"cringe" meaning in English

See cringe in All languages combined, or Wiktionary

Adjective

IPA: /kɹɪnd͡ʒ/ [General-American, Received-Pronunciation] Audio: En-us-cringe.ogg [General-American] Forms: more cringe [comparative], most cringe [superlative]
Rhymes: -ɪndʒ Etymology: The verb is derived from Middle English crengen (“to bend in a haughty manner; to condescend”) [and other forms], from Old English *crenċan, *crenċġan, *crenġan (“to cause to fall or turn”), the causative of crinċġan (“to yield; to cringe; to fall; to die, perish”), from Proto-Germanic *krangijaną (“to cause to fall; to cause to turn”), from Proto-Germanic *kringaną, *krinkaną (“to fall; to turn; to yield”) (from Proto-Indo-European *grenǵʰ- (“to turn”)) + *-janą (suffix forming causatives with the sense ‘to cause to do (the action of the verb)’ from strong verbs). The English word is cognate with Danish krænge (“to turn inside out, evert”), Dutch krengen (“to careen, veer”), Scots crenge, creenge, creinge, crienge (“to cringe; to shrug”), Swedish kränga (“to careen; to heel, lurch; to toss”), and West Frisian kringe (“to pinch; to poke; to push; to insist, urge”); and is a doublet of crinkle. The noun and adjective are derived from the verb via zero derivation. Etymology templates: {{circa2|1900|short=1}} c. 1900, {{ref|From <span class="cited-source">Charles Reade (<span class="None" lang="und">1861) chapter XXXIII, in <cite>The Cloister and the Hearth: A Tale of the Middle Ages</cite>, illustrated library edition, volume II (The Autobiography of a Thief), Boston, Mass., New York, N.Y.: Colonial Press Company, published c. 1900, <small>→OCLC</small>, illustration between pages 312 and 313</span></span>.|group=n|name=n1}}, {{root|en|ine-pro|*grenǵʰ-}}, {{glossary|verb}} verb, {{inh|en|enm|crengen|t=to bend in a haughty manner; to condescend}} Middle English crengen (“to bend in a haughty manner; to condescend”), {{nb...|crenche, crenchen, crenge, *crinchen, crinken|otherforms=1}} [and other forms], {{inh|en|ang|*crenċan}} Old English *crenċan, {{m|ang|*crenċġan}} *crenċġan, {{m|ang|*crenġan|t=to cause to fall or turn}} *crenġan (“to cause to fall or turn”), {{glossary|causative}} causative, {{m|ang|crinċġan|t=to yield; to cringe; to fall; to die, perish}} crinċġan (“to yield; to cringe; to fall; to die, perish”), {{inh|en|gem-pro|*krangijaną|t=to cause to fall; to cause to turn}} Proto-Germanic *krangijaną (“to cause to fall; to cause to turn”), {{der|en|gem-pro|*kringaną}} Proto-Germanic *kringaną, {{m|gem-pro|*krinkaną|t=to fall; to turn; to yield}} *krinkaną (“to fall; to turn; to yield”), {{der|en|ine-pro|*grenǵʰ-|t=to turn}} Proto-Indo-European *grenǵʰ- (“to turn”), {{glossary|suffix}} suffix, {{glossary|strong verb}} strong verb, {{m|gem-pro|*-janą|pos=suffix forming causatives with the sense ‘to cause to do (the action of the verb)’ from strong verbs}} *-janą (suffix forming causatives with the sense ‘to cause to do (the action of the verb)’ from strong verbs), {{cog|da|krænge|t=to turn inside out, evert}} Danish krænge (“to turn inside out, evert”), {{cog|nl|krengen|t=to careen, veer}} Dutch krengen (“to careen, veer”), {{cog|sco|crenge}} Scots crenge, {{m|sco|creenge}} creenge, {{m|sco|creinge}} creinge, {{m|sco|crienge|t=to cringe; to shrug}} crienge (“to cringe; to shrug”), {{cog|sv|kränga|t=to careen; to heel, lurch; to toss}} Swedish kränga (“to careen; to heel, lurch; to toss”), {{cog|fy|kringe|t=to pinch; to poke; to push; to insist, urge}} West Frisian kringe (“to pinch; to poke; to push; to insist, urge”), {{doublet|en|crinkle|nocap=1}} doublet of crinkle, {{glossary|noun}} noun, {{glossary|adjective}} adjective Head templates: {{en-adj}} cringe (comparative more cringe, superlative most cringe)
  1. (slang, derogatory) Synonym of cringeworthy or uncool, inducing awkwardness or secondhand embarrassment. Tags: derogatory, slang Synonyms: cringeworthy or uncool [synonym, synonym-of], inducing awkwardness or secondhand embarrassment [synonym, synonym-of]
    Sense id: en-cringe-en-adj-dDHy-0G3 Categories (other): English entries with incorrect language header Disambiguation of English entries with incorrect language header: 24 11 4 2 6 22 5 2 11 1 2 10

Interjection

IPA: /kɹɪnd͡ʒ/ [General-American, Received-Pronunciation] Audio: En-us-cringe.ogg [General-American]
Rhymes: -ɪndʒ Etymology: The verb is derived from Middle English crengen (“to bend in a haughty manner; to condescend”) [and other forms], from Old English *crenċan, *crenċġan, *crenġan (“to cause to fall or turn”), the causative of crinċġan (“to yield; to cringe; to fall; to die, perish”), from Proto-Germanic *krangijaną (“to cause to fall; to cause to turn”), from Proto-Germanic *kringaną, *krinkaną (“to fall; to turn; to yield”) (from Proto-Indo-European *grenǵʰ- (“to turn”)) + *-janą (suffix forming causatives with the sense ‘to cause to do (the action of the verb)’ from strong verbs). The English word is cognate with Danish krænge (“to turn inside out, evert”), Dutch krengen (“to careen, veer”), Scots crenge, creenge, creinge, crienge (“to cringe; to shrug”), Swedish kränga (“to careen; to heel, lurch; to toss”), and West Frisian kringe (“to pinch; to poke; to push; to insist, urge”); and is a doublet of crinkle. The noun and adjective are derived from the verb via zero derivation. Etymology templates: {{circa2|1900|short=1}} c. 1900, {{ref|From <span class="cited-source">Charles Reade (<span class="None" lang="und">1861) chapter XXXIII, in <cite>The Cloister and the Hearth: A Tale of the Middle Ages</cite>, illustrated library edition, volume II (The Autobiography of a Thief), Boston, Mass., New York, N.Y.: Colonial Press Company, published c. 1900, <small>→OCLC</small>, illustration between pages 312 and 313</span></span>.|group=n|name=n1}}, {{root|en|ine-pro|*grenǵʰ-}}, {{glossary|verb}} verb, {{inh|en|enm|crengen|t=to bend in a haughty manner; to condescend}} Middle English crengen (“to bend in a haughty manner; to condescend”), {{nb...|crenche, crenchen, crenge, *crinchen, crinken|otherforms=1}} [and other forms], {{inh|en|ang|*crenċan}} Old English *crenċan, {{m|ang|*crenċġan}} *crenċġan, {{m|ang|*crenġan|t=to cause to fall or turn}} *crenġan (“to cause to fall or turn”), {{glossary|causative}} causative, {{m|ang|crinċġan|t=to yield; to cringe; to fall; to die, perish}} crinċġan (“to yield; to cringe; to fall; to die, perish”), {{inh|en|gem-pro|*krangijaną|t=to cause to fall; to cause to turn}} Proto-Germanic *krangijaną (“to cause to fall; to cause to turn”), {{der|en|gem-pro|*kringaną}} Proto-Germanic *kringaną, {{m|gem-pro|*krinkaną|t=to fall; to turn; to yield}} *krinkaną (“to fall; to turn; to yield”), {{der|en|ine-pro|*grenǵʰ-|t=to turn}} Proto-Indo-European *grenǵʰ- (“to turn”), {{glossary|suffix}} suffix, {{glossary|strong verb}} strong verb, {{m|gem-pro|*-janą|pos=suffix forming causatives with the sense ‘to cause to do (the action of the verb)’ from strong verbs}} *-janą (suffix forming causatives with the sense ‘to cause to do (the action of the verb)’ from strong verbs), {{cog|da|krænge|t=to turn inside out, evert}} Danish krænge (“to turn inside out, evert”), {{cog|nl|krengen|t=to careen, veer}} Dutch krengen (“to careen, veer”), {{cog|sco|crenge}} Scots crenge, {{m|sco|creenge}} creenge, {{m|sco|creinge}} creinge, {{m|sco|crienge|t=to cringe; to shrug}} crienge (“to cringe; to shrug”), {{cog|sv|kränga|t=to careen; to heel, lurch; to toss}} Swedish kränga (“to careen; to heel, lurch; to toss”), {{cog|fy|kringe|t=to pinch; to poke; to push; to insist, urge}} West Frisian kringe (“to pinch; to poke; to push; to insist, urge”), {{doublet|en|crinkle|nocap=1}} doublet of crinkle, {{glossary|noun}} noun, {{glossary|adjective}} adjective Head templates: {{en-interj}} cringe
  1. (slang, derogatory) Stated in response to something cringeworthy. Tags: derogatory, slang
    Sense id: en-cringe-en-intj-zsBqBtb9 Categories (other): English entries with incorrect language header Disambiguation of English entries with incorrect language header: 24 11 4 2 6 22 5 2 11 1 2 10

Noun

IPA: /kɹɪnd͡ʒ/ [General-American, Received-Pronunciation] Audio: En-us-cringe.ogg [General-American] Forms: cringes [plural]
Rhymes: -ɪndʒ Etymology: The verb is derived from Middle English crengen (“to bend in a haughty manner; to condescend”) [and other forms], from Old English *crenċan, *crenċġan, *crenġan (“to cause to fall or turn”), the causative of crinċġan (“to yield; to cringe; to fall; to die, perish”), from Proto-Germanic *krangijaną (“to cause to fall; to cause to turn”), from Proto-Germanic *kringaną, *krinkaną (“to fall; to turn; to yield”) (from Proto-Indo-European *grenǵʰ- (“to turn”)) + *-janą (suffix forming causatives with the sense ‘to cause to do (the action of the verb)’ from strong verbs). The English word is cognate with Danish krænge (“to turn inside out, evert”), Dutch krengen (“to careen, veer”), Scots crenge, creenge, creinge, crienge (“to cringe; to shrug”), Swedish kränga (“to careen; to heel, lurch; to toss”), and West Frisian kringe (“to pinch; to poke; to push; to insist, urge”); and is a doublet of crinkle. The noun and adjective are derived from the verb via zero derivation. Etymology templates: {{circa2|1900|short=1}} c. 1900, {{ref|From <span class="cited-source">Charles Reade (<span class="None" lang="und">1861) chapter XXXIII, in <cite>The Cloister and the Hearth: A Tale of the Middle Ages</cite>, illustrated library edition, volume II (The Autobiography of a Thief), Boston, Mass., New York, N.Y.: Colonial Press Company, published c. 1900, <small>→OCLC</small>, illustration between pages 312 and 313</span></span>.|group=n|name=n1}}, {{root|en|ine-pro|*grenǵʰ-}}, {{glossary|verb}} verb, {{inh|en|enm|crengen|t=to bend in a haughty manner; to condescend}} Middle English crengen (“to bend in a haughty manner; to condescend”), {{nb...|crenche, crenchen, crenge, *crinchen, crinken|otherforms=1}} [and other forms], {{inh|en|ang|*crenċan}} Old English *crenċan, {{m|ang|*crenċġan}} *crenċġan, {{m|ang|*crenġan|t=to cause to fall or turn}} *crenġan (“to cause to fall or turn”), {{glossary|causative}} causative, {{m|ang|crinċġan|t=to yield; to cringe; to fall; to die, perish}} crinċġan (“to yield; to cringe; to fall; to die, perish”), {{inh|en|gem-pro|*krangijaną|t=to cause to fall; to cause to turn}} Proto-Germanic *krangijaną (“to cause to fall; to cause to turn”), {{der|en|gem-pro|*kringaną}} Proto-Germanic *kringaną, {{m|gem-pro|*krinkaną|t=to fall; to turn; to yield}} *krinkaną (“to fall; to turn; to yield”), {{der|en|ine-pro|*grenǵʰ-|t=to turn}} Proto-Indo-European *grenǵʰ- (“to turn”), {{glossary|suffix}} suffix, {{glossary|strong verb}} strong verb, {{m|gem-pro|*-janą|pos=suffix forming causatives with the sense ‘to cause to do (the action of the verb)’ from strong verbs}} *-janą (suffix forming causatives with the sense ‘to cause to do (the action of the verb)’ from strong verbs), {{cog|da|krænge|t=to turn inside out, evert}} Danish krænge (“to turn inside out, evert”), {{cog|nl|krengen|t=to careen, veer}} Dutch krengen (“to careen, veer”), {{cog|sco|crenge}} Scots crenge, {{m|sco|creenge}} creenge, {{m|sco|creinge}} creinge, {{m|sco|crienge|t=to cringe; to shrug}} crienge (“to cringe; to shrug”), {{cog|sv|kränga|t=to careen; to heel, lurch; to toss}} Swedish kränga (“to careen; to heel, lurch; to toss”), {{cog|fy|kringe|t=to pinch; to poke; to push; to insist, urge}} West Frisian kringe (“to pinch; to poke; to push; to insist, urge”), {{doublet|en|crinkle|nocap=1}} doublet of crinkle, {{glossary|noun}} noun, {{glossary|adjective}} adjective Head templates: {{en-noun|~}} cringe (countable and uncountable, plural cringes)
  1. (countable) A gesture or posture of cringing (recoiling or shrinking). Tags: countable Translations (gesture or posture of cringing): säpsähdys (Finnish), vavahdus (Finnish), se faire tout petit (French), Ducken [neuter] (German), Erschaudern [neuter] (German), Schaudern [neuter] (German), Zusammenfahren [neuter] (German), Zusammenzucken [neuter] (German), hőkölés (Hungarian), meghátrál (Hungarian), összerezzen (Hungarian), raggomitolamento [masculine] (Italian), содрогание (sodroganije) [neuter] (Russian), grima [feminine] (Spanish)
    Sense id: en-cringe-en-noun-hYWBdYxv Disambiguation of 'gesture or posture of cringing': 85 6 3 7
  2. (countable, figuratively) An act or disposition of servile obeisance. Tags: countable, figuratively
    Sense id: en-cringe-en-noun-Nvkyg0~Z
  3. (countable, British, dialectal) A crick (“painful muscular cramp or spasm of some part of the body”). Tags: British, countable, dialectal
    Sense id: en-cringe-en-noun-JWAsJxrJ Categories (other): British English
  4. (uncountable, slang, derogatory) Things, particularly online content, which would cause an onlooker to cringe from secondhand embarrassment. Tags: derogatory, slang, uncountable
    Sense id: en-cringe-en-noun-Q~ZUz85u Categories (other): English entries with incorrect language header Disambiguation of English entries with incorrect language header: 24 11 4 2 6 22 5 2 11 1 2 10

Verb

IPA: /kɹɪnd͡ʒ/ [General-American, Received-Pronunciation] Audio: En-us-cringe.ogg [General-American] Forms: cringes [present, singular, third-person], cringing [participle, present], cringed [participle, past], cringed [past], no-table-tags [table-tags], cringe [infinitive]
Rhymes: -ɪndʒ Etymology: The verb is derived from Middle English crengen (“to bend in a haughty manner; to condescend”) [and other forms], from Old English *crenċan, *crenċġan, *crenġan (“to cause to fall or turn”), the causative of crinċġan (“to yield; to cringe; to fall; to die, perish”), from Proto-Germanic *krangijaną (“to cause to fall; to cause to turn”), from Proto-Germanic *kringaną, *krinkaną (“to fall; to turn; to yield”) (from Proto-Indo-European *grenǵʰ- (“to turn”)) + *-janą (suffix forming causatives with the sense ‘to cause to do (the action of the verb)’ from strong verbs). The English word is cognate with Danish krænge (“to turn inside out, evert”), Dutch krengen (“to careen, veer”), Scots crenge, creenge, creinge, crienge (“to cringe; to shrug”), Swedish kränga (“to careen; to heel, lurch; to toss”), and West Frisian kringe (“to pinch; to poke; to push; to insist, urge”); and is a doublet of crinkle. The noun and adjective are derived from the verb via zero derivation. Etymology templates: {{circa2|1900|short=1}} c. 1900, {{ref|From <span class="cited-source">Charles Reade (<span class="None" lang="und">1861) chapter XXXIII, in <cite>The Cloister and the Hearth: A Tale of the Middle Ages</cite>, illustrated library edition, volume II (The Autobiography of a Thief), Boston, Mass., New York, N.Y.: Colonial Press Company, published c. 1900, <small>→OCLC</small>, illustration between pages 312 and 313</span></span>.|group=n|name=n1}}, {{root|en|ine-pro|*grenǵʰ-}}, {{glossary|verb}} verb, {{inh|en|enm|crengen|t=to bend in a haughty manner; to condescend}} Middle English crengen (“to bend in a haughty manner; to condescend”), {{nb...|crenche, crenchen, crenge, *crinchen, crinken|otherforms=1}} [and other forms], {{inh|en|ang|*crenċan}} Old English *crenċan, {{m|ang|*crenċġan}} *crenċġan, {{m|ang|*crenġan|t=to cause to fall or turn}} *crenġan (“to cause to fall or turn”), {{glossary|causative}} causative, {{m|ang|crinċġan|t=to yield; to cringe; to fall; to die, perish}} crinċġan (“to yield; to cringe; to fall; to die, perish”), {{inh|en|gem-pro|*krangijaną|t=to cause to fall; to cause to turn}} Proto-Germanic *krangijaną (“to cause to fall; to cause to turn”), {{der|en|gem-pro|*kringaną}} Proto-Germanic *kringaną, {{m|gem-pro|*krinkaną|t=to fall; to turn; to yield}} *krinkaną (“to fall; to turn; to yield”), {{der|en|ine-pro|*grenǵʰ-|t=to turn}} Proto-Indo-European *grenǵʰ- (“to turn”), {{glossary|suffix}} suffix, {{glossary|strong verb}} strong verb, {{m|gem-pro|*-janą|pos=suffix forming causatives with the sense ‘to cause to do (the action of the verb)’ from strong verbs}} *-janą (suffix forming causatives with the sense ‘to cause to do (the action of the verb)’ from strong verbs), {{cog|da|krænge|t=to turn inside out, evert}} Danish krænge (“to turn inside out, evert”), {{cog|nl|krengen|t=to careen, veer}} Dutch krengen (“to careen, veer”), {{cog|sco|crenge}} Scots crenge, {{m|sco|creenge}} creenge, {{m|sco|creinge}} creinge, {{m|sco|crienge|t=to cringe; to shrug}} crienge (“to cringe; to shrug”), {{cog|sv|kränga|t=to careen; to heel, lurch; to toss}} Swedish kränga (“to careen; to heel, lurch; to toss”), {{cog|fy|kringe|t=to pinch; to poke; to push; to insist, urge}} West Frisian kringe (“to pinch; to poke; to push; to insist, urge”), {{doublet|en|crinkle|nocap=1}} doublet of crinkle, {{glossary|noun}} noun, {{glossary|adjective}} adjective Head templates: {{en-verb}} cringe (third-person singular simple present cringes, present participle cringing, simple past and past participle cringed) Inflection templates: {{en-conj|old=1|stem=cring}}
  1. (intransitive) To cower, flinch, recoil, shrink, or tense, as in disgust, embarrassment, or fear. Tags: intransitive Translations (to cower, recoil, shrink, or tense, as in disgust, embarrassment, or fear): свивам се (svivam se) (Bulgarian), schoulit se [perfective] (Czech), in elkaar krimpen (Dutch), kavahtaa (Finnish), säpsähtää (Finnish), grincer des dents (French), engoumar (Galician), erschaudern (German), kriechen (German), schaudern (German), sich ducken (German), zurückschrecken (German), zusammenfahren (German), zusammenzucken (German), megrezzen (Hungarian), megriad (Hungarian), visszahőköl (Hungarian), megborzong (Hungarian), beleborzong (Hungarian), hrylla við (Icelandic), fá kjánahroll (Icelandic), raggomitolarsi (Italian), rannicchiarsi (Italian), raggricciare (Italian), ringis (Malay), hūiki (Maori), maopo (Maori), whakamaoko (Maori), whakaririka (Maori), پوصمق (pusmak) (Ottoman Turkish), encolher-se (Portuguese), отпря́нуть (otprjánutʹ) (Russian), содрогну́ться (sodrognútʹsja) (Russian), contraerse [masculine] (Spanish), encogerse (Spanish)
    Sense id: en-cringe-en-verb-4QFTp8mt Disambiguation of 'to cower, recoil, shrink, or tense, as in disgust, embarrassment, or fear': 70 16 2 3 6 3
  2. (intransitive, figuratively) To experience an inward feeling of disgust, embarrassment, or fear; (by extension) to feel very embarrassed. Tags: figuratively, intransitive Translations (to experience an inward feeling of disgust, embarrassment, or fear): кринджвам (krindžvam) (Bulgarian), ŝrumpaĵo (Esperanto), gêner (French), feszeng (Hungarian), kínosan érzi magát (Hungarian), zavarba jön (Hungarian), zavarban van (Hungarian), fá kjánahroll (Icelandic), ribrezzare (Italian), кринж (krinž) (Russian), кукож (kukož) (Russian) Translations (to feel very embarrassed): gêner (French), szégyenkezik (Hungarian), elfogja a szégyen (Hungarian)
    Sense id: en-cringe-en-verb-G~GDdIrQ Disambiguation of 'to experience an inward feeling of disgust, embarrassment, or fear': 15 78 1 1 4 1 Disambiguation of 'to feel very embarrassed': 6 86 1 1 4 1
  3. (intransitive) To bow or crouch in servility. Tags: intransitive Translations (to bow or crouch in servility): összekuporodik (Hungarian), kuporog (Hungarian), lapul (Hungarian), kushad (Hungarian)
    Sense id: en-cringe-en-verb-aj-uY3zr Categories (other): English entries with incorrect language header Disambiguation of English entries with incorrect language header: 24 11 4 2 6 22 5 2 11 1 2 10 Disambiguation of 'to bow or crouch in servility': 2 0 73 2 1 22
  4. (intransitive, figuratively) To act in an obsequious or servile manner. Tags: figuratively, intransitive Translations (to act in an obsequious or servile manner): раболепнича (rabolepniča) (Bulgarian), megalázkodik (Hungarian), hajlong (Hungarian), hajbókol (Hungarian), meghunyászkodik (Hungarian), csúszik-mászik (Hungarian)
    Sense id: en-cringe-en-verb-SU0wNQUQ Disambiguation of 'to act in an obsequious or servile manner': 3 1 2 86 1 7
  5. (transitive, obsolete) To draw (a body part) close to the body; also, to distort or wrinkle (the face, etc.). Tags: obsolete, transitive
    Sense id: en-cringe-en-verb-vl4W6oNM
  6. (transitive, obsolete) To bow or crouch to (someone) in servility; to escort (someone) in a cringing manner. Tags: obsolete, transitive
    Sense id: en-cringe-en-verb-gdqjr2y5
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Synonyms: crinch [dialectal] Related terms: crouch, wince
Derived forms: cringe comedy, cringe culture, cringeling, cringemaking, cringe-making, cringe-makingly [Britain, colloquial], cringeometer, cringe-o-meter, cringer, cringetastic, cringeworthy, cringing [adjective, noun], cringingly, cringingness, cringy, cultural cringe

Inflected forms

Alternative forms

Download JSON data for cringe meaning in English (48.5kB)

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      "word": "cringe comedy"
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      "tags": [
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        "1": "From <span class=\"cited-source\">Charles Reade (<span class=\"None\" lang=\"und\">1861) chapter XXXIII, in <cite>The Cloister and the Hearth: A Tale of the Middle Ages</cite>, illustrated library edition, volume II (The Autobiography of a Thief), Boston, Mass., New York, N.Y.: Colonial Press Company, published c. 1900, <small>→OCLC</small>, illustration between pages 312 and 313</span></span>.",
        "group": "n",
        "name": "n1"
      },
      "expansion": "",
      "name": "ref"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*grenǵʰ-"
      },
      "expansion": "",
      "name": "root"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "verb"
      },
      "expansion": "verb",
      "name": "glossary"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "crengen",
        "t": "to bend in a haughty manner; to condescend"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English crengen (“to bend in a haughty manner; to condescend”)",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "crenche, crenchen, crenge, *crinchen, crinken",
        "otherforms": "1"
      },
      "expansion": "[and other forms]",
      "name": "nb..."
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ang",
        "3": "*crenċan"
      },
      "expansion": "Old English *crenċan",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ang",
        "2": "*crenċġan"
      },
      "expansion": "*crenċġan",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ang",
        "2": "*crenġan",
        "t": "to cause to fall or turn"
      },
      "expansion": "*crenġan (“to cause to fall or turn”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "causative"
      },
      "expansion": "causative",
      "name": "glossary"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ang",
        "2": "crinċġan",
        "t": "to yield; to cringe; to fall; to die, perish"
      },
      "expansion": "crinċġan (“to yield; to cringe; to fall; to die, perish”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*krangijaną",
        "t": "to cause to fall; to cause to turn"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *krangijaną (“to cause to fall; to cause to turn”)",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*kringaną"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *kringaną",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gem-pro",
        "2": "*krinkaną",
        "t": "to fall; to turn; to yield"
      },
      "expansion": "*krinkaną (“to fall; to turn; to yield”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*grenǵʰ-",
        "t": "to turn"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *grenǵʰ- (“to turn”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "suffix"
      },
      "expansion": "suffix",
      "name": "glossary"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "strong verb"
      },
      "expansion": "strong verb",
      "name": "glossary"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gem-pro",
        "2": "*-janą",
        "pos": "suffix forming causatives with the sense ‘to cause to do (the action of the verb)’ from strong verbs"
      },
      "expansion": "*-janą (suffix forming causatives with the sense ‘to cause to do (the action of the verb)’ from strong verbs)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "da",
        "2": "krænge",
        "t": "to turn inside out, evert"
      },
      "expansion": "Danish krænge (“to turn inside out, evert”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "nl",
        "2": "krengen",
        "t": "to careen, veer"
      },
      "expansion": "Dutch krengen (“to careen, veer”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sco",
        "2": "crenge"
      },
      "expansion": "Scots crenge",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sco",
        "2": "creenge"
      },
      "expansion": "creenge",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sco",
        "2": "creinge"
      },
      "expansion": "creinge",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sco",
        "2": "crienge",
        "t": "to cringe; to shrug"
      },
      "expansion": "crienge (“to cringe; to shrug”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sv",
        "2": "kränga",
        "t": "to careen; to heel, lurch; to toss"
      },
      "expansion": "Swedish kränga (“to careen; to heel, lurch; to toss”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fy",
        "2": "kringe",
        "t": "to pinch; to poke; to push; to insist, urge"
      },
      "expansion": "West Frisian kringe (“to pinch; to poke; to push; to insist, urge”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "crinkle",
        "nocap": "1"
      },
      "expansion": "doublet of crinkle",
      "name": "doublet"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "noun"
      },
      "expansion": "noun",
      "name": "glossary"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "adjective"
      },
      "expansion": "adjective",
      "name": "glossary"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "The verb is derived from Middle English crengen (“to bend in a haughty manner; to condescend”) [and other forms], from Old English *crenċan, *crenċġan, *crenġan (“to cause to fall or turn”), the causative of crinċġan (“to yield; to cringe; to fall; to die, perish”), from Proto-Germanic *krangijaną (“to cause to fall; to cause to turn”), from Proto-Germanic *kringaną, *krinkaną (“to fall; to turn; to yield”) (from Proto-Indo-European *grenǵʰ- (“to turn”)) + *-janą (suffix forming causatives with the sense ‘to cause to do (the action of the verb)’ from strong verbs). The English word is cognate with Danish krænge (“to turn inside out, evert”), Dutch krengen (“to careen, veer”), Scots crenge, creenge, creinge, crienge (“to cringe; to shrug”), Swedish kränga (“to careen; to heel, lurch; to toss”), and West Frisian kringe (“to pinch; to poke; to push; to insist, urge”); and is a doublet of crinkle.\nThe noun and adjective are derived from the verb via zero derivation.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "cringes",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "cringing",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "cringed",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "cringed",
      "tags": [
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "en-conj",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "cringe",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "infinitive"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "cringe (third-person singular simple present cringes, present participle cringing, simple past and past participle cringed)",
      "name": "en-verb"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "old": "1",
        "stem": "cring"
      },
      "name": "en-conj"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "English",
  "lang_code": "en",
  "pos": "verb",
  "related": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "crouch"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "wince"
    }
  ],
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [],
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "He cringed as the bird collided with the window.",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "ref": "1860, [John B. Newman], “The Combat”, in Wa-Wa-Wanda: A Legend of Old Orange, New York, N.Y.: Rudd & Carleton, […], →OCLC, page 28",
          "text": "Here the angel ceased, and frowning, / Hurled his heavy gauntlet at him; / Hurled, as best he could, the creature, / Cringing as the Serpent cringeth, / Coiled, and with his crest uplifted; / And then prone upon his belly, / Crawled away upon his belly, [...]",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "To cower, flinch, recoil, shrink, or tense, as in disgust, embarrassment, or fear."
      ],
      "id": "en-cringe-en-verb-4QFTp8mt",
      "links": [
        [
          "cower",
          "cower"
        ],
        [
          "flinch",
          "flinch#Verb"
        ],
        [
          "recoil",
          "recoil#Verb"
        ],
        [
          "shrink",
          "shrink"
        ],
        [
          "tense",
          "tense"
        ],
        [
          "disgust",
          "disgust#Noun"
        ],
        [
          "embarrassment",
          "embarrassment"
        ],
        [
          "fear",
          "fear#Noun"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(intransitive) To cower, flinch, recoil, shrink, or tense, as in disgust, embarrassment, or fear."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "intransitive"
      ],
      "translations": [
        {
          "_dis1": "70 16 2 3 6 3",
          "code": "bg",
          "lang": "Bulgarian",
          "roman": "svivam se",
          "sense": "to cower, recoil, shrink, or tense, as in disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
          "word": "свивам се"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "70 16 2 3 6 3",
          "code": "cs",
          "lang": "Czech",
          "sense": "to cower, recoil, shrink, or tense, as in disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
          "tags": [
            "perfective"
          ],
          "word": "schoulit se"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "70 16 2 3 6 3",
          "code": "nl",
          "lang": "Dutch",
          "sense": "to cower, recoil, shrink, or tense, as in disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
          "word": "in elkaar krimpen"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "70 16 2 3 6 3",
          "code": "fi",
          "lang": "Finnish",
          "sense": "to cower, recoil, shrink, or tense, as in disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
          "word": "kavahtaa"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "70 16 2 3 6 3",
          "code": "fi",
          "lang": "Finnish",
          "sense": "to cower, recoil, shrink, or tense, as in disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
          "word": "säpsähtää"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "70 16 2 3 6 3",
          "code": "fr",
          "lang": "French",
          "sense": "to cower, recoil, shrink, or tense, as in disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
          "word": "grincer des dents"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "70 16 2 3 6 3",
          "code": "gl",
          "lang": "Galician",
          "sense": "to cower, recoil, shrink, or tense, as in disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
          "word": "engoumar"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "70 16 2 3 6 3",
          "code": "de",
          "lang": "German",
          "sense": "to cower, recoil, shrink, or tense, as in disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
          "word": "erschaudern"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "70 16 2 3 6 3",
          "code": "de",
          "lang": "German",
          "sense": "to cower, recoil, shrink, or tense, as in disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
          "word": "kriechen"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "70 16 2 3 6 3",
          "code": "de",
          "lang": "German",
          "sense": "to cower, recoil, shrink, or tense, as in disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
          "word": "schaudern"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "70 16 2 3 6 3",
          "code": "de",
          "lang": "German",
          "sense": "to cower, recoil, shrink, or tense, as in disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
          "word": "sich ducken"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "70 16 2 3 6 3",
          "code": "de",
          "lang": "German",
          "sense": "to cower, recoil, shrink, or tense, as in disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
          "word": "zurückschrecken"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "70 16 2 3 6 3",
          "code": "de",
          "lang": "German",
          "sense": "to cower, recoil, shrink, or tense, as in disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
          "word": "zusammenfahren"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "70 16 2 3 6 3",
          "code": "de",
          "lang": "German",
          "sense": "to cower, recoil, shrink, or tense, as in disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
          "word": "zusammenzucken"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "70 16 2 3 6 3",
          "code": "hu",
          "lang": "Hungarian",
          "sense": "to cower, recoil, shrink, or tense, as in disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
          "word": "megrezzen"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "70 16 2 3 6 3",
          "code": "hu",
          "lang": "Hungarian",
          "sense": "to cower, recoil, shrink, or tense, as in disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
          "word": "megriad"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "70 16 2 3 6 3",
          "code": "hu",
          "lang": "Hungarian",
          "sense": "to cower, recoil, shrink, or tense, as in disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
          "word": "visszahőköl"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "70 16 2 3 6 3",
          "code": "hu",
          "lang": "Hungarian",
          "sense": "to cower, recoil, shrink, or tense, as in disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
          "word": "megborzong"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "70 16 2 3 6 3",
          "code": "hu",
          "lang": "Hungarian",
          "sense": "to cower, recoil, shrink, or tense, as in disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
          "word": "beleborzong"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "70 16 2 3 6 3",
          "code": "is",
          "lang": "Icelandic",
          "sense": "to cower, recoil, shrink, or tense, as in disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
          "word": "hrylla við"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "70 16 2 3 6 3",
          "code": "is",
          "lang": "Icelandic",
          "sense": "to cower, recoil, shrink, or tense, as in disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
          "word": "fá kjánahroll"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "70 16 2 3 6 3",
          "code": "it",
          "lang": "Italian",
          "sense": "to cower, recoil, shrink, or tense, as in disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
          "word": "raggomitolarsi"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "70 16 2 3 6 3",
          "code": "it",
          "lang": "Italian",
          "sense": "to cower, recoil, shrink, or tense, as in disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
          "word": "rannicchiarsi"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "70 16 2 3 6 3",
          "code": "it",
          "lang": "Italian",
          "sense": "to cower, recoil, shrink, or tense, as in disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
          "word": "raggricciare"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "70 16 2 3 6 3",
          "code": "ms",
          "lang": "Malay",
          "sense": "to cower, recoil, shrink, or tense, as in disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
          "word": "ringis"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "70 16 2 3 6 3",
          "code": "mi",
          "lang": "Maori",
          "sense": "to cower, recoil, shrink, or tense, as in disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
          "word": "hūiki"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "70 16 2 3 6 3",
          "code": "mi",
          "lang": "Maori",
          "sense": "to cower, recoil, shrink, or tense, as in disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
          "word": "maopo"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "70 16 2 3 6 3",
          "code": "mi",
          "lang": "Maori",
          "sense": "to cower, recoil, shrink, or tense, as in disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
          "word": "whakamaoko"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "70 16 2 3 6 3",
          "code": "mi",
          "lang": "Maori",
          "sense": "to cower, recoil, shrink, or tense, as in disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
          "word": "whakaririka"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "70 16 2 3 6 3",
          "code": "ota",
          "lang": "Ottoman Turkish",
          "roman": "pusmak",
          "sense": "to cower, recoil, shrink, or tense, as in disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
          "word": "پوصمق"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "70 16 2 3 6 3",
          "code": "pt",
          "lang": "Portuguese",
          "sense": "to cower, recoil, shrink, or tense, as in disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
          "word": "encolher-se"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "70 16 2 3 6 3",
          "code": "ru",
          "lang": "Russian",
          "roman": "otprjánutʹ",
          "sense": "to cower, recoil, shrink, or tense, as in disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
          "word": "отпря́нуть"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "70 16 2 3 6 3",
          "code": "ru",
          "lang": "Russian",
          "roman": "sodrognútʹsja",
          "sense": "to cower, recoil, shrink, or tense, as in disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
          "word": "содрогну́ться"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "70 16 2 3 6 3",
          "code": "es",
          "lang": "Spanish",
          "sense": "to cower, recoil, shrink, or tense, as in disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "contraerse"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "70 16 2 3 6 3",
          "code": "es",
          "lang": "Spanish",
          "sense": "to cower, recoil, shrink, or tense, as in disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
          "word": "encogerse"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [],
      "examples": [
        {
          "ref": "2014 January 29, Matt Peckham, “8 Minutes of Ridiculously Beautiful The Elder Scrolls Online Cinematic Footage”, in Time, New York, N.Y.: Time Inc., →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2022-08-16",
          "text": "I'm cringing watching this easily Blizzard- or Square Enix-worthy new trailer for Bethesda's The Elder Scrolls Online. Not because it's bad — it's a deftly rendered slice of CGI. But it must have cost a fortune. It makes me want to say \"Spend the money on knocking the game out of the park, please, not the frippery, Bethesda.\" But oh what frippery.",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "To experience an inward feeling of disgust, embarrassment, or fear; (by extension) to feel very embarrassed."
      ],
      "id": "en-cringe-en-verb-G~GDdIrQ",
      "links": [
        [
          "experience",
          "experience#Verb"
        ],
        [
          "inward",
          "inward"
        ],
        [
          "feeling",
          "feeling#Noun"
        ],
        [
          "feel",
          "feel#Verb"
        ],
        [
          "embarrassed",
          "embarrassed#Adjective"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(intransitive, figuratively) To experience an inward feeling of disgust, embarrassment, or fear; (by extension) to feel very embarrassed."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "figuratively",
        "intransitive"
      ],
      "translations": [
        {
          "_dis1": "15 78 1 1 4 1",
          "code": "bg",
          "lang": "Bulgarian",
          "roman": "krindžvam",
          "sense": "to experience an inward feeling of disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
          "word": "кринджвам"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "15 78 1 1 4 1",
          "code": "eo",
          "lang": "Esperanto",
          "sense": "to experience an inward feeling of disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
          "word": "ŝrumpaĵo"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "15 78 1 1 4 1",
          "code": "fr",
          "lang": "French",
          "sense": "to experience an inward feeling of disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
          "word": "gêner"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "15 78 1 1 4 1",
          "code": "hu",
          "lang": "Hungarian",
          "sense": "to experience an inward feeling of disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
          "word": "feszeng"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "15 78 1 1 4 1",
          "code": "hu",
          "lang": "Hungarian",
          "sense": "to experience an inward feeling of disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
          "word": "kínosan érzi magát"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "15 78 1 1 4 1",
          "code": "hu",
          "lang": "Hungarian",
          "sense": "to experience an inward feeling of disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
          "word": "zavarba jön"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "15 78 1 1 4 1",
          "code": "hu",
          "lang": "Hungarian",
          "sense": "to experience an inward feeling of disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
          "word": "zavarban van"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "15 78 1 1 4 1",
          "code": "is",
          "lang": "Icelandic",
          "sense": "to experience an inward feeling of disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
          "word": "fá kjánahroll"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "15 78 1 1 4 1",
          "code": "it",
          "lang": "Italian",
          "sense": "to experience an inward feeling of disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
          "word": "ribrezzare"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "15 78 1 1 4 1",
          "code": "ru",
          "lang": "Russian",
          "roman": "krinž",
          "sense": "to experience an inward feeling of disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
          "word": "кринж"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "15 78 1 1 4 1",
          "code": "ru",
          "lang": "Russian",
          "roman": "kukož",
          "sense": "to experience an inward feeling of disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
          "word": "кукож"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "6 86 1 1 4 1",
          "code": "fr",
          "lang": "French",
          "sense": "to feel very embarrassed",
          "word": "gêner"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "6 86 1 1 4 1",
          "code": "hu",
          "lang": "Hungarian",
          "sense": "to feel very embarrassed",
          "word": "szégyenkezik"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "6 86 1 1 4 1",
          "code": "hu",
          "lang": "Hungarian",
          "sense": "to feel very embarrassed",
          "word": "elfogja a szégyen"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "24 11 4 2 6 22 5 2 11 1 2 10",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "ref": "1846, Thomas Cooper, “To the Countess of Blessington”, in The Baron’s Yule Feast: A Christmas-rhyme, London: Jeremiah How, […], →OCLC",
          "text": "Lady, receive a tributary lay / From one who cringeth not to titled state / Conventional, and lacking will to prate / Of comeliness— [...]",
          "type": "quotation"
        },
        {
          "ref": "1891, Edgar Fawcett, “How a Queen Loved”, in Songs of Doubt and Dream: (Poems), New York, N.Y., Toronto, Ont.: Funk & Wagnalls, →OCLC, stanza I, page 155",
          "text": "Humbly thou cringest that with nod of head / Couldst fling me seaward from they steepest cliffs!",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "To bow or crouch in servility."
      ],
      "id": "en-cringe-en-verb-aj-uY3zr",
      "links": [
        [
          "bow",
          "bow#Verb"
        ],
        [
          "crouch",
          "crouch#Verb"
        ],
        [
          "servility",
          "servility"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(intransitive) To bow or crouch in servility."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "intransitive"
      ],
      "translations": [
        {
          "_dis1": "2 0 73 2 1 22",
          "code": "hu",
          "lang": "Hungarian",
          "sense": "to bow or crouch in servility",
          "word": "összekuporodik"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "2 0 73 2 1 22",
          "code": "hu",
          "lang": "Hungarian",
          "sense": "to bow or crouch in servility",
          "word": "kuporog"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "2 0 73 2 1 22",
          "code": "hu",
          "lang": "Hungarian",
          "sense": "to bow or crouch in servility",
          "word": "lapul"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "2 0 73 2 1 22",
          "code": "hu",
          "lang": "Hungarian",
          "sense": "to bow or crouch in servility",
          "word": "kushad"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [],
      "examples": [
        {
          "ref": "1782, John Brown, “The Christian Journal of a Summer-day”, in The Christian Journal; or, Common Incidents, Spiritual Instructors. […], 4th edition, Edinburgh: […] Gavin Alston; [s]old by William Coke, […], →OCLC, page 119",
          "text": "Here the beggar accoſts me; had I appeared as himſelf, he had aſked nothing: but now he uncovers, he cringeth, he cries for relief.",
          "type": "quotation"
        },
        {
          "ref": "1880 June 23, Richard F[rancis] Burton, “The Ethnology of Modern Midian”, in Transactions of the Royal Society of Literature of the United Kingdom, volume XII (Second Series), London: John Murray, […]; Trübner and Co., […], published 1882, →OCLC, part I (Notices of the Tribes of Midian, …), page 286",
          "text": "Even to the present day the Arabs consider treating a Hutaymi as unmanly as to strike a woman. When a Felláh says to another, \"Tat'hattim\" (= Tat'maskin, or Tat'zallí), he means, \"Thou cringest, thou makest thyself contemptible (as a Hutaymi).\"",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "To act in an obsequious or servile manner."
      ],
      "id": "en-cringe-en-verb-SU0wNQUQ",
      "links": [
        [
          "act",
          "act#Verb"
        ],
        [
          "obsequious",
          "obsequious"
        ],
        [
          "servile",
          "servile"
        ],
        [
          "manner",
          "manner"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(intransitive, figuratively) To act in an obsequious or servile manner."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "figuratively",
        "intransitive"
      ],
      "translations": [
        {
          "_dis1": "3 1 2 86 1 7",
          "code": "bg",
          "lang": "Bulgarian",
          "roman": "rabolepniča",
          "sense": "to act in an obsequious or servile manner",
          "word": "раболепнича"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "3 1 2 86 1 7",
          "code": "hu",
          "lang": "Hungarian",
          "sense": "to act in an obsequious or servile manner",
          "word": "megalázkodik"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "3 1 2 86 1 7",
          "code": "hu",
          "lang": "Hungarian",
          "sense": "to act in an obsequious or servile manner",
          "word": "hajlong"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "3 1 2 86 1 7",
          "code": "hu",
          "lang": "Hungarian",
          "sense": "to act in an obsequious or servile manner",
          "word": "hajbókol"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "3 1 2 86 1 7",
          "code": "hu",
          "lang": "Hungarian",
          "sense": "to act in an obsequious or servile manner",
          "word": "meghunyászkodik"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "3 1 2 86 1 7",
          "code": "hu",
          "lang": "Hungarian",
          "sense": "to act in an obsequious or servile manner",
          "word": "csúszik-mászik"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [],
      "glosses": [
        "To draw (a body part) close to the body; also, to distort or wrinkle (the face, etc.)."
      ],
      "id": "en-cringe-en-verb-vl4W6oNM",
      "links": [
        [
          "draw",
          "draw#Verb"
        ],
        [
          "body",
          "body"
        ],
        [
          "part",
          "part#Noun"
        ],
        [
          "close",
          "close#Adjective"
        ],
        [
          "distort",
          "distort"
        ],
        [
          "wrinkle",
          "wrinkle#Verb"
        ],
        [
          "face",
          "face#Noun"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(transitive, obsolete) To draw (a body part) close to the body; also, to distort or wrinkle (the face, etc.)."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "obsolete",
        "transitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [],
      "glosses": [
        "To bow or crouch to (someone) in servility; to escort (someone) in a cringing manner."
      ],
      "id": "en-cringe-en-verb-gdqjr2y5",
      "links": [
        [
          "escort",
          "escort#Verb"
        ],
        [
          "cringing",
          "cringing#Adjective"
        ],
        [
          "manner",
          "manner"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(transitive, obsolete) To bow or crouch to (someone) in servility; to escort (someone) in a cringing manner."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "obsolete",
        "transitive"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/kɹɪnd͡ʒ/",
      "tags": [
        "General-American",
        "Received-Pronunciation"
      ]
    },
    {
      "rhymes": "-ɪndʒ"
    },
    {
      "audio": "En-us-cringe.ogg",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/66/En-us-cringe.ogg/En-us-cringe.ogg.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/En-us-cringe.ogg",
      "tags": [
        "General-American"
      ],
      "text": "Audio (GA)"
    }
  ],
  "synonyms": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0",
      "tags": [
        "dialectal"
      ],
      "word": "crinch"
    }
  ],
  "wikipedia": [
    "Charles Reade",
    "The Cloister and the Hearth",
    "zero derivation"
  ],
  "word": "cringe"
}

{
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "1900",
        "short": "1"
      },
      "expansion": "c. 1900",
      "name": "circa2"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "From <span class=\"cited-source\">Charles Reade (<span class=\"None\" lang=\"und\">1861) chapter XXXIII, in <cite>The Cloister and the Hearth: A Tale of the Middle Ages</cite>, illustrated library edition, volume II (The Autobiography of a Thief), Boston, Mass., New York, N.Y.: Colonial Press Company, published c. 1900, <small>→OCLC</small>, illustration between pages 312 and 313</span></span>.",
        "group": "n",
        "name": "n1"
      },
      "expansion": "",
      "name": "ref"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*grenǵʰ-"
      },
      "expansion": "",
      "name": "root"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "verb"
      },
      "expansion": "verb",
      "name": "glossary"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "crengen",
        "t": "to bend in a haughty manner; to condescend"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English crengen (“to bend in a haughty manner; to condescend”)",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "crenche, crenchen, crenge, *crinchen, crinken",
        "otherforms": "1"
      },
      "expansion": "[and other forms]",
      "name": "nb..."
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ang",
        "3": "*crenċan"
      },
      "expansion": "Old English *crenċan",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ang",
        "2": "*crenċġan"
      },
      "expansion": "*crenċġan",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ang",
        "2": "*crenġan",
        "t": "to cause to fall or turn"
      },
      "expansion": "*crenġan (“to cause to fall or turn”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "causative"
      },
      "expansion": "causative",
      "name": "glossary"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ang",
        "2": "crinċġan",
        "t": "to yield; to cringe; to fall; to die, perish"
      },
      "expansion": "crinċġan (“to yield; to cringe; to fall; to die, perish”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*krangijaną",
        "t": "to cause to fall; to cause to turn"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *krangijaną (“to cause to fall; to cause to turn”)",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*kringaną"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *kringaną",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gem-pro",
        "2": "*krinkaną",
        "t": "to fall; to turn; to yield"
      },
      "expansion": "*krinkaną (“to fall; to turn; to yield”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*grenǵʰ-",
        "t": "to turn"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *grenǵʰ- (“to turn”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "suffix"
      },
      "expansion": "suffix",
      "name": "glossary"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "strong verb"
      },
      "expansion": "strong verb",
      "name": "glossary"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gem-pro",
        "2": "*-janą",
        "pos": "suffix forming causatives with the sense ‘to cause to do (the action of the verb)’ from strong verbs"
      },
      "expansion": "*-janą (suffix forming causatives with the sense ‘to cause to do (the action of the verb)’ from strong verbs)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "da",
        "2": "krænge",
        "t": "to turn inside out, evert"
      },
      "expansion": "Danish krænge (“to turn inside out, evert”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "nl",
        "2": "krengen",
        "t": "to careen, veer"
      },
      "expansion": "Dutch krengen (“to careen, veer”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sco",
        "2": "crenge"
      },
      "expansion": "Scots crenge",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sco",
        "2": "creenge"
      },
      "expansion": "creenge",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sco",
        "2": "creinge"
      },
      "expansion": "creinge",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sco",
        "2": "crienge",
        "t": "to cringe; to shrug"
      },
      "expansion": "crienge (“to cringe; to shrug”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sv",
        "2": "kränga",
        "t": "to careen; to heel, lurch; to toss"
      },
      "expansion": "Swedish kränga (“to careen; to heel, lurch; to toss”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fy",
        "2": "kringe",
        "t": "to pinch; to poke; to push; to insist, urge"
      },
      "expansion": "West Frisian kringe (“to pinch; to poke; to push; to insist, urge”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "crinkle",
        "nocap": "1"
      },
      "expansion": "doublet of crinkle",
      "name": "doublet"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "noun"
      },
      "expansion": "noun",
      "name": "glossary"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "adjective"
      },
      "expansion": "adjective",
      "name": "glossary"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "The verb is derived from Middle English crengen (“to bend in a haughty manner; to condescend”) [and other forms], from Old English *crenċan, *crenċġan, *crenġan (“to cause to fall or turn”), the causative of crinċġan (“to yield; to cringe; to fall; to die, perish”), from Proto-Germanic *krangijaną (“to cause to fall; to cause to turn”), from Proto-Germanic *kringaną, *krinkaną (“to fall; to turn; to yield”) (from Proto-Indo-European *grenǵʰ- (“to turn”)) + *-janą (suffix forming causatives with the sense ‘to cause to do (the action of the verb)’ from strong verbs). The English word is cognate with Danish krænge (“to turn inside out, evert”), Dutch krengen (“to careen, veer”), Scots crenge, creenge, creinge, crienge (“to cringe; to shrug”), Swedish kränga (“to careen; to heel, lurch; to toss”), and West Frisian kringe (“to pinch; to poke; to push; to insist, urge”); and is a doublet of crinkle.\nThe noun and adjective are derived from the verb via zero derivation.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "cringes",
      "tags": [
        "plural"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "~"
      },
      "expansion": "cringe (countable and uncountable, plural cringes)",
      "name": "en-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "English",
  "lang_code": "en",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [],
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "He glanced with a cringe at the mess on his desk.",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "A gesture or posture of cringing (recoiling or shrinking)."
      ],
      "id": "en-cringe-en-noun-hYWBdYxv",
      "links": [
        [
          "gesture",
          "gesture#Noun"
        ],
        [
          "posture",
          "posture#Noun"
        ],
        [
          "cringing",
          "cringe#Verb"
        ],
        [
          "recoiling",
          "recoil#Verb"
        ],
        [
          "shrinking",
          "shrink#Verb"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(countable) A gesture or posture of cringing (recoiling or shrinking)."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "countable"
      ],
      "translations": [
        {
          "_dis1": "85 6 3 7",
          "code": "fi",
          "lang": "Finnish",
          "sense": "gesture or posture of cringing",
          "word": "säpsähdys"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "85 6 3 7",
          "code": "fi",
          "lang": "Finnish",
          "sense": "gesture or posture of cringing",
          "word": "vavahdus"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "85 6 3 7",
          "code": "fr",
          "lang": "French",
          "sense": "gesture or posture of cringing",
          "word": "se faire tout petit"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "85 6 3 7",
          "code": "de",
          "lang": "German",
          "sense": "gesture or posture of cringing",
          "tags": [
            "neuter"
          ],
          "word": "Ducken"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "85 6 3 7",
          "code": "de",
          "lang": "German",
          "sense": "gesture or posture of cringing",
          "tags": [
            "neuter"
          ],
          "word": "Erschaudern"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "85 6 3 7",
          "code": "de",
          "lang": "German",
          "sense": "gesture or posture of cringing",
          "tags": [
            "neuter"
          ],
          "word": "Schaudern"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "85 6 3 7",
          "code": "de",
          "lang": "German",
          "sense": "gesture or posture of cringing",
          "tags": [
            "neuter"
          ],
          "word": "Zusammenfahren"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "85 6 3 7",
          "code": "de",
          "lang": "German",
          "sense": "gesture or posture of cringing",
          "tags": [
            "neuter"
          ],
          "word": "Zusammenzucken"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "85 6 3 7",
          "code": "hu",
          "lang": "Hungarian",
          "sense": "gesture or posture of cringing",
          "word": "hőkölés"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "85 6 3 7",
          "code": "hu",
          "lang": "Hungarian",
          "sense": "gesture or posture of cringing",
          "word": "meghátrál"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "85 6 3 7",
          "code": "hu",
          "lang": "Hungarian",
          "sense": "gesture or posture of cringing",
          "word": "összerezzen"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "85 6 3 7",
          "code": "it",
          "lang": "Italian",
          "sense": "gesture or posture of cringing",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "raggomitolamento"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "85 6 3 7",
          "code": "ru",
          "lang": "Russian",
          "roman": "sodroganije",
          "sense": "gesture or posture of cringing",
          "tags": [
            "neuter"
          ],
          "word": "содрогание"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "85 6 3 7",
          "code": "es",
          "lang": "Spanish",
          "sense": "gesture or posture of cringing",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "grima"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [],
      "glosses": [
        "An act or disposition of servile obeisance."
      ],
      "id": "en-cringe-en-noun-Nvkyg0~Z",
      "links": [
        [
          "act",
          "act#Noun"
        ],
        [
          "disposition",
          "disposition"
        ],
        [
          "servile",
          "servile"
        ],
        [
          "obeisance",
          "obeisance"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(countable, figuratively) An act or disposition of servile obeisance."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "countable",
        "figuratively"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "British English",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "A crick (“painful muscular cramp or spasm of some part of the body”)."
      ],
      "id": "en-cringe-en-noun-JWAsJxrJ",
      "links": [
        [
          "crick",
          "crick#English"
        ],
        [
          "painful",
          "painful"
        ],
        [
          "muscular",
          "muscular"
        ],
        [
          "cramp",
          "cramp#Noun"
        ],
        [
          "spasm",
          "spasm#Noun"
        ],
        [
          "part",
          "part#Noun"
        ],
        [
          "body",
          "body"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(countable, British, dialectal) A crick (“painful muscular cramp or spasm of some part of the body”)."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "British",
        "countable",
        "dialectal"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "24 11 4 2 6 22 5 2 11 1 2 10",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "Bro... you just posted cringe",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "text": "There was so much cringe in that episode!",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Things, particularly online content, which would cause an onlooker to cringe from secondhand embarrassment."
      ],
      "id": "en-cringe-en-noun-Q~ZUz85u",
      "links": [
        [
          "derogatory",
          "derogatory"
        ],
        [
          "online",
          "online#Adjective"
        ],
        [
          "content",
          "content#Noun"
        ],
        [
          "onlooker",
          "onlooker#Noun"
        ],
        [
          "secondhand embarrassment",
          "secondhand embarrassment#Noun"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(uncountable, slang, derogatory) Things, particularly online content, which would cause an onlooker to cringe from secondhand embarrassment."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "derogatory",
        "slang",
        "uncountable"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/kɹɪnd͡ʒ/",
      "tags": [
        "General-American",
        "Received-Pronunciation"
      ]
    },
    {
      "rhymes": "-ɪndʒ"
    },
    {
      "audio": "En-us-cringe.ogg",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/66/En-us-cringe.ogg/En-us-cringe.ogg.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/En-us-cringe.ogg",
      "tags": [
        "General-American"
      ],
      "text": "Audio (GA)"
    }
  ],
  "wikipedia": [
    "Charles Reade",
    "The Cloister and the Hearth",
    "zero derivation"
  ],
  "word": "cringe"
}

{
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "1900",
        "short": "1"
      },
      "expansion": "c. 1900",
      "name": "circa2"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "From <span class=\"cited-source\">Charles Reade (<span class=\"None\" lang=\"und\">1861) chapter XXXIII, in <cite>The Cloister and the Hearth: A Tale of the Middle Ages</cite>, illustrated library edition, volume II (The Autobiography of a Thief), Boston, Mass., New York, N.Y.: Colonial Press Company, published c. 1900, <small>→OCLC</small>, illustration between pages 312 and 313</span></span>.",
        "group": "n",
        "name": "n1"
      },
      "expansion": "",
      "name": "ref"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*grenǵʰ-"
      },
      "expansion": "",
      "name": "root"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "verb"
      },
      "expansion": "verb",
      "name": "glossary"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "crengen",
        "t": "to bend in a haughty manner; to condescend"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English crengen (“to bend in a haughty manner; to condescend”)",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "crenche, crenchen, crenge, *crinchen, crinken",
        "otherforms": "1"
      },
      "expansion": "[and other forms]",
      "name": "nb..."
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ang",
        "3": "*crenċan"
      },
      "expansion": "Old English *crenċan",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ang",
        "2": "*crenċġan"
      },
      "expansion": "*crenċġan",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ang",
        "2": "*crenġan",
        "t": "to cause to fall or turn"
      },
      "expansion": "*crenġan (“to cause to fall or turn”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "causative"
      },
      "expansion": "causative",
      "name": "glossary"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ang",
        "2": "crinċġan",
        "t": "to yield; to cringe; to fall; to die, perish"
      },
      "expansion": "crinċġan (“to yield; to cringe; to fall; to die, perish”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*krangijaną",
        "t": "to cause to fall; to cause to turn"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *krangijaną (“to cause to fall; to cause to turn”)",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*kringaną"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *kringaną",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gem-pro",
        "2": "*krinkaną",
        "t": "to fall; to turn; to yield"
      },
      "expansion": "*krinkaną (“to fall; to turn; to yield”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*grenǵʰ-",
        "t": "to turn"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *grenǵʰ- (“to turn”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "suffix"
      },
      "expansion": "suffix",
      "name": "glossary"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "strong verb"
      },
      "expansion": "strong verb",
      "name": "glossary"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gem-pro",
        "2": "*-janą",
        "pos": "suffix forming causatives with the sense ‘to cause to do (the action of the verb)’ from strong verbs"
      },
      "expansion": "*-janą (suffix forming causatives with the sense ‘to cause to do (the action of the verb)’ from strong verbs)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "da",
        "2": "krænge",
        "t": "to turn inside out, evert"
      },
      "expansion": "Danish krænge (“to turn inside out, evert”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "nl",
        "2": "krengen",
        "t": "to careen, veer"
      },
      "expansion": "Dutch krengen (“to careen, veer”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sco",
        "2": "crenge"
      },
      "expansion": "Scots crenge",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sco",
        "2": "creenge"
      },
      "expansion": "creenge",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sco",
        "2": "creinge"
      },
      "expansion": "creinge",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sco",
        "2": "crienge",
        "t": "to cringe; to shrug"
      },
      "expansion": "crienge (“to cringe; to shrug”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sv",
        "2": "kränga",
        "t": "to careen; to heel, lurch; to toss"
      },
      "expansion": "Swedish kränga (“to careen; to heel, lurch; to toss”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fy",
        "2": "kringe",
        "t": "to pinch; to poke; to push; to insist, urge"
      },
      "expansion": "West Frisian kringe (“to pinch; to poke; to push; to insist, urge”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "crinkle",
        "nocap": "1"
      },
      "expansion": "doublet of crinkle",
      "name": "doublet"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "noun"
      },
      "expansion": "noun",
      "name": "glossary"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "adjective"
      },
      "expansion": "adjective",
      "name": "glossary"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "The verb is derived from Middle English crengen (“to bend in a haughty manner; to condescend”) [and other forms], from Old English *crenċan, *crenċġan, *crenġan (“to cause to fall or turn”), the causative of crinċġan (“to yield; to cringe; to fall; to die, perish”), from Proto-Germanic *krangijaną (“to cause to fall; to cause to turn”), from Proto-Germanic *kringaną, *krinkaną (“to fall; to turn; to yield”) (from Proto-Indo-European *grenǵʰ- (“to turn”)) + *-janą (suffix forming causatives with the sense ‘to cause to do (the action of the verb)’ from strong verbs). The English word is cognate with Danish krænge (“to turn inside out, evert”), Dutch krengen (“to careen, veer”), Scots crenge, creenge, creinge, crienge (“to cringe; to shrug”), Swedish kränga (“to careen; to heel, lurch; to toss”), and West Frisian kringe (“to pinch; to poke; to push; to insist, urge”); and is a doublet of crinkle.\nThe noun and adjective are derived from the verb via zero derivation.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "more cringe",
      "tags": [
        "comparative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "most cringe",
      "tags": [
        "superlative"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "cringe (comparative more cringe, superlative most cringe)",
      "name": "en-adj"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "English",
  "lang_code": "en",
  "pos": "adj",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "24 11 4 2 6 22 5 2 11 1 2 10",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "Brands trying to appeal to young people with memes is the most cringe thing ever.",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "ref": "2022 May 24, Kate Knibbs, quoting Taylor Swift, “A Novelist and an AI Cowrote Your Next Cringe-Read”, in Wired, →ISSN",
          "text": "Last week, while giving a commencement speech to New York University graduates, pop star Taylor Swift offered a timely bit of advice: “No matter how hard you try to avoid being cringe, you will look back on your life and cringe retrospectively. Cringe is unavoidable over a lifetime.”",
          "type": "quotation"
        },
        {
          "ref": "2022 July 5, Darshita Goyal, “What's The Deal With Baby Talk In Relationships?”, in Refinery29, archived from the original on 2023-09-09",
          "text": "No matter which side you stand on within a relationship, most people agree that couples participating in baby talk publicly is cringe to say the least.",
          "type": "quotation"
        },
        {
          "ref": "2023 January 20, Laura Pitcher, “Why Is AI Art So Cringe?”, in VICE, archived from the original on 2023-05-02",
          "text": "We may have to face the fact that the current state of AI art is cringe because we're cringe. Really, we're no better than the unimaginative and self-obsessed people from the history books that commissioned bad portraiture.",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Synonym of cringeworthy or uncool, inducing awkwardness or secondhand embarrassment."
      ],
      "id": "en-cringe-en-adj-dDHy-0G3",
      "links": [
        [
          "derogatory",
          "derogatory"
        ],
        [
          "cringeworthy",
          "cringeworthy#English"
        ],
        [
          "uncool",
          "uncool#English"
        ],
        [
          "inducing",
          "inducing"
        ],
        [
          "awkwardness",
          "awkwardness#Noun"
        ],
        [
          "secondhand embarrassment",
          "secondhand embarrassment"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(slang, derogatory) Synonym of cringeworthy or uncool, inducing awkwardness or secondhand embarrassment."
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "tags": [
            "synonym",
            "synonym-of"
          ],
          "word": "cringeworthy or uncool"
        },
        {
          "tags": [
            "synonym",
            "synonym-of"
          ],
          "word": "inducing awkwardness or secondhand embarrassment"
        }
      ],
      "tags": [
        "derogatory",
        "slang"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/kɹɪnd͡ʒ/",
      "tags": [
        "General-American",
        "Received-Pronunciation"
      ]
    },
    {
      "rhymes": "-ɪndʒ"
    },
    {
      "audio": "En-us-cringe.ogg",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/66/En-us-cringe.ogg/En-us-cringe.ogg.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/En-us-cringe.ogg",
      "tags": [
        "General-American"
      ],
      "text": "Audio (GA)"
    }
  ],
  "wikipedia": [
    "Charles Reade",
    "The Cloister and the Hearth",
    "zero derivation"
  ],
  "word": "cringe"
}

{
  "descendants": [
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "hy",
            "2": "քրինջ",
            "bor": "1",
            "qq": "slang"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Armenian: քրինջ (kʻrinǰ) (slang)",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Armenian: քրինջ (kʻrinǰ) (slang)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "bg",
            "2": "криндж",
            "bor": "1",
            "qq": "slang"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Bulgarian: криндж (krindž) (slang)",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Bulgarian: криндж (krindž) (slang)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "de",
            "2": "cringe",
            "bor": "1",
            "qq": "slang"
          },
          "expansion": "→ German: cringe (slang)",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ German: cringe (slang)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "it",
            "2": "cringe",
            "bor": "1",
            "qq": "slang"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Italian: cringe (slang)",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Italian: cringe (slang)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "pl",
            "2": "cringe",
            "bor": "1",
            "qq": "slang"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Polish: cringe (slang)",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Polish: cringe (slang)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "ru",
            "2": "кринж",
            "bor": "1",
            "qq": "slang"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Russian: кринж (krinž) (slang)",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Russian: кринж (krinž) (slang)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "es",
            "2": "cringe",
            "bor": "1",
            "qq": "slang"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Spanish: cringe (slang)",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Spanish: cringe (slang)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "sv",
            "2": "cringe",
            "bor": "1",
            "qq": "slang"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Swedish: cringe (slang)",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Swedish: cringe (slang)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "uk",
            "2": "криндж",
            "bor": "1",
            "qq": "slang"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Ukrainian: криндж (kryndž) (slang)",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Ukrainian: криндж (kryndž) (slang)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "tr",
            "2": "krınj",
            "bor": "1",
            "qq": "slang"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Turkish: krınj (slang)",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Turkish: krınj (slang)"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "1900",
        "short": "1"
      },
      "expansion": "c. 1900",
      "name": "circa2"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "From <span class=\"cited-source\">Charles Reade (<span class=\"None\" lang=\"und\">1861) chapter XXXIII, in <cite>The Cloister and the Hearth: A Tale of the Middle Ages</cite>, illustrated library edition, volume II (The Autobiography of a Thief), Boston, Mass., New York, N.Y.: Colonial Press Company, published c. 1900, <small>→OCLC</small>, illustration between pages 312 and 313</span></span>.",
        "group": "n",
        "name": "n1"
      },
      "expansion": "",
      "name": "ref"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*grenǵʰ-"
      },
      "expansion": "",
      "name": "root"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "verb"
      },
      "expansion": "verb",
      "name": "glossary"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "crengen",
        "t": "to bend in a haughty manner; to condescend"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English crengen (“to bend in a haughty manner; to condescend”)",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "crenche, crenchen, crenge, *crinchen, crinken",
        "otherforms": "1"
      },
      "expansion": "[and other forms]",
      "name": "nb..."
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ang",
        "3": "*crenċan"
      },
      "expansion": "Old English *crenċan",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ang",
        "2": "*crenċġan"
      },
      "expansion": "*crenċġan",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ang",
        "2": "*crenġan",
        "t": "to cause to fall or turn"
      },
      "expansion": "*crenġan (“to cause to fall or turn”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "causative"
      },
      "expansion": "causative",
      "name": "glossary"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ang",
        "2": "crinċġan",
        "t": "to yield; to cringe; to fall; to die, perish"
      },
      "expansion": "crinċġan (“to yield; to cringe; to fall; to die, perish”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*krangijaną",
        "t": "to cause to fall; to cause to turn"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *krangijaną (“to cause to fall; to cause to turn”)",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*kringaną"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *kringaną",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gem-pro",
        "2": "*krinkaną",
        "t": "to fall; to turn; to yield"
      },
      "expansion": "*krinkaną (“to fall; to turn; to yield”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*grenǵʰ-",
        "t": "to turn"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *grenǵʰ- (“to turn”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "suffix"
      },
      "expansion": "suffix",
      "name": "glossary"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "strong verb"
      },
      "expansion": "strong verb",
      "name": "glossary"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gem-pro",
        "2": "*-janą",
        "pos": "suffix forming causatives with the sense ‘to cause to do (the action of the verb)’ from strong verbs"
      },
      "expansion": "*-janą (suffix forming causatives with the sense ‘to cause to do (the action of the verb)’ from strong verbs)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "da",
        "2": "krænge",
        "t": "to turn inside out, evert"
      },
      "expansion": "Danish krænge (“to turn inside out, evert”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "nl",
        "2": "krengen",
        "t": "to careen, veer"
      },
      "expansion": "Dutch krengen (“to careen, veer”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sco",
        "2": "crenge"
      },
      "expansion": "Scots crenge",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sco",
        "2": "creenge"
      },
      "expansion": "creenge",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sco",
        "2": "creinge"
      },
      "expansion": "creinge",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sco",
        "2": "crienge",
        "t": "to cringe; to shrug"
      },
      "expansion": "crienge (“to cringe; to shrug”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sv",
        "2": "kränga",
        "t": "to careen; to heel, lurch; to toss"
      },
      "expansion": "Swedish kränga (“to careen; to heel, lurch; to toss”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fy",
        "2": "kringe",
        "t": "to pinch; to poke; to push; to insist, urge"
      },
      "expansion": "West Frisian kringe (“to pinch; to poke; to push; to insist, urge”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "crinkle",
        "nocap": "1"
      },
      "expansion": "doublet of crinkle",
      "name": "doublet"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "noun"
      },
      "expansion": "noun",
      "name": "glossary"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "adjective"
      },
      "expansion": "adjective",
      "name": "glossary"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "The verb is derived from Middle English crengen (“to bend in a haughty manner; to condescend”) [and other forms], from Old English *crenċan, *crenċġan, *crenġan (“to cause to fall or turn”), the causative of crinċġan (“to yield; to cringe; to fall; to die, perish”), from Proto-Germanic *krangijaną (“to cause to fall; to cause to turn”), from Proto-Germanic *kringaną, *krinkaną (“to fall; to turn; to yield”) (from Proto-Indo-European *grenǵʰ- (“to turn”)) + *-janą (suffix forming causatives with the sense ‘to cause to do (the action of the verb)’ from strong verbs). The English word is cognate with Danish krænge (“to turn inside out, evert”), Dutch krengen (“to careen, veer”), Scots crenge, creenge, creinge, crienge (“to cringe; to shrug”), Swedish kränga (“to careen; to heel, lurch; to toss”), and West Frisian kringe (“to pinch; to poke; to push; to insist, urge”); and is a doublet of crinkle.\nThe noun and adjective are derived from the verb via zero derivation.",
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "cringe",
      "name": "en-interj"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "English",
  "lang_code": "en",
  "pos": "intj",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "24 11 4 2 6 22 5 2 11 1 2 10",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Stated in response to something cringeworthy."
      ],
      "id": "en-cringe-en-intj-zsBqBtb9",
      "links": [
        [
          "derogatory",
          "derogatory"
        ],
        [
          "response",
          "response#English"
        ],
        [
          "cringeworthy",
          "cringeworthy#English"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(slang, derogatory) Stated in response to something cringeworthy."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "derogatory",
        "slang"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/kɹɪnd͡ʒ/",
      "tags": [
        "General-American",
        "Received-Pronunciation"
      ]
    },
    {
      "rhymes": "-ɪndʒ"
    },
    {
      "audio": "En-us-cringe.ogg",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/66/En-us-cringe.ogg/En-us-cringe.ogg.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/En-us-cringe.ogg",
      "tags": [
        "General-American"
      ],
      "text": "Audio (GA)"
    }
  ],
  "wikipedia": [
    "Charles Reade",
    "The Cloister and the Hearth",
    "zero derivation"
  ],
  "word": "cringe"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "English 1-syllable words",
    "English adjectives",
    "English countable nouns",
    "English doublets",
    "English entries with incorrect language header",
    "English interjections",
    "English lemmas",
    "English nouns",
    "English terms derived from Middle English",
    "English terms derived from Old English",
    "English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
    "English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
    "English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *grenǵʰ-",
    "English terms inherited from Middle English",
    "English terms inherited from Old English",
    "English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
    "English terms with IPA pronunciation",
    "English terms with audio links",
    "English uncountable nouns",
    "English verbs",
    "Rhymes:English/ɪndʒ",
    "Rhymes:English/ɪndʒ/1 syllable"
  ],
  "derived": [
    {
      "word": "cringe comedy"
    },
    {
      "word": "cringe culture"
    },
    {
      "word": "cringeling"
    },
    {
      "word": "cringemaking"
    },
    {
      "word": "cringe-making"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Britain",
        "colloquial"
      ],
      "word": "cringe-makingly"
    },
    {
      "word": "cringeometer"
    },
    {
      "word": "cringe-o-meter"
    },
    {
      "word": "cringer"
    },
    {
      "word": "cringetastic"
    },
    {
      "word": "cringeworthy"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "adjective",
        "noun"
      ],
      "word": "cringing"
    },
    {
      "word": "cringingly"
    },
    {
      "word": "cringingness"
    },
    {
      "word": "cringy"
    },
    {
      "word": "cultural cringe"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "1900",
        "short": "1"
      },
      "expansion": "c. 1900",
      "name": "circa2"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "From <span class=\"cited-source\">Charles Reade (<span class=\"None\" lang=\"und\">1861) chapter XXXIII, in <cite>The Cloister and the Hearth: A Tale of the Middle Ages</cite>, illustrated library edition, volume II (The Autobiography of a Thief), Boston, Mass., New York, N.Y.: Colonial Press Company, published c. 1900, <small>→OCLC</small>, illustration between pages 312 and 313</span></span>.",
        "group": "n",
        "name": "n1"
      },
      "expansion": "",
      "name": "ref"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*grenǵʰ-"
      },
      "expansion": "",
      "name": "root"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "verb"
      },
      "expansion": "verb",
      "name": "glossary"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "crengen",
        "t": "to bend in a haughty manner; to condescend"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English crengen (“to bend in a haughty manner; to condescend”)",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "crenche, crenchen, crenge, *crinchen, crinken",
        "otherforms": "1"
      },
      "expansion": "[and other forms]",
      "name": "nb..."
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ang",
        "3": "*crenċan"
      },
      "expansion": "Old English *crenċan",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ang",
        "2": "*crenċġan"
      },
      "expansion": "*crenċġan",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ang",
        "2": "*crenġan",
        "t": "to cause to fall or turn"
      },
      "expansion": "*crenġan (“to cause to fall or turn”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "causative"
      },
      "expansion": "causative",
      "name": "glossary"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ang",
        "2": "crinċġan",
        "t": "to yield; to cringe; to fall; to die, perish"
      },
      "expansion": "crinċġan (“to yield; to cringe; to fall; to die, perish”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*krangijaną",
        "t": "to cause to fall; to cause to turn"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *krangijaną (“to cause to fall; to cause to turn”)",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*kringaną"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *kringaną",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gem-pro",
        "2": "*krinkaną",
        "t": "to fall; to turn; to yield"
      },
      "expansion": "*krinkaną (“to fall; to turn; to yield”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*grenǵʰ-",
        "t": "to turn"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *grenǵʰ- (“to turn”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "suffix"
      },
      "expansion": "suffix",
      "name": "glossary"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "strong verb"
      },
      "expansion": "strong verb",
      "name": "glossary"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gem-pro",
        "2": "*-janą",
        "pos": "suffix forming causatives with the sense ‘to cause to do (the action of the verb)’ from strong verbs"
      },
      "expansion": "*-janą (suffix forming causatives with the sense ‘to cause to do (the action of the verb)’ from strong verbs)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "da",
        "2": "krænge",
        "t": "to turn inside out, evert"
      },
      "expansion": "Danish krænge (“to turn inside out, evert”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "nl",
        "2": "krengen",
        "t": "to careen, veer"
      },
      "expansion": "Dutch krengen (“to careen, veer”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sco",
        "2": "crenge"
      },
      "expansion": "Scots crenge",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sco",
        "2": "creenge"
      },
      "expansion": "creenge",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sco",
        "2": "creinge"
      },
      "expansion": "creinge",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sco",
        "2": "crienge",
        "t": "to cringe; to shrug"
      },
      "expansion": "crienge (“to cringe; to shrug”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sv",
        "2": "kränga",
        "t": "to careen; to heel, lurch; to toss"
      },
      "expansion": "Swedish kränga (“to careen; to heel, lurch; to toss”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fy",
        "2": "kringe",
        "t": "to pinch; to poke; to push; to insist, urge"
      },
      "expansion": "West Frisian kringe (“to pinch; to poke; to push; to insist, urge”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "crinkle",
        "nocap": "1"
      },
      "expansion": "doublet of crinkle",
      "name": "doublet"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "noun"
      },
      "expansion": "noun",
      "name": "glossary"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "adjective"
      },
      "expansion": "adjective",
      "name": "glossary"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "The verb is derived from Middle English crengen (“to bend in a haughty manner; to condescend”) [and other forms], from Old English *crenċan, *crenċġan, *crenġan (“to cause to fall or turn”), the causative of crinċġan (“to yield; to cringe; to fall; to die, perish”), from Proto-Germanic *krangijaną (“to cause to fall; to cause to turn”), from Proto-Germanic *kringaną, *krinkaną (“to fall; to turn; to yield”) (from Proto-Indo-European *grenǵʰ- (“to turn”)) + *-janą (suffix forming causatives with the sense ‘to cause to do (the action of the verb)’ from strong verbs). The English word is cognate with Danish krænge (“to turn inside out, evert”), Dutch krengen (“to careen, veer”), Scots crenge, creenge, creinge, crienge (“to cringe; to shrug”), Swedish kränga (“to careen; to heel, lurch; to toss”), and West Frisian kringe (“to pinch; to poke; to push; to insist, urge”); and is a doublet of crinkle.\nThe noun and adjective are derived from the verb via zero derivation.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "cringes",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "cringing",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "cringed",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "cringed",
      "tags": [
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "en-conj",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "cringe",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "infinitive"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "cringe (third-person singular simple present cringes, present participle cringing, simple past and past participle cringed)",
      "name": "en-verb"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "old": "1",
        "stem": "cring"
      },
      "name": "en-conj"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "English",
  "lang_code": "en",
  "pos": "verb",
  "related": [
    {
      "word": "crouch"
    },
    {
      "word": "wince"
    }
  ],
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "English intransitive verbs",
        "English terms with quotations",
        "English terms with usage examples"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "He cringed as the bird collided with the window.",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "ref": "1860, [John B. Newman], “The Combat”, in Wa-Wa-Wanda: A Legend of Old Orange, New York, N.Y.: Rudd & Carleton, […], →OCLC, page 28",
          "text": "Here the angel ceased, and frowning, / Hurled his heavy gauntlet at him; / Hurled, as best he could, the creature, / Cringing as the Serpent cringeth, / Coiled, and with his crest uplifted; / And then prone upon his belly, / Crawled away upon his belly, [...]",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "To cower, flinch, recoil, shrink, or tense, as in disgust, embarrassment, or fear."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "cower",
          "cower"
        ],
        [
          "flinch",
          "flinch#Verb"
        ],
        [
          "recoil",
          "recoil#Verb"
        ],
        [
          "shrink",
          "shrink"
        ],
        [
          "tense",
          "tense"
        ],
        [
          "disgust",
          "disgust#Noun"
        ],
        [
          "embarrassment",
          "embarrassment"
        ],
        [
          "fear",
          "fear#Noun"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(intransitive) To cower, flinch, recoil, shrink, or tense, as in disgust, embarrassment, or fear."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "intransitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "English intransitive verbs",
        "English terms with quotations"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "ref": "2014 January 29, Matt Peckham, “8 Minutes of Ridiculously Beautiful The Elder Scrolls Online Cinematic Footage”, in Time, New York, N.Y.: Time Inc., →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2022-08-16",
          "text": "I'm cringing watching this easily Blizzard- or Square Enix-worthy new trailer for Bethesda's The Elder Scrolls Online. Not because it's bad — it's a deftly rendered slice of CGI. But it must have cost a fortune. It makes me want to say \"Spend the money on knocking the game out of the park, please, not the frippery, Bethesda.\" But oh what frippery.",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "To experience an inward feeling of disgust, embarrassment, or fear; (by extension) to feel very embarrassed."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "experience",
          "experience#Verb"
        ],
        [
          "inward",
          "inward"
        ],
        [
          "feeling",
          "feeling#Noun"
        ],
        [
          "feel",
          "feel#Verb"
        ],
        [
          "embarrassed",
          "embarrassed#Adjective"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(intransitive, figuratively) To experience an inward feeling of disgust, embarrassment, or fear; (by extension) to feel very embarrassed."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "figuratively",
        "intransitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "English intransitive verbs",
        "English terms with quotations"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "ref": "1846, Thomas Cooper, “To the Countess of Blessington”, in The Baron’s Yule Feast: A Christmas-rhyme, London: Jeremiah How, […], →OCLC",
          "text": "Lady, receive a tributary lay / From one who cringeth not to titled state / Conventional, and lacking will to prate / Of comeliness— [...]",
          "type": "quotation"
        },
        {
          "ref": "1891, Edgar Fawcett, “How a Queen Loved”, in Songs of Doubt and Dream: (Poems), New York, N.Y., Toronto, Ont.: Funk & Wagnalls, →OCLC, stanza I, page 155",
          "text": "Humbly thou cringest that with nod of head / Couldst fling me seaward from they steepest cliffs!",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "To bow or crouch in servility."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "bow",
          "bow#Verb"
        ],
        [
          "crouch",
          "crouch#Verb"
        ],
        [
          "servility",
          "servility"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(intransitive) To bow or crouch in servility."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "intransitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "English intransitive verbs",
        "English terms with quotations"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "ref": "1782, John Brown, “The Christian Journal of a Summer-day”, in The Christian Journal; or, Common Incidents, Spiritual Instructors. […], 4th edition, Edinburgh: […] Gavin Alston; [s]old by William Coke, […], →OCLC, page 119",
          "text": "Here the beggar accoſts me; had I appeared as himſelf, he had aſked nothing: but now he uncovers, he cringeth, he cries for relief.",
          "type": "quotation"
        },
        {
          "ref": "1880 June 23, Richard F[rancis] Burton, “The Ethnology of Modern Midian”, in Transactions of the Royal Society of Literature of the United Kingdom, volume XII (Second Series), London: John Murray, […]; Trübner and Co., […], published 1882, →OCLC, part I (Notices of the Tribes of Midian, …), page 286",
          "text": "Even to the present day the Arabs consider treating a Hutaymi as unmanly as to strike a woman. When a Felláh says to another, \"Tat'hattim\" (= Tat'maskin, or Tat'zallí), he means, \"Thou cringest, thou makest thyself contemptible (as a Hutaymi).\"",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "To act in an obsequious or servile manner."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "act",
          "act#Verb"
        ],
        [
          "obsequious",
          "obsequious"
        ],
        [
          "servile",
          "servile"
        ],
        [
          "manner",
          "manner"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(intransitive, figuratively) To act in an obsequious or servile manner."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "figuratively",
        "intransitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "English terms with obsolete senses",
        "English transitive verbs"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "To draw (a body part) close to the body; also, to distort or wrinkle (the face, etc.)."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "draw",
          "draw#Verb"
        ],
        [
          "body",
          "body"
        ],
        [
          "part",
          "part#Noun"
        ],
        [
          "close",
          "close#Adjective"
        ],
        [
          "distort",
          "distort"
        ],
        [
          "wrinkle",
          "wrinkle#Verb"
        ],
        [
          "face",
          "face#Noun"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(transitive, obsolete) To draw (a body part) close to the body; also, to distort or wrinkle (the face, etc.)."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "obsolete",
        "transitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "English terms with obsolete senses",
        "English transitive verbs"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "To bow or crouch to (someone) in servility; to escort (someone) in a cringing manner."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "escort",
          "escort#Verb"
        ],
        [
          "cringing",
          "cringing#Adjective"
        ],
        [
          "manner",
          "manner"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(transitive, obsolete) To bow or crouch to (someone) in servility; to escort (someone) in a cringing manner."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "obsolete",
        "transitive"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/kɹɪnd͡ʒ/",
      "tags": [
        "General-American",
        "Received-Pronunciation"
      ]
    },
    {
      "rhymes": "-ɪndʒ"
    },
    {
      "audio": "En-us-cringe.ogg",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/66/En-us-cringe.ogg/En-us-cringe.ogg.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/En-us-cringe.ogg",
      "tags": [
        "General-American"
      ],
      "text": "Audio (GA)"
    }
  ],
  "synonyms": [
    {
      "tags": [
        "dialectal"
      ],
      "word": "crinch"
    }
  ],
  "translations": [
    {
      "code": "bg",
      "lang": "Bulgarian",
      "roman": "svivam se",
      "sense": "to cower, recoil, shrink, or tense, as in disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
      "word": "свивам се"
    },
    {
      "code": "cs",
      "lang": "Czech",
      "sense": "to cower, recoil, shrink, or tense, as in disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
      "tags": [
        "perfective"
      ],
      "word": "schoulit se"
    },
    {
      "code": "nl",
      "lang": "Dutch",
      "sense": "to cower, recoil, shrink, or tense, as in disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
      "word": "in elkaar krimpen"
    },
    {
      "code": "fi",
      "lang": "Finnish",
      "sense": "to cower, recoil, shrink, or tense, as in disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
      "word": "kavahtaa"
    },
    {
      "code": "fi",
      "lang": "Finnish",
      "sense": "to cower, recoil, shrink, or tense, as in disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
      "word": "säpsähtää"
    },
    {
      "code": "fr",
      "lang": "French",
      "sense": "to cower, recoil, shrink, or tense, as in disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
      "word": "grincer des dents"
    },
    {
      "code": "gl",
      "lang": "Galician",
      "sense": "to cower, recoil, shrink, or tense, as in disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
      "word": "engoumar"
    },
    {
      "code": "de",
      "lang": "German",
      "sense": "to cower, recoil, shrink, or tense, as in disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
      "word": "erschaudern"
    },
    {
      "code": "de",
      "lang": "German",
      "sense": "to cower, recoil, shrink, or tense, as in disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
      "word": "kriechen"
    },
    {
      "code": "de",
      "lang": "German",
      "sense": "to cower, recoil, shrink, or tense, as in disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
      "word": "schaudern"
    },
    {
      "code": "de",
      "lang": "German",
      "sense": "to cower, recoil, shrink, or tense, as in disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
      "word": "sich ducken"
    },
    {
      "code": "de",
      "lang": "German",
      "sense": "to cower, recoil, shrink, or tense, as in disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
      "word": "zurückschrecken"
    },
    {
      "code": "de",
      "lang": "German",
      "sense": "to cower, recoil, shrink, or tense, as in disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
      "word": "zusammenfahren"
    },
    {
      "code": "de",
      "lang": "German",
      "sense": "to cower, recoil, shrink, or tense, as in disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
      "word": "zusammenzucken"
    },
    {
      "code": "hu",
      "lang": "Hungarian",
      "sense": "to cower, recoil, shrink, or tense, as in disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
      "word": "megrezzen"
    },
    {
      "code": "hu",
      "lang": "Hungarian",
      "sense": "to cower, recoil, shrink, or tense, as in disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
      "word": "megriad"
    },
    {
      "code": "hu",
      "lang": "Hungarian",
      "sense": "to cower, recoil, shrink, or tense, as in disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
      "word": "visszahőköl"
    },
    {
      "code": "hu",
      "lang": "Hungarian",
      "sense": "to cower, recoil, shrink, or tense, as in disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
      "word": "megborzong"
    },
    {
      "code": "hu",
      "lang": "Hungarian",
      "sense": "to cower, recoil, shrink, or tense, as in disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
      "word": "beleborzong"
    },
    {
      "code": "is",
      "lang": "Icelandic",
      "sense": "to cower, recoil, shrink, or tense, as in disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
      "word": "hrylla við"
    },
    {
      "code": "is",
      "lang": "Icelandic",
      "sense": "to cower, recoil, shrink, or tense, as in disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
      "word": "fá kjánahroll"
    },
    {
      "code": "it",
      "lang": "Italian",
      "sense": "to cower, recoil, shrink, or tense, as in disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
      "word": "raggomitolarsi"
    },
    {
      "code": "it",
      "lang": "Italian",
      "sense": "to cower, recoil, shrink, or tense, as in disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
      "word": "rannicchiarsi"
    },
    {
      "code": "it",
      "lang": "Italian",
      "sense": "to cower, recoil, shrink, or tense, as in disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
      "word": "raggricciare"
    },
    {
      "code": "ms",
      "lang": "Malay",
      "sense": "to cower, recoil, shrink, or tense, as in disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
      "word": "ringis"
    },
    {
      "code": "mi",
      "lang": "Maori",
      "sense": "to cower, recoil, shrink, or tense, as in disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
      "word": "hūiki"
    },
    {
      "code": "mi",
      "lang": "Maori",
      "sense": "to cower, recoil, shrink, or tense, as in disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
      "word": "maopo"
    },
    {
      "code": "mi",
      "lang": "Maori",
      "sense": "to cower, recoil, shrink, or tense, as in disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
      "word": "whakamaoko"
    },
    {
      "code": "mi",
      "lang": "Maori",
      "sense": "to cower, recoil, shrink, or tense, as in disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
      "word": "whakaririka"
    },
    {
      "code": "ota",
      "lang": "Ottoman Turkish",
      "roman": "pusmak",
      "sense": "to cower, recoil, shrink, or tense, as in disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
      "word": "پوصمق"
    },
    {
      "code": "pt",
      "lang": "Portuguese",
      "sense": "to cower, recoil, shrink, or tense, as in disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
      "word": "encolher-se"
    },
    {
      "code": "ru",
      "lang": "Russian",
      "roman": "otprjánutʹ",
      "sense": "to cower, recoil, shrink, or tense, as in disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
      "word": "отпря́нуть"
    },
    {
      "code": "ru",
      "lang": "Russian",
      "roman": "sodrognútʹsja",
      "sense": "to cower, recoil, shrink, or tense, as in disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
      "word": "содрогну́ться"
    },
    {
      "code": "es",
      "lang": "Spanish",
      "sense": "to cower, recoil, shrink, or tense, as in disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "contraerse"
    },
    {
      "code": "es",
      "lang": "Spanish",
      "sense": "to cower, recoil, shrink, or tense, as in disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
      "word": "encogerse"
    },
    {
      "code": "bg",
      "lang": "Bulgarian",
      "roman": "krindžvam",
      "sense": "to experience an inward feeling of disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
      "word": "кринджвам"
    },
    {
      "code": "eo",
      "lang": "Esperanto",
      "sense": "to experience an inward feeling of disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
      "word": "ŝrumpaĵo"
    },
    {
      "code": "fr",
      "lang": "French",
      "sense": "to experience an inward feeling of disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
      "word": "gêner"
    },
    {
      "code": "hu",
      "lang": "Hungarian",
      "sense": "to experience an inward feeling of disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
      "word": "feszeng"
    },
    {
      "code": "hu",
      "lang": "Hungarian",
      "sense": "to experience an inward feeling of disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
      "word": "kínosan érzi magát"
    },
    {
      "code": "hu",
      "lang": "Hungarian",
      "sense": "to experience an inward feeling of disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
      "word": "zavarba jön"
    },
    {
      "code": "hu",
      "lang": "Hungarian",
      "sense": "to experience an inward feeling of disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
      "word": "zavarban van"
    },
    {
      "code": "is",
      "lang": "Icelandic",
      "sense": "to experience an inward feeling of disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
      "word": "fá kjánahroll"
    },
    {
      "code": "it",
      "lang": "Italian",
      "sense": "to experience an inward feeling of disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
      "word": "ribrezzare"
    },
    {
      "code": "ru",
      "lang": "Russian",
      "roman": "krinž",
      "sense": "to experience an inward feeling of disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
      "word": "кринж"
    },
    {
      "code": "ru",
      "lang": "Russian",
      "roman": "kukož",
      "sense": "to experience an inward feeling of disgust, embarrassment, or fear",
      "word": "кукож"
    },
    {
      "code": "fr",
      "lang": "French",
      "sense": "to feel very embarrassed",
      "word": "gêner"
    },
    {
      "code": "hu",
      "lang": "Hungarian",
      "sense": "to feel very embarrassed",
      "word": "szégyenkezik"
    },
    {
      "code": "hu",
      "lang": "Hungarian",
      "sense": "to feel very embarrassed",
      "word": "elfogja a szégyen"
    },
    {
      "code": "hu",
      "lang": "Hungarian",
      "sense": "to bow or crouch in servility",
      "word": "összekuporodik"
    },
    {
      "code": "hu",
      "lang": "Hungarian",
      "sense": "to bow or crouch in servility",
      "word": "kuporog"
    },
    {
      "code": "hu",
      "lang": "Hungarian",
      "sense": "to bow or crouch in servility",
      "word": "lapul"
    },
    {
      "code": "hu",
      "lang": "Hungarian",
      "sense": "to bow or crouch in servility",
      "word": "kushad"
    },
    {
      "code": "bg",
      "lang": "Bulgarian",
      "roman": "rabolepniča",
      "sense": "to act in an obsequious or servile manner",
      "word": "раболепнича"
    },
    {
      "code": "hu",
      "lang": "Hungarian",
      "sense": "to act in an obsequious or servile manner",
      "word": "megalázkodik"
    },
    {
      "code": "hu",
      "lang": "Hungarian",
      "sense": "to act in an obsequious or servile manner",
      "word": "hajlong"
    },
    {
      "code": "hu",
      "lang": "Hungarian",
      "sense": "to act in an obsequious or servile manner",
      "word": "hajbókol"
    },
    {
      "code": "hu",
      "lang": "Hungarian",
      "sense": "to act in an obsequious or servile manner",
      "word": "meghunyászkodik"
    },
    {
      "code": "hu",
      "lang": "Hungarian",
      "sense": "to act in an obsequious or servile manner",
      "word": "csúszik-mászik"
    }
  ],
  "wikipedia": [
    "Charles Reade",
    "The Cloister and the Hearth",
    "zero derivation"
  ],
  "word": "cringe"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "English 1-syllable words",
    "English adjectives",
    "English countable nouns",
    "English doublets",
    "English entries with incorrect language header",
    "English interjections",
    "English lemmas",
    "English nouns",
    "English terms derived from Middle English",
    "English terms derived from Old English",
    "English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
    "English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
    "English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *grenǵʰ-",
    "English terms inherited from Middle English",
    "English terms inherited from Old English",
    "English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
    "English terms with IPA pronunciation",
    "English terms with audio links",
    "English uncountable nouns",
    "English verbs",
    "Rhymes:English/ɪndʒ",
    "Rhymes:English/ɪndʒ/1 syllable"
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "1900",
        "short": "1"
      },
      "expansion": "c. 1900",
      "name": "circa2"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "From <span class=\"cited-source\">Charles Reade (<span class=\"None\" lang=\"und\">1861) chapter XXXIII, in <cite>The Cloister and the Hearth: A Tale of the Middle Ages</cite>, illustrated library edition, volume II (The Autobiography of a Thief), Boston, Mass., New York, N.Y.: Colonial Press Company, published c. 1900, <small>→OCLC</small>, illustration between pages 312 and 313</span></span>.",
        "group": "n",
        "name": "n1"
      },
      "expansion": "",
      "name": "ref"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*grenǵʰ-"
      },
      "expansion": "",
      "name": "root"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "verb"
      },
      "expansion": "verb",
      "name": "glossary"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "crengen",
        "t": "to bend in a haughty manner; to condescend"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English crengen (“to bend in a haughty manner; to condescend”)",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "crenche, crenchen, crenge, *crinchen, crinken",
        "otherforms": "1"
      },
      "expansion": "[and other forms]",
      "name": "nb..."
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ang",
        "3": "*crenċan"
      },
      "expansion": "Old English *crenċan",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ang",
        "2": "*crenċġan"
      },
      "expansion": "*crenċġan",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ang",
        "2": "*crenġan",
        "t": "to cause to fall or turn"
      },
      "expansion": "*crenġan (“to cause to fall or turn”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "causative"
      },
      "expansion": "causative",
      "name": "glossary"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ang",
        "2": "crinċġan",
        "t": "to yield; to cringe; to fall; to die, perish"
      },
      "expansion": "crinċġan (“to yield; to cringe; to fall; to die, perish”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*krangijaną",
        "t": "to cause to fall; to cause to turn"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *krangijaną (“to cause to fall; to cause to turn”)",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*kringaną"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *kringaną",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gem-pro",
        "2": "*krinkaną",
        "t": "to fall; to turn; to yield"
      },
      "expansion": "*krinkaną (“to fall; to turn; to yield”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*grenǵʰ-",
        "t": "to turn"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *grenǵʰ- (“to turn”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "suffix"
      },
      "expansion": "suffix",
      "name": "glossary"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "strong verb"
      },
      "expansion": "strong verb",
      "name": "glossary"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gem-pro",
        "2": "*-janą",
        "pos": "suffix forming causatives with the sense ‘to cause to do (the action of the verb)’ from strong verbs"
      },
      "expansion": "*-janą (suffix forming causatives with the sense ‘to cause to do (the action of the verb)’ from strong verbs)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "da",
        "2": "krænge",
        "t": "to turn inside out, evert"
      },
      "expansion": "Danish krænge (“to turn inside out, evert”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "nl",
        "2": "krengen",
        "t": "to careen, veer"
      },
      "expansion": "Dutch krengen (“to careen, veer”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sco",
        "2": "crenge"
      },
      "expansion": "Scots crenge",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sco",
        "2": "creenge"
      },
      "expansion": "creenge",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sco",
        "2": "creinge"
      },
      "expansion": "creinge",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sco",
        "2": "crienge",
        "t": "to cringe; to shrug"
      },
      "expansion": "crienge (“to cringe; to shrug”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sv",
        "2": "kränga",
        "t": "to careen; to heel, lurch; to toss"
      },
      "expansion": "Swedish kränga (“to careen; to heel, lurch; to toss”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fy",
        "2": "kringe",
        "t": "to pinch; to poke; to push; to insist, urge"
      },
      "expansion": "West Frisian kringe (“to pinch; to poke; to push; to insist, urge”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "crinkle",
        "nocap": "1"
      },
      "expansion": "doublet of crinkle",
      "name": "doublet"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "noun"
      },
      "expansion": "noun",
      "name": "glossary"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "adjective"
      },
      "expansion": "adjective",
      "name": "glossary"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "The verb is derived from Middle English crengen (“to bend in a haughty manner; to condescend”) [and other forms], from Old English *crenċan, *crenċġan, *crenġan (“to cause to fall or turn”), the causative of crinċġan (“to yield; to cringe; to fall; to die, perish”), from Proto-Germanic *krangijaną (“to cause to fall; to cause to turn”), from Proto-Germanic *kringaną, *krinkaną (“to fall; to turn; to yield”) (from Proto-Indo-European *grenǵʰ- (“to turn”)) + *-janą (suffix forming causatives with the sense ‘to cause to do (the action of the verb)’ from strong verbs). The English word is cognate with Danish krænge (“to turn inside out, evert”), Dutch krengen (“to careen, veer”), Scots crenge, creenge, creinge, crienge (“to cringe; to shrug”), Swedish kränga (“to careen; to heel, lurch; to toss”), and West Frisian kringe (“to pinch; to poke; to push; to insist, urge”); and is a doublet of crinkle.\nThe noun and adjective are derived from the verb via zero derivation.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "cringes",
      "tags": [
        "plural"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "~"
      },
      "expansion": "cringe (countable and uncountable, plural cringes)",
      "name": "en-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "English",
  "lang_code": "en",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "English countable nouns",
        "English terms with usage examples"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "He glanced with a cringe at the mess on his desk.",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "A gesture or posture of cringing (recoiling or shrinking)."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "gesture",
          "gesture#Noun"
        ],
        [
          "posture",
          "posture#Noun"
        ],
        [
          "cringing",
          "cringe#Verb"
        ],
        [
          "recoiling",
          "recoil#Verb"
        ],
        [
          "shrinking",
          "shrink#Verb"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(countable) A gesture or posture of cringing (recoiling or shrinking)."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "countable"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "English countable nouns"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "An act or disposition of servile obeisance."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "act",
          "act#Noun"
        ],
        [
          "disposition",
          "disposition"
        ],
        [
          "servile",
          "servile"
        ],
        [
          "obeisance",
          "obeisance"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(countable, figuratively) An act or disposition of servile obeisance."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "countable",
        "figuratively"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "British English",
        "English countable nouns",
        "English dialectal terms"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "A crick (“painful muscular cramp or spasm of some part of the body”)."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "crick",
          "crick#English"
        ],
        [
          "painful",
          "painful"
        ],
        [
          "muscular",
          "muscular"
        ],
        [
          "cramp",
          "cramp#Noun"
        ],
        [
          "spasm",
          "spasm#Noun"
        ],
        [
          "part",
          "part#Noun"
        ],
        [
          "body",
          "body"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(countable, British, dialectal) A crick (“painful muscular cramp or spasm of some part of the body”)."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "British",
        "countable",
        "dialectal"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "English derogatory terms",
        "English slang",
        "English terms with usage examples",
        "English uncountable nouns"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "Bro... you just posted cringe",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "text": "There was so much cringe in that episode!",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Things, particularly online content, which would cause an onlooker to cringe from secondhand embarrassment."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "derogatory",
          "derogatory"
        ],
        [
          "online",
          "online#Adjective"
        ],
        [
          "content",
          "content#Noun"
        ],
        [
          "onlooker",
          "onlooker#Noun"
        ],
        [
          "secondhand embarrassment",
          "secondhand embarrassment#Noun"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(uncountable, slang, derogatory) Things, particularly online content, which would cause an onlooker to cringe from secondhand embarrassment."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "derogatory",
        "slang",
        "uncountable"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/kɹɪnd͡ʒ/",
      "tags": [
        "General-American",
        "Received-Pronunciation"
      ]
    },
    {
      "rhymes": "-ɪndʒ"
    },
    {
      "audio": "En-us-cringe.ogg",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/66/En-us-cringe.ogg/En-us-cringe.ogg.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/En-us-cringe.ogg",
      "tags": [
        "General-American"
      ],
      "text": "Audio (GA)"
    }
  ],
  "translations": [
    {
      "code": "fi",
      "lang": "Finnish",
      "sense": "gesture or posture of cringing",
      "word": "säpsähdys"
    },
    {
      "code": "fi",
      "lang": "Finnish",
      "sense": "gesture or posture of cringing",
      "word": "vavahdus"
    },
    {
      "code": "fr",
      "lang": "French",
      "sense": "gesture or posture of cringing",
      "word": "se faire tout petit"
    },
    {
      "code": "de",
      "lang": "German",
      "sense": "gesture or posture of cringing",
      "tags": [
        "neuter"
      ],
      "word": "Ducken"
    },
    {
      "code": "de",
      "lang": "German",
      "sense": "gesture or posture of cringing",
      "tags": [
        "neuter"
      ],
      "word": "Erschaudern"
    },
    {
      "code": "de",
      "lang": "German",
      "sense": "gesture or posture of cringing",
      "tags": [
        "neuter"
      ],
      "word": "Schaudern"
    },
    {
      "code": "de",
      "lang": "German",
      "sense": "gesture or posture of cringing",
      "tags": [
        "neuter"
      ],
      "word": "Zusammenfahren"
    },
    {
      "code": "de",
      "lang": "German",
      "sense": "gesture or posture of cringing",
      "tags": [
        "neuter"
      ],
      "word": "Zusammenzucken"
    },
    {
      "code": "hu",
      "lang": "Hungarian",
      "sense": "gesture or posture of cringing",
      "word": "hőkölés"
    },
    {
      "code": "hu",
      "lang": "Hungarian",
      "sense": "gesture or posture of cringing",
      "word": "meghátrál"
    },
    {
      "code": "hu",
      "lang": "Hungarian",
      "sense": "gesture or posture of cringing",
      "word": "összerezzen"
    },
    {
      "code": "it",
      "lang": "Italian",
      "sense": "gesture or posture of cringing",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "raggomitolamento"
    },
    {
      "code": "ru",
      "lang": "Russian",
      "roman": "sodroganije",
      "sense": "gesture or posture of cringing",
      "tags": [
        "neuter"
      ],
      "word": "содрогание"
    },
    {
      "code": "es",
      "lang": "Spanish",
      "sense": "gesture or posture of cringing",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "grima"
    }
  ],
  "wikipedia": [
    "Charles Reade",
    "The Cloister and the Hearth",
    "zero derivation"
  ],
  "word": "cringe"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "English 1-syllable words",
    "English adjectives",
    "English countable nouns",
    "English doublets",
    "English entries with incorrect language header",
    "English interjections",
    "English lemmas",
    "English nouns",
    "English terms derived from Middle English",
    "English terms derived from Old English",
    "English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
    "English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
    "English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *grenǵʰ-",
    "English terms inherited from Middle English",
    "English terms inherited from Old English",
    "English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
    "English terms with IPA pronunciation",
    "English terms with audio links",
    "English uncountable nouns",
    "English verbs",
    "Rhymes:English/ɪndʒ",
    "Rhymes:English/ɪndʒ/1 syllable"
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "1900",
        "short": "1"
      },
      "expansion": "c. 1900",
      "name": "circa2"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "From <span class=\"cited-source\">Charles Reade (<span class=\"None\" lang=\"und\">1861) chapter XXXIII, in <cite>The Cloister and the Hearth: A Tale of the Middle Ages</cite>, illustrated library edition, volume II (The Autobiography of a Thief), Boston, Mass., New York, N.Y.: Colonial Press Company, published c. 1900, <small>→OCLC</small>, illustration between pages 312 and 313</span></span>.",
        "group": "n",
        "name": "n1"
      },
      "expansion": "",
      "name": "ref"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*grenǵʰ-"
      },
      "expansion": "",
      "name": "root"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "verb"
      },
      "expansion": "verb",
      "name": "glossary"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "crengen",
        "t": "to bend in a haughty manner; to condescend"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English crengen (“to bend in a haughty manner; to condescend”)",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "crenche, crenchen, crenge, *crinchen, crinken",
        "otherforms": "1"
      },
      "expansion": "[and other forms]",
      "name": "nb..."
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ang",
        "3": "*crenċan"
      },
      "expansion": "Old English *crenċan",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ang",
        "2": "*crenċġan"
      },
      "expansion": "*crenċġan",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ang",
        "2": "*crenġan",
        "t": "to cause to fall or turn"
      },
      "expansion": "*crenġan (“to cause to fall or turn”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "causative"
      },
      "expansion": "causative",
      "name": "glossary"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ang",
        "2": "crinċġan",
        "t": "to yield; to cringe; to fall; to die, perish"
      },
      "expansion": "crinċġan (“to yield; to cringe; to fall; to die, perish”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*krangijaną",
        "t": "to cause to fall; to cause to turn"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *krangijaną (“to cause to fall; to cause to turn”)",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*kringaną"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *kringaną",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gem-pro",
        "2": "*krinkaną",
        "t": "to fall; to turn; to yield"
      },
      "expansion": "*krinkaną (“to fall; to turn; to yield”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*grenǵʰ-",
        "t": "to turn"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *grenǵʰ- (“to turn”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "suffix"
      },
      "expansion": "suffix",
      "name": "glossary"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "strong verb"
      },
      "expansion": "strong verb",
      "name": "glossary"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gem-pro",
        "2": "*-janą",
        "pos": "suffix forming causatives with the sense ‘to cause to do (the action of the verb)’ from strong verbs"
      },
      "expansion": "*-janą (suffix forming causatives with the sense ‘to cause to do (the action of the verb)’ from strong verbs)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "da",
        "2": "krænge",
        "t": "to turn inside out, evert"
      },
      "expansion": "Danish krænge (“to turn inside out, evert”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "nl",
        "2": "krengen",
        "t": "to careen, veer"
      },
      "expansion": "Dutch krengen (“to careen, veer”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sco",
        "2": "crenge"
      },
      "expansion": "Scots crenge",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sco",
        "2": "creenge"
      },
      "expansion": "creenge",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sco",
        "2": "creinge"
      },
      "expansion": "creinge",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sco",
        "2": "crienge",
        "t": "to cringe; to shrug"
      },
      "expansion": "crienge (“to cringe; to shrug”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sv",
        "2": "kränga",
        "t": "to careen; to heel, lurch; to toss"
      },
      "expansion": "Swedish kränga (“to careen; to heel, lurch; to toss”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fy",
        "2": "kringe",
        "t": "to pinch; to poke; to push; to insist, urge"
      },
      "expansion": "West Frisian kringe (“to pinch; to poke; to push; to insist, urge”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "crinkle",
        "nocap": "1"
      },
      "expansion": "doublet of crinkle",
      "name": "doublet"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "noun"
      },
      "expansion": "noun",
      "name": "glossary"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "adjective"
      },
      "expansion": "adjective",
      "name": "glossary"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "The verb is derived from Middle English crengen (“to bend in a haughty manner; to condescend”) [and other forms], from Old English *crenċan, *crenċġan, *crenġan (“to cause to fall or turn”), the causative of crinċġan (“to yield; to cringe; to fall; to die, perish”), from Proto-Germanic *krangijaną (“to cause to fall; to cause to turn”), from Proto-Germanic *kringaną, *krinkaną (“to fall; to turn; to yield”) (from Proto-Indo-European *grenǵʰ- (“to turn”)) + *-janą (suffix forming causatives with the sense ‘to cause to do (the action of the verb)’ from strong verbs). The English word is cognate with Danish krænge (“to turn inside out, evert”), Dutch krengen (“to careen, veer”), Scots crenge, creenge, creinge, crienge (“to cringe; to shrug”), Swedish kränga (“to careen; to heel, lurch; to toss”), and West Frisian kringe (“to pinch; to poke; to push; to insist, urge”); and is a doublet of crinkle.\nThe noun and adjective are derived from the verb via zero derivation.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "more cringe",
      "tags": [
        "comparative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "most cringe",
      "tags": [
        "superlative"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "cringe (comparative more cringe, superlative most cringe)",
      "name": "en-adj"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "English",
  "lang_code": "en",
  "pos": "adj",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "English derogatory terms",
        "English slang",
        "English terms with quotations",
        "English terms with usage examples"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "Brands trying to appeal to young people with memes is the most cringe thing ever.",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "ref": "2022 May 24, Kate Knibbs, quoting Taylor Swift, “A Novelist and an AI Cowrote Your Next Cringe-Read”, in Wired, →ISSN",
          "text": "Last week, while giving a commencement speech to New York University graduates, pop star Taylor Swift offered a timely bit of advice: “No matter how hard you try to avoid being cringe, you will look back on your life and cringe retrospectively. Cringe is unavoidable over a lifetime.”",
          "type": "quotation"
        },
        {
          "ref": "2022 July 5, Darshita Goyal, “What's The Deal With Baby Talk In Relationships?”, in Refinery29, archived from the original on 2023-09-09",
          "text": "No matter which side you stand on within a relationship, most people agree that couples participating in baby talk publicly is cringe to say the least.",
          "type": "quotation"
        },
        {
          "ref": "2023 January 20, Laura Pitcher, “Why Is AI Art So Cringe?”, in VICE, archived from the original on 2023-05-02",
          "text": "We may have to face the fact that the current state of AI art is cringe because we're cringe. Really, we're no better than the unimaginative and self-obsessed people from the history books that commissioned bad portraiture.",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Synonym of cringeworthy or uncool, inducing awkwardness or secondhand embarrassment."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "derogatory",
          "derogatory"
        ],
        [
          "cringeworthy",
          "cringeworthy#English"
        ],
        [
          "uncool",
          "uncool#English"
        ],
        [
          "inducing",
          "inducing"
        ],
        [
          "awkwardness",
          "awkwardness#Noun"
        ],
        [
          "secondhand embarrassment",
          "secondhand embarrassment"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(slang, derogatory) Synonym of cringeworthy or uncool, inducing awkwardness or secondhand embarrassment."
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "tags": [
            "synonym",
            "synonym-of"
          ],
          "word": "cringeworthy or uncool"
        },
        {
          "tags": [
            "synonym",
            "synonym-of"
          ],
          "word": "inducing awkwardness or secondhand embarrassment"
        }
      ],
      "tags": [
        "derogatory",
        "slang"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/kɹɪnd͡ʒ/",
      "tags": [
        "General-American",
        "Received-Pronunciation"
      ]
    },
    {
      "rhymes": "-ɪndʒ"
    },
    {
      "audio": "En-us-cringe.ogg",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/66/En-us-cringe.ogg/En-us-cringe.ogg.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/En-us-cringe.ogg",
      "tags": [
        "General-American"
      ],
      "text": "Audio (GA)"
    }
  ],
  "wikipedia": [
    "Charles Reade",
    "The Cloister and the Hearth",
    "zero derivation"
  ],
  "word": "cringe"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "English 1-syllable words",
    "English adjectives",
    "English countable nouns",
    "English doublets",
    "English entries with incorrect language header",
    "English interjections",
    "English lemmas",
    "English nouns",
    "English terms derived from Middle English",
    "English terms derived from Old English",
    "English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
    "English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
    "English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *grenǵʰ-",
    "English terms inherited from Middle English",
    "English terms inherited from Old English",
    "English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
    "English terms with IPA pronunciation",
    "English terms with audio links",
    "English uncountable nouns",
    "English verbs",
    "Rhymes:English/ɪndʒ",
    "Rhymes:English/ɪndʒ/1 syllable"
  ],
  "descendants": [
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "hy",
            "2": "քրինջ",
            "bor": "1",
            "qq": "slang"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Armenian: քրինջ (kʻrinǰ) (slang)",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Armenian: քրինջ (kʻrinǰ) (slang)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "bg",
            "2": "криндж",
            "bor": "1",
            "qq": "slang"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Bulgarian: криндж (krindž) (slang)",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Bulgarian: криндж (krindž) (slang)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "de",
            "2": "cringe",
            "bor": "1",
            "qq": "slang"
          },
          "expansion": "→ German: cringe (slang)",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ German: cringe (slang)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "it",
            "2": "cringe",
            "bor": "1",
            "qq": "slang"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Italian: cringe (slang)",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Italian: cringe (slang)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "pl",
            "2": "cringe",
            "bor": "1",
            "qq": "slang"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Polish: cringe (slang)",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Polish: cringe (slang)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "ru",
            "2": "кринж",
            "bor": "1",
            "qq": "slang"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Russian: кринж (krinž) (slang)",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Russian: кринж (krinž) (slang)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "es",
            "2": "cringe",
            "bor": "1",
            "qq": "slang"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Spanish: cringe (slang)",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Spanish: cringe (slang)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "sv",
            "2": "cringe",
            "bor": "1",
            "qq": "slang"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Swedish: cringe (slang)",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Swedish: cringe (slang)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "uk",
            "2": "криндж",
            "bor": "1",
            "qq": "slang"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Ukrainian: криндж (kryndž) (slang)",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Ukrainian: криндж (kryndž) (slang)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "tr",
            "2": "krınj",
            "bor": "1",
            "qq": "slang"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Turkish: krınj (slang)",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Turkish: krınj (slang)"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "1900",
        "short": "1"
      },
      "expansion": "c. 1900",
      "name": "circa2"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "From <span class=\"cited-source\">Charles Reade (<span class=\"None\" lang=\"und\">1861) chapter XXXIII, in <cite>The Cloister and the Hearth: A Tale of the Middle Ages</cite>, illustrated library edition, volume II (The Autobiography of a Thief), Boston, Mass., New York, N.Y.: Colonial Press Company, published c. 1900, <small>→OCLC</small>, illustration between pages 312 and 313</span></span>.",
        "group": "n",
        "name": "n1"
      },
      "expansion": "",
      "name": "ref"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*grenǵʰ-"
      },
      "expansion": "",
      "name": "root"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "verb"
      },
      "expansion": "verb",
      "name": "glossary"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "crengen",
        "t": "to bend in a haughty manner; to condescend"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English crengen (“to bend in a haughty manner; to condescend”)",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "crenche, crenchen, crenge, *crinchen, crinken",
        "otherforms": "1"
      },
      "expansion": "[and other forms]",
      "name": "nb..."
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ang",
        "3": "*crenċan"
      },
      "expansion": "Old English *crenċan",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ang",
        "2": "*crenċġan"
      },
      "expansion": "*crenċġan",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ang",
        "2": "*crenġan",
        "t": "to cause to fall or turn"
      },
      "expansion": "*crenġan (“to cause to fall or turn”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "causative"
      },
      "expansion": "causative",
      "name": "glossary"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ang",
        "2": "crinċġan",
        "t": "to yield; to cringe; to fall; to die, perish"
      },
      "expansion": "crinċġan (“to yield; to cringe; to fall; to die, perish”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*krangijaną",
        "t": "to cause to fall; to cause to turn"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *krangijaną (“to cause to fall; to cause to turn”)",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*kringaną"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *kringaną",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gem-pro",
        "2": "*krinkaną",
        "t": "to fall; to turn; to yield"
      },
      "expansion": "*krinkaną (“to fall; to turn; to yield”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*grenǵʰ-",
        "t": "to turn"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *grenǵʰ- (“to turn”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "suffix"
      },
      "expansion": "suffix",
      "name": "glossary"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "strong verb"
      },
      "expansion": "strong verb",
      "name": "glossary"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gem-pro",
        "2": "*-janą",
        "pos": "suffix forming causatives with the sense ‘to cause to do (the action of the verb)’ from strong verbs"
      },
      "expansion": "*-janą (suffix forming causatives with the sense ‘to cause to do (the action of the verb)’ from strong verbs)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "da",
        "2": "krænge",
        "t": "to turn inside out, evert"
      },
      "expansion": "Danish krænge (“to turn inside out, evert”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "nl",
        "2": "krengen",
        "t": "to careen, veer"
      },
      "expansion": "Dutch krengen (“to careen, veer”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sco",
        "2": "crenge"
      },
      "expansion": "Scots crenge",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sco",
        "2": "creenge"
      },
      "expansion": "creenge",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sco",
        "2": "creinge"
      },
      "expansion": "creinge",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sco",
        "2": "crienge",
        "t": "to cringe; to shrug"
      },
      "expansion": "crienge (“to cringe; to shrug”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sv",
        "2": "kränga",
        "t": "to careen; to heel, lurch; to toss"
      },
      "expansion": "Swedish kränga (“to careen; to heel, lurch; to toss”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fy",
        "2": "kringe",
        "t": "to pinch; to poke; to push; to insist, urge"
      },
      "expansion": "West Frisian kringe (“to pinch; to poke; to push; to insist, urge”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "crinkle",
        "nocap": "1"
      },
      "expansion": "doublet of crinkle",
      "name": "doublet"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "noun"
      },
      "expansion": "noun",
      "name": "glossary"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "adjective"
      },
      "expansion": "adjective",
      "name": "glossary"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "The verb is derived from Middle English crengen (“to bend in a haughty manner; to condescend”) [and other forms], from Old English *crenċan, *crenċġan, *crenġan (“to cause to fall or turn”), the causative of crinċġan (“to yield; to cringe; to fall; to die, perish”), from Proto-Germanic *krangijaną (“to cause to fall; to cause to turn”), from Proto-Germanic *kringaną, *krinkaną (“to fall; to turn; to yield”) (from Proto-Indo-European *grenǵʰ- (“to turn”)) + *-janą (suffix forming causatives with the sense ‘to cause to do (the action of the verb)’ from strong verbs). The English word is cognate with Danish krænge (“to turn inside out, evert”), Dutch krengen (“to careen, veer”), Scots crenge, creenge, creinge, crienge (“to cringe; to shrug”), Swedish kränga (“to careen; to heel, lurch; to toss”), and West Frisian kringe (“to pinch; to poke; to push; to insist, urge”); and is a doublet of crinkle.\nThe noun and adjective are derived from the verb via zero derivation.",
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "cringe",
      "name": "en-interj"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "English",
  "lang_code": "en",
  "pos": "intj",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "English derogatory terms",
        "English slang"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Stated in response to something cringeworthy."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "derogatory",
          "derogatory"
        ],
        [
          "response",
          "response#English"
        ],
        [
          "cringeworthy",
          "cringeworthy#English"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(slang, derogatory) Stated in response to something cringeworthy."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "derogatory",
        "slang"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/kɹɪnd͡ʒ/",
      "tags": [
        "General-American",
        "Received-Pronunciation"
      ]
    },
    {
      "rhymes": "-ɪndʒ"
    },
    {
      "audio": "En-us-cringe.ogg",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/66/En-us-cringe.ogg/En-us-cringe.ogg.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/En-us-cringe.ogg",
      "tags": [
        "General-American"
      ],
      "text": "Audio (GA)"
    }
  ],
  "wikipedia": [
    "Charles Reade",
    "The Cloister and the Hearth",
    "zero derivation"
  ],
  "word": "cringe"
}

This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-05-09 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-05-02 using wiktextract (4d5d0bb and edd475d). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.