See dubius in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "dubiē"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "dubietās"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "dubiō"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "dubiōsus"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "dubium"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "dubious"
},
{
"lang": "Italian",
"lang_code": "it",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "dubbio"
},
{
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "dúbio"
},
{
"lang": "Sicilian",
"lang_code": "scn",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "dùbbitu"
},
{
"lang": "Translingual",
"lang_code": "mul",
"raw_tags": [
"reshaped by analogy or addition of morphemes"
],
"word": "Dubiaranea"
}
],
"etymology_links": [
[
"*dwi-",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/dwi-"
],
[
"*bʰuH-",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/bʰuH-"
],
[
"superbus",
"superbus#Latin"
],
[
"probus",
"probus#Latin"
],
[
"tribus",
"tribus#Latin"
],
[
"διφυής",
"διφυής#Ancient_Greek"
],
[
"δισσός",
"δισσός#Ancient_Greek"
],
[
"δοιάζω",
"δοιάζω#Ancient_Greek"
],
[
"Zweifel",
"Zweifel#German"
]
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": ":denom",
"3": "*dubos<t:in doubt><pos:adj><ety:inh<itc-pro:*du(i)βwos<ety:af<ine-pro:*dwi-<id:two><t:two>><ine-pro:*bʰuH-<id:be><t:to be>>>>>"
},
"expansion": "[Appendix:Glossary#denominal|Denominal verb]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"gloss\" : \"in doubt\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"two\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"two\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*dwóh₁\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*dwi-\", \"gloss\" : \"two\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" }, { \"id\" : \"be\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*bʰuH-\", \"gloss\" : \"to be\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*du(i)βwos\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"*dubos\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"la\", \"pos\" : \"adj\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"denominal\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"dubius\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la\" }\" data-lang=\"la\" data-title=\"dubius\">",
"name": "ety"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "itc-pro",
"3": "",
"4": "*du(i)βwos"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic *du(i)βwos",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*dwi-",
"4": "",
"5": "two-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *dwi- (“two-”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "διφυής",
"3": "",
"4": "of two shapes or natures"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek διφυής (diphuḗs, “of two shapes or natures”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "",
"4": "*dubʰi-",
"5": "on two sides"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *dubʰi- (“on two sides”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "δισσός",
"3": "",
"4": "twofold; doubtful"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek δισσός (dissós, “twofold; doubtful”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "Zweifel",
"3": "",
"4": "doubt"
},
"expansion": "German Zweifel (“doubt”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": ":denom",
"3": "*dubos<t:in doubt><pos:adj><ety:inh<itc-pro:*du(i)βwos<ety:af<ine-pro:*dwi-<id:two><t:two>><ine-pro:*bʰuH-<id:be><t:to be>>>>>"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "ety"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Somewhat uncertain, but likely derived from *dubos (“in doubt”, adj.), from Proto-Italic *du(i)βwos, from Proto-Indo-European *dwi- (“two-”) + *bʰuH- (“to be”), with the same latter element as in superbus, probus (less likely tribus), in this case parallel to Ancient Greek διφυής (diphuḗs, “of two shapes or natures”). Or less likely, directly from Proto-Indo-European *dubʰi- (“on two sides”).\nFor the relation to \"two\" cf. Ancient Greek δισσός (dissós, “twofold; doubtful”), δοιάζω (doiázō, “to be in two minds”) and German Zweifel (“doubt”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "dubia",
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"form": "dubium",
"tags": [
"neuter"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "la-adecl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "dubius",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dubia",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dubium",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dubiī",
"links": [
[
"dubiī",
"dubii#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "dubiae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "dubia",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "dubiī",
"links": [
[
"dubiī",
"dubii#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dubiae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dubiī",
"links": [
[
"dubiī",
"dubii#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dubiōrum",
"links": [
[
"dubiōrum",
"dubiorum#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "dubiārum",
"links": [
[
"dubiārum",
"dubiarum#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "dubiōrum",
"links": [
[
"dubiōrum",
"dubiorum#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "dubiō",
"links": [
[
"dubiō",
"dubio#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dubiae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"feminine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dubiō",
"links": [
[
"dubiō",
"dubio#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dubiīs",
"links": [
[
"dubiīs",
"dubiis#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"feminine",
"masculine",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "dubium",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dubiam",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"feminine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dubium",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dubiōs",
"links": [
[
"dubiōs",
"dubios#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "dubiās",
"links": [
[
"dubiās",
"dubias#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"feminine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "dubia",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "dubiō",
"links": [
[
"dubiō",
"dubio#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dubiā",
"links": [
[
"dubiā",
"dubia#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"feminine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dubiō",
"links": [
[
"dubiō",
"dubio#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dubiīs",
"links": [
[
"dubiīs",
"dubiis#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"feminine",
"masculine",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "dubie",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "dubia",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "dubium",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "dubiī",
"links": [
[
"dubiī",
"dubii#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "dubiae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "dubia",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dubius"
},
"expansion": "dubius (feminine dubia, neuter dubium); first/second-declension adjective",
"name": "la-adj"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dubius"
},
"name": "la-adecl"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "adj",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "dubitābilis"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "dubitanter"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "dubitātim"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "dubitātiō"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "dubitātīvus"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "dubitātor"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "dubitātus"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "dubitō"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"english": "hapax, gloss",
"translation": "hapax, gloss",
"word": "dubō"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "35 39 25 2",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using etymon with no ID",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "34 39 25 2",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Moving in two directions alternately, vibrating to and fro, fluctuating, wavering"
],
"id": "en-dubius-la-adj-bW0DLKw8",
"links": [
[
"Moving",
"move"
],
[
"directions",
"direction"
],
[
"alternately",
"alternately"
],
[
"vibrating",
"vibrating"
],
[
"to and fro",
"to and fro"
],
[
"fluctuating",
"fluctuating"
],
[
"wavering",
"wavering"
]
],
"tags": [
"adjective",
"declension-1",
"declension-2"
]
},
{
"antonyms": [
{
"word": "fixus"
},
{
"word": "prōmptus"
},
{
"word": "indubius"
}
],
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "28 48 23 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin entries with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "32 42 24 2",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "35 39 25 2",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using etymon with no ID",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "32 42 25 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "32 42 25 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "34 39 25 2",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "Oh dear, I fear this ‘uncertainty’ as to where it may lead. / But now it’s absolutely necessary either for him to talk with her, or for me to say something about her to him: / while the mind is in doubt, it is swayed this way or that by the slightest impulse.",
"ref": "166 BCE, Publius Terentius Afer, Andria 264–266",
"text": "Miserā, timeō ‘incertum’ hoc quōrsum accidat. / Sed nunc peropus est aut hunc cum ipsā, aut dē illā aliquid mē advorsum hunc loquī: / dum in dubiō est animūs, paulō mōmentō hūc vel illūc impellitur.",
"translation": "Oh dear, I fear this ‘uncertainty’ as to where it may lead. / But now it’s absolutely necessary either for him to talk with her, or for me to say something about her to him: / while the mind is in doubt, it is swayed this way or that by the slightest impulse.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"english": "… and [Anna] gave hope to [Dido’s] wavering mind, and absolved [her sister’s sense of] shame.",
"ref": "29 BCE – 19 BCE, Vergilius, Aeneis 4.55",
"text": "[...] spemque dedit dubiae mentī, solvitque pudōrem.",
"translation": "… and [Anna] gave hope to [Dido’s] wavering mind, and absolved [her sister’s sense of] shame.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Vacillating in mind, wavering, uncertain, doubting, doubtful, dubious, irresolute, undetermined"
],
"id": "en-dubius-la-adj-QhMdI9of",
"links": [
[
"Vacillating",
"vacillate"
],
[
"mind",
"mind"
],
[
"wavering",
"wavering"
],
[
"uncertain",
"uncertain"
],
[
"doubting",
"doubting"
],
[
"doubtful",
"doubtful"
],
[
"dubious",
"dubious"
],
[
"irresolute",
"irresolute"
],
[
"undetermined",
"undetermined"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(figuratively) Vacillating in mind, wavering, uncertain, doubting, doubtful, dubious, irresolute, undetermined"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "incertus"
},
{
"word": "suspensus"
},
{
"word": "vagus"
},
{
"word": "anceps"
}
],
"tags": [
"adjective",
"declension-1",
"declension-2",
"figuratively"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "35 39 25 2",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using etymon with no ID",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "34 39 25 2",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "The result is in doubt",
"ref": "8 CE, Ovidius, Fasti 2.781",
"text": "exitus in dubiō est",
"translation": "The result is in doubt",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Precarious, dangerous, critical, difficult, adverse, doubtful, in doubt"
],
"id": "en-dubius-la-adj-M5ATJCCo",
"links": [
[
"Precarious",
"precarious"
],
[
"dangerous",
"dangerous"
],
[
"critical",
"critical"
],
[
"difficult",
"difficult"
],
[
"adverse",
"adverse"
],
[
"doubtful",
"doubtful"
],
[
"doubt",
"doubt"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(of a situation) Precarious, dangerous, critical, difficult, adverse, doubtful, in doubt"
],
"raw_tags": [
"of a situation"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "perīculōsus"
},
{
"word": "īnfēnsus"
},
{
"word": "anceps"
},
{
"word": "capitālis"
}
],
"tags": [
"adjective",
"declension-1",
"declension-2"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Changeable, uncertain"
],
"id": "en-dubius-la-adj-9AOEepS2",
"links": [
[
"Changeable",
"changeable"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(of weather) Changeable, uncertain"
],
"raw_tags": [
"of weather"
],
"tags": [
"adjective",
"declension-1",
"declension-2"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ˈdʊ.bi.ʊs]",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈduː.bi.us]",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
}
],
"word": "dubius"
}
{
"categories": [
"Latin 3-syllable words",
"Latin adjectives",
"Latin denominal verbs",
"Latin entries with etymon",
"Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"Latin first and second declension adjectives",
"Latin lemmas",
"Latin terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Latin terms derived from Proto-Italic",
"Latin terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *bʰuH-",
"Latin terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European word *dwóh₁",
"Latin terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European",
"Latin terms inherited from Proto-Italic",
"Latin terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Pages using etymon with no ID",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Pages with etymon",
"Pages with inline etymon for redlinks"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "dubiē"
},
{
"word": "dubietās"
},
{
"word": "dubiō"
},
{
"word": "dubiōsus"
},
{
"word": "dubium"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "dubious"
},
{
"lang": "Italian",
"lang_code": "it",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "dubbio"
},
{
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "dúbio"
},
{
"lang": "Sicilian",
"lang_code": "scn",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "dùbbitu"
},
{
"lang": "Translingual",
"lang_code": "mul",
"raw_tags": [
"reshaped by analogy or addition of morphemes"
],
"word": "Dubiaranea"
}
],
"etymology_links": [
[
"*dwi-",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/dwi-"
],
[
"*bʰuH-",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/bʰuH-"
],
[
"superbus",
"superbus#Latin"
],
[
"probus",
"probus#Latin"
],
[
"tribus",
"tribus#Latin"
],
[
"διφυής",
"διφυής#Ancient_Greek"
],
[
"δισσός",
"δισσός#Ancient_Greek"
],
[
"δοιάζω",
"δοιάζω#Ancient_Greek"
],
[
"Zweifel",
"Zweifel#German"
]
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": ":denom",
"3": "*dubos<t:in doubt><pos:adj><ety:inh<itc-pro:*du(i)βwos<ety:af<ine-pro:*dwi-<id:two><t:two>><ine-pro:*bʰuH-<id:be><t:to be>>>>>"
},
"expansion": "[Appendix:Glossary#denominal|Denominal verb]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"gloss\" : \"in doubt\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"two\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"two\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*dwóh₁\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*dwi-\", \"gloss\" : \"two\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" }, { \"id\" : \"be\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*bʰuH-\", \"gloss\" : \"to be\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*du(i)βwos\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"*dubos\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"la\", \"pos\" : \"adj\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"denominal\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"dubius\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la\" }\" data-lang=\"la\" data-title=\"dubius\">",
"name": "ety"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "itc-pro",
"3": "",
"4": "*du(i)βwos"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic *du(i)βwos",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*dwi-",
"4": "",
"5": "two-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *dwi- (“two-”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "διφυής",
"3": "",
"4": "of two shapes or natures"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek διφυής (diphuḗs, “of two shapes or natures”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "",
"4": "*dubʰi-",
"5": "on two sides"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *dubʰi- (“on two sides”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "δισσός",
"3": "",
"4": "twofold; doubtful"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek δισσός (dissós, “twofold; doubtful”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "Zweifel",
"3": "",
"4": "doubt"
},
"expansion": "German Zweifel (“doubt”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": ":denom",
"3": "*dubos<t:in doubt><pos:adj><ety:inh<itc-pro:*du(i)βwos<ety:af<ine-pro:*dwi-<id:two><t:two>><ine-pro:*bʰuH-<id:be><t:to be>>>>>"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "ety"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Somewhat uncertain, but likely derived from *dubos (“in doubt”, adj.), from Proto-Italic *du(i)βwos, from Proto-Indo-European *dwi- (“two-”) + *bʰuH- (“to be”), with the same latter element as in superbus, probus (less likely tribus), in this case parallel to Ancient Greek διφυής (diphuḗs, “of two shapes or natures”). Or less likely, directly from Proto-Indo-European *dubʰi- (“on two sides”).\nFor the relation to \"two\" cf. Ancient Greek δισσός (dissós, “twofold; doubtful”), δοιάζω (doiázō, “to be in two minds”) and German Zweifel (“doubt”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "dubia",
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"form": "dubium",
"tags": [
"neuter"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "la-adecl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "dubius",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dubia",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dubium",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dubiī",
"links": [
[
"dubiī",
"dubii#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "dubiae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "dubia",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "dubiī",
"links": [
[
"dubiī",
"dubii#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dubiae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dubiī",
"links": [
[
"dubiī",
"dubii#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dubiōrum",
"links": [
[
"dubiōrum",
"dubiorum#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "dubiārum",
"links": [
[
"dubiārum",
"dubiarum#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "dubiōrum",
"links": [
[
"dubiōrum",
"dubiorum#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "dubiō",
"links": [
[
"dubiō",
"dubio#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dubiae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"feminine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dubiō",
"links": [
[
"dubiō",
"dubio#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dubiīs",
"links": [
[
"dubiīs",
"dubiis#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"feminine",
"masculine",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "dubium",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dubiam",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"feminine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dubium",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dubiōs",
"links": [
[
"dubiōs",
"dubios#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "dubiās",
"links": [
[
"dubiās",
"dubias#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"feminine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "dubia",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "dubiō",
"links": [
[
"dubiō",
"dubio#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dubiā",
"links": [
[
"dubiā",
"dubia#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"feminine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dubiō",
"links": [
[
"dubiō",
"dubio#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dubiīs",
"links": [
[
"dubiīs",
"dubiis#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"feminine",
"masculine",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "dubie",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "dubia",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "dubium",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "dubiī",
"links": [
[
"dubiī",
"dubii#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "dubiae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "dubia",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dubius"
},
"expansion": "dubius (feminine dubia, neuter dubium); first/second-declension adjective",
"name": "la-adj"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dubius"
},
"name": "la-adecl"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "adj",
"related": [
{
"word": "dubitābilis"
},
{
"word": "dubitanter"
},
{
"word": "dubitātim"
},
{
"word": "dubitātiō"
},
{
"word": "dubitātīvus"
},
{
"word": "dubitātor"
},
{
"word": "dubitātus"
},
{
"word": "dubitō"
},
{
"english": "hapax, gloss",
"translation": "hapax, gloss",
"word": "dubō"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"Moving in two directions alternately, vibrating to and fro, fluctuating, wavering"
],
"links": [
[
"Moving",
"move"
],
[
"directions",
"direction"
],
[
"alternately",
"alternately"
],
[
"vibrating",
"vibrating"
],
[
"to and fro",
"to and fro"
],
[
"fluctuating",
"fluctuating"
],
[
"wavering",
"wavering"
]
],
"tags": [
"adjective",
"declension-1",
"declension-2"
]
},
{
"antonyms": [
{
"word": "fixus"
},
{
"word": "prōmptus"
},
{
"word": "indubius"
}
],
"categories": [
"Latin terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "Oh dear, I fear this ‘uncertainty’ as to where it may lead. / But now it’s absolutely necessary either for him to talk with her, or for me to say something about her to him: / while the mind is in doubt, it is swayed this way or that by the slightest impulse.",
"ref": "166 BCE, Publius Terentius Afer, Andria 264–266",
"text": "Miserā, timeō ‘incertum’ hoc quōrsum accidat. / Sed nunc peropus est aut hunc cum ipsā, aut dē illā aliquid mē advorsum hunc loquī: / dum in dubiō est animūs, paulō mōmentō hūc vel illūc impellitur.",
"translation": "Oh dear, I fear this ‘uncertainty’ as to where it may lead. / But now it’s absolutely necessary either for him to talk with her, or for me to say something about her to him: / while the mind is in doubt, it is swayed this way or that by the slightest impulse.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"english": "… and [Anna] gave hope to [Dido’s] wavering mind, and absolved [her sister’s sense of] shame.",
"ref": "29 BCE – 19 BCE, Vergilius, Aeneis 4.55",
"text": "[...] spemque dedit dubiae mentī, solvitque pudōrem.",
"translation": "… and [Anna] gave hope to [Dido’s] wavering mind, and absolved [her sister’s sense of] shame.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Vacillating in mind, wavering, uncertain, doubting, doubtful, dubious, irresolute, undetermined"
],
"links": [
[
"Vacillating",
"vacillate"
],
[
"mind",
"mind"
],
[
"wavering",
"wavering"
],
[
"uncertain",
"uncertain"
],
[
"doubting",
"doubting"
],
[
"doubtful",
"doubtful"
],
[
"dubious",
"dubious"
],
[
"irresolute",
"irresolute"
],
[
"undetermined",
"undetermined"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(figuratively) Vacillating in mind, wavering, uncertain, doubting, doubtful, dubious, irresolute, undetermined"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "incertus"
},
{
"word": "suspensus"
},
{
"word": "vagus"
},
{
"word": "anceps"
}
],
"tags": [
"adjective",
"declension-1",
"declension-2",
"figuratively"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Latin terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "The result is in doubt",
"ref": "8 CE, Ovidius, Fasti 2.781",
"text": "exitus in dubiō est",
"translation": "The result is in doubt",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Precarious, dangerous, critical, difficult, adverse, doubtful, in doubt"
],
"links": [
[
"Precarious",
"precarious"
],
[
"dangerous",
"dangerous"
],
[
"critical",
"critical"
],
[
"difficult",
"difficult"
],
[
"adverse",
"adverse"
],
[
"doubtful",
"doubtful"
],
[
"doubt",
"doubt"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(of a situation) Precarious, dangerous, critical, difficult, adverse, doubtful, in doubt"
],
"raw_tags": [
"of a situation"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "perīculōsus"
},
{
"word": "īnfēnsus"
},
{
"word": "anceps"
},
{
"word": "capitālis"
}
],
"tags": [
"adjective",
"declension-1",
"declension-2"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Changeable, uncertain"
],
"links": [
[
"Changeable",
"changeable"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(of weather) Changeable, uncertain"
],
"raw_tags": [
"of weather"
],
"tags": [
"adjective",
"declension-1",
"declension-2"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ˈdʊ.bi.ʊs]",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈduː.bi.us]",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
}
],
"word": "dubius"
}
Download raw JSONL data for dubius meaning in Latin (12.7kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Latin dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-10-21 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-10-01 using wiktextract (c1bb342 and 6f96ddf). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.