, hoaxing",
"word": "petos"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "trickery, hoaxing",
"word": "huiputus"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "trickery, hoaxing",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "feinte"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "trickery, hoaxing",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "tromperie"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "trickery, hoaxing",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "ruse"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "trickery, hoaxing",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "astuce"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "trickery, hoaxing",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "Schwindel"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "trickery, hoaxing",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Mogelei"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "trickery, hoaxing",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "Betrug"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "psevdís",
"sense": "trickery, hoaxing",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "ψευδής"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "trickery, hoaxing",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "trucco"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "trickery, hoaxing",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "finta"
},
{
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "gomakashi",
"sense": "trickery, hoaxing",
"word": "ごまかし"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "mošénničestvo",
"sense": "trickery, hoaxing",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "моше́нничество"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "žúlʹničestvo",
"sense": "trickery, hoaxing",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "жу́льничество"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "trickery, hoaxing",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "engaño"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "trickery, hoaxing",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "truco"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "trickery, hoaxing",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "fraude"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "trickery, hoaxing",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "farsa"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "trickery, hoaxing",
"tags": [
"colloquial"
],
"word": "üçkâğıt"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "trickery, hoaxing",
"tags": [
"colloquial"
],
"word": "dolap"
}
],
"word": "sham"
}
{
"categories": [
"English 1-syllable words",
"English adjectives",
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"English terms with audio links",
"English uncountable nouns",
"English verbs",
"Rhymes:English/æm",
"Rhymes:English/æm/1 syllable",
"Terms with Bulgarian translations",
"Terms with Cantonese translations",
"Terms with Dutch translations",
"Terms with Esperanto translations",
"Terms with Finnish translations",
"Terms with French translations",
"Terms with German translations",
"Terms with Greek translations",
"Terms with Hungarian translations",
"Terms with Italian translations",
"Terms with Japanese translations",
"Terms with Lushootseed translations",
"Terms with Mandarin translations",
"Terms with Polish translations",
"Terms with Romanian translations",
"Terms with Russian translations",
"Terms with Spanish translations",
"Terms with Turkish translations",
"en:Bedding"
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_text": "Probably a dialectal form of shame.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "shams",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "shamming",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "shammed",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "shammed",
"tags": [
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "sham (third-person singular simple present shams, present participle shamming, simple past and past participle shammed)",
"name": "en-verb"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"To deceive, cheat, lie."
],
"links": [
[
"deceive",
"deceive"
],
[
"cheat",
"cheat"
],
[
"lie",
"lie"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"To obtrude by fraud or imposition."
],
"links": [
[
"obtrude",
"obtrude"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"To assume the manner and character of; to imitate; to ape; to feign."
],
"links": [
[
"imitate",
"imitate"
],
[
"ape",
"ape"
],
[
"feign",
"feign"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ʃæm/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-æm"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-sham.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f0/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-sham.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-sham.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f0/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-sham.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-sham.wav.ogg"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "mamja",
"sense": "to cheat or deceive",
"word": "мамя"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "prestruvam se",
"sense": "to cheat or deceive",
"word": "преструвам се"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to cheat or deceive",
"word": "huijata"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to cheat or deceive",
"word": "huiputtaa"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to cheat or deceive",
"word": "puijata"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to cheat or deceive",
"word": "tromper"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to cheat or deceive",
"word": "tricher"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to cheat or deceive",
"word": "mentir"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to cheat or deceive",
"word": "sich verstellen"
},
{
"code": "lut",
"lang": "Lushootseed",
"sense": "to cheat or deceive",
"word": "səxʷʔiw̓adəb"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "to cheat or deceive",
"word": "păcăli"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "mošénničatʹ",
"sense": "to cheat or deceive",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "моше́нничать"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "žúlʹničatʹ",
"sense": "to cheat or deceive",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "жу́льничать"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"english": "to pretend",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "pritvorjátʹsja",
"sense": "to cheat or deceive",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "притворя́ться"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to cheat or deceive",
"word": "fingir"
}
],
"word": "sham"
}
{
"categories": [
"English 1-syllable words",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"English terms with audio links",
"English uncountable nouns",
"Rhymes:English/æm",
"Rhymes:English/æm/1 syllable",
"en:Bedding"
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "-"
},
"expansion": "sham (uncountable)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"word": "champagne"
}
],
"categories": [
"English clippings",
"English slang"
],
"glosses": [
"Clipping of champagne."
],
"links": [
[
"champagne",
"champagne#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(slang) Clipping of champagne."
],
"tags": [
"abbreviation",
"alt-of",
"clipping",
"slang",
"uncountable"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ʃæm/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-æm"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-sham.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f0/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-sham.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-sham.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f0/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-sham.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-sham.wav.ogg"
}
],
"word": "sham"
}
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/2013",
"msg": "more than one value in \"roman\": psevdhís vs. psevdís",
"path": [
"sham"
],
"section": "English",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "sham",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-07-01 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-06-20 using wiktextract (e79c026 and b863ecc). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.