See cringe in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "cringe comedy"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "cringe culture"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "cringefest"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "cringeful"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "cringeling"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "cringemaking"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "cringe-making"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0",
"tags": [
"Britain",
"colloquial"
],
"word": "cringe-makingly"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "cringeometer"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "cringe-o-meter"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "cringer"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "cringesome"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "cringetastic"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "cringeworthy"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0",
"tags": [
"adjective",
"noun"
],
"word": "cringing"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "cringingly"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "cringingness"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "cringy"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "cultural cringe"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "1900",
"short": "1"
},
"expansion": "c. 1900",
"name": "circa2"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "From <span class=\"cited-source\">Charles Reade (<span class=\"None\" lang=\"und\">1861) chapter XXXIII, in <cite>The Cloister and the Hearth: A Tale of the Middle Ages</cite>, illustrated library edition, volume II (The Autobiography of a Thief), Boston, Mass., New York, N.Y.: Colonial Press Company, published c. 1900, <small>→OCLC</small>, illustration between pages 312 and 313</span></span>.",
"group": "n",
"name": "n1"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "ref"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*grenǵʰ-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "verb"
},
"expansion": "verb",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "crengen",
"t": "to bend in a haughty manner; to condescend"
},
"expansion": "Middle English crengen (“to bend in a haughty manner; to condescend”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "crenche, crenchen, crenge, *crinchen, crinken",
"otherforms": "1"
},
"expansion": "[and other forms]",
"name": "nb..."
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "*crenċan"
},
"expansion": "Old English *crenċan",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "causative"
},
"expansion": "causative",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*krangijaną",
"t": "to cause to fall; to cause to turn"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *krangijaną (“to cause to fall; to cause to turn”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*kringaną"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *kringaną",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*grenǵʰ-",
"t": "to turn"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *grenǵʰ- (“to turn”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "suffix",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "strong verb"
},
"expansion": "strong verb",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "krænge",
"t": "to turn inside out, evert"
},
"expansion": "Danish krænge (“to turn inside out, evert”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "krengen",
"t": "to careen, veer"
},
"expansion": "Dutch krengen (“to careen, veer”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "kring",
"t": "circle"
},
"expansion": "Dutch kring (“circle”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "crenge"
},
"expansion": "Scots crenge",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "kränga",
"t": "to careen; to heel, lurch; to toss"
},
"expansion": "Swedish kränga (“to careen; to heel, lurch; to toss”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fy",
"2": "kringe",
"t": "to pinch; to poke; to push; to insist, urge"
},
"expansion": "West Frisian kringe (“to pinch; to poke; to push; to insist, urge”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "crinkle",
"nocap": "1"
},
"expansion": "doublet of crinkle",
"name": "doublet"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "noun"
},
"expansion": "noun",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "adjective"
},
"expansion": "adjective",
"name": "glossary"
}
],
"etymology_text": "The verb is derived from Middle English crengen (“to bend in a haughty manner; to condescend”) [and other forms], from Old English *crenċan, *crenċġan, *crenġan (“to cause to fall or turn”), the causative of crinċġan (“to yield; to cringe; to fall; to die, perish”), from Proto-Germanic *krangijaną (“to cause to fall; to cause to turn”), from Proto-Germanic *kringaną, *krinkaną (“to fall; to turn; to yield”) (from Proto-Indo-European *grenǵʰ- (“to turn”)) + *-janą (suffix forming causatives with the sense ‘to cause to do (the action of the verb)’ from strong verbs). The English word is cognate with Danish krænge (“to turn inside out, evert”), Dutch krengen (“to careen, veer”) and Dutch kring (“circle”), Scots crenge, creenge, creinge, crienge (“to cringe; to shrug”), Swedish kränga (“to careen; to heel, lurch; to toss”), and West Frisian kringe (“to pinch; to poke; to push; to insist, urge”); and is a doublet of crinkle.\nThe noun and adjective are derived from the verb via zero derivation.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "cringes",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "cringing",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "cringed",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "cringed",
"tags": [
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "en-conj",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "cringe",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "cringe (third-person singular simple present cringes, present participle cringing, simple past and past participle cringed)",
"name": "en-verb"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"old": "1",
"stem": "cring"
},
"name": "en-conj"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "crouch"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "wince"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "22 4 4 5 11 24 11 4 2 3 5 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Bulgarian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "21 3 4 4 9 22 14 8 2 3 8 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Czech translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "23 4 4 4 11 25 11 4 2 3 5 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Finnish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "23 4 4 4 11 25 11 4 2 3 5 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Galician translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "22 3 7 4 8 23 14 7 2 2 5 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Hungarian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "23 4 4 4 11 25 11 4 2 3 5 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Icelandic translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "22 3 4 4 10 24 12 7 2 3 4 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Malay translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "23 4 4 4 11 25 11 4 2 3 5 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Maori translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "18 4 3 6 11 20 14 7 2 5 5 5",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Ottoman Turkish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "23 3 4 4 10 24 12 6 2 3 4 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Portuguese translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "He cringed as the bird collided with the window.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"ref": "1684, John Bunyan, The Pilgrim’s Progress. From This World to That which is to Come: The Second Part. […], London: […] Nathaniel Ponder […], →OCLC; reprinted in The Pilgrim’s Progress as Originally Published by John Bunyan: Being a Fac-simile Reproduction of the First Edition, London: Elliot Stock […], 1875, →OCLC, page 69:",
"text": "[W]hen they were come up to the place where the Lions were, the Boys that went before, were glad to cringe behind, for they were afraid of the Lions, ſo they ſtept back and went behind.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1851 November 14, Herman Melville, “A Bosom Friend”, in Moby-Dick; or, The Whale, 1st American edition, New York, N.Y.: Harper & Brothers; London: Richard Bentley, →OCLC, page 55:",
"text": "And besides all this, there was a certain lofty bearing about the Pagan, which even his uncouthness could not altogether maim. He looked like a man who had never cringed and never had had a creditor.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1860, [John B. Newman], “The Combat”, in Wa-Wa-Wanda: A Legend of Old Orange, New York, N.Y.: Rudd & Carleton, […], →OCLC, page 28:",
"text": "Here the angel ceased, and frowning, / Hurled his heavy gauntlet at him; / Hurled, as best he could, the creature, / Cringing as the Serpent cringeth, / Coiled, and with his crest uplifted; / And then prone upon his belly, / Crawled away upon his belly, [...]",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1917 April, Jack London, chapter VIII, in Jerry of the Islands, New York, N.Y.: The Macmillan Company, →OCLC, page 115:",
"text": "But he [Jerry, a dog] made no whimper. Nor did he wince or cringe to the blows. He bored straight in, striving, without avoiding a blow, to beat and meet the blow with his teeth.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2017 March 28, Owen Jones, “The bigots are on the march – and with 'Legs-it' the Daily Mail bears the flag”, in Katharine Viner, editor, The Guardian, London: Guardian News & Media, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2022-12-01:",
"text": "Perhaps the Daily Mail should be sued for damaging people's health? Across the nation, millions have cringed so hard at its audaciously sexist front page that they've strained their face muscles, or given themselves a migraine from slamming their heads repeatedly against the nearest wall.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To cower, flinch, recoil, shrink, or tense, as in disgust, embarrassment, or fear."
],
"id": "en-cringe-en-verb-4QFTp8mt",
"links": [
[
"cower",
"cower"
],
[
"flinch",
"flinch#Verb"
],
[
"recoil",
"recoil#Verb"
],
[
"shrink",
"shrink"
],
[
"tense",
"tense"
],
[
"disgust",
"disgust#Noun"
],
[
"embarrassment",
"embarrassment"
],
[
"fear",
"fear#Noun"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive) To cower, flinch, recoil, shrink, or tense, as in disgust, embarrassment, or fear."
],
"tags": [
"intransitive"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "70 16 2 3 6 3",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "svivam se",
"sense": "to cower, recoil, shrink, or tense, as in disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
"word": "свивам се"
},
{
"_dis1": "70 16 2 3 6 3",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "to cower, recoil, shrink, or tense, as in disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "schoulit se"
},
{
"_dis1": "70 16 2 3 6 3",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "to cower, recoil, shrink, or tense, as in disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
"word": "in elkaar krimpen"
},
{
"_dis1": "70 16 2 3 6 3",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to cower, recoil, shrink, or tense, as in disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
"word": "kavahtaa"
},
{
"_dis1": "70 16 2 3 6 3",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to cower, recoil, shrink, or tense, as in disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
"word": "säpsähtää"
},
{
"_dis1": "70 16 2 3 6 3",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to cower, recoil, shrink, or tense, as in disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
"word": "grincer des dents"
},
{
"_dis1": "70 16 2 3 6 3",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "to cower, recoil, shrink, or tense, as in disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
"word": "engoumar"
},
{
"_dis1": "70 16 2 3 6 3",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to cower, recoil, shrink, or tense, as in disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
"word": "erschaudern"
},
{
"_dis1": "70 16 2 3 6 3",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to cower, recoil, shrink, or tense, as in disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
"word": "kriechen"
},
{
"_dis1": "70 16 2 3 6 3",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to cower, recoil, shrink, or tense, as in disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
"word": "schaudern"
},
{
"_dis1": "70 16 2 3 6 3",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to cower, recoil, shrink, or tense, as in disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
"word": "sich ducken"
},
{
"_dis1": "70 16 2 3 6 3",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to cower, recoil, shrink, or tense, as in disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
"word": "zurückschrecken"
},
{
"_dis1": "70 16 2 3 6 3",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to cower, recoil, shrink, or tense, as in disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
"word": "zusammenfahren"
},
{
"_dis1": "70 16 2 3 6 3",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to cower, recoil, shrink, or tense, as in disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
"word": "zusammenzucken"
},
{
"_dis1": "70 16 2 3 6 3",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "to cower, recoil, shrink, or tense, as in disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
"word": "megrezzen"
},
{
"_dis1": "70 16 2 3 6 3",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "to cower, recoil, shrink, or tense, as in disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
"word": "megriad"
},
{
"_dis1": "70 16 2 3 6 3",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "to cower, recoil, shrink, or tense, as in disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
"word": "visszahőköl"
},
{
"_dis1": "70 16 2 3 6 3",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "to cower, recoil, shrink, or tense, as in disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
"word": "megborzong"
},
{
"_dis1": "70 16 2 3 6 3",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "to cower, recoil, shrink, or tense, as in disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
"word": "beleborzong"
},
{
"_dis1": "70 16 2 3 6 3",
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "to cower, recoil, shrink, or tense, as in disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
"word": "hrylla við"
},
{
"_dis1": "70 16 2 3 6 3",
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "to cower, recoil, shrink, or tense, as in disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
"word": "fá kjánahroll"
},
{
"_dis1": "70 16 2 3 6 3",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "to cower, recoil, shrink, or tense, as in disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
"word": "raggomitolarsi"
},
{
"_dis1": "70 16 2 3 6 3",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "to cower, recoil, shrink, or tense, as in disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
"word": "rannicchiarsi"
},
{
"_dis1": "70 16 2 3 6 3",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "to cower, recoil, shrink, or tense, as in disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
"word": "raggricciare"
},
{
"_dis1": "70 16 2 3 6 3",
"code": "ms",
"lang": "Malay",
"sense": "to cower, recoil, shrink, or tense, as in disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
"word": "ringis"
},
{
"_dis1": "70 16 2 3 6 3",
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "to cower, recoil, shrink, or tense, as in disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
"word": "hūiki"
},
{
"_dis1": "70 16 2 3 6 3",
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "to cower, recoil, shrink, or tense, as in disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
"word": "maopo"
},
{
"_dis1": "70 16 2 3 6 3",
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "to cower, recoil, shrink, or tense, as in disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
"word": "whakamaoko"
},
{
"_dis1": "70 16 2 3 6 3",
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "to cower, recoil, shrink, or tense, as in disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
"word": "whakaririka"
},
{
"_dis1": "70 16 2 3 6 3",
"code": "ota",
"lang": "Ottoman Turkish",
"roman": "pusmak",
"sense": "to cower, recoil, shrink, or tense, as in disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
"word": "پوصمق"
},
{
"_dis1": "70 16 2 3 6 3",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "to cower, recoil, shrink, or tense, as in disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
"word": "encolher-se"
},
{
"_dis1": "70 16 2 3 6 3",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "otprjánutʹ",
"sense": "to cower, recoil, shrink, or tense, as in disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "отпря́нуть"
},
{
"_dis1": "70 16 2 3 6 3",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "sodrognútʹsja",
"sense": "to cower, recoil, shrink, or tense, as in disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "содрогну́ться"
},
{
"_dis1": "70 16 2 3 6 3",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "sʺjóživatʹsja",
"sense": "to cower, recoil, shrink, or tense, as in disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "съёживаться"
},
{
"_dis1": "70 16 2 3 6 3",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "sʺjóžitʹsja",
"sense": "to cower, recoil, shrink, or tense, as in disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "съёжиться"
},
{
"_dis1": "70 16 2 3 6 3",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "jóžitʹsja",
"sense": "to cower, recoil, shrink, or tense, as in disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "ёжиться"
},
{
"_dis1": "70 16 2 3 6 3",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to cower, recoil, shrink, or tense, as in disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "contraerse"
},
{
"_dis1": "70 16 2 3 6 3",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to cower, recoil, shrink, or tense, as in disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
"word": "encogerse"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "2014 January 29, Matt Peckham, “8 Minutes of Ridiculously Beautiful The Elder Scrolls Online Cinematic Footage”, in Time, New York, N.Y.: Time Inc., →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2022-08-16:",
"text": "I'm cringing watching this easily Blizzard- or Square Enix-worthy new trailer for Bethesda's The Elder Scrolls Online. Not because it's bad — it's a deftly rendered slice of CGI. But it must have cost a fortune. It makes me want to say \"Spend the money on knocking the game out of the park, please, not the frippery, Bethesda.\" But oh what frippery.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To experience an inward feeling of disgust, embarrassment, or fear; (by extension) to feel very embarrassed."
],
"id": "en-cringe-en-verb-G~GDdIrQ",
"links": [
[
"experience",
"experience#Verb"
],
[
"inward",
"inward"
],
[
"feeling",
"feeling#Noun"
],
[
"feel",
"feel#Verb"
],
[
"embarrassed",
"embarrassed#Adjective"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive, figuratively) To experience an inward feeling of disgust, embarrassment, or fear; (by extension) to feel very embarrassed."
],
"tags": [
"figuratively",
"intransitive"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "16 77 0 1 5 1",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "krindžvam",
"sense": "to experience an inward feeling of disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
"word": "кринджвам"
},
{
"_dis1": "16 77 0 1 5 1",
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "to experience an inward feeling of disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
"word": "ŝrumpaĵo"
},
{
"_dis1": "16 77 0 1 5 1",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to experience an inward feeling of disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
"word": "gêner"
},
{
"_dis1": "16 77 0 1 5 1",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "to experience an inward feeling of disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
"word": "feszeng"
},
{
"_dis1": "16 77 0 1 5 1",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "to experience an inward feeling of disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
"word": "kínosan érzi magát"
},
{
"_dis1": "16 77 0 1 5 1",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "to experience an inward feeling of disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
"word": "zavarba jön"
},
{
"_dis1": "16 77 0 1 5 1",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "to experience an inward feeling of disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
"word": "zavarban van"
},
{
"_dis1": "16 77 0 1 5 1",
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "to experience an inward feeling of disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
"word": "fá kjánahroll"
},
{
"_dis1": "16 77 0 1 5 1",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "to experience an inward feeling of disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
"word": "ribrezzare"
},
{
"_dis1": "16 77 0 1 5 1",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "krinž",
"sense": "to experience an inward feeling of disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
"word": "кринж"
},
{
"_dis1": "16 77 0 1 5 1",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "kukož",
"sense": "to experience an inward feeling of disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
"word": "кукож"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 86 1 2 3 2",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to feel very embarrassed",
"word": "gêner"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 86 1 2 3 2",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "to feel very embarrassed",
"word": "szégyenkezik"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 86 1 2 3 2",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "to feel very embarrassed",
"word": "elfogja a szégyen"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1624, Democritus Junior [pseudonym; Robert Burton], “Loue of Learning; or Ouer-much Study. With a Digression of the Misery of Schollers, and Why the Muses are Melancholy.”, in The Anatomy of Melancholy: […], 2nd edition, Oxford, Oxfordshire: […] John Lichfield and James Short, for Henry Cripps, →OCLC, partition 1, section 2, member 3, subsection 15, page 113:",
"text": "[I]f they keepe their wits, yet they are accompted fooles by reaſon of their carriage, becauſe they cannot ride a horſe, which euery Clowne can doe; ſalute and court a Gentlewoman, carue at table, cringe and make congies, which euery common ſwaſher can doe, [...]",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1667, John Milton, “Book IV”, in Paradise Lost. […], London: […] [Samuel Simmons], and are to be sold by Peter Parker […]; [a]nd by Robert Boulter […]; [a]nd Matthias Walker, […], →OCLC; republished as Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […], London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC, lines 958–961:",
"text": "And thou ſly hypocrite, who now wouldſt ſeem / Patron of liberty, who more then thou / Once fawn'd,and cring'd, and ſervilly ador'd / Heav'ns awful Monarch?",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1846, Thomas Cooper, “To the Countess of Blessington”, in The Baron’s Yule Feast: A Christmas-rhyme, London: Jeremiah How, […], →OCLC:",
"text": "Lady, receive a tributary lay / From one who cringeth not to titled state / Conventional, and lacking will to prate / Of comeliness— [...]",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1891, Edgar Fawcett, “How a Queen Loved”, in Songs of Doubt and Dream: (Poems), New York, N.Y., Toronto, Ont.: Funk & Wagnalls, →OCLC, stanza I, page 155:",
"text": "Humbly thou cringest that with nod of head / Couldst fling me seaward from they steepest cliffs!",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1902, Jack London, “Bâtard”, in The Faith of Men and Other Stories, New York, N.Y.: The Macmillan Company; London: Macmillan & Co., Ltd., published September 1904, →OCLC, page 207:",
"text": "Leclère was bent on the coming of the day when Bâtard [a dog] should wilt in spirit and cringe and whimper at his feet.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1903 April 18, W[illiam] E[dward] Burghardt Du Bois, “Of Alexander Crummell”, in The Souls of Black Folk: Essays and Sketches, Chicago, Ill.: A[lexander] C[aldwell] McClurg & Co., →OCLC, page 219:",
"text": "He heard the hateful clank of their chains; he felt them cringe and grovel, and there rose within him a protest and a prophecy.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To bow or crouch in servility."
],
"id": "en-cringe-en-verb-aj-uY3zr",
"links": [
[
"bow",
"bow#Verb"
],
[
"crouch",
"crouch#Verb"
],
[
"servility",
"servility"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive) To bow or crouch in servility."
],
"tags": [
"intransitive"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "2 0 75 2 1 20",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "to bow or crouch in servility",
"word": "összekuporodik"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 0 75 2 1 20",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "to bow or crouch in servility",
"word": "kuporog"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 0 75 2 1 20",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "to bow or crouch in servility",
"word": "lapul"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 0 75 2 1 20",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "to bow or crouch in servility",
"word": "kushad"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1782, John Brown, “The Christian Journal of a Summer-day”, in The Christian Journal; or, Common Incidents, Spiritual Instructors. […], 4th edition, Edinburgh: […] Gavin Alston; [s]old by William Coke, […], →OCLC, page 119:",
"text": "Here the beggar accoſts me; had I appeared as himſelf, he had aſked nothing: but now he uncovers, he cringeth, he cries for relief.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1851, Thomas Babington Macaulay, chapter XI, in The History of England from the Accession of James the Second, volume III, London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, →OCLC, page 105:",
"text": "Their [the clergy's] chief business, during a quarter of a century, had been to teach the people to cringe and the prince to domineer.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1880 June 23, Richard F[rancis] Burton, “The Ethnology of Modern Midian”, in Transactions of the Royal Society of Literature of the United Kingdom, volume XII (Second Series), London: John Murray, […]; Trübner and Co., […], published 1882, →OCLC, part I (Notices of the Tribes of Midian, …), page 286:",
"text": "Even to the present day the Arabs consider treating a Hutaymi as unmanly as to strike a woman. When a Felláh says to another, \"Tat'hattim\" (= Tat'maskin, or Tat'zallí), he means, \"Thou cringest, thou makest thyself contemptible (as a Hutaymi).\"",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To act in an obsequious or servile manner."
],
"id": "en-cringe-en-verb-SU0wNQUQ",
"links": [
[
"act",
"act#Verb"
],
[
"obsequious",
"obsequious"
],
[
"servile",
"servile"
],
[
"manner",
"manner"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive, figuratively) To act in an obsequious or servile manner."
],
"tags": [
"figuratively",
"intransitive"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "3 2 2 85 1 8",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "rabolepniča",
"sense": "to act in an obsequious or servile manner",
"word": "раболепнича"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 2 2 85 1 8",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "to act in an obsequious or servile manner",
"word": "megalázkodik"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 2 2 85 1 8",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "to act in an obsequious or servile manner",
"word": "hajlong"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 2 2 85 1 8",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "to act in an obsequious or servile manner",
"word": "hajbókol"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 2 2 85 1 8",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "to act in an obsequious or servile manner",
"word": "meghunyászkodik"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 2 2 85 1 8",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "to act in an obsequious or servile manner",
"word": "csúszik-mászik"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1599, [Thomas] Nashe, Nashes Lenten Stuffe, […], London: […] [Thomas Judson and Valentine Simmes] for N[icholas] L[ing] and C[uthbert] B[urby] […], →OCLC, page 10:",
"text": "[H]ow thriue you, howe periſh you, and they cringing in their neckes, like rattes, ſmothered in the holde, [...]",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "c. 1606–1607 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Anthonie and Cleopatra”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act III, scene xiii], page 357, column 2:",
"text": "Whip him Fellowes, / Till like a Boy you ſee him crindge his face, / And whine aloud for mercy.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To draw (a body part) close to the body; also, to distort or wrinkle (the face, etc.)."
],
"id": "en-cringe-en-verb-vl4W6oNM",
"links": [
[
"draw",
"draw#Verb"
],
[
"body",
"body"
],
[
"part",
"part#Noun"
],
[
"close",
"close#Adjective"
],
[
"distort",
"distort"
],
[
"wrinkle",
"wrinkle#Verb"
],
[
"face",
"face#Noun"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive, obsolete) To draw (a body part) close to the body; also, to distort or wrinkle (the face, etc.)."
],
"tags": [
"obsolete",
"transitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"To bow or crouch to (someone) in servility; to escort (someone) in a cringing manner."
],
"id": "en-cringe-en-verb-gdqjr2y5",
"links": [
[
"escort",
"escort#Verb"
],
[
"cringing",
"cringing#Adjective"
],
[
"manner",
"manner"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive, obsolete) To bow or crouch to (someone) in servility; to escort (someone) in a cringing manner."
],
"tags": [
"obsolete",
"transitive"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/kɹɪnd͡ʒ/",
"tags": [
"General-American",
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"audio": "En-us-cringe.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/66/En-us-cringe.ogg/En-us-cringe.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/En-us-cringe.ogg"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɪndʒ"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0",
"tags": [
"dialectal"
],
"word": "crinch"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Charles Reade",
"The Cloister and the Hearth",
"zero derivation"
],
"word": "cringe"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "1900",
"short": "1"
},
"expansion": "c. 1900",
"name": "circa2"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "From <span class=\"cited-source\">Charles Reade (<span class=\"None\" lang=\"und\">1861) chapter XXXIII, in <cite>The Cloister and the Hearth: A Tale of the Middle Ages</cite>, illustrated library edition, volume II (The Autobiography of a Thief), Boston, Mass., New York, N.Y.: Colonial Press Company, published c. 1900, <small>→OCLC</small>, illustration between pages 312 and 313</span></span>.",
"group": "n",
"name": "n1"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "ref"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*grenǵʰ-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "verb"
},
"expansion": "verb",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "crengen",
"t": "to bend in a haughty manner; to condescend"
},
"expansion": "Middle English crengen (“to bend in a haughty manner; to condescend”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "crenche, crenchen, crenge, *crinchen, crinken",
"otherforms": "1"
},
"expansion": "[and other forms]",
"name": "nb..."
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "*crenċan"
},
"expansion": "Old English *crenċan",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "causative"
},
"expansion": "causative",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*krangijaną",
"t": "to cause to fall; to cause to turn"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *krangijaną (“to cause to fall; to cause to turn”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*kringaną"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *kringaną",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*grenǵʰ-",
"t": "to turn"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *grenǵʰ- (“to turn”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "suffix",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "strong verb"
},
"expansion": "strong verb",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "krænge",
"t": "to turn inside out, evert"
},
"expansion": "Danish krænge (“to turn inside out, evert”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "krengen",
"t": "to careen, veer"
},
"expansion": "Dutch krengen (“to careen, veer”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "kring",
"t": "circle"
},
"expansion": "Dutch kring (“circle”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "crenge"
},
"expansion": "Scots crenge",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "kränga",
"t": "to careen; to heel, lurch; to toss"
},
"expansion": "Swedish kränga (“to careen; to heel, lurch; to toss”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fy",
"2": "kringe",
"t": "to pinch; to poke; to push; to insist, urge"
},
"expansion": "West Frisian kringe (“to pinch; to poke; to push; to insist, urge”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "crinkle",
"nocap": "1"
},
"expansion": "doublet of crinkle",
"name": "doublet"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "noun"
},
"expansion": "noun",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "adjective"
},
"expansion": "adjective",
"name": "glossary"
}
],
"etymology_text": "The verb is derived from Middle English crengen (“to bend in a haughty manner; to condescend”) [and other forms], from Old English *crenċan, *crenċġan, *crenġan (“to cause to fall or turn”), the causative of crinċġan (“to yield; to cringe; to fall; to die, perish”), from Proto-Germanic *krangijaną (“to cause to fall; to cause to turn”), from Proto-Germanic *kringaną, *krinkaną (“to fall; to turn; to yield”) (from Proto-Indo-European *grenǵʰ- (“to turn”)) + *-janą (suffix forming causatives with the sense ‘to cause to do (the action of the verb)’ from strong verbs). The English word is cognate with Danish krænge (“to turn inside out, evert”), Dutch krengen (“to careen, veer”) and Dutch kring (“circle”), Scots crenge, creenge, creinge, crienge (“to cringe; to shrug”), Swedish kränga (“to careen; to heel, lurch; to toss”), and West Frisian kringe (“to pinch; to poke; to push; to insist, urge”); and is a doublet of crinkle.\nThe noun and adjective are derived from the verb via zero derivation.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "cringes",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "~"
},
"expansion": "cringe (countable and uncountable, plural cringes)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"text": "He glanced with a cringe at the mess on his desk.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A gesture or posture of cringing (recoiling or shrinking)."
],
"id": "en-cringe-en-noun-hYWBdYxv",
"links": [
[
"gesture",
"gesture#Noun"
],
[
"posture",
"posture#Noun"
],
[
"cringing",
"cringe#Verb"
],
[
"recoiling",
"recoil#Verb"
],
[
"shrinking",
"shrink#Verb"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(countable) A gesture or posture of cringing (recoiling or shrinking)."
],
"tags": [
"countable"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "85 6 3 7",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "gesture or posture of cringing",
"word": "säpsähdys"
},
{
"_dis1": "85 6 3 7",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "gesture or posture of cringing",
"word": "vavahdus"
},
{
"_dis1": "85 6 3 7",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "gesture or posture of cringing",
"word": "se faire tout petit"
},
{
"_dis1": "85 6 3 7",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "gesture or posture of cringing",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "Ducken"
},
{
"_dis1": "85 6 3 7",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "gesture or posture of cringing",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "Erschaudern"
},
{
"_dis1": "85 6 3 7",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "gesture or posture of cringing",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "Schaudern"
},
{
"_dis1": "85 6 3 7",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "gesture or posture of cringing",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "Zusammenfahren"
},
{
"_dis1": "85 6 3 7",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "gesture or posture of cringing",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "Zusammenzucken"
},
{
"_dis1": "85 6 3 7",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "gesture or posture of cringing",
"word": "hőkölés"
},
{
"_dis1": "85 6 3 7",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "gesture or posture of cringing",
"word": "meghátrál"
},
{
"_dis1": "85 6 3 7",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "gesture or posture of cringing",
"word": "összerezzen"
},
{
"_dis1": "85 6 3 7",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "gesture or posture of cringing",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "raggomitolamento"
},
{
"_dis1": "85 6 3 7",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "sodroganije",
"sense": "gesture or posture of cringing",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "содрогание"
},
{
"_dis1": "85 6 3 7",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "gesture or posture of cringing",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "grima"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"An act or disposition of servile obeisance."
],
"id": "en-cringe-en-noun-Nvkyg0~Z",
"links": [
[
"act",
"act#Noun"
],
[
"disposition",
"disposition"
],
[
"servile",
"servile"
],
[
"obeisance",
"obeisance"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(countable, figuratively) An act or disposition of servile obeisance."
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"figuratively"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "British English",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "22 4 4 5 11 24 11 4 2 3 5 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Bulgarian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "27 4 4 4 12 29 9 3 3 1 3 2",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Esperanto translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "23 4 4 4 11 25 11 4 2 3 5 4",
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"name": "Terms with Finnish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "23 4 4 4 11 25 11 4 2 3 5 4",
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"name": "Terms with Galician translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "23 4 4 4 11 25 11 4 2 3 5 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Icelandic translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "22 3 4 4 10 24 12 7 2 3 4 4",
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"name": "Terms with Malay translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "23 4 4 4 11 25 11 4 2 3 5 4",
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"name": "Terms with Maori translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "18 4 3 6 11 20 14 7 2 5 5 5",
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"name": "Terms with Ottoman Turkish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "23 3 4 4 10 24 12 6 2 3 4 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Portuguese translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A crick (“painful muscular cramp or spasm of some part of the body”)."
],
"id": "en-cringe-en-noun-JWAsJxrJ",
"links": [
[
"crick",
"crick#English"
],
[
"painful",
"painful"
],
[
"muscular",
"muscular"
],
[
"cramp",
"cramp#Noun"
],
[
"spasm",
"spasm#Noun"
],
[
"part",
"part#Noun"
],
[
"body",
"body"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(countable, British, dialectal) A crick (“painful muscular cramp or spasm of some part of the body”)."
],
"tags": [
"British",
"countable",
"dialectal"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "33 2 5 2 9 31 7 3 2 1 3 2",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "28 5 6 5 7 30 5 4 3 1 3 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Entries with translation boxes",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "19 2 3 2 4 20 3 2 2 1 2 1 15 0 1 7 2 2 15 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 8 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
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"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "22 4 4 5 11 24 11 4 2 3 5 4",
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"name": "Terms with Bulgarian translations",
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"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "21 3 4 4 9 22 14 8 2 3 8 3",
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"name": "Terms with Czech translations",
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"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "24 6 6 6 8 29 6 4 4 2 4 3",
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},
{
"_dis": "27 4 4 4 12 29 9 3 3 1 3 2",
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"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "23 4 4 4 11 25 11 4 2 3 5 4",
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"name": "Terms with Finnish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "25 6 7 6 7 30 5 4 3 1 3 3",
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"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "23 4 4 4 11 25 11 4 2 3 5 4",
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"name": "Terms with Galician translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "26 5 5 5 7 31 5 4 3 2 5 2",
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"name": "Terms with German translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "22 3 7 4 8 23 14 7 2 2 5 4",
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"name": "Terms with Hungarian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "23 4 4 4 11 25 11 4 2 3 5 4",
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"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "28 4 5 4 7 34 5 3 3 1 3 2",
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"name": "Terms with Italian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "22 3 4 4 10 24 12 7 2 3 4 4",
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"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "23 4 4 4 11 25 11 4 2 3 5 4",
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"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "18 4 3 6 11 20 14 7 2 5 5 5",
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"name": "Terms with Ottoman Turkish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "23 3 4 4 10 24 12 6 2 3 4 4",
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"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "28 4 5 4 7 34 5 3 3 1 3 2",
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"name": "Terms with Russian translations",
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"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "29 4 5 4 7 34 4 3 3 1 3 2",
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"name": "Terms with Spanish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "Bro... you just posted cringe",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "There was so much cringe in that episode!",
"type": "example"
},
{
"ref": "2022 May 24, “A Novelist and an AI Cowrote Your Next Cringe-Read”, in Wired, San Francisco, C.A.: Condé Nast Publications, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-05-19:",
"text": "Los Angeles-based writer K. Allado-McDowell's new novel, Amor Cringe, is a love letter to cringe maximalism.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2022 January 15, Kaitlyn Tiffany, “How Did We Get So ’Cringe’?”, in The Atlantic, Washington, D.C.: The Atlantic Monthly Group, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-05-10:",
"text": "Soon, there were Instagram compilation accounts dedicated to collecting the worst cringe, with a focus on cringe created by not-quite-random people who were performing, and failing, for thousands of their peers on TikTok.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2023 April 23, Taylor Lorenz, “’Am I Cringey? Yes. Do I Care? Absolutely Not’”, in Rolling Stone, New York, N.Y.: Penske Media Corporation, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-06-22:",
"text": "Many young people are also reevaluating what once constituted cringe, attributing use of the term to unacknowledged bigotry more than just a rejection of sincerity. Some niche communities, such as furries, anime fans, and fetish groups, who were once mocked on social media, have since amassed cultural power that has launched them into the mainstream.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Things, particularly online content, which would cause an onlooker to cringe from secondhand embarrassment."
],
"id": "en-cringe-en-noun-Q~ZUz85u",
"links": [
[
"derogatory",
"derogatory"
],
[
"online",
"online#Adjective"
],
[
"content",
"content#Noun"
],
[
"onlooker",
"onlooker#Noun"
],
[
"secondhand embarrassment",
"secondhand embarrassment#Noun"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(uncountable, slang, derogatory) Things, particularly online content, which would cause an onlooker to cringe from secondhand embarrassment."
],
"tags": [
"derogatory",
"slang",
"uncountable"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "3 2 5 89",
"code": "fr",
"english": "anglicism",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "secondhand embarrassment",
"tags": [
"colloquial"
],
"word": "cringe"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 2 5 89",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "secondhand embarrassment",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "grima"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 2 5 89",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "secondhand embarrassment",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "vergüenza ajena"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 2 5 89",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "secondhand embarrassment",
"tags": [
"colloquial",
"masculine"
],
"word": "alipori"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/kɹɪnd͡ʒ/",
"tags": [
"General-American",
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"audio": "En-us-cringe.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/66/En-us-cringe.ogg/En-us-cringe.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/En-us-cringe.ogg"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɪndʒ"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Charles Reade",
"The Cloister and the Hearth",
"zero derivation"
],
"word": "cringe"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "1900",
"short": "1"
},
"expansion": "c. 1900",
"name": "circa2"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "From <span class=\"cited-source\">Charles Reade (<span class=\"None\" lang=\"und\">1861) chapter XXXIII, in <cite>The Cloister and the Hearth: A Tale of the Middle Ages</cite>, illustrated library edition, volume II (The Autobiography of a Thief), Boston, Mass., New York, N.Y.: Colonial Press Company, published c. 1900, <small>→OCLC</small>, illustration between pages 312 and 313</span></span>.",
"group": "n",
"name": "n1"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "ref"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*grenǵʰ-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "verb"
},
"expansion": "verb",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "crengen",
"t": "to bend in a haughty manner; to condescend"
},
"expansion": "Middle English crengen (“to bend in a haughty manner; to condescend”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "crenche, crenchen, crenge, *crinchen, crinken",
"otherforms": "1"
},
"expansion": "[and other forms]",
"name": "nb..."
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "*crenċan"
},
"expansion": "Old English *crenċan",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "causative"
},
"expansion": "causative",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*krangijaną",
"t": "to cause to fall; to cause to turn"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *krangijaną (“to cause to fall; to cause to turn”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*kringaną"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *kringaną",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*grenǵʰ-",
"t": "to turn"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *grenǵʰ- (“to turn”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "suffix",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "strong verb"
},
"expansion": "strong verb",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "krænge",
"t": "to turn inside out, evert"
},
"expansion": "Danish krænge (“to turn inside out, evert”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "krengen",
"t": "to careen, veer"
},
"expansion": "Dutch krengen (“to careen, veer”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "kring",
"t": "circle"
},
"expansion": "Dutch kring (“circle”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "crenge"
},
"expansion": "Scots crenge",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "kränga",
"t": "to careen; to heel, lurch; to toss"
},
"expansion": "Swedish kränga (“to careen; to heel, lurch; to toss”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fy",
"2": "kringe",
"t": "to pinch; to poke; to push; to insist, urge"
},
"expansion": "West Frisian kringe (“to pinch; to poke; to push; to insist, urge”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "crinkle",
"nocap": "1"
},
"expansion": "doublet of crinkle",
"name": "doublet"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "noun"
},
"expansion": "noun",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "adjective"
},
"expansion": "adjective",
"name": "glossary"
}
],
"etymology_text": "The verb is derived from Middle English crengen (“to bend in a haughty manner; to condescend”) [and other forms], from Old English *crenċan, *crenċġan, *crenġan (“to cause to fall or turn”), the causative of crinċġan (“to yield; to cringe; to fall; to die, perish”), from Proto-Germanic *krangijaną (“to cause to fall; to cause to turn”), from Proto-Germanic *kringaną, *krinkaną (“to fall; to turn; to yield”) (from Proto-Indo-European *grenǵʰ- (“to turn”)) + *-janą (suffix forming causatives with the sense ‘to cause to do (the action of the verb)’ from strong verbs). The English word is cognate with Danish krænge (“to turn inside out, evert”), Dutch krengen (“to careen, veer”) and Dutch kring (“circle”), Scots crenge, creenge, creinge, crienge (“to cringe; to shrug”), Swedish kränga (“to careen; to heel, lurch; to toss”), and West Frisian kringe (“to pinch; to poke; to push; to insist, urge”); and is a doublet of crinkle.\nThe noun and adjective are derived from the verb via zero derivation.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "more cringe",
"tags": [
"comparative"
]
},
{
"form": "most cringe",
"tags": [
"superlative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "cringe (comparative more cringe, superlative most cringe)",
"name": "en-adj"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "33 2 5 2 9 31 7 3 2 1 3 2",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "28 5 6 5 7 30 5 4 3 1 3 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Entries with translation boxes",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "19 2 3 2 4 20 3 2 2 1 2 1 15 0 1 7 2 2 15 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 8 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "21 1 2 1 2 21 2 1 1 0 1 1 18 0 0 7 1 1 18 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "22 4 4 5 11 24 11 4 2 3 5 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Bulgarian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "21 3 4 4 9 22 14 8 2 3 8 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Czech translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "24 6 6 6 8 29 6 4 4 2 4 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Dutch translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "27 4 4 4 12 29 9 3 3 1 3 2",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Esperanto translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "23 4 4 4 11 25 11 4 2 3 5 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Finnish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "25 6 7 6 7 30 5 4 3 1 3 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with French translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "23 4 4 4 11 25 11 4 2 3 5 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Galician translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "26 5 5 5 7 31 5 4 3 2 5 2",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with German translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "22 3 7 4 8 23 14 7 2 2 5 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Hungarian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "23 4 4 4 11 25 11 4 2 3 5 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Icelandic translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "28 4 5 4 7 34 5 3 3 1 3 2",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Italian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "22 3 4 4 10 24 12 7 2 3 4 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Malay translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "23 4 4 4 11 25 11 4 2 3 5 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Maori translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "18 4 3 6 11 20 14 7 2 5 5 5",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Ottoman Turkish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "23 3 4 4 10 24 12 6 2 3 4 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Portuguese translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "28 4 5 4 7 34 5 3 3 1 3 2",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Russian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "29 4 5 4 7 34 4 3 3 1 3 2",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Spanish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "Brands trying to appeal to young people with memes is the most cringe thing ever.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"ref": "2022 May 24, Kate Knibbs, quoting Taylor Swift, “A Novelist and an AI Cowrote Your Next Cringe-Read”, in Wired, →ISSN:",
"text": "Last week, while giving a commencement speech to New York University graduates, pop star Taylor Swift offered a timely bit of advice: “No matter how hard you try to avoid being cringe, you will look back on your life and cringe retrospectively. Cringe is unavoidable over a lifetime.”",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2022 July 5, Darshita Goyal, “What's The Deal With Baby Talk In Relationships?”, in Refinery29, archived from the original on 2023-09-09:",
"text": "No matter which side you stand on within a relationship, most people agree that couples participating in baby talk publicly is cringe to say the least.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2022 November 30, Kate Lindsay, “Instagram Is Over”, in The Atlantic, Washington, D.C.: The Atlantic Monthly Group, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-06-18:",
"text": "Instagram may not be on its deathbed, but its transformation from cool to cringe is a sea change in the social-media universe.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2023 January 20, Laura Pitcher, “Why Is AI Art So Cringe?”, in VICE, archived from the original on 2023-05-02:",
"text": "We may have to face the fact that the current state of AI art is cringe because we're cringe. Really, we're no better than the unimaginative and self-obsessed people from the history books that commissioned bad portraiture.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Synonym of cringeworthy or uncool, inducing awkwardness or secondhand embarrassment."
],
"id": "en-cringe-en-adj-dDHy-0G3",
"links": [
[
"derogatory",
"derogatory"
],
[
"cringeworthy",
"cringeworthy#English"
],
[
"uncool",
"uncool#English"
],
[
"inducing",
"inducing"
],
[
"awkwardness",
"awkwardness#Noun"
],
[
"secondhand embarrassment",
"secondhand embarrassment"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(slang, derogatory) Synonym of cringeworthy or uncool, inducing awkwardness or secondhand embarrassment."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"tags": [
"synonym",
"synonym-of"
],
"word": "cringeworthy or uncool"
},
{
"tags": [
"synonym",
"synonym-of"
],
"word": "inducing awkwardness or secondhand embarrassment"
}
],
"tags": [
"derogatory",
"slang"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/kɹɪnd͡ʒ/",
"tags": [
"General-American",
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"audio": "En-us-cringe.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/66/En-us-cringe.ogg/En-us-cringe.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/En-us-cringe.ogg"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɪndʒ"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Charles Reade",
"The Cloister and the Hearth",
"zero derivation"
],
"word": "cringe"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ar",
"2": "كْرِنْج",
"bor": "1",
"qq": "slang"
},
"expansion": "→ Arabic: كْرِنْج (krinj) (slang)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Arabic: كْرِنْج (krinj) (slang)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hy",
"2": "քրինջ",
"bor": "1",
"qq": "slang"
},
"expansion": "→ Armenian: քրինջ (kʻrinǰ) (slang)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Armenian: քրինջ (kʻrinǰ) (slang)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "be",
"2": "крынж",
"3": "крындж",
"bor": "1",
"qq": "slang"
},
"expansion": "→ Belarusian: крынж (krynž), крындж (kryndž) (slang)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Belarusian: крынж (krynž), крындж (kryndž) (slang)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "bg",
"2": "криндж",
"bor": "1",
"qq": "slang"
},
"expansion": "→ Bulgarian: криндж (krindž) (slang)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Bulgarian: криндж (krindž) (slang)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ka",
"2": "ქრინჯ",
"bor": "1",
"qq": "slang"
},
"expansion": "→ Georgian: ქრინჯ (krinǯ) (slang)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Georgian: ქრინჯ (krinǯ) (slang)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "cringe",
"3": "Cringe",
"bor": "1",
"qq": "slang"
},
"expansion": "→ German: cringe, Cringe (slang)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ German: cringe, Cringe (slang)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "el",
"2": "κριντζ",
"bor": "1",
"qq": "slang"
},
"expansion": "→ Greek: κριντζ (krintz) (slang)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Greek: κριντζ (krintz) (slang)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "he",
"2": "קרינג׳",
"3": "קרינצ'",
"4": "קרינץ׳",
"bor": "1",
"qq": "slang",
"tr": "krinj",
"tr2": "krinch",
"tr3": "krinch"
},
"expansion": "→ Hebrew: קרינג׳ (krinj), קרינצ' (krinch), קרינץ׳ (krinch) (slang)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Hebrew: קרינג׳ (krinj), קרינצ' (krinch), קרינץ׳ (krinch) (slang)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "it",
"2": "cringe",
"bor": "1",
"qq": "slang"
},
"expansion": "→ Italian: cringe (slang)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Italian: cringe (slang)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "クリンジ",
"bor": "1",
"qq": "slang",
"tr": "kurinji"
},
"expansion": "→ Japanese: クリンジ (kurinji) (slang)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Japanese: クリンジ (kurinji) (slang)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "krindžas",
"bor": "1",
"qq": "slang"
},
"expansion": "→ Lithuanian: krindžas (slang)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Lithuanian: krindžas (slang)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "cringe",
"3": "krindż",
"bor": "1",
"qq": "slang"
},
"expansion": "→ Polish: cringe, krindż (slang)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Polish: cringe, krindż (slang)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pt",
"2": "cringe",
"bor": "1",
"qq": "slang"
},
"expansion": "→ Portuguese: cringe (slang)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Portuguese: cringe (slang)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ro",
"2": "cringe",
"bor": "1",
"qq": "slang"
},
"expansion": "→ Romanian: cringe (slang)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Romanian: cringe (slang)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ru",
"2": "кринж",
"bor": "1",
"qq": "slang"
},
"expansion": "→ Russian: кринж (krinž) (slang)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Russian: кринж (krinž) (slang)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "-",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Serbo-Croatian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Serbo-Croatian:"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "krindž",
"qq": "slang",
"sclb": "1"
},
"expansion": "Latin script: krindž (slang)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin script: krindž (slang)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "кринџ",
"qq": "slang",
"sclb": "1"
},
"expansion": "Cyrillic script: кринџ (slang)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Cyrillic script: кринџ (slang)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "es",
"2": "cringe",
"bor": "1",
"qq": "slang"
},
"expansion": "→ Spanish: cringe (slang)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Spanish: cringe (slang)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "cringe",
"bor": "1",
"qq": "slang"
},
"expansion": "→ Swedish: cringe (slang)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Swedish: cringe (slang)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "tr",
"2": "krınj",
"bor": "1",
"qq": "slang"
},
"expansion": "→ Turkish: krınj (slang)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Turkish: krınj (slang)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "uk",
"2": "криндж",
"3": "крінж",
"bor": "1",
"qq": "slang"
},
"expansion": "→ Ukrainian: криндж (kryndž), крінж (krinž) (slang)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Ukrainian: криндж (kryndž), крінж (krinž) (slang)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "1900",
"short": "1"
},
"expansion": "c. 1900",
"name": "circa2"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "From <span class=\"cited-source\">Charles Reade (<span class=\"None\" lang=\"und\">1861) chapter XXXIII, in <cite>The Cloister and the Hearth: A Tale of the Middle Ages</cite>, illustrated library edition, volume II (The Autobiography of a Thief), Boston, Mass., New York, N.Y.: Colonial Press Company, published c. 1900, <small>→OCLC</small>, illustration between pages 312 and 313</span></span>.",
"group": "n",
"name": "n1"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "ref"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*grenǵʰ-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "verb"
},
"expansion": "verb",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "crengen",
"t": "to bend in a haughty manner; to condescend"
},
"expansion": "Middle English crengen (“to bend in a haughty manner; to condescend”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "crenche, crenchen, crenge, *crinchen, crinken",
"otherforms": "1"
},
"expansion": "[and other forms]",
"name": "nb..."
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "*crenċan"
},
"expansion": "Old English *crenċan",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "causative"
},
"expansion": "causative",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*krangijaną",
"t": "to cause to fall; to cause to turn"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *krangijaną (“to cause to fall; to cause to turn”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*kringaną"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *kringaną",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*grenǵʰ-",
"t": "to turn"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *grenǵʰ- (“to turn”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "suffix",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "strong verb"
},
"expansion": "strong verb",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "krænge",
"t": "to turn inside out, evert"
},
"expansion": "Danish krænge (“to turn inside out, evert”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "krengen",
"t": "to careen, veer"
},
"expansion": "Dutch krengen (“to careen, veer”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "kring",
"t": "circle"
},
"expansion": "Dutch kring (“circle”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "crenge"
},
"expansion": "Scots crenge",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "kränga",
"t": "to careen; to heel, lurch; to toss"
},
"expansion": "Swedish kränga (“to careen; to heel, lurch; to toss”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fy",
"2": "kringe",
"t": "to pinch; to poke; to push; to insist, urge"
},
"expansion": "West Frisian kringe (“to pinch; to poke; to push; to insist, urge”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "crinkle",
"nocap": "1"
},
"expansion": "doublet of crinkle",
"name": "doublet"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "noun"
},
"expansion": "noun",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "adjective"
},
"expansion": "adjective",
"name": "glossary"
}
],
"etymology_text": "The verb is derived from Middle English crengen (“to bend in a haughty manner; to condescend”) [and other forms], from Old English *crenċan, *crenċġan, *crenġan (“to cause to fall or turn”), the causative of crinċġan (“to yield; to cringe; to fall; to die, perish”), from Proto-Germanic *krangijaną (“to cause to fall; to cause to turn”), from Proto-Germanic *kringaną, *krinkaną (“to fall; to turn; to yield”) (from Proto-Indo-European *grenǵʰ- (“to turn”)) + *-janą (suffix forming causatives with the sense ‘to cause to do (the action of the verb)’ from strong verbs). The English word is cognate with Danish krænge (“to turn inside out, evert”), Dutch krengen (“to careen, veer”) and Dutch kring (“circle”), Scots crenge, creenge, creinge, crienge (“to cringe; to shrug”), Swedish kränga (“to careen; to heel, lurch; to toss”), and West Frisian kringe (“to pinch; to poke; to push; to insist, urge”); and is a doublet of crinkle.\nThe noun and adjective are derived from the verb via zero derivation.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "cringe",
"name": "en-interj"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "intj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"Stated in response to something cringeworthy."
],
"id": "en-cringe-en-intj-zsBqBtb9",
"links": [
[
"derogatory",
"derogatory"
],
[
"response",
"response#English"
],
[
"cringeworthy",
"cringeworthy#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(slang, derogatory) Stated in response to something cringeworthy."
],
"tags": [
"derogatory",
"slang"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/kɹɪnd͡ʒ/",
"tags": [
"General-American",
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"audio": "En-us-cringe.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/66/En-us-cringe.ogg/En-us-cringe.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/En-us-cringe.ogg"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɪndʒ"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Charles Reade",
"The Cloister and the Hearth",
"zero derivation"
],
"word": "cringe"
}
{
"categories": [
"English adjectives",
"English countable nouns",
"English doublets",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English interjections",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Old English",
"English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *grenǵʰ-",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English terms inherited from Old English",
"English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"English uncountable nouns",
"English verbs",
"Entries with translation boxes",
"Pages with 8 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Rhymes:English/ɪndʒ",
"Rhymes:English/ɪndʒ/1 syllable",
"Terms with Bulgarian translations",
"Terms with Czech translations",
"Terms with Dutch translations",
"Terms with Esperanto translations",
"Terms with Finnish translations",
"Terms with French translations",
"Terms with Galician translations",
"Terms with German translations",
"Terms with Hungarian translations",
"Terms with Icelandic translations",
"Terms with Italian translations",
"Terms with Malay translations",
"Terms with Maori translations",
"Terms with Ottoman Turkish translations",
"Terms with Portuguese translations",
"Terms with Russian translations",
"Terms with Spanish translations"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "cringe comedy"
},
{
"word": "cringe culture"
},
{
"word": "cringefest"
},
{
"word": "cringeful"
},
{
"word": "cringeling"
},
{
"word": "cringemaking"
},
{
"word": "cringe-making"
},
{
"tags": [
"Britain",
"colloquial"
],
"word": "cringe-makingly"
},
{
"word": "cringeometer"
},
{
"word": "cringe-o-meter"
},
{
"word": "cringer"
},
{
"word": "cringesome"
},
{
"word": "cringetastic"
},
{
"word": "cringeworthy"
},
{
"tags": [
"adjective",
"noun"
],
"word": "cringing"
},
{
"word": "cringingly"
},
{
"word": "cringingness"
},
{
"word": "cringy"
},
{
"word": "cultural cringe"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "1900",
"short": "1"
},
"expansion": "c. 1900",
"name": "circa2"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "From <span class=\"cited-source\">Charles Reade (<span class=\"None\" lang=\"und\">1861) chapter XXXIII, in <cite>The Cloister and the Hearth: A Tale of the Middle Ages</cite>, illustrated library edition, volume II (The Autobiography of a Thief), Boston, Mass., New York, N.Y.: Colonial Press Company, published c. 1900, <small>→OCLC</small>, illustration between pages 312 and 313</span></span>.",
"group": "n",
"name": "n1"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "ref"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*grenǵʰ-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "verb"
},
"expansion": "verb",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "crengen",
"t": "to bend in a haughty manner; to condescend"
},
"expansion": "Middle English crengen (“to bend in a haughty manner; to condescend”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "crenche, crenchen, crenge, *crinchen, crinken",
"otherforms": "1"
},
"expansion": "[and other forms]",
"name": "nb..."
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "*crenċan"
},
"expansion": "Old English *crenċan",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "causative"
},
"expansion": "causative",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*krangijaną",
"t": "to cause to fall; to cause to turn"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *krangijaną (“to cause to fall; to cause to turn”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*kringaną"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *kringaną",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*grenǵʰ-",
"t": "to turn"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *grenǵʰ- (“to turn”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "suffix",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "strong verb"
},
"expansion": "strong verb",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "krænge",
"t": "to turn inside out, evert"
},
"expansion": "Danish krænge (“to turn inside out, evert”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "krengen",
"t": "to careen, veer"
},
"expansion": "Dutch krengen (“to careen, veer”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "kring",
"t": "circle"
},
"expansion": "Dutch kring (“circle”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "crenge"
},
"expansion": "Scots crenge",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "kränga",
"t": "to careen; to heel, lurch; to toss"
},
"expansion": "Swedish kränga (“to careen; to heel, lurch; to toss”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fy",
"2": "kringe",
"t": "to pinch; to poke; to push; to insist, urge"
},
"expansion": "West Frisian kringe (“to pinch; to poke; to push; to insist, urge”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "crinkle",
"nocap": "1"
},
"expansion": "doublet of crinkle",
"name": "doublet"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "noun"
},
"expansion": "noun",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "adjective"
},
"expansion": "adjective",
"name": "glossary"
}
],
"etymology_text": "The verb is derived from Middle English crengen (“to bend in a haughty manner; to condescend”) [and other forms], from Old English *crenċan, *crenċġan, *crenġan (“to cause to fall or turn”), the causative of crinċġan (“to yield; to cringe; to fall; to die, perish”), from Proto-Germanic *krangijaną (“to cause to fall; to cause to turn”), from Proto-Germanic *kringaną, *krinkaną (“to fall; to turn; to yield”) (from Proto-Indo-European *grenǵʰ- (“to turn”)) + *-janą (suffix forming causatives with the sense ‘to cause to do (the action of the verb)’ from strong verbs). The English word is cognate with Danish krænge (“to turn inside out, evert”), Dutch krengen (“to careen, veer”) and Dutch kring (“circle”), Scots crenge, creenge, creinge, crienge (“to cringe; to shrug”), Swedish kränga (“to careen; to heel, lurch; to toss”), and West Frisian kringe (“to pinch; to poke; to push; to insist, urge”); and is a doublet of crinkle.\nThe noun and adjective are derived from the verb via zero derivation.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "cringes",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "cringing",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "cringed",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "cringed",
"tags": [
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "en-conj",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "cringe",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "cringe (third-person singular simple present cringes, present participle cringing, simple past and past participle cringed)",
"name": "en-verb"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"old": "1",
"stem": "cring"
},
"name": "en-conj"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"related": [
{
"word": "crouch"
},
{
"word": "wince"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English intransitive verbs",
"English terms with quotations",
"English terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "He cringed as the bird collided with the window.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"ref": "1684, John Bunyan, The Pilgrim’s Progress. From This World to That which is to Come: The Second Part. […], London: […] Nathaniel Ponder […], →OCLC; reprinted in The Pilgrim’s Progress as Originally Published by John Bunyan: Being a Fac-simile Reproduction of the First Edition, London: Elliot Stock […], 1875, →OCLC, page 69:",
"text": "[W]hen they were come up to the place where the Lions were, the Boys that went before, were glad to cringe behind, for they were afraid of the Lions, ſo they ſtept back and went behind.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1851 November 14, Herman Melville, “A Bosom Friend”, in Moby-Dick; or, The Whale, 1st American edition, New York, N.Y.: Harper & Brothers; London: Richard Bentley, →OCLC, page 55:",
"text": "And besides all this, there was a certain lofty bearing about the Pagan, which even his uncouthness could not altogether maim. He looked like a man who had never cringed and never had had a creditor.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1860, [John B. Newman], “The Combat”, in Wa-Wa-Wanda: A Legend of Old Orange, New York, N.Y.: Rudd & Carleton, […], →OCLC, page 28:",
"text": "Here the angel ceased, and frowning, / Hurled his heavy gauntlet at him; / Hurled, as best he could, the creature, / Cringing as the Serpent cringeth, / Coiled, and with his crest uplifted; / And then prone upon his belly, / Crawled away upon his belly, [...]",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1917 April, Jack London, chapter VIII, in Jerry of the Islands, New York, N.Y.: The Macmillan Company, →OCLC, page 115:",
"text": "But he [Jerry, a dog] made no whimper. Nor did he wince or cringe to the blows. He bored straight in, striving, without avoiding a blow, to beat and meet the blow with his teeth.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2017 March 28, Owen Jones, “The bigots are on the march – and with 'Legs-it' the Daily Mail bears the flag”, in Katharine Viner, editor, The Guardian, London: Guardian News & Media, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2022-12-01:",
"text": "Perhaps the Daily Mail should be sued for damaging people's health? Across the nation, millions have cringed so hard at its audaciously sexist front page that they've strained their face muscles, or given themselves a migraine from slamming their heads repeatedly against the nearest wall.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To cower, flinch, recoil, shrink, or tense, as in disgust, embarrassment, or fear."
],
"links": [
[
"cower",
"cower"
],
[
"flinch",
"flinch#Verb"
],
[
"recoil",
"recoil#Verb"
],
[
"shrink",
"shrink"
],
[
"tense",
"tense"
],
[
"disgust",
"disgust#Noun"
],
[
"embarrassment",
"embarrassment"
],
[
"fear",
"fear#Noun"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive) To cower, flinch, recoil, shrink, or tense, as in disgust, embarrassment, or fear."
],
"tags": [
"intransitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English intransitive verbs",
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "2014 January 29, Matt Peckham, “8 Minutes of Ridiculously Beautiful The Elder Scrolls Online Cinematic Footage”, in Time, New York, N.Y.: Time Inc., →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2022-08-16:",
"text": "I'm cringing watching this easily Blizzard- or Square Enix-worthy new trailer for Bethesda's The Elder Scrolls Online. Not because it's bad — it's a deftly rendered slice of CGI. But it must have cost a fortune. It makes me want to say \"Spend the money on knocking the game out of the park, please, not the frippery, Bethesda.\" But oh what frippery.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To experience an inward feeling of disgust, embarrassment, or fear; (by extension) to feel very embarrassed."
],
"links": [
[
"experience",
"experience#Verb"
],
[
"inward",
"inward"
],
[
"feeling",
"feeling#Noun"
],
[
"feel",
"feel#Verb"
],
[
"embarrassed",
"embarrassed#Adjective"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive, figuratively) To experience an inward feeling of disgust, embarrassment, or fear; (by extension) to feel very embarrassed."
],
"tags": [
"figuratively",
"intransitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English intransitive verbs",
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1624, Democritus Junior [pseudonym; Robert Burton], “Loue of Learning; or Ouer-much Study. With a Digression of the Misery of Schollers, and Why the Muses are Melancholy.”, in The Anatomy of Melancholy: […], 2nd edition, Oxford, Oxfordshire: […] John Lichfield and James Short, for Henry Cripps, →OCLC, partition 1, section 2, member 3, subsection 15, page 113:",
"text": "[I]f they keepe their wits, yet they are accompted fooles by reaſon of their carriage, becauſe they cannot ride a horſe, which euery Clowne can doe; ſalute and court a Gentlewoman, carue at table, cringe and make congies, which euery common ſwaſher can doe, [...]",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1667, John Milton, “Book IV”, in Paradise Lost. […], London: […] [Samuel Simmons], and are to be sold by Peter Parker […]; [a]nd by Robert Boulter […]; [a]nd Matthias Walker, […], →OCLC; republished as Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […], London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC, lines 958–961:",
"text": "And thou ſly hypocrite, who now wouldſt ſeem / Patron of liberty, who more then thou / Once fawn'd,and cring'd, and ſervilly ador'd / Heav'ns awful Monarch?",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1846, Thomas Cooper, “To the Countess of Blessington”, in The Baron’s Yule Feast: A Christmas-rhyme, London: Jeremiah How, […], →OCLC:",
"text": "Lady, receive a tributary lay / From one who cringeth not to titled state / Conventional, and lacking will to prate / Of comeliness— [...]",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1891, Edgar Fawcett, “How a Queen Loved”, in Songs of Doubt and Dream: (Poems), New York, N.Y., Toronto, Ont.: Funk & Wagnalls, →OCLC, stanza I, page 155:",
"text": "Humbly thou cringest that with nod of head / Couldst fling me seaward from they steepest cliffs!",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1902, Jack London, “Bâtard”, in The Faith of Men and Other Stories, New York, N.Y.: The Macmillan Company; London: Macmillan & Co., Ltd., published September 1904, →OCLC, page 207:",
"text": "Leclère was bent on the coming of the day when Bâtard [a dog] should wilt in spirit and cringe and whimper at his feet.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1903 April 18, W[illiam] E[dward] Burghardt Du Bois, “Of Alexander Crummell”, in The Souls of Black Folk: Essays and Sketches, Chicago, Ill.: A[lexander] C[aldwell] McClurg & Co., →OCLC, page 219:",
"text": "He heard the hateful clank of their chains; he felt them cringe and grovel, and there rose within him a protest and a prophecy.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To bow or crouch in servility."
],
"links": [
[
"bow",
"bow#Verb"
],
[
"crouch",
"crouch#Verb"
],
[
"servility",
"servility"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive) To bow or crouch in servility."
],
"tags": [
"intransitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English intransitive verbs",
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1782, John Brown, “The Christian Journal of a Summer-day”, in The Christian Journal; or, Common Incidents, Spiritual Instructors. […], 4th edition, Edinburgh: […] Gavin Alston; [s]old by William Coke, […], →OCLC, page 119:",
"text": "Here the beggar accoſts me; had I appeared as himſelf, he had aſked nothing: but now he uncovers, he cringeth, he cries for relief.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1851, Thomas Babington Macaulay, chapter XI, in The History of England from the Accession of James the Second, volume III, London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, →OCLC, page 105:",
"text": "Their [the clergy's] chief business, during a quarter of a century, had been to teach the people to cringe and the prince to domineer.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1880 June 23, Richard F[rancis] Burton, “The Ethnology of Modern Midian”, in Transactions of the Royal Society of Literature of the United Kingdom, volume XII (Second Series), London: John Murray, […]; Trübner and Co., […], published 1882, →OCLC, part I (Notices of the Tribes of Midian, …), page 286:",
"text": "Even to the present day the Arabs consider treating a Hutaymi as unmanly as to strike a woman. When a Felláh says to another, \"Tat'hattim\" (= Tat'maskin, or Tat'zallí), he means, \"Thou cringest, thou makest thyself contemptible (as a Hutaymi).\"",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To act in an obsequious or servile manner."
],
"links": [
[
"act",
"act#Verb"
],
[
"obsequious",
"obsequious"
],
[
"servile",
"servile"
],
[
"manner",
"manner"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive, figuratively) To act in an obsequious or servile manner."
],
"tags": [
"figuratively",
"intransitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with obsolete senses",
"English terms with quotations",
"English transitive verbs"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1599, [Thomas] Nashe, Nashes Lenten Stuffe, […], London: […] [Thomas Judson and Valentine Simmes] for N[icholas] L[ing] and C[uthbert] B[urby] […], →OCLC, page 10:",
"text": "[H]ow thriue you, howe periſh you, and they cringing in their neckes, like rattes, ſmothered in the holde, [...]",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "c. 1606–1607 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Anthonie and Cleopatra”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act III, scene xiii], page 357, column 2:",
"text": "Whip him Fellowes, / Till like a Boy you ſee him crindge his face, / And whine aloud for mercy.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To draw (a body part) close to the body; also, to distort or wrinkle (the face, etc.)."
],
"links": [
[
"draw",
"draw#Verb"
],
[
"body",
"body"
],
[
"part",
"part#Noun"
],
[
"close",
"close#Adjective"
],
[
"distort",
"distort"
],
[
"wrinkle",
"wrinkle#Verb"
],
[
"face",
"face#Noun"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive, obsolete) To draw (a body part) close to the body; also, to distort or wrinkle (the face, etc.)."
],
"tags": [
"obsolete",
"transitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with obsolete senses",
"English transitive verbs"
],
"glosses": [
"To bow or crouch to (someone) in servility; to escort (someone) in a cringing manner."
],
"links": [
[
"escort",
"escort#Verb"
],
[
"cringing",
"cringing#Adjective"
],
[
"manner",
"manner"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive, obsolete) To bow or crouch to (someone) in servility; to escort (someone) in a cringing manner."
],
"tags": [
"obsolete",
"transitive"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/kɹɪnd͡ʒ/",
"tags": [
"General-American",
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"audio": "En-us-cringe.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/66/En-us-cringe.ogg/En-us-cringe.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/En-us-cringe.ogg"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɪndʒ"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"tags": [
"dialectal"
],
"word": "crinch"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "svivam se",
"sense": "to cower, recoil, shrink, or tense, as in disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
"word": "свивам се"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "to cower, recoil, shrink, or tense, as in disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "schoulit se"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "to cower, recoil, shrink, or tense, as in disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
"word": "in elkaar krimpen"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to cower, recoil, shrink, or tense, as in disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
"word": "kavahtaa"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to cower, recoil, shrink, or tense, as in disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
"word": "säpsähtää"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to cower, recoil, shrink, or tense, as in disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
"word": "grincer des dents"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "to cower, recoil, shrink, or tense, as in disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
"word": "engoumar"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to cower, recoil, shrink, or tense, as in disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
"word": "erschaudern"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to cower, recoil, shrink, or tense, as in disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
"word": "kriechen"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to cower, recoil, shrink, or tense, as in disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
"word": "schaudern"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to cower, recoil, shrink, or tense, as in disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
"word": "sich ducken"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to cower, recoil, shrink, or tense, as in disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
"word": "zurückschrecken"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to cower, recoil, shrink, or tense, as in disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
"word": "zusammenfahren"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to cower, recoil, shrink, or tense, as in disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
"word": "zusammenzucken"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "to cower, recoil, shrink, or tense, as in disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
"word": "megrezzen"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "to cower, recoil, shrink, or tense, as in disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
"word": "megriad"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "to cower, recoil, shrink, or tense, as in disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
"word": "visszahőköl"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "to cower, recoil, shrink, or tense, as in disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
"word": "megborzong"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "to cower, recoil, shrink, or tense, as in disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
"word": "beleborzong"
},
{
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "to cower, recoil, shrink, or tense, as in disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
"word": "hrylla við"
},
{
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "to cower, recoil, shrink, or tense, as in disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
"word": "fá kjánahroll"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "to cower, recoil, shrink, or tense, as in disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
"word": "raggomitolarsi"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "to cower, recoil, shrink, or tense, as in disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
"word": "rannicchiarsi"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "to cower, recoil, shrink, or tense, as in disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
"word": "raggricciare"
},
{
"code": "ms",
"lang": "Malay",
"sense": "to cower, recoil, shrink, or tense, as in disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
"word": "ringis"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "to cower, recoil, shrink, or tense, as in disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
"word": "hūiki"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "to cower, recoil, shrink, or tense, as in disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
"word": "maopo"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "to cower, recoil, shrink, or tense, as in disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
"word": "whakamaoko"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "to cower, recoil, shrink, or tense, as in disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
"word": "whakaririka"
},
{
"code": "ota",
"lang": "Ottoman Turkish",
"roman": "pusmak",
"sense": "to cower, recoil, shrink, or tense, as in disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
"word": "پوصمق"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "to cower, recoil, shrink, or tense, as in disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
"word": "encolher-se"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "otprjánutʹ",
"sense": "to cower, recoil, shrink, or tense, as in disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "отпря́нуть"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "sodrognútʹsja",
"sense": "to cower, recoil, shrink, or tense, as in disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "содрогну́ться"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "sʺjóživatʹsja",
"sense": "to cower, recoil, shrink, or tense, as in disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "съёживаться"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "sʺjóžitʹsja",
"sense": "to cower, recoil, shrink, or tense, as in disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "съёжиться"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "jóžitʹsja",
"sense": "to cower, recoil, shrink, or tense, as in disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "ёжиться"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to cower, recoil, shrink, or tense, as in disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "contraerse"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to cower, recoil, shrink, or tense, as in disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
"word": "encogerse"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "krindžvam",
"sense": "to experience an inward feeling of disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
"word": "кринджвам"
},
{
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "to experience an inward feeling of disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
"word": "ŝrumpaĵo"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to experience an inward feeling of disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
"word": "gêner"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "to experience an inward feeling of disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
"word": "feszeng"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "to experience an inward feeling of disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
"word": "kínosan érzi magát"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "to experience an inward feeling of disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
"word": "zavarba jön"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "to experience an inward feeling of disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
"word": "zavarban van"
},
{
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "to experience an inward feeling of disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
"word": "fá kjánahroll"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "to experience an inward feeling of disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
"word": "ribrezzare"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "krinž",
"sense": "to experience an inward feeling of disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
"word": "кринж"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "kukož",
"sense": "to experience an inward feeling of disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
"word": "кукож"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to feel very embarrassed",
"word": "gêner"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "to feel very embarrassed",
"word": "szégyenkezik"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "to feel very embarrassed",
"word": "elfogja a szégyen"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "to bow or crouch in servility",
"word": "összekuporodik"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "to bow or crouch in servility",
"word": "kuporog"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "to bow or crouch in servility",
"word": "lapul"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "to bow or crouch in servility",
"word": "kushad"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "rabolepniča",
"sense": "to act in an obsequious or servile manner",
"word": "раболепнича"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "to act in an obsequious or servile manner",
"word": "megalázkodik"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "to act in an obsequious or servile manner",
"word": "hajlong"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "to act in an obsequious or servile manner",
"word": "hajbókol"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "to act in an obsequious or servile manner",
"word": "meghunyászkodik"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "to act in an obsequious or servile manner",
"word": "csúszik-mászik"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Charles Reade",
"The Cloister and the Hearth",
"zero derivation"
],
"word": "cringe"
}
{
"categories": [
"English adjectives",
"English countable nouns",
"English doublets",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English interjections",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Old English",
"English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *grenǵʰ-",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English terms inherited from Old English",
"English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"English uncountable nouns",
"English verbs",
"Entries with translation boxes",
"Pages with 8 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Rhymes:English/ɪndʒ",
"Rhymes:English/ɪndʒ/1 syllable",
"Terms with Bulgarian translations",
"Terms with Czech translations",
"Terms with Dutch translations",
"Terms with Esperanto translations",
"Terms with Finnish translations",
"Terms with French translations",
"Terms with Galician translations",
"Terms with German translations",
"Terms with Hungarian translations",
"Terms with Icelandic translations",
"Terms with Italian translations",
"Terms with Malay translations",
"Terms with Maori translations",
"Terms with Ottoman Turkish translations",
"Terms with Portuguese translations",
"Terms with Russian translations",
"Terms with Spanish translations"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "1900",
"short": "1"
},
"expansion": "c. 1900",
"name": "circa2"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "From <span class=\"cited-source\">Charles Reade (<span class=\"None\" lang=\"und\">1861) chapter XXXIII, in <cite>The Cloister and the Hearth: A Tale of the Middle Ages</cite>, illustrated library edition, volume II (The Autobiography of a Thief), Boston, Mass., New York, N.Y.: Colonial Press Company, published c. 1900, <small>→OCLC</small>, illustration between pages 312 and 313</span></span>.",
"group": "n",
"name": "n1"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "ref"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*grenǵʰ-"
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"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
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{
"args": {
"1": "verb"
},
"expansion": "verb",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "crengen",
"t": "to bend in a haughty manner; to condescend"
},
"expansion": "Middle English crengen (“to bend in a haughty manner; to condescend”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "crenche, crenchen, crenge, *crinchen, crinken",
"otherforms": "1"
},
"expansion": "[and other forms]",
"name": "nb..."
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "*crenċan"
},
"expansion": "Old English *crenċan",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "causative"
},
"expansion": "causative",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*krangijaną",
"t": "to cause to fall; to cause to turn"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *krangijaną (“to cause to fall; to cause to turn”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*kringaną"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *kringaną",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*grenǵʰ-",
"t": "to turn"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *grenǵʰ- (“to turn”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "suffix",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "strong verb"
},
"expansion": "strong verb",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "krænge",
"t": "to turn inside out, evert"
},
"expansion": "Danish krænge (“to turn inside out, evert”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "krengen",
"t": "to careen, veer"
},
"expansion": "Dutch krengen (“to careen, veer”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "kring",
"t": "circle"
},
"expansion": "Dutch kring (“circle”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "crenge"
},
"expansion": "Scots crenge",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "kränga",
"t": "to careen; to heel, lurch; to toss"
},
"expansion": "Swedish kränga (“to careen; to heel, lurch; to toss”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fy",
"2": "kringe",
"t": "to pinch; to poke; to push; to insist, urge"
},
"expansion": "West Frisian kringe (“to pinch; to poke; to push; to insist, urge”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "crinkle",
"nocap": "1"
},
"expansion": "doublet of crinkle",
"name": "doublet"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "noun"
},
"expansion": "noun",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "adjective"
},
"expansion": "adjective",
"name": "glossary"
}
],
"etymology_text": "The verb is derived from Middle English crengen (“to bend in a haughty manner; to condescend”) [and other forms], from Old English *crenċan, *crenċġan, *crenġan (“to cause to fall or turn”), the causative of crinċġan (“to yield; to cringe; to fall; to die, perish”), from Proto-Germanic *krangijaną (“to cause to fall; to cause to turn”), from Proto-Germanic *kringaną, *krinkaną (“to fall; to turn; to yield”) (from Proto-Indo-European *grenǵʰ- (“to turn”)) + *-janą (suffix forming causatives with the sense ‘to cause to do (the action of the verb)’ from strong verbs). The English word is cognate with Danish krænge (“to turn inside out, evert”), Dutch krengen (“to careen, veer”) and Dutch kring (“circle”), Scots crenge, creenge, creinge, crienge (“to cringe; to shrug”), Swedish kränga (“to careen; to heel, lurch; to toss”), and West Frisian kringe (“to pinch; to poke; to push; to insist, urge”); and is a doublet of crinkle.\nThe noun and adjective are derived from the verb via zero derivation.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "cringes",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "~"
},
"expansion": "cringe (countable and uncountable, plural cringes)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English countable nouns",
"English terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "He glanced with a cringe at the mess on his desk.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A gesture or posture of cringing (recoiling or shrinking)."
],
"links": [
[
"gesture",
"gesture#Noun"
],
[
"posture",
"posture#Noun"
],
[
"cringing",
"cringe#Verb"
],
[
"recoiling",
"recoil#Verb"
],
[
"shrinking",
"shrink#Verb"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(countable) A gesture or posture of cringing (recoiling or shrinking)."
],
"tags": [
"countable"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English countable nouns"
],
"glosses": [
"An act or disposition of servile obeisance."
],
"links": [
[
"act",
"act#Noun"
],
[
"disposition",
"disposition"
],
[
"servile",
"servile"
],
[
"obeisance",
"obeisance"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(countable, figuratively) An act or disposition of servile obeisance."
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"figuratively"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"British English",
"English countable nouns",
"English dialectal terms"
],
"glosses": [
"A crick (“painful muscular cramp or spasm of some part of the body”)."
],
"links": [
[
"crick",
"crick#English"
],
[
"painful",
"painful"
],
[
"muscular",
"muscular"
],
[
"cramp",
"cramp#Noun"
],
[
"spasm",
"spasm#Noun"
],
[
"part",
"part#Noun"
],
[
"body",
"body"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(countable, British, dialectal) A crick (“painful muscular cramp or spasm of some part of the body”)."
],
"tags": [
"British",
"countable",
"dialectal"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English derogatory terms",
"English slang",
"English terms with quotations",
"English terms with usage examples",
"English uncountable nouns"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "Bro... you just posted cringe",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "There was so much cringe in that episode!",
"type": "example"
},
{
"ref": "2022 May 24, “A Novelist and an AI Cowrote Your Next Cringe-Read”, in Wired, San Francisco, C.A.: Condé Nast Publications, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-05-19:",
"text": "Los Angeles-based writer K. Allado-McDowell's new novel, Amor Cringe, is a love letter to cringe maximalism.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2022 January 15, Kaitlyn Tiffany, “How Did We Get So ’Cringe’?”, in The Atlantic, Washington, D.C.: The Atlantic Monthly Group, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-05-10:",
"text": "Soon, there were Instagram compilation accounts dedicated to collecting the worst cringe, with a focus on cringe created by not-quite-random people who were performing, and failing, for thousands of their peers on TikTok.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2023 April 23, Taylor Lorenz, “’Am I Cringey? Yes. Do I Care? Absolutely Not’”, in Rolling Stone, New York, N.Y.: Penske Media Corporation, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-06-22:",
"text": "Many young people are also reevaluating what once constituted cringe, attributing use of the term to unacknowledged bigotry more than just a rejection of sincerity. Some niche communities, such as furries, anime fans, and fetish groups, who were once mocked on social media, have since amassed cultural power that has launched them into the mainstream.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Things, particularly online content, which would cause an onlooker to cringe from secondhand embarrassment."
],
"links": [
[
"derogatory",
"derogatory"
],
[
"online",
"online#Adjective"
],
[
"content",
"content#Noun"
],
[
"onlooker",
"onlooker#Noun"
],
[
"secondhand embarrassment",
"secondhand embarrassment#Noun"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(uncountable, slang, derogatory) Things, particularly online content, which would cause an onlooker to cringe from secondhand embarrassment."
],
"tags": [
"derogatory",
"slang",
"uncountable"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/kɹɪnd͡ʒ/",
"tags": [
"General-American",
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"audio": "En-us-cringe.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/66/En-us-cringe.ogg/En-us-cringe.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/En-us-cringe.ogg"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɪndʒ"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "gesture or posture of cringing",
"word": "säpsähdys"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "gesture or posture of cringing",
"word": "vavahdus"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "gesture or posture of cringing",
"word": "se faire tout petit"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "gesture or posture of cringing",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "Ducken"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "gesture or posture of cringing",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "Erschaudern"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "gesture or posture of cringing",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "Schaudern"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "gesture or posture of cringing",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "Zusammenfahren"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "gesture or posture of cringing",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "Zusammenzucken"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "gesture or posture of cringing",
"word": "hőkölés"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "gesture or posture of cringing",
"word": "meghátrál"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "gesture or posture of cringing",
"word": "összerezzen"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "gesture or posture of cringing",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "raggomitolamento"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "sodroganije",
"sense": "gesture or posture of cringing",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "содрогание"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "gesture or posture of cringing",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "grima"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"english": "anglicism",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "secondhand embarrassment",
"tags": [
"colloquial"
],
"word": "cringe"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "secondhand embarrassment",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "grima"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "secondhand embarrassment",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "vergüenza ajena"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "secondhand embarrassment",
"tags": [
"colloquial",
"masculine"
],
"word": "alipori"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Charles Reade",
"The Cloister and the Hearth",
"zero derivation"
],
"word": "cringe"
}
{
"categories": [
"English adjectives",
"English countable nouns",
"English doublets",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English interjections",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Old English",
"English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *grenǵʰ-",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English terms inherited from Old English",
"English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"English uncountable nouns",
"English verbs",
"Entries with translation boxes",
"Pages with 8 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Rhymes:English/ɪndʒ",
"Rhymes:English/ɪndʒ/1 syllable",
"Terms with Bulgarian translations",
"Terms with Czech translations",
"Terms with Dutch translations",
"Terms with Esperanto translations",
"Terms with Finnish translations",
"Terms with French translations",
"Terms with Galician translations",
"Terms with German translations",
"Terms with Hungarian translations",
"Terms with Icelandic translations",
"Terms with Italian translations",
"Terms with Malay translations",
"Terms with Maori translations",
"Terms with Ottoman Turkish translations",
"Terms with Portuguese translations",
"Terms with Russian translations",
"Terms with Spanish translations"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "1900",
"short": "1"
},
"expansion": "c. 1900",
"name": "circa2"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "From <span class=\"cited-source\">Charles Reade (<span class=\"None\" lang=\"und\">1861) chapter XXXIII, in <cite>The Cloister and the Hearth: A Tale of the Middle Ages</cite>, illustrated library edition, volume II (The Autobiography of a Thief), Boston, Mass., New York, N.Y.: Colonial Press Company, published c. 1900, <small>→OCLC</small>, illustration between pages 312 and 313</span></span>.",
"group": "n",
"name": "n1"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "ref"
},
{
"args": {
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"3": "*grenǵʰ-"
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"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
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{
"args": {
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},
"expansion": "verb",
"name": "glossary"
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{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "crengen",
"t": "to bend in a haughty manner; to condescend"
},
"expansion": "Middle English crengen (“to bend in a haughty manner; to condescend”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "crenche, crenchen, crenge, *crinchen, crinken",
"otherforms": "1"
},
"expansion": "[and other forms]",
"name": "nb..."
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "*crenċan"
},
"expansion": "Old English *crenċan",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "causative"
},
"expansion": "causative",
"name": "glossary"
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{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*krangijaną",
"t": "to cause to fall; to cause to turn"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *krangijaną (“to cause to fall; to cause to turn”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*kringaną"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *kringaną",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*grenǵʰ-",
"t": "to turn"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *grenǵʰ- (“to turn”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "suffix",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "strong verb"
},
"expansion": "strong verb",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "krænge",
"t": "to turn inside out, evert"
},
"expansion": "Danish krænge (“to turn inside out, evert”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "krengen",
"t": "to careen, veer"
},
"expansion": "Dutch krengen (“to careen, veer”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "kring",
"t": "circle"
},
"expansion": "Dutch kring (“circle”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "crenge"
},
"expansion": "Scots crenge",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "kränga",
"t": "to careen; to heel, lurch; to toss"
},
"expansion": "Swedish kränga (“to careen; to heel, lurch; to toss”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fy",
"2": "kringe",
"t": "to pinch; to poke; to push; to insist, urge"
},
"expansion": "West Frisian kringe (“to pinch; to poke; to push; to insist, urge”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "crinkle",
"nocap": "1"
},
"expansion": "doublet of crinkle",
"name": "doublet"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "noun"
},
"expansion": "noun",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "adjective"
},
"expansion": "adjective",
"name": "glossary"
}
],
"etymology_text": "The verb is derived from Middle English crengen (“to bend in a haughty manner; to condescend”) [and other forms], from Old English *crenċan, *crenċġan, *crenġan (“to cause to fall or turn”), the causative of crinċġan (“to yield; to cringe; to fall; to die, perish”), from Proto-Germanic *krangijaną (“to cause to fall; to cause to turn”), from Proto-Germanic *kringaną, *krinkaną (“to fall; to turn; to yield”) (from Proto-Indo-European *grenǵʰ- (“to turn”)) + *-janą (suffix forming causatives with the sense ‘to cause to do (the action of the verb)’ from strong verbs). The English word is cognate with Danish krænge (“to turn inside out, evert”), Dutch krengen (“to careen, veer”) and Dutch kring (“circle”), Scots crenge, creenge, creinge, crienge (“to cringe; to shrug”), Swedish kränga (“to careen; to heel, lurch; to toss”), and West Frisian kringe (“to pinch; to poke; to push; to insist, urge”); and is a doublet of crinkle.\nThe noun and adjective are derived from the verb via zero derivation.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "more cringe",
"tags": [
"comparative"
]
},
{
"form": "most cringe",
"tags": [
"superlative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "cringe (comparative more cringe, superlative most cringe)",
"name": "en-adj"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English derogatory terms",
"English slang",
"English terms with quotations",
"English terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "Brands trying to appeal to young people with memes is the most cringe thing ever.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"ref": "2022 May 24, Kate Knibbs, quoting Taylor Swift, “A Novelist and an AI Cowrote Your Next Cringe-Read”, in Wired, →ISSN:",
"text": "Last week, while giving a commencement speech to New York University graduates, pop star Taylor Swift offered a timely bit of advice: “No matter how hard you try to avoid being cringe, you will look back on your life and cringe retrospectively. Cringe is unavoidable over a lifetime.”",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2022 July 5, Darshita Goyal, “What's The Deal With Baby Talk In Relationships?”, in Refinery29, archived from the original on 2023-09-09:",
"text": "No matter which side you stand on within a relationship, most people agree that couples participating in baby talk publicly is cringe to say the least.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2022 November 30, Kate Lindsay, “Instagram Is Over”, in The Atlantic, Washington, D.C.: The Atlantic Monthly Group, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-06-18:",
"text": "Instagram may not be on its deathbed, but its transformation from cool to cringe is a sea change in the social-media universe.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2023 January 20, Laura Pitcher, “Why Is AI Art So Cringe?”, in VICE, archived from the original on 2023-05-02:",
"text": "We may have to face the fact that the current state of AI art is cringe because we're cringe. Really, we're no better than the unimaginative and self-obsessed people from the history books that commissioned bad portraiture.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Synonym of cringeworthy or uncool, inducing awkwardness or secondhand embarrassment."
],
"links": [
[
"derogatory",
"derogatory"
],
[
"cringeworthy",
"cringeworthy#English"
],
[
"uncool",
"uncool#English"
],
[
"inducing",
"inducing"
],
[
"awkwardness",
"awkwardness#Noun"
],
[
"secondhand embarrassment",
"secondhand embarrassment"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(slang, derogatory) Synonym of cringeworthy or uncool, inducing awkwardness or secondhand embarrassment."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"tags": [
"synonym",
"synonym-of"
],
"word": "cringeworthy or uncool"
},
{
"tags": [
"synonym",
"synonym-of"
],
"word": "inducing awkwardness or secondhand embarrassment"
}
],
"tags": [
"derogatory",
"slang"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/kɹɪnd͡ʒ/",
"tags": [
"General-American",
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"audio": "En-us-cringe.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/66/En-us-cringe.ogg/En-us-cringe.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/En-us-cringe.ogg"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɪndʒ"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Charles Reade",
"The Cloister and the Hearth",
"zero derivation"
],
"word": "cringe"
}
{
"categories": [
"English adjectives",
"English countable nouns",
"English doublets",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English interjections",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Old English",
"English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *grenǵʰ-",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English terms inherited from Old English",
"English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"English uncountable nouns",
"English verbs",
"Entries with translation boxes",
"Pages with 8 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Rhymes:English/ɪndʒ",
"Rhymes:English/ɪndʒ/1 syllable",
"Terms with Bulgarian translations",
"Terms with Czech translations",
"Terms with Dutch translations",
"Terms with Esperanto translations",
"Terms with Finnish translations",
"Terms with French translations",
"Terms with Galician translations",
"Terms with German translations",
"Terms with Hungarian translations",
"Terms with Icelandic translations",
"Terms with Italian translations",
"Terms with Malay translations",
"Terms with Maori translations",
"Terms with Ottoman Turkish translations",
"Terms with Portuguese translations",
"Terms with Russian translations",
"Terms with Spanish translations"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ar",
"2": "كْرِنْج",
"bor": "1",
"qq": "slang"
},
"expansion": "→ Arabic: كْرِنْج (krinj) (slang)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Arabic: كْرِنْج (krinj) (slang)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hy",
"2": "քրինջ",
"bor": "1",
"qq": "slang"
},
"expansion": "→ Armenian: քրինջ (kʻrinǰ) (slang)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Armenian: քրինջ (kʻrinǰ) (slang)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "be",
"2": "крынж",
"3": "крындж",
"bor": "1",
"qq": "slang"
},
"expansion": "→ Belarusian: крынж (krynž), крындж (kryndž) (slang)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Belarusian: крынж (krynž), крындж (kryndž) (slang)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "bg",
"2": "криндж",
"bor": "1",
"qq": "slang"
},
"expansion": "→ Bulgarian: криндж (krindž) (slang)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Bulgarian: криндж (krindž) (slang)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ka",
"2": "ქრინჯ",
"bor": "1",
"qq": "slang"
},
"expansion": "→ Georgian: ქრინჯ (krinǯ) (slang)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Georgian: ქრინჯ (krinǯ) (slang)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "cringe",
"3": "Cringe",
"bor": "1",
"qq": "slang"
},
"expansion": "→ German: cringe, Cringe (slang)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ German: cringe, Cringe (slang)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "el",
"2": "κριντζ",
"bor": "1",
"qq": "slang"
},
"expansion": "→ Greek: κριντζ (krintz) (slang)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Greek: κριντζ (krintz) (slang)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "he",
"2": "קרינג׳",
"3": "קרינצ'",
"4": "קרינץ׳",
"bor": "1",
"qq": "slang",
"tr": "krinj",
"tr2": "krinch",
"tr3": "krinch"
},
"expansion": "→ Hebrew: קרינג׳ (krinj), קרינצ' (krinch), קרינץ׳ (krinch) (slang)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Hebrew: קרינג׳ (krinj), קרינצ' (krinch), קרינץ׳ (krinch) (slang)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "it",
"2": "cringe",
"bor": "1",
"qq": "slang"
},
"expansion": "→ Italian: cringe (slang)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Italian: cringe (slang)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "クリンジ",
"bor": "1",
"qq": "slang",
"tr": "kurinji"
},
"expansion": "→ Japanese: クリンジ (kurinji) (slang)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Japanese: クリンジ (kurinji) (slang)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "krindžas",
"bor": "1",
"qq": "slang"
},
"expansion": "→ Lithuanian: krindžas (slang)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Lithuanian: krindžas (slang)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "cringe",
"3": "krindż",
"bor": "1",
"qq": "slang"
},
"expansion": "→ Polish: cringe, krindż (slang)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Polish: cringe, krindż (slang)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pt",
"2": "cringe",
"bor": "1",
"qq": "slang"
},
"expansion": "→ Portuguese: cringe (slang)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Portuguese: cringe (slang)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ro",
"2": "cringe",
"bor": "1",
"qq": "slang"
},
"expansion": "→ Romanian: cringe (slang)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Romanian: cringe (slang)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ru",
"2": "кринж",
"bor": "1",
"qq": "slang"
},
"expansion": "→ Russian: кринж (krinž) (slang)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Russian: кринж (krinž) (slang)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "-",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Serbo-Croatian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Serbo-Croatian:"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "krindž",
"qq": "slang",
"sclb": "1"
},
"expansion": "Latin script: krindž (slang)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin script: krindž (slang)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "кринџ",
"qq": "slang",
"sclb": "1"
},
"expansion": "Cyrillic script: кринџ (slang)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Cyrillic script: кринџ (slang)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "es",
"2": "cringe",
"bor": "1",
"qq": "slang"
},
"expansion": "→ Spanish: cringe (slang)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Spanish: cringe (slang)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "cringe",
"bor": "1",
"qq": "slang"
},
"expansion": "→ Swedish: cringe (slang)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Swedish: cringe (slang)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "tr",
"2": "krınj",
"bor": "1",
"qq": "slang"
},
"expansion": "→ Turkish: krınj (slang)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Turkish: krınj (slang)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "uk",
"2": "криндж",
"3": "крінж",
"bor": "1",
"qq": "slang"
},
"expansion": "→ Ukrainian: криндж (kryndž), крінж (krinž) (slang)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Ukrainian: криндж (kryndž), крінж (krinž) (slang)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "1900",
"short": "1"
},
"expansion": "c. 1900",
"name": "circa2"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "From <span class=\"cited-source\">Charles Reade (<span class=\"None\" lang=\"und\">1861) chapter XXXIII, in <cite>The Cloister and the Hearth: A Tale of the Middle Ages</cite>, illustrated library edition, volume II (The Autobiography of a Thief), Boston, Mass., New York, N.Y.: Colonial Press Company, published c. 1900, <small>→OCLC</small>, illustration between pages 312 and 313</span></span>.",
"group": "n",
"name": "n1"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "ref"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*grenǵʰ-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "verb"
},
"expansion": "verb",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "crengen",
"t": "to bend in a haughty manner; to condescend"
},
"expansion": "Middle English crengen (“to bend in a haughty manner; to condescend”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "crenche, crenchen, crenge, *crinchen, crinken",
"otherforms": "1"
},
"expansion": "[and other forms]",
"name": "nb..."
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "*crenċan"
},
"expansion": "Old English *crenċan",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "causative"
},
"expansion": "causative",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*krangijaną",
"t": "to cause to fall; to cause to turn"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *krangijaną (“to cause to fall; to cause to turn”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*kringaną"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *kringaną",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*grenǵʰ-",
"t": "to turn"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *grenǵʰ- (“to turn”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "suffix",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "strong verb"
},
"expansion": "strong verb",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "krænge",
"t": "to turn inside out, evert"
},
"expansion": "Danish krænge (“to turn inside out, evert”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "krengen",
"t": "to careen, veer"
},
"expansion": "Dutch krengen (“to careen, veer”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "kring",
"t": "circle"
},
"expansion": "Dutch kring (“circle”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "crenge"
},
"expansion": "Scots crenge",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "kränga",
"t": "to careen; to heel, lurch; to toss"
},
"expansion": "Swedish kränga (“to careen; to heel, lurch; to toss”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fy",
"2": "kringe",
"t": "to pinch; to poke; to push; to insist, urge"
},
"expansion": "West Frisian kringe (“to pinch; to poke; to push; to insist, urge”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "crinkle",
"nocap": "1"
},
"expansion": "doublet of crinkle",
"name": "doublet"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "noun"
},
"expansion": "noun",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "adjective"
},
"expansion": "adjective",
"name": "glossary"
}
],
"etymology_text": "The verb is derived from Middle English crengen (“to bend in a haughty manner; to condescend”) [and other forms], from Old English *crenċan, *crenċġan, *crenġan (“to cause to fall or turn”), the causative of crinċġan (“to yield; to cringe; to fall; to die, perish”), from Proto-Germanic *krangijaną (“to cause to fall; to cause to turn”), from Proto-Germanic *kringaną, *krinkaną (“to fall; to turn; to yield”) (from Proto-Indo-European *grenǵʰ- (“to turn”)) + *-janą (suffix forming causatives with the sense ‘to cause to do (the action of the verb)’ from strong verbs). The English word is cognate with Danish krænge (“to turn inside out, evert”), Dutch krengen (“to careen, veer”) and Dutch kring (“circle”), Scots crenge, creenge, creinge, crienge (“to cringe; to shrug”), Swedish kränga (“to careen; to heel, lurch; to toss”), and West Frisian kringe (“to pinch; to poke; to push; to insist, urge”); and is a doublet of crinkle.\nThe noun and adjective are derived from the verb via zero derivation.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "cringe",
"name": "en-interj"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "intj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English derogatory terms",
"English slang"
],
"glosses": [
"Stated in response to something cringeworthy."
],
"links": [
[
"derogatory",
"derogatory"
],
[
"response",
"response#English"
],
[
"cringeworthy",
"cringeworthy#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(slang, derogatory) Stated in response to something cringeworthy."
],
"tags": [
"derogatory",
"slang"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/kɹɪnd͡ʒ/",
"tags": [
"General-American",
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"audio": "En-us-cringe.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/66/En-us-cringe.ogg/En-us-cringe.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/En-us-cringe.ogg"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɪndʒ"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Charles Reade",
"The Cloister and the Hearth",
"zero derivation"
],
"word": "cringe"
}
Download raw JSONL data for cringe meaning in English (57.5kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-12-21 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-12-04 using wiktextract (d8cb2f3 and 4e554ae). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.