See ruffian in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
Download JSON data for ruffian meaning in English (10.2kB)
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "frm",
"3": "rufian"
},
"expansion": "Middle French rufian",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "it",
"3": "ruffiano",
"4": "",
"5": "pimp"
},
"expansion": "Italian ruffiano (“pimp”)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle French rufian, from Italian ruffiano (“pimp”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "ruffians",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "ruffian (plural ruffians)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"ruf‧fi‧an"
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "30 54 4 4 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "21 65 4 5 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"parents": [
"Entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "11 30 24 24 11",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "People",
"orig": "en:People",
"parents": [
"Human",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A scoundrel, rascal, or unprincipled, deceitful, brutal and unreliable person."
],
"id": "en-ruffian-en-noun-2PGPnNX3",
"links": [
[
"scoundrel",
"scoundrel"
],
[
"rascal",
"rascal"
],
[
"unprincipled",
"unprincipled"
],
[
"deceitful",
"deceitful"
],
[
"brutal",
"brutal"
],
[
"unreliable",
"unreliable"
],
[
"person",
"person"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "rogue"
},
{
"word": "scamp"
},
{
"word": "troublemaker"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "94 3 3",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "grubijan",
"sense": "scoundrel, rascal",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "грубиян"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 3 3",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "huligan",
"sense": "scoundrel, rascal",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "хулиган"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 3 3",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "pǐzi",
"sense": "scoundrel, rascal",
"word": "痞子"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 3 3",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "scoundrel, rascal",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "schelm"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 3 3",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "scoundrel, rascal",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "schurk"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 3 3",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "scoundrel, rascal",
"word": "räyhääjä"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 3 3",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "scoundrel, rascal",
"word": "öykkäri"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 3 3",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "scoundrel, rascal",
"word": "rettelöijä"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 3 3",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "scoundrel, rascal",
"word": "rufian"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 3 3",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "scoundrel, rascal",
"word": "voyou"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 3 3",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "scoundrel, rascal",
"word": "brute"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 3 3",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "scoundrel, rascal",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "Raubein"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 3 3",
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "kakoúrgos",
"sense": "scoundrel, rascal",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "κακούργος"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 3 3",
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "scoundrel, rascal",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "ruifíneach"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 3 3",
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "scoundrel, rascal",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "bithiúnach"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 3 3",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "scoundrel, rascal",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "facinoroso"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 3 3",
"code": "km",
"lang": "Khmer",
"roman": "neak leeŋ kap cak",
"sense": "scoundrel, rascal",
"word": "អ្នកលេងកាប់ចាក់"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 3 3",
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"roman": "grubijan",
"sense": "scoundrel, rascal",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "грубијан"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 3 3",
"code": "no",
"lang": "Norwegian",
"sense": "scoundrel, rascal",
"word": "bølle"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 3 3",
"code": "pdt",
"lang": "Plautdietsch",
"sense": "scoundrel, rascal",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "Ruchull"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 3 3",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "scoundrel, rascal",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "artysta"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 3 3",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "scoundrel, rascal",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "artystka"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 3 3",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "scoundrel, rascal",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "rufião"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 3 3",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "negodjáj",
"sense": "scoundrel, rascal",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "негодя́й"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 3 3",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "xuligán",
"sense": "scoundrel, rascal",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "хулига́н"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 3 3",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "buján",
"sense": "scoundrel, rascal",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "буя́н"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 3 3",
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "scoundrel, rascal",
"tags": [
"Cyrillic",
"masculine"
],
"word": "грубѝја̄н"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 3 3",
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "scoundrel, rascal",
"tags": [
"Cyrillic",
"masculine"
],
"word": "силѐџија"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 3 3",
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "scoundrel, rascal",
"tags": [
"Roman",
"masculine"
],
"word": "grubìjān"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 3 3",
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "scoundrel, rascal",
"tags": [
"Roman",
"masculine"
],
"word": "silèdžija"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 3 3",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "scoundrel, rascal",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "rufián"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 3 3",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "scoundrel, rascal",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "skurk"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 3 3",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "scoundrel, rascal",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "rackare"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 3 3",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "scoundrel, rascal",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "slyngel"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 3 3",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "scoundrel, rascal",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "lymmel"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 3 3",
"code": "yi",
"lang": "Yiddish",
"roman": "khuligan",
"sense": "scoundrel, rascal",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "כוליגאַן"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"A pimp; a pander."
],
"id": "en-ruffian-en-noun-H6VA79zY",
"links": [
[
"pimp",
"pimp"
],
[
"pander",
"pander"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(obsolete) A pimp; a pander."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "pimp"
}
],
"tags": [
"obsolete"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1621, John Reynolds, The Triumphs of God's Revenge against the crying and execrable Sinne of Murther",
"text": "He [her husband] is no sooner abroad than she is instantly at home, revelling with her ruffians.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A lover; a paramour."
],
"id": "en-ruffian-en-noun-epKbwFNd",
"links": [
[
"lover",
"lover"
],
[
"paramour",
"paramour"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(obsolete) A lover; a paramour."
],
"tags": [
"obsolete"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈɹʌfi.ən/"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-ruffian.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2f/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-ruffian.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-ruffian.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2f/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-ruffian.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-ruffian.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"Southern-England"
],
"text": "Audio (Southern England)"
}
],
"word": "ruffian"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "frm",
"3": "rufian"
},
"expansion": "Middle French rufian",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "it",
"3": "ruffiano",
"4": "",
"5": "pimp"
},
"expansion": "Italian ruffiano (“pimp”)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle French rufian, from Italian ruffiano (“pimp”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "ruffians",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "ruffianing",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "ruffianed",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "ruffianed",
"tags": [
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "ruffian (third-person singular simple present ruffians, present participle ruffianing, simple past and past participle ruffianed)",
"name": "en-verb"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"ruf‧fi‧an"
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"To play the ruffian; to rage; to raise tumult."
],
"id": "en-ruffian-en-verb-hncYOcZi"
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈɹʌfi.ən/"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-ruffian.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2f/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-ruffian.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-ruffian.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2f/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-ruffian.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-ruffian.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"Southern-England"
],
"text": "Audio (Southern England)"
}
],
"word": "ruffian"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "frm",
"3": "rufian"
},
"expansion": "Middle French rufian",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "it",
"3": "ruffiano",
"4": "",
"5": "pimp"
},
"expansion": "Italian ruffiano (“pimp”)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle French rufian, from Italian ruffiano (“pimp”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "more ruffian",
"tags": [
"comparative"
]
},
{
"form": "most ruffian",
"tags": [
"superlative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "ruffian (comparative more ruffian, superlative most ruffian)",
"name": "en-adj"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"ruf‧fi‧an"
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"text": "ruffian rage",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Brutal; cruel; savagely boisterous; murderous."
],
"id": "en-ruffian-en-adj-RL6KCxQv"
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈɹʌfi.ən/"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-ruffian.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2f/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-ruffian.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-ruffian.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2f/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-ruffian.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-ruffian.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"Southern-England"
],
"text": "Audio (Southern England)"
}
],
"word": "ruffian"
}
{
"categories": [
"English 3-syllable words",
"English adjectives",
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms derived from Italian",
"English terms derived from Middle French",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"English terms with audio links",
"English verbs",
"en:People"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "frm",
"3": "rufian"
},
"expansion": "Middle French rufian",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "it",
"3": "ruffiano",
"4": "",
"5": "pimp"
},
"expansion": "Italian ruffiano (“pimp”)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle French rufian, from Italian ruffiano (“pimp”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "ruffians",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "ruffian (plural ruffians)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"ruf‧fi‧an"
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"A scoundrel, rascal, or unprincipled, deceitful, brutal and unreliable person."
],
"links": [
[
"scoundrel",
"scoundrel"
],
[
"rascal",
"rascal"
],
[
"unprincipled",
"unprincipled"
],
[
"deceitful",
"deceitful"
],
[
"brutal",
"brutal"
],
[
"unreliable",
"unreliable"
],
[
"person",
"person"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "rogue"
},
{
"word": "scamp"
},
{
"word": "troublemaker"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with obsolete senses"
],
"glosses": [
"A pimp; a pander."
],
"links": [
[
"pimp",
"pimp"
],
[
"pander",
"pander"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(obsolete) A pimp; a pander."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "pimp"
}
],
"tags": [
"obsolete"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with obsolete senses",
"English terms with quotations",
"Quotation templates to be cleaned"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1621, John Reynolds, The Triumphs of God's Revenge against the crying and execrable Sinne of Murther",
"text": "He [her husband] is no sooner abroad than she is instantly at home, revelling with her ruffians.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A lover; a paramour."
],
"links": [
[
"lover",
"lover"
],
[
"paramour",
"paramour"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(obsolete) A lover; a paramour."
],
"tags": [
"obsolete"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈɹʌfi.ən/"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-ruffian.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2f/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-ruffian.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-ruffian.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2f/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-ruffian.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-ruffian.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"Southern-England"
],
"text": "Audio (Southern England)"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "grubijan",
"sense": "scoundrel, rascal",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "грубиян"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "huligan",
"sense": "scoundrel, rascal",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "хулиган"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "pǐzi",
"sense": "scoundrel, rascal",
"word": "痞子"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "scoundrel, rascal",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "schelm"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "scoundrel, rascal",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "schurk"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "scoundrel, rascal",
"word": "räyhääjä"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "scoundrel, rascal",
"word": "öykkäri"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "scoundrel, rascal",
"word": "rettelöijä"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "scoundrel, rascal",
"word": "rufian"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "scoundrel, rascal",
"word": "voyou"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "scoundrel, rascal",
"word": "brute"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "scoundrel, rascal",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "Raubein"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "kakoúrgos",
"sense": "scoundrel, rascal",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "κακούργος"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "scoundrel, rascal",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "ruifíneach"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "scoundrel, rascal",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "bithiúnach"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "scoundrel, rascal",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "facinoroso"
},
{
"code": "km",
"lang": "Khmer",
"roman": "neak leeŋ kap cak",
"sense": "scoundrel, rascal",
"word": "អ្នកលេងកាប់ចាក់"
},
{
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"roman": "grubijan",
"sense": "scoundrel, rascal",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "грубијан"
},
{
"code": "no",
"lang": "Norwegian",
"sense": "scoundrel, rascal",
"word": "bølle"
},
{
"code": "pdt",
"lang": "Plautdietsch",
"sense": "scoundrel, rascal",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "Ruchull"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "scoundrel, rascal",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "artysta"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "scoundrel, rascal",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "artystka"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "scoundrel, rascal",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "rufião"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "negodjáj",
"sense": "scoundrel, rascal",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "негодя́й"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "xuligán",
"sense": "scoundrel, rascal",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "хулига́н"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "buján",
"sense": "scoundrel, rascal",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "буя́н"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "scoundrel, rascal",
"tags": [
"Cyrillic",
"masculine"
],
"word": "грубѝја̄н"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "scoundrel, rascal",
"tags": [
"Cyrillic",
"masculine"
],
"word": "силѐџија"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "scoundrel, rascal",
"tags": [
"Roman",
"masculine"
],
"word": "grubìjān"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "scoundrel, rascal",
"tags": [
"Roman",
"masculine"
],
"word": "silèdžija"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "scoundrel, rascal",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "rufián"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "scoundrel, rascal",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "skurk"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "scoundrel, rascal",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "rackare"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "scoundrel, rascal",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "slyngel"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "scoundrel, rascal",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "lymmel"
},
{
"code": "yi",
"lang": "Yiddish",
"roman": "khuligan",
"sense": "scoundrel, rascal",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "כוליגאַן"
}
],
"word": "ruffian"
}
{
"categories": [
"English 3-syllable words",
"English adjectives",
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms derived from Italian",
"English terms derived from Middle French",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"English terms with audio links",
"English verbs",
"en:People"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "frm",
"3": "rufian"
},
"expansion": "Middle French rufian",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "it",
"3": "ruffiano",
"4": "",
"5": "pimp"
},
"expansion": "Italian ruffiano (“pimp”)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle French rufian, from Italian ruffiano (“pimp”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "ruffians",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "ruffianing",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "ruffianed",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "ruffianed",
"tags": [
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "ruffian (third-person singular simple present ruffians, present participle ruffianing, simple past and past participle ruffianed)",
"name": "en-verb"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"ruf‧fi‧an"
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"To play the ruffian; to rage; to raise tumult."
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈɹʌfi.ən/"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-ruffian.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2f/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-ruffian.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-ruffian.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2f/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-ruffian.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-ruffian.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"Southern-England"
],
"text": "Audio (Southern England)"
}
],
"word": "ruffian"
}
{
"categories": [
"English 3-syllable words",
"English adjectives",
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms derived from Italian",
"English terms derived from Middle French",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"English terms with audio links",
"English verbs",
"en:People"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "frm",
"3": "rufian"
},
"expansion": "Middle French rufian",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "it",
"3": "ruffiano",
"4": "",
"5": "pimp"
},
"expansion": "Italian ruffiano (“pimp”)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle French rufian, from Italian ruffiano (“pimp”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "more ruffian",
"tags": [
"comparative"
]
},
{
"form": "most ruffian",
"tags": [
"superlative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "ruffian (comparative more ruffian, superlative most ruffian)",
"name": "en-adj"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"ruf‧fi‧an"
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "ruffian rage",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Brutal; cruel; savagely boisterous; murderous."
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈɹʌfi.ən/"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-ruffian.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2f/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-ruffian.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-ruffian.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2f/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-ruffian.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-ruffian.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"Southern-England"
],
"text": "Audio (Southern England)"
}
],
"word": "ruffian"
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-05-03 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-05-02 using wiktextract (f4fd8c9 and c9440ce). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.