See contend in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
Download JSON data for contend meaning in English (18.6kB)
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*tend-",
"id": "stretch"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "contenden"
},
"expansion": "Middle English contenden",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fro",
"3": "contendre"
},
"expansion": "Old French contendre",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "contendere",
"4": "",
"5": "to stretch out, extend, strive after, contend"
},
"expansion": "Latin contendere (“to stretch out, extend, strive after, contend”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "com-",
"3": "",
"4": "together"
},
"expansion": "com- (“together”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "tendere",
"3": "",
"4": "to stretch"
},
"expansion": "tendere (“to stretch”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "tend"
},
"expansion": "tend",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "attend"
},
"expansion": "attend",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "extend"
},
"expansion": "extend",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "intend"
},
"expansion": "intend",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "subtend"
},
"expansion": "subtend",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English contenden, borrowed from Old French contendre, from Latin contendere (“to stretch out, extend, strive after, contend”), from com- (“together”) + tendere (“to stretch”); see tend, and compare attend, extend, intend, subtend.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "contends",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "contending",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "contended",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "contended",
"tags": [
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "contend (third-person singular simple present contends, present participle contending, simple past and past participle contended)",
"name": "en-verb"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "contender"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "contention"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "contentious"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"text": "2011, Osaiah \"Ike\" Wilson III, James J.F. Forrest, Handbook of Defence Politics\nthe armies of Syria and Lebanon lack the capability to contend with the Israeli army, as demonstrated during the course of the First Lebanon War."
}
],
"glosses": [
"To be in opposition; to contest; to dispute; to vie; to quarrel; to fight."
],
"id": "en-contend-en-verb-HClvS8aT",
"links": [
[
"contest",
"contest"
],
[
"dispute",
"dispute"
],
[
"vie",
"vie"
],
[
"quarrel",
"quarrel"
],
[
"fight",
"fight"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive) To be in opposition; to contest; to dispute; to vie; to quarrel; to fight."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "72 6 13 4 5",
"sense": "strive in opposition",
"word": "fight"
},
{
"_dis1": "72 6 13 4 5",
"sense": "strive in opposition",
"word": "combat"
},
{
"_dis1": "72 6 13 4 5",
"sense": "strive in opposition",
"word": "vie"
},
{
"_dis1": "72 6 13 4 5",
"sense": "strive in opposition",
"word": "oppose"
}
],
"tags": [
"intransitive"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "72 6 13 4 5",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "sǎperniča",
"sense": "strive in opposition",
"word": "съпернича"
},
{
"_dis1": "72 6 13 4 5",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "sǎstezavam se",
"sense": "strive in opposition",
"word": "състезавам се"
},
{
"_dis1": "72 6 13 4 5",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "strive in opposition",
"word": "奮鬥"
},
{
"_dis1": "72 6 13 4 5",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "fèndòu",
"sense": "strive in opposition",
"word": "奋斗"
},
{
"_dis1": "72 6 13 4 5",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "strive in opposition",
"word": "掙扎"
},
{
"_dis1": "72 6 13 4 5",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "zhēngzhá",
"sense": "strive in opposition",
"word": "挣扎"
},
{
"_dis1": "72 6 13 4 5",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "strive in opposition",
"word": "競爭"
},
{
"_dis1": "72 6 13 4 5",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "jìngzhēng",
"sense": "strive in opposition",
"word": "竞争"
},
{
"_dis1": "72 6 13 4 5",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "strive in opposition",
"word": "鬥爭"
},
{
"_dis1": "72 6 13 4 5",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "dòuzhēng",
"sense": "strive in opposition",
"word": "斗争"
},
{
"_dis1": "72 6 13 4 5",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "strive in opposition",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "zápasit"
},
{
"_dis1": "72 6 13 4 5",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "strive in opposition",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "bojovat"
},
{
"_dis1": "72 6 13 4 5",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "strive in opposition",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "rvát se"
},
{
"_dis1": "72 6 13 4 5",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "strive in opposition",
"word": "weerspreken"
},
{
"_dis1": "72 6 13 4 5",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "strive in opposition",
"word": "tegenspreken"
},
{
"_dis1": "72 6 13 4 5",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "strive in opposition",
"word": "betwisten"
},
{
"_dis1": "72 6 13 4 5",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "strive in opposition",
"word": "kiistellä"
},
{
"_dis1": "72 6 13 4 5",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "strive in opposition",
"word": "käydä käsiksi"
},
{
"_dis1": "72 6 13 4 5",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "strive in opposition",
"word": "riidellä"
},
{
"_dis1": "72 6 13 4 5",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "strive in opposition",
"word": "taistella"
},
{
"_dis1": "72 6 13 4 5",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "strive in opposition",
"word": "streiten"
},
{
"_dis1": "72 6 13 4 5",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "strive in opposition",
"word": "sich auseinandersetzen"
},
{
"_dis1": "72 6 13 4 5",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "strive in opposition",
"word": "ringen mit"
},
{
"_dis1": "72 6 13 4 5",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "strive in opposition",
"word": "sich widersetzen"
},
{
"_dis1": "72 6 13 4 5",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "strive in opposition",
"word": "kämpfen"
},
{
"_dis1": "72 6 13 4 5",
"code": "got",
"lang": "Gothic",
"roman": "haifstjan",
"sense": "strive in opposition",
"word": "𐌷𐌰𐌹𐍆𐍃𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽"
},
{
"_dis1": "72 6 13 4 5",
"code": "grc",
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"roman": "agōnízomai",
"sense": "strive in opposition",
"word": "ἀγωνίζομαι"
},
{
"_dis1": "72 6 13 4 5",
"code": "grc",
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"roman": "athléō",
"sense": "strive in opposition",
"word": "ἀθλέω"
},
{
"_dis1": "72 6 13 4 5",
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "strive in opposition",
"word": "certō"
},
{
"_dis1": "72 6 13 4 5",
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "strive in opposition",
"word": "dīmicō"
},
{
"_dis1": "72 6 13 4 5",
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "strive in opposition",
"word": "tauwhāinga"
},
{
"_dis1": "72 6 13 4 5",
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"note": "in a friendly manner",
"sense": "strive in opposition",
"word": "taumāhekeheke"
},
{
"_dis1": "72 6 13 4 5",
"code": "enm",
"lang": "Middle English",
"sense": "strive in opposition",
"word": "macchen"
},
{
"_dis1": "72 6 13 4 5",
"code": "ang",
"lang": "Old English",
"sense": "strive in opposition",
"word": "flītan"
},
{
"_dis1": "72 6 13 4 5",
"code": "fa",
"lang": "Persian",
"roman": "setize kardan",
"sense": "strive in opposition",
"word": "ستیزه کردن"
},
{
"_dis1": "72 6 13 4 5",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "soperničatʹ",
"sense": "strive in opposition",
"word": "соперничать"
},
{
"_dis1": "72 6 13 4 5",
"code": "sa",
"lang": "Sanskrit",
"roman": "spardhate",
"sense": "strive in opposition",
"word": "स्पर्धते"
},
{
"_dis1": "72 6 13 4 5",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "strive in opposition",
"word": "contender"
},
{
"_dis1": "72 6 13 4 5",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "strive in opposition",
"word": "kämpa"
},
{
"_dis1": "72 6 13 4 5",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "strive in opposition",
"word": "strida"
},
{
"_dis1": "72 6 13 4 5",
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "zmahátysja",
"sense": "strive in opposition",
"word": "змага́тися"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"text": "17th century, John Dryden, Epistle III to the Lady Castlemain\nYou sit above, and see vain men below / Contend for what you only can bestow."
},
{
"ref": "2020, C. Matthew McMahon, Therese B. McMahon, 5 Marks of Christian Resolve",
"text": "God has entrusted something to the church, and it is the church's job to contend for it, even unto death",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To struggle or exert oneself to obtain or retain possession of, or to defend."
],
"id": "en-contend-en-verb-ydAHOB59",
"links": [
[
"struggle",
"struggle"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive) To struggle or exert oneself to obtain or retain possession of, or to defend."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "18 63 7 5 7",
"sense": "struggle",
"word": "struggle"
},
{
"_dis1": "18 63 7 5 7",
"sense": "struggle",
"word": "strive"
},
{
"_dis1": "18 63 7 5 7",
"sense": "struggle",
"tags": [
"rare"
],
"word": "emulate"
}
],
"tags": [
"intransitive"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "16 65 7 5 7",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "borja se",
"sense": "struggle",
"word": "боря се"
},
{
"_dis1": "16 65 7 5 7",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "sražavam se",
"sense": "struggle",
"word": "сражавам се"
},
{
"_dis1": "16 65 7 5 7",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "struggle",
"word": "競爭"
},
{
"_dis1": "16 65 7 5 7",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "jìngzhēng",
"sense": "struggle",
"word": "竞争"
},
{
"_dis1": "16 65 7 5 7",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "struggle",
"word": "爭奪"
},
{
"_dis1": "16 65 7 5 7",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "zhēngduó",
"sense": "struggle",
"word": "争夺"
},
{
"_dis1": "16 65 7 5 7",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "struggle",
"word": "掙扎"
},
{
"_dis1": "16 65 7 5 7",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "zhēngzhá",
"sense": "struggle",
"word": "挣扎"
},
{
"_dis1": "16 65 7 5 7",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "struggle",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "snažit se"
},
{
"_dis1": "16 65 7 5 7",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "struggle",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "namáhat se"
},
{
"_dis1": "16 65 7 5 7",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "struggle",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "probíjet se"
},
{
"_dis1": "16 65 7 5 7",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "struggle",
"word": "bestrijden"
},
{
"_dis1": "16 65 7 5 7",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "struggle",
"word": "kamppailla"
},
{
"_dis1": "16 65 7 5 7",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "struggle",
"word": "verteidigen"
},
{
"_dis1": "16 65 7 5 7",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "struggle",
"word": "festhalten an"
},
{
"_dis1": "16 65 7 5 7",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "struggle",
"word": "ringen um"
},
{
"_dis1": "16 65 7 5 7",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "struggle",
"word": "kämpfen für"
},
{
"_dis1": "16 65 7 5 7",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "struggle",
"word": "kämpfen um"
},
{
"_dis1": "16 65 7 5 7",
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "struggle",
"word": "dīmicō"
},
{
"_dis1": "16 65 7 5 7",
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "struggle",
"word": "kairapu"
},
{
"_dis1": "16 65 7 5 7",
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "struggle",
"word": "kairapurapu"
},
{
"_dis1": "16 65 7 5 7",
"code": "non",
"lang": "Old Norse",
"sense": "struggle",
"word": "þreyta"
},
{
"_dis1": "16 65 7 5 7",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "borótʹsja",
"sense": "struggle",
"word": "боро́ться"
},
{
"_dis1": "16 65 7 5 7",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "struggle",
"word": "contender"
},
{
"_dis1": "16 65 7 5 7",
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "borótysja",
"sense": "struggle",
"word": "боро́тися"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"To be in debate; to engage in discussion; to dispute; to argue."
],
"id": "en-contend-en-verb-OnWMUbhW",
"links": [
[
"debate",
"debate"
],
[
"discussion",
"discussion"
],
[
"dispute",
"dispute"
],
[
"argue",
"argue"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive) To be in debate; to engage in discussion; to dispute; to argue."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "28 17 45 6 4",
"sense": "strive in debate",
"word": "contest"
},
{
"_dis1": "28 17 45 6 4",
"sense": "strive in debate",
"word": "litigate"
},
{
"_dis1": "28 17 45 6 4",
"sense": "strive in debate",
"word": "dispute"
},
{
"_dis1": "28 17 45 6 4",
"sense": "strive in debate",
"word": "debate"
}
],
"tags": [
"intransitive"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "31 4 53 8 5",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "sporja",
"sense": "strive in debate",
"word": "споря"
},
{
"_dis1": "31 4 53 8 5",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "strive in debate",
"word": "爭論"
},
{
"_dis1": "31 4 53 8 5",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "zhēnglùn",
"sense": "strive in debate",
"word": "争论"
},
{
"_dis1": "31 4 53 8 5",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "strive in debate",
"word": "辯論"
},
{
"_dis1": "31 4 53 8 5",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "biànlùn",
"sense": "strive in debate",
"word": "辩论"
},
{
"_dis1": "31 4 53 8 5",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "strive in debate",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "tvrdit"
},
{
"_dis1": "31 4 53 8 5",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "strive in debate",
"word": "betwisten"
},
{
"_dis1": "31 4 53 8 5",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "strive in debate",
"word": "väitellä"
},
{
"_dis1": "31 4 53 8 5",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "strive in debate",
"word": "sich einsetzen für"
},
{
"_dis1": "31 4 53 8 5",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "strive in debate",
"word": "argumentieren"
},
{
"_dis1": "31 4 53 8 5",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "strive in debate",
"word": "streiten für"
},
{
"_dis1": "31 4 53 8 5",
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "strive in debate",
"word": "tauwhawhai"
},
{
"_dis1": "31 4 53 8 5",
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "strive in debate",
"word": "taukumekume"
},
{
"_dis1": "31 4 53 8 5",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "utverždátʹ",
"sense": "strive in debate",
"word": "утвержда́ть"
},
{
"_dis1": "31 4 53 8 5",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "strive in debate",
"word": "sostener"
},
{
"_dis1": "31 4 53 8 5",
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "sperečátysja",
"sense": "strive in debate",
"word": "спереча́тися"
},
{
"_dis1": "31 4 53 8 5",
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "napoljaháty",
"sense": "strive in debate",
"word": "наполяга́ти"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Undetermined quotations with omitted translation",
"parents": [
"Quotations with omitted translation",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "In this paper the author contends that no useful results can be obtained if this method is used.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"ref": "1996, Michael Adler, Erio Ziglio, Gazing Into the Oracle […]",
"text": "Some panellists contended that the costs of research and care justified the establishment of a permanent national commission",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2022 August 24, Tassanee Vejpongsa, Grant Peck, “Thai court suspends PM Prayuth pending ruling on term limit”, in The Washington Post, retrieved 2022-08-24",
"text": "His critics contend the eight years [term limit] expired Tuesday, the day before the anniversary of Prayuth officially becoming prime minister in the military government installed after the coup.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "Supreme Court of the United States (2024) Trump v. Anderson, page 1",
"text": "A group of Colorado voters contends that Section 3 of the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution prohibits former President Donald J. Trump, who seeks the Presidential nomination of the Republican Party in this year’s election, from becoming President again."
}
],
"glosses": [
"To believe (something is reasonable) and argue (for it); to advocate."
],
"id": "en-contend-en-verb-PYBD0r-1",
"links": [
[
"believe",
"believe"
],
[
"argue",
"argue"
],
[
"advocate",
"advocate"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive) To believe (something is reasonable) and argue (for it); to advocate."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "16 1 33 48 3",
"sense": "believe and argue",
"word": "assert"
},
{
"_dis1": "16 1 33 48 3",
"sense": "believe and argue",
"word": "aver"
}
],
"tags": [
"intransitive"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "13 1 33 50 3",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "zastǎpvam",
"sense": "believe and argue",
"word": "застъпвам"
},
{
"_dis1": "13 1 33 50 3",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "believe and argue",
"word": "認為"
},
{
"_dis1": "13 1 33 50 3",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "rènwéi",
"sense": "believe and argue",
"word": "认为"
},
{
"_dis1": "13 1 33 50 3",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "believe and argue",
"word": "論證"
},
{
"_dis1": "13 1 33 50 3",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "lùnzhèng",
"sense": "believe and argue",
"word": "论证"
},
{
"_dis1": "13 1 33 50 3",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "believe and argue",
"word": "aantonen"
},
{
"_dis1": "13 1 33 50 3",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "believe and argue",
"word": "esittää"
},
{
"_dis1": "13 1 33 50 3",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "believe and argue",
"word": "väittää"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "23 6 9 21 42",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "2021 December 29, Dominique Louis, “Causal analysis: crashworthiness at Sandilands”, in RAIL, number 947, page 32",
"text": "However, the challenges for the railway world are much greater than for automotive as we generally have more occupants, higher speeds, greater masses, higher energies, and an absence of seatbelts or airbags to contend with.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"contend with: To try to cope with a difficulty or problem."
],
"id": "en-contend-en-verb-9rviHCRA"
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/kənˈtɛnd/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɛnd"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Mélange a trois-contend.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/32/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-M%C3%A9lange_a_trois-contend.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-M%C3%A9lange_a_trois-contend.wav.mp3",
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"tags": [
"UK"
],
"text": "Audio (UK)"
}
],
"word": "contend"
}
{
"categories": [
"English 2-syllable words",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English terms derived from Latin",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Old French",
"English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *tend- (stretch)",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"English terms with audio links",
"English verbs",
"Requests for review of Persian translations",
"Rhymes:English/ɛnd",
"Rhymes:English/ɛnd/2 syllables"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
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"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*tend-",
"id": "stretch"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "contenden"
},
"expansion": "Middle English contenden",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fro",
"3": "contendre"
},
"expansion": "Old French contendre",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "contendere",
"4": "",
"5": "to stretch out, extend, strive after, contend"
},
"expansion": "Latin contendere (“to stretch out, extend, strive after, contend”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "com-",
"3": "",
"4": "together"
},
"expansion": "com- (“together”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "tendere",
"3": "",
"4": "to stretch"
},
"expansion": "tendere (“to stretch”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "tend"
},
"expansion": "tend",
"name": "m"
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{
"args": {
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"2": "attend"
},
"expansion": "attend",
"name": "m"
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{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "extend"
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"expansion": "extend",
"name": "m"
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{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "intend"
},
"expansion": "intend",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "subtend"
},
"expansion": "subtend",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English contenden, borrowed from Old French contendre, from Latin contendere (“to stretch out, extend, strive after, contend”), from com- (“together”) + tendere (“to stretch”); see tend, and compare attend, extend, intend, subtend.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "contends",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "contending",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "contended",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "contended",
"tags": [
"past"
]
}
],
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"args": {},
"expansion": "contend (third-person singular simple present contends, present participle contending, simple past and past participle contended)",
"name": "en-verb"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"related": [
{
"word": "contender"
},
{
"word": "contention"
},
{
"word": "contentious"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English intransitive verbs"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "2011, Osaiah \"Ike\" Wilson III, James J.F. Forrest, Handbook of Defence Politics\nthe armies of Syria and Lebanon lack the capability to contend with the Israeli army, as demonstrated during the course of the First Lebanon War."
}
],
"glosses": [
"To be in opposition; to contest; to dispute; to vie; to quarrel; to fight."
],
"links": [
[
"contest",
"contest"
],
[
"dispute",
"dispute"
],
[
"vie",
"vie"
],
[
"quarrel",
"quarrel"
],
[
"fight",
"fight"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive) To be in opposition; to contest; to dispute; to vie; to quarrel; to fight."
],
"tags": [
"intransitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English intransitive verbs",
"English terms with quotations",
"Quotation templates to be cleaned"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "17th century, John Dryden, Epistle III to the Lady Castlemain\nYou sit above, and see vain men below / Contend for what you only can bestow."
},
{
"ref": "2020, C. Matthew McMahon, Therese B. McMahon, 5 Marks of Christian Resolve",
"text": "God has entrusted something to the church, and it is the church's job to contend for it, even unto death",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To struggle or exert oneself to obtain or retain possession of, or to defend."
],
"links": [
[
"struggle",
"struggle"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive) To struggle or exert oneself to obtain or retain possession of, or to defend."
],
"tags": [
"intransitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English intransitive verbs"
],
"glosses": [
"To be in debate; to engage in discussion; to dispute; to argue."
],
"links": [
[
"debate",
"debate"
],
[
"discussion",
"discussion"
],
[
"dispute",
"dispute"
],
[
"argue",
"argue"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive) To be in debate; to engage in discussion; to dispute; to argue."
],
"tags": [
"intransitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English intransitive verbs",
"English terms with quotations",
"English terms with usage examples",
"Quotation templates to be cleaned",
"Undetermined quotations with omitted translation",
"Undetermined terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "In this paper the author contends that no useful results can be obtained if this method is used.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"ref": "1996, Michael Adler, Erio Ziglio, Gazing Into the Oracle […]",
"text": "Some panellists contended that the costs of research and care justified the establishment of a permanent national commission",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2022 August 24, Tassanee Vejpongsa, Grant Peck, “Thai court suspends PM Prayuth pending ruling on term limit”, in The Washington Post, retrieved 2022-08-24",
"text": "His critics contend the eight years [term limit] expired Tuesday, the day before the anniversary of Prayuth officially becoming prime minister in the military government installed after the coup.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "Supreme Court of the United States (2024) Trump v. Anderson, page 1",
"text": "A group of Colorado voters contends that Section 3 of the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution prohibits former President Donald J. Trump, who seeks the Presidential nomination of the Republican Party in this year’s election, from becoming President again."
}
],
"glosses": [
"To believe (something is reasonable) and argue (for it); to advocate."
],
"links": [
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"believe",
"believe"
],
[
"argue",
"argue"
],
[
"advocate",
"advocate"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive) To believe (something is reasonable) and argue (for it); to advocate."
],
"tags": [
"intransitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "2021 December 29, Dominique Louis, “Causal analysis: crashworthiness at Sandilands”, in RAIL, number 947, page 32",
"text": "However, the challenges for the railway world are much greater than for automotive as we generally have more occupants, higher speeds, greater masses, higher energies, and an absence of seatbelts or airbags to contend with.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"contend with: To try to cope with a difficulty or problem."
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/kənˈtɛnd/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɛnd"
},
{
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"tags": [
"UK"
],
"text": "Audio (UK)"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"sense": "strive in opposition",
"word": "fight"
},
{
"sense": "strive in opposition",
"word": "combat"
},
{
"sense": "strive in opposition",
"word": "vie"
},
{
"sense": "strive in opposition",
"word": "oppose"
},
{
"sense": "struggle",
"word": "struggle"
},
{
"sense": "struggle",
"word": "strive"
},
{
"sense": "struggle",
"tags": [
"rare"
],
"word": "emulate"
},
{
"sense": "strive in debate",
"word": "contest"
},
{
"sense": "strive in debate",
"word": "litigate"
},
{
"sense": "strive in debate",
"word": "dispute"
},
{
"sense": "strive in debate",
"word": "debate"
},
{
"sense": "believe and argue",
"word": "assert"
},
{
"sense": "believe and argue",
"word": "aver"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "sǎperniča",
"sense": "strive in opposition",
"word": "съпернича"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "sǎstezavam se",
"sense": "strive in opposition",
"word": "състезавам се"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "strive in opposition",
"word": "奮鬥"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "fèndòu",
"sense": "strive in opposition",
"word": "奋斗"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "strive in opposition",
"word": "掙扎"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "zhēngzhá",
"sense": "strive in opposition",
"word": "挣扎"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "strive in opposition",
"word": "競爭"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "jìngzhēng",
"sense": "strive in opposition",
"word": "竞争"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "strive in opposition",
"word": "鬥爭"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "dòuzhēng",
"sense": "strive in opposition",
"word": "斗争"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "strive in opposition",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "zápasit"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "strive in opposition",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "bojovat"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "strive in opposition",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "rvát se"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "strive in opposition",
"word": "weerspreken"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "strive in opposition",
"word": "tegenspreken"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "strive in opposition",
"word": "betwisten"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "strive in opposition",
"word": "kiistellä"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "strive in opposition",
"word": "käydä käsiksi"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "strive in opposition",
"word": "riidellä"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "strive in opposition",
"word": "taistella"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "strive in opposition",
"word": "streiten"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "strive in opposition",
"word": "sich auseinandersetzen"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "strive in opposition",
"word": "ringen mit"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "strive in opposition",
"word": "sich widersetzen"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "strive in opposition",
"word": "kämpfen"
},
{
"code": "got",
"lang": "Gothic",
"roman": "haifstjan",
"sense": "strive in opposition",
"word": "𐌷𐌰𐌹𐍆𐍃𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽"
},
{
"code": "grc",
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"roman": "agōnízomai",
"sense": "strive in opposition",
"word": "ἀγωνίζομαι"
},
{
"code": "grc",
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"roman": "athléō",
"sense": "strive in opposition",
"word": "ἀθλέω"
},
{
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "strive in opposition",
"word": "certō"
},
{
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "strive in opposition",
"word": "dīmicō"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "strive in opposition",
"word": "tauwhāinga"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"note": "in a friendly manner",
"sense": "strive in opposition",
"word": "taumāhekeheke"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "strive in opposition",
"word": "tauwhāinga"
},
{
"code": "enm",
"lang": "Middle English",
"sense": "strive in opposition",
"word": "macchen"
},
{
"code": "ang",
"lang": "Old English",
"sense": "strive in opposition",
"word": "flītan"
},
{
"code": "fa",
"lang": "Persian",
"roman": "setize kardan",
"sense": "strive in opposition",
"word": "ستیزه کردن"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "soperničatʹ",
"sense": "strive in opposition",
"word": "соперничать"
},
{
"code": "sa",
"lang": "Sanskrit",
"roman": "spardhate",
"sense": "strive in opposition",
"word": "स्पर्धते"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "strive in opposition",
"word": "contender"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "strive in opposition",
"word": "kämpa"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "strive in opposition",
"word": "strida"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "zmahátysja",
"sense": "strive in opposition",
"word": "змага́тися"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "borja se",
"sense": "struggle",
"word": "боря се"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "sražavam se",
"sense": "struggle",
"word": "сражавам се"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "struggle",
"word": "競爭"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "jìngzhēng",
"sense": "struggle",
"word": "竞争"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "struggle",
"word": "爭奪"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "zhēngduó",
"sense": "struggle",
"word": "争夺"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "struggle",
"word": "掙扎"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "zhēngzhá",
"sense": "struggle",
"word": "挣扎"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "struggle",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "snažit se"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "struggle",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "namáhat se"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "struggle",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "probíjet se"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "struggle",
"word": "bestrijden"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "struggle",
"word": "kamppailla"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "struggle",
"word": "verteidigen"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "struggle",
"word": "festhalten an"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "struggle",
"word": "ringen um"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "struggle",
"word": "kämpfen für"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "struggle",
"word": "kämpfen um"
},
{
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "struggle",
"word": "dīmicō"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "struggle",
"word": "kairapu"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "struggle",
"word": "kairapurapu"
},
{
"code": "non",
"lang": "Old Norse",
"sense": "struggle",
"word": "þreyta"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "borótʹsja",
"sense": "struggle",
"word": "боро́ться"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "struggle",
"word": "contender"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "borótysja",
"sense": "struggle",
"word": "боро́тися"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "sporja",
"sense": "strive in debate",
"word": "споря"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "strive in debate",
"word": "爭論"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "zhēnglùn",
"sense": "strive in debate",
"word": "争论"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "strive in debate",
"word": "辯論"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "biànlùn",
"sense": "strive in debate",
"word": "辩论"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "strive in debate",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "tvrdit"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "strive in debate",
"word": "betwisten"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "strive in debate",
"word": "väitellä"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "strive in debate",
"word": "sich einsetzen für"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "strive in debate",
"word": "argumentieren"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "strive in debate",
"word": "streiten für"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "strive in debate",
"word": "tauwhawhai"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "strive in debate",
"word": "taukumekume"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "utverždátʹ",
"sense": "strive in debate",
"word": "утвержда́ть"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "strive in debate",
"word": "sostener"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "sperečátysja",
"sense": "strive in debate",
"word": "спереча́тися"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "napoljaháty",
"sense": "strive in debate",
"word": "наполяга́ти"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "zastǎpvam",
"sense": "believe and argue",
"word": "застъпвам"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "believe and argue",
"word": "認為"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "rènwéi",
"sense": "believe and argue",
"word": "认为"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "believe and argue",
"word": "論證"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "lùnzhèng",
"sense": "believe and argue",
"word": "论证"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "believe and argue",
"word": "aantonen"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "believe and argue",
"word": "esittää"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "believe and argue",
"word": "väittää"
}
],
"word": "contend"
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-05-01 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-04-21 using wiktextract (f4fd8c9 and c9440ce). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.