See dubious in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
Download JSONL data for dubious meaning in English (19.0kB)
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "dubious compliment"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "dubious honor"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "dubious honour"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "dubiously"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "dubiousness"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "dwóh₁"
},
"expansion": "PIE word\n *dwóh₁",
"name": "PIE word"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*gʰeh₁bʰ-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "dubius"
},
"expansion": "Latin dubius",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "duo"
},
"expansion": "Latin duo",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "two"
},
"expansion": "English two",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "PIE word\n *dwóh₁\nFrom Latin dubius; like doubt, from Latin duo (cognate to English two), implying “two alternatives” (yes or no, true or false, etc.).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "more dubious",
"tags": [
"comparative"
]
},
{
"form": "most dubious",
"tags": [
"superlative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "dubious (comparative more dubious, superlative most dubious)",
"name": "en-adj"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "adj",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "doubtful"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "doubt"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"text": "After he made some dubious claims about the company, fewer people trusted him.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "They were renowned as people of dubious morals.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"ref": "1960 March, H. P. White, “The Hawkhurst branch of the Southern Region”, in Trains Illustrated, page 173",
"text": "There are several reasons why the line's future is now dubious. With the exception of Horsmonden, the stations are most inconveniently sited. This is largely because the Wealden villages were built on ridges, and in fact most Wealden stations are badly placed.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2011 February, Nigel Jones, “A Tale of Two Scandals”, in History Today, volume 61, number 2, pages 10–17",
"text": "Evasive, womanising, boastful, malicious, untrustworthy, an inveterate gambler who combined his mediocre military career with running a high-class brothel, permanently cash strapped and viciously quarrelsome, his character is as dubious as his unsavoury appearance.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2018, James Lambert, “A multitude of ‘lishes’: The nomenclature of hybridity”, in English World-Wide, page 2",
"text": "Urban Dictionary records at least 66 of the terms found by the present research, but as this dictionary liberally accepts words, definitions, and sample sentences based solely on the say-so of contributors, in the absence of corroboration from other sources the authenticity of some entries must remain dubious.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Arousing doubt; questionable; open to suspicion."
],
"id": "en-dubious-en-adj-pTwQYr-G",
"links": [
[
"doubt",
"doubt"
],
[
"questionable",
"questionable"
],
[
"suspicion",
"suspicion"
]
],
"qualifier": "matter; or thing; matter; or thing",
"raw_glosses": [
"(of a statement, matter, or thing) Arousing doubt; questionable; open to suspicion."
],
"raw_tags": [
"of a statement"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "79 20 2",
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"roman": "kaskaceli",
"sense": "arousing doubt",
"word": "կասկածելի"
},
{
"_dis1": "79 20 2",
"code": "az",
"lang": "Azerbaijani",
"sense": "arousing doubt",
"word": "şübhəli"
},
{
"_dis1": "79 20 2",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "sǎmnitelen",
"sense": "arousing doubt",
"word": "съмнителен"
},
{
"_dis1": "79 20 2",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "arousing doubt",
"word": "pochybný"
},
{
"_dis1": "79 20 2",
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "arousing doubt",
"word": "tvivlsom"
},
{
"_dis1": "79 20 2",
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "arousing doubt",
"word": "usikker"
},
{
"_dis1": "79 20 2",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "arousing doubt",
"word": "dubieus"
},
{
"_dis1": "79 20 2",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "arousing doubt",
"word": "twijfelachtig"
},
{
"_dis1": "79 20 2",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "arousing doubt",
"word": "kyseenalainen"
},
{
"_dis1": "79 20 2",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "arousing doubt",
"word": "epäilyttävä"
},
{
"_dis1": "79 20 2",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "arousing doubt",
"word": "arveluttava"
},
{
"_dis1": "79 20 2",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "arousing doubt",
"word": "douteux"
},
{
"_dis1": "79 20 2",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "arousing doubt",
"word": "dubitatif"
},
{
"_dis1": "79 20 2",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "arousing doubt",
"word": "louche"
},
{
"_dis1": "79 20 2",
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "saeč̣vo",
"sense": "arousing doubt",
"word": "საეჭვო"
},
{
"_dis1": "79 20 2",
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "arasando",
"sense": "arousing doubt",
"word": "არასანდო"
},
{
"_dis1": "79 20 2",
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "arasarc̣muno",
"sense": "arousing doubt",
"word": "არასარწმუნო"
},
{
"_dis1": "79 20 2",
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "satuo",
"sense": "arousing doubt",
"word": "სათუო"
},
{
"_dis1": "79 20 2",
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "saḳitxavi",
"sense": "arousing doubt",
"word": "საკითხავი"
},
{
"_dis1": "79 20 2",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "arousing doubt",
"word": "dubios"
},
{
"_dis1": "79 20 2",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "arousing doubt",
"word": "fragwürdig"
},
{
"_dis1": "79 20 2",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "arousing doubt",
"word": "ominös"
},
{
"_dis1": "79 20 2",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "arousing doubt",
"word": "zwielichtig"
},
{
"_dis1": "79 20 2",
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "amfívolos",
"sense": "arousing doubt",
"word": "αμφίβολος"
},
{
"_dis1": "79 20 2",
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "amfilegómenos",
"sense": "arousing doubt",
"word": "αμφιλεγόμενος"
},
{
"_dis1": "79 20 2",
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "ýpoptos",
"sense": "arousing doubt",
"word": "ύποπτος"
},
{
"_dis1": "79 20 2",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "arousing doubt",
"word": "kérdéses"
},
{
"_dis1": "79 20 2",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "arousing doubt",
"word": "kétséges"
},
{
"_dis1": "79 20 2",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "arousing doubt",
"word": "kétes"
},
{
"_dis1": "79 20 2",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "arousing doubt",
"word": "dubbio"
},
{
"_dis1": "79 20 2",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "arousing doubt",
"word": "equivoco"
},
{
"_dis1": "79 20 2",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "arousing doubt",
"word": "ambiguo"
},
{
"_dis1": "79 20 2",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "arousing doubt",
"word": "losco"
},
{
"_dis1": "79 20 2",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "arousing doubt",
"word": "bieco"
},
{
"_dis1": "79 20 2",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "arousing doubt",
"word": "torvo"
},
{
"_dis1": "79 20 2",
"code": "kk",
"lang": "Kazakh",
"roman": "ūşty",
"sense": "arousing doubt",
"word": "ұшты"
},
{
"_dis1": "79 20 2",
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "arousing doubt",
"word": "dubius"
},
{
"_dis1": "79 20 2",
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "arousing doubt",
"word": "kārangirangi"
},
{
"_dis1": "79 20 2",
"code": "no",
"lang": "Norwegian",
"sense": "arousing doubt",
"word": "usikker"
},
{
"_dis1": "79 20 2",
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "arousing doubt",
"word": "tvilsom"
},
{
"_dis1": "79 20 2",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "arousing doubt",
"word": "wątpliwy"
},
{
"_dis1": "79 20 2",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "arousing doubt",
"word": "dúbio"
},
{
"_dis1": "79 20 2",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "arousing doubt",
"word": "duvidoso"
},
{
"_dis1": "79 20 2",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "arousing doubt",
"word": "dubios"
},
{
"_dis1": "79 20 2",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "arousing doubt",
"word": "îndoielnic"
},
{
"_dis1": "79 20 2",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "somnítelʹnyj",
"sense": "arousing doubt",
"word": "сомни́тельный"
},
{
"_dis1": "79 20 2",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "arousing doubt",
"word": "dudoso"
},
{
"_dis1": "79 20 2",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "arousing doubt",
"word": "aleatorio"
},
{
"_dis1": "79 20 2",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "arousing doubt",
"word": "ambiguo"
},
{
"_dis1": "79 20 2",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "arousing doubt",
"word": "turbio"
},
{
"_dis1": "79 20 2",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "arousing doubt",
"word": "equívoco"
},
{
"_dis1": "79 20 2",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "arousing doubt",
"word": "torvo"
},
{
"_dis1": "79 20 2",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "arousing doubt",
"word": "avieso"
},
{
"_dis1": "79 20 2",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "arousing doubt",
"word": "tvivelaktig"
},
{
"_dis1": "79 20 2",
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "arousing doubt",
"word": "şüpheli"
}
]
},
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "She was dubious about my plan at first, but later I managed to persuade her to cooperate."
},
{
"ref": "2010, John M. Broder, \"Global Climate-Change Talks Begin in Cancun With More Modest Expectations\", New York Times, November 30, Section A, Column 0, Foreign Desk, page 12",
"text": "Last year, President Obama had large majorities in Congress and hopes of passing a comprehensive climate and energy bill. Next year, he faces a new Congress much more dubious about the reality of climate change and considerably more hostile to international efforts to deal with it."
}
],
"glosses": [
"In disbelief; wavering, uncertain, or hesitating in opinion; inclined to doubt; undecided."
],
"id": "en-dubious-en-adj-Sv2b6KfX",
"links": [
[
"disbelief",
"disbelief"
],
[
"wavering",
"wavering"
],
[
"undecided",
"undecided"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(of a person) In disbelief; wavering, uncertain, or hesitating in opinion; inclined to doubt; undecided."
],
"raw_tags": [
"of a person"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "5 92 3",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "nesiguren",
"sense": "in disbelief, uncertain",
"word": "несигурен"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 92 3",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "in disbelief, uncertain",
"word": "pochybující"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 92 3",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "in disbelief, uncertain",
"word": "nejistý"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 92 3",
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "in disbelief, uncertain",
"word": "tvivlende"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 92 3",
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "in disbelief, uncertain",
"word": "tvivlrådig"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 92 3",
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "in disbelief, uncertain",
"word": "usikker"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 92 3",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "in disbelief, uncertain",
"word": "epäilevä"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 92 3",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "in disbelief, uncertain",
"word": "epävarma"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 92 3",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "in disbelief, uncertain",
"word": "epäluuloinen"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 92 3",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "in disbelief, uncertain",
"word": "douteux"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 92 3",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "in disbelief, uncertain",
"word": "sceptique"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 92 3",
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "saeč̣vo",
"sense": "in disbelief, uncertain",
"word": "საეჭვო"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 92 3",
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "damaeč̣vebeli",
"sense": "in disbelief, uncertain",
"word": "დამაეჭვებელი"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 92 3",
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "orazrovani",
"sense": "in disbelief, uncertain",
"word": "ორაზროვანი"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 92 3",
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "gaurḳveveli",
"sense": "in disbelief, uncertain",
"word": "გაურკვეველი"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 92 3",
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "arasando",
"sense": "in disbelief, uncertain",
"word": "არასანდო"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 92 3",
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "arasarc̣muno",
"sense": "in disbelief, uncertain",
"word": "არასარწმუნო"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 92 3",
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "merq̇evi",
"sense": "in disbelief, uncertain",
"word": "მერყევი"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 92 3",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "in disbelief, uncertain",
"word": "unsicher"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 92 3",
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "avévaios",
"sense": "in disbelief, uncertain",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "αβέβαιος"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 92 3",
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "anapofásistos",
"sense": "in disbelief, uncertain",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "αναποφάσιστος"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 92 3",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "in disbelief, uncertain",
"word": "kétségei vannak"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 92 3",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "in disbelief, uncertain",
"word": "nincs meggyőződve"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 92 3",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "in disbelief, uncertain",
"word": "habozik"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 92 3",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "in disbelief, uncertain",
"word": "bizonytalan"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 92 3",
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "in disbelief, uncertain",
"word": "dubius"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 92 3",
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "in disbelief, uncertain",
"word": "haurokuroku"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 92 3",
"code": "no",
"lang": "Norwegian",
"sense": "in disbelief, uncertain",
"word": "tvilrådig"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 92 3",
"code": "no",
"lang": "Norwegian",
"sense": "in disbelief, uncertain",
"word": "usikker"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 92 3",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "in disbelief, uncertain",
"word": "niepewny"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 92 3",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "in disbelief, uncertain",
"word": "nieprzekonany"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 92 3",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "in disbelief, uncertain",
"word": "em dúvida"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 92 3",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "somnevajuščijsja",
"sense": "in disbelief, uncertain",
"word": "сомневающийся"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 92 3",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "kolebljuščijsja",
"sense": "in disbelief, uncertain",
"word": "колеблющийся"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 92 3",
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "in disbelief, uncertain",
"word": "kararsız"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Chess",
"orig": "en:Chess",
"parents": [
"Board games",
"Tabletop games",
"Games",
"Recreation",
"Human activity",
"Human behaviour",
"Human",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "14 12 74",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 9 81",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"parents": [
"Entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "20 16 64",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Albanian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "20 16 64",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Armenian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "20 16 64",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Azerbaijani translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "19 13 67",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Bulgarian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "19 15 66",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Czech translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "11 8 81",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Danish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "17 14 69",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Dutch translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "19 13 67",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Finnish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "15 12 73",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with French translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "20 16 64",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Georgian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "16 14 70",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with German translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "17 14 69",
"kind": "other",
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"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "19 15 66",
"kind": "other",
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"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "11 10 79",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Italian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "13 11 77",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Japanese translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "20 16 64",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Kazakh translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "13 11 77",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Latin translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "21 14 65",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Maori translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "21 14 65",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Norwegian Bokmål translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "19 13 68",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Norwegian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "21 15 63",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Polish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "20 16 64",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Portuguese translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "21 14 65",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Romanian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "13 11 77",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Russian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "13 11 76",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Spanish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "20 14 66",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Swedish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "20 14 66",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Turkish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Generally considered imprecise or wrong, but not totally unplayable."
],
"id": "en-dubious-en-adj-hzG680Jo",
"links": [
[
"chess",
"chess"
],
[
"opening",
"opening"
],
[
"imprecise",
"imprecise"
],
[
"wrong",
"wrong"
],
[
"unplayable",
"unplayable"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(chess, chiefly of an opening move) Generally considered imprecise or wrong, but not totally unplayable."
],
"raw_tags": [
"of an opening move"
],
"topics": [
"board-games",
"chess",
"games"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈdjuː.bi.əs/",
"tags": [
"UK"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈdu.bi.əs/",
"tags": [
"US"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-uːbiəs"
},
{
"audio": "en-us-dubious.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/29/En-us-dubious.ogg/En-us-dubious.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/En-us-dubious.ogg"
}
],
"word": "dubious"
}
{
"categories": [
"English 3-syllable words",
"English adjectives",
"English contranyms",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"English lemmas",
"English terms borrowed from Latin",
"English terms derived from Latin",
"English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *gʰeh₁bʰ-",
"English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European word *dwóh₁",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"English terms with audio links",
"Requests for review of Albanian translations",
"Requests for review of Dutch translations",
"Requests for review of Japanese translations",
"Requests for review of Swedish translations",
"Rhymes:English/uːbiəs",
"Rhymes:English/uːbiəs/3 syllables",
"Terms with Albanian translations",
"Terms with Armenian translations",
"Terms with Azerbaijani translations",
"Terms with Bulgarian translations",
"Terms with Czech translations",
"Terms with Danish translations",
"Terms with Dutch translations",
"Terms with Finnish translations",
"Terms with French translations",
"Terms with Georgian translations",
"Terms with German translations",
"Terms with Greek translations",
"Terms with Hungarian translations",
"Terms with Italian translations",
"Terms with Japanese translations",
"Terms with Kazakh translations",
"Terms with Latin translations",
"Terms with Maori translations",
"Terms with Norwegian Bokmål translations",
"Terms with Norwegian translations",
"Terms with Polish translations",
"Terms with Portuguese translations",
"Terms with Romanian translations",
"Terms with Russian translations",
"Terms with Spanish translations",
"Terms with Swedish translations",
"Terms with Turkish translations"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "dubious compliment"
},
{
"word": "dubious honor"
},
{
"word": "dubious honour"
},
{
"word": "dubiously"
},
{
"word": "dubiousness"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "dwóh₁"
},
"expansion": "PIE word\n *dwóh₁",
"name": "PIE word"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*gʰeh₁bʰ-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "dubius"
},
"expansion": "Latin dubius",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "duo"
},
"expansion": "Latin duo",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "two"
},
"expansion": "English two",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "PIE word\n *dwóh₁\nFrom Latin dubius; like doubt, from Latin duo (cognate to English two), implying “two alternatives” (yes or no, true or false, etc.).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "more dubious",
"tags": [
"comparative"
]
},
{
"form": "most dubious",
"tags": [
"superlative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "dubious (comparative more dubious, superlative most dubious)",
"name": "en-adj"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "adj",
"related": [
{
"word": "doubtful"
},
{
"word": "doubt"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"English terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "After he made some dubious claims about the company, fewer people trusted him.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "They were renowned as people of dubious morals.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"ref": "1960 March, H. P. White, “The Hawkhurst branch of the Southern Region”, in Trains Illustrated, page 173",
"text": "There are several reasons why the line's future is now dubious. With the exception of Horsmonden, the stations are most inconveniently sited. This is largely because the Wealden villages were built on ridges, and in fact most Wealden stations are badly placed.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2011 February, Nigel Jones, “A Tale of Two Scandals”, in History Today, volume 61, number 2, pages 10–17",
"text": "Evasive, womanising, boastful, malicious, untrustworthy, an inveterate gambler who combined his mediocre military career with running a high-class brothel, permanently cash strapped and viciously quarrelsome, his character is as dubious as his unsavoury appearance.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2018, James Lambert, “A multitude of ‘lishes’: The nomenclature of hybridity”, in English World-Wide, page 2",
"text": "Urban Dictionary records at least 66 of the terms found by the present research, but as this dictionary liberally accepts words, definitions, and sample sentences based solely on the say-so of contributors, in the absence of corroboration from other sources the authenticity of some entries must remain dubious.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Arousing doubt; questionable; open to suspicion."
],
"links": [
[
"doubt",
"doubt"
],
[
"questionable",
"questionable"
],
[
"suspicion",
"suspicion"
]
],
"qualifier": "matter; or thing; matter; or thing",
"raw_glosses": [
"(of a statement, matter, or thing) Arousing doubt; questionable; open to suspicion."
],
"raw_tags": [
"of a statement"
]
},
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "She was dubious about my plan at first, but later I managed to persuade her to cooperate."
},
{
"ref": "2010, John M. Broder, \"Global Climate-Change Talks Begin in Cancun With More Modest Expectations\", New York Times, November 30, Section A, Column 0, Foreign Desk, page 12",
"text": "Last year, President Obama had large majorities in Congress and hopes of passing a comprehensive climate and energy bill. Next year, he faces a new Congress much more dubious about the reality of climate change and considerably more hostile to international efforts to deal with it."
}
],
"glosses": [
"In disbelief; wavering, uncertain, or hesitating in opinion; inclined to doubt; undecided."
],
"links": [
[
"disbelief",
"disbelief"
],
[
"wavering",
"wavering"
],
[
"undecided",
"undecided"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(of a person) In disbelief; wavering, uncertain, or hesitating in opinion; inclined to doubt; undecided."
],
"raw_tags": [
"of a person"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"en:Chess"
],
"glosses": [
"Generally considered imprecise or wrong, but not totally unplayable."
],
"links": [
[
"chess",
"chess"
],
[
"opening",
"opening"
],
[
"imprecise",
"imprecise"
],
[
"wrong",
"wrong"
],
[
"unplayable",
"unplayable"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(chess, chiefly of an opening move) Generally considered imprecise or wrong, but not totally unplayable."
],
"raw_tags": [
"of an opening move"
],
"topics": [
"board-games",
"chess",
"games"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈdjuː.bi.əs/",
"tags": [
"UK"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈdu.bi.əs/",
"tags": [
"US"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-uːbiəs"
},
{
"audio": "en-us-dubious.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/29/En-us-dubious.ogg/En-us-dubious.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/En-us-dubious.ogg"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"roman": "kaskaceli",
"sense": "arousing doubt",
"word": "կասկածելի"
},
{
"code": "az",
"lang": "Azerbaijani",
"sense": "arousing doubt",
"word": "şübhəli"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "sǎmnitelen",
"sense": "arousing doubt",
"word": "съмнителен"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "arousing doubt",
"word": "pochybný"
},
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "arousing doubt",
"word": "tvivlsom"
},
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "arousing doubt",
"word": "usikker"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "arousing doubt",
"word": "dubieus"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "arousing doubt",
"word": "twijfelachtig"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "arousing doubt",
"word": "kyseenalainen"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "arousing doubt",
"word": "epäilyttävä"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "arousing doubt",
"word": "arveluttava"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "arousing doubt",
"word": "douteux"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "arousing doubt",
"word": "dubitatif"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "arousing doubt",
"word": "louche"
},
{
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "saeč̣vo",
"sense": "arousing doubt",
"word": "საეჭვო"
},
{
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "arasando",
"sense": "arousing doubt",
"word": "არასანდო"
},
{
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "arasarc̣muno",
"sense": "arousing doubt",
"word": "არასარწმუნო"
},
{
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "satuo",
"sense": "arousing doubt",
"word": "სათუო"
},
{
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "saḳitxavi",
"sense": "arousing doubt",
"word": "საკითხავი"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "arousing doubt",
"word": "dubios"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "arousing doubt",
"word": "fragwürdig"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "arousing doubt",
"word": "ominös"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "arousing doubt",
"word": "zwielichtig"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "amfívolos",
"sense": "arousing doubt",
"word": "αμφίβολος"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "amfilegómenos",
"sense": "arousing doubt",
"word": "αμφιλεγόμενος"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "ýpoptos",
"sense": "arousing doubt",
"word": "ύποπτος"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "arousing doubt",
"word": "kérdéses"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "arousing doubt",
"word": "kétséges"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "arousing doubt",
"word": "kétes"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "arousing doubt",
"word": "dubbio"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "arousing doubt",
"word": "equivoco"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "arousing doubt",
"word": "ambiguo"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "arousing doubt",
"word": "losco"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "arousing doubt",
"word": "bieco"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "arousing doubt",
"word": "torvo"
},
{
"code": "kk",
"lang": "Kazakh",
"roman": "ūşty",
"sense": "arousing doubt",
"word": "ұшты"
},
{
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "arousing doubt",
"word": "dubius"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "arousing doubt",
"word": "kārangirangi"
},
{
"code": "no",
"lang": "Norwegian",
"sense": "arousing doubt",
"word": "usikker"
},
{
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "arousing doubt",
"word": "tvilsom"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "arousing doubt",
"word": "wątpliwy"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "arousing doubt",
"word": "dúbio"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "arousing doubt",
"word": "duvidoso"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "arousing doubt",
"word": "dubios"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "arousing doubt",
"word": "îndoielnic"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "somnítelʹnyj",
"sense": "arousing doubt",
"word": "сомни́тельный"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "arousing doubt",
"word": "dudoso"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "arousing doubt",
"word": "aleatorio"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "arousing doubt",
"word": "ambiguo"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "arousing doubt",
"word": "turbio"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "arousing doubt",
"word": "equívoco"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "arousing doubt",
"word": "torvo"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "arousing doubt",
"word": "avieso"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "arousing doubt",
"word": "tvivelaktig"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "arousing doubt",
"word": "şüpheli"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "nesiguren",
"sense": "in disbelief, uncertain",
"word": "несигурен"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "in disbelief, uncertain",
"word": "pochybující"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "in disbelief, uncertain",
"word": "nejistý"
},
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "in disbelief, uncertain",
"word": "tvivlende"
},
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "in disbelief, uncertain",
"word": "tvivlrådig"
},
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "in disbelief, uncertain",
"word": "usikker"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "in disbelief, uncertain",
"word": "epäilevä"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "in disbelief, uncertain",
"word": "epävarma"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "in disbelief, uncertain",
"word": "epäluuloinen"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "in disbelief, uncertain",
"word": "douteux"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "in disbelief, uncertain",
"word": "sceptique"
},
{
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "saeč̣vo",
"sense": "in disbelief, uncertain",
"word": "საეჭვო"
},
{
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "damaeč̣vebeli",
"sense": "in disbelief, uncertain",
"word": "დამაეჭვებელი"
},
{
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "orazrovani",
"sense": "in disbelief, uncertain",
"word": "ორაზროვანი"
},
{
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "gaurḳveveli",
"sense": "in disbelief, uncertain",
"word": "გაურკვეველი"
},
{
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "arasando",
"sense": "in disbelief, uncertain",
"word": "არასანდო"
},
{
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "arasarc̣muno",
"sense": "in disbelief, uncertain",
"word": "არასარწმუნო"
},
{
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "merq̇evi",
"sense": "in disbelief, uncertain",
"word": "მერყევი"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "in disbelief, uncertain",
"word": "unsicher"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "avévaios",
"sense": "in disbelief, uncertain",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "αβέβαιος"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "anapofásistos",
"sense": "in disbelief, uncertain",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "αναποφάσιστος"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "in disbelief, uncertain",
"word": "kétségei vannak"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "in disbelief, uncertain",
"word": "nincs meggyőződve"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "in disbelief, uncertain",
"word": "habozik"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "in disbelief, uncertain",
"word": "bizonytalan"
},
{
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "in disbelief, uncertain",
"word": "dubius"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "in disbelief, uncertain",
"word": "haurokuroku"
},
{
"code": "no",
"lang": "Norwegian",
"sense": "in disbelief, uncertain",
"word": "tvilrådig"
},
{
"code": "no",
"lang": "Norwegian",
"sense": "in disbelief, uncertain",
"word": "usikker"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "in disbelief, uncertain",
"word": "niepewny"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "in disbelief, uncertain",
"word": "nieprzekonany"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "in disbelief, uncertain",
"word": "em dúvida"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "somnevajuščijsja",
"sense": "in disbelief, uncertain",
"word": "сомневающийся"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "kolebljuščijsja",
"sense": "in disbelief, uncertain",
"word": "колеблющийся"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "in disbelief, uncertain",
"word": "kararsız"
}
],
"word": "dubious"
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-07-01 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-06-20 using wiktextract (e79c026 and b863ecc). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.