See circulate in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "circulatable"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "circulation"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "circulative"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "circulator"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "cocirculate"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "intercirculate"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "miscirculate"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "recirculate"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "LL.",
"3": "circulātus"
},
"expansion": "Borrowed from Late Latin circulātus",
"name": "bor+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "perfect"
},
"expansion": "perfect",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
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},
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},
{
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},
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"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "LL.",
"3": "circulō",
"4": "",
"5": "to make circular, encircle"
},
"expansion": "Late Latin circulō (“to make circular, encircle”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
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"2": "-ate",
"id1": "verb",
"pos1": "verb-forming suffix"
},
"expansion": "-ate (verb-forming suffix)",
"name": "af"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "circulat",
"3": "circulat(e)",
"t": "(alchemy) changed by continuous distillation in a closed vessel"
},
"expansion": "Middle English circulat(e) (“(alchemy) changed by continuous distillation in a closed vessel”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from Late Latin circulātus, perfect passive participle of Late Latin circulō (“to make circular, encircle”) (see -ate (verb-forming suffix)), a later collateral form of circulor (“form a circle (of men) around oneself”), from circulus (“a circle”). See also Middle English circulat(e) (“(alchemy) changed by continuous distillation in a closed vessel”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "circulates",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "circulating",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "circulated",
"tags": [
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"past"
]
},
{
"form": "circulated",
"tags": [
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]
}
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}
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"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
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{
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{
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{
"_dis": "43 29 6 5 10 7",
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{
"_dis": "44 30 6 6 8 7",
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"name": "Terms with Esperanto translations",
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{
"_dis": "43 29 6 5 10 7",
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"name": "Terms with Finnish translations",
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{
"_dis": "39 26 8 8 9 9",
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{
"_dis": "43 29 6 5 10 7",
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{
"_dis": "43 29 6 5 10 7",
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{
"_dis": "43 28 6 5 10 7",
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{
"_dis": "41 27 4 15 7 5",
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},
{
"_dis": "44 30 6 6 8 7",
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"name": "Terms with Latin translations",
"parents": [],
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},
{
"_dis": "39 26 10 5 11 9",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Mandarin translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "38 25 6 5 15 10",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Ottoman Turkish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
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{
"_dis": "43 29 6 5 10 7",
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"name": "Terms with Romanian translations",
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{
"_dis": "43 29 7 6 8 7",
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"name": "Terms with Spanish translations",
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},
{
"_dis": "43 29 6 6 10 7",
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{
"_dis": "43 29 6 6 10 7",
"kind": "other",
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}
],
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"to move in circles or through a circuit"
],
"id": "en-circulate-en-verb-mDajxI3X",
"links": [
[
"move",
"move"
],
[
"circle",
"circle"
],
[
"circuit",
"circuit"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive) to move in circles or through a circuit"
],
"tags": [
"intransitive"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "57 38 2 1 1 1",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"lang_code": "bg",
"roman": "obikaljam",
"sense": "to move in circles",
"word": "обикалям"
},
{
"_dis1": "57 38 2 1 1 1",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"lang_code": "bg",
"roman": "krǎža",
"sense": "to move in circles",
"word": "кръжа"
},
{
"_dis1": "57 38 2 1 1 1",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"lang_code": "cmn",
"sense": "to move in circles",
"word": "环绕"
},
{
"_dis1": "57 38 2 1 1 1",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"lang_code": "cs",
"sense": "to move in circles",
"word": "obíhat"
},
{
"_dis1": "57 38 2 1 1 1",
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"lang_code": "eo",
"sense": "to move in circles",
"word": "cirkuladi"
},
{
"_dis1": "57 38 2 1 1 1",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"sense": "to move in circles",
"word": "kiertää"
},
{
"_dis1": "57 38 2 1 1 1",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"sense": "to move in circles",
"word": "pyöriä"
},
{
"_dis1": "57 38 2 1 1 1",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"sense": "to move in circles",
"word": "circuler"
},
{
"_dis1": "57 38 2 1 1 1",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"lang_code": "gl",
"sense": "to move in circles",
"word": "circular"
},
{
"_dis1": "57 38 2 1 1 1",
"code": "he",
"lang": "Hebrew",
"lang_code": "he",
"roman": "histovév",
"sense": "to move in circles",
"word": "הסתובב"
},
{
"_dis1": "57 38 2 1 1 1",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"lang_code": "it",
"sense": "to move in circles",
"word": "circolare"
},
{
"_dis1": "57 38 2 1 1 1",
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"sense": "to move in circles",
"word": "circumrotō"
},
{
"_dis1": "57 38 2 1 1 1",
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"lang_code": "mk",
"roman": "kruži",
"sense": "to move in circles",
"word": "кружи"
},
{
"_dis1": "57 38 2 1 1 1",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"sense": "to move in circles",
"word": "circular"
},
{
"_dis1": "57 38 2 1 1 1",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"lang_code": "ro",
"sense": "to move in circles",
"word": "cercui"
},
{
"_dis1": "57 38 2 1 1 1",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"lang_code": "ro",
"sense": "to move in circles",
"word": "a face cercuri"
},
{
"_dis1": "57 38 2 1 1 1",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"sense": "to move in circles",
"word": "circular"
},
{
"_dis1": "57 38 2 1 1 1",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"sense": "to move in circles",
"word": "cirkulera"
},
{
"_dis1": "57 38 2 1 1 1",
"code": "th",
"lang": "Thai",
"lang_code": "th",
"roman": "mǔn-wiian",
"sense": "to move in circles",
"word": "หมุนเวียน"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "26 36 23 3 6 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Czech translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "26 36 23 3 6 4",
"kind": "other",
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"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "24 33 21 11 6 4",
"kind": "other",
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"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "28 36 22 3 6 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Thai translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
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"to cause (a person or thing) to move in circles or through a circuit"
],
"id": "en-circulate-en-verb-o-h5GOoS",
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[
"circle",
"circle"
],
[
"circuit",
"circuit"
]
],
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"(transitive) to cause (a person or thing) to move in circles or through a circuit"
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
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"ref": "2025 April 21, Peter Stanford, “Pope Francis obituary”, in The Guardian:",
"text": "In both the 2005 and 2013 papal elections there were whispers circulating that back in 1976 Francis had failed to help the two priests in their hour of need.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to move from person to person, as at a party"
],
"id": "en-circulate-en-verb-EsdB9aql",
"links": [
[
"person",
"person"
],
[
"party",
"party"
]
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "4 16 78 0 0 1",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"sense": "to move from person to person",
"word": "kiertää"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 16 78 0 0 1",
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"lang_code": "mk",
"roman": "kruži",
"sense": "to move from person to person",
"word": "кружи"
}
]
},
{
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"kind": "other",
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}
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],
"text": "to circulate money or gossip",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to spread or disseminate"
],
"id": "en-circulate-en-verb-pig17mOp",
"links": [
[
"spread",
"spread"
],
[
"disseminate",
"disseminate"
]
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "2 1 0 95 1 1",
"code": "sq",
"lang": "Albanian",
"lang_code": "sq",
"sense": "to spread or disseminate",
"word": "qarkulloj"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 1 0 95 1 1",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"lang_code": "bg",
"roman": "razprostranjavam",
"sense": "to spread or disseminate",
"word": "разпространявам"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 1 0 95 1 1",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"lang_code": "cs",
"sense": "to spread or disseminate",
"word": "šířit"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 1 0 95 1 1",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"sense": "to spread or disseminate",
"word": "levittää"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 1 0 95 1 1",
"code": "he",
"lang": "Hebrew",
"lang_code": "he",
"roman": "hefíts",
"sense": "to spread or disseminate",
"word": "הפיץ"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 1 0 95 1 1",
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"lang_code": "ga",
"sense": "to spread or disseminate",
"word": "scaip"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 1 0 95 1 1",
"code": "ota",
"lang": "Ottoman Turkish",
"lang_code": "ota",
"roman": "yaymak",
"sense": "to spread or disseminate",
"word": "یایمق"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 1 0 95 1 1",
"code": "th",
"lang": "Thai",
"lang_code": "th",
"roman": "prɛ̂ɛ",
"sense": "to spread or disseminate",
"word": "แพร่"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 1 0 95 1 1",
"code": "th",
"lang": "Thai",
"lang_code": "th",
"sense": "to spread or disseminate",
"word": "แพร่กระจาย"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 1 0 95 1 1",
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"lang_code": "tr",
"sense": "to spread or disseminate",
"word": "yaymak"
}
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"to become widely known"
],
"id": "en-circulate-en-verb-vS2glQjs",
"links": [
[
"widely",
"widely"
],
[
"known",
"known"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Mathematics",
"orig": "en:Mathematics",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Of decimals: to repeat."
],
"id": "en-circulate-en-verb-GIWs-GES",
"links": [
[
"mathematics",
"mathematics"
],
[
"decimal",
"decimal"
],
[
"repeat",
"repeat"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(mathematics) Of decimals: to repeat."
],
"topics": [
"mathematics",
"sciences"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"enpr": "sər'kyo͝o-lāt"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈsɚ.kjʊˌleɪt/"
},
{
"audio": "En-us-circulate.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3c/En-us-circulate.ogg/En-us-circulate.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/En-us-circulate.ogg"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "put about"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "spread"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "disseminate"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "47 49 2 1 1 1",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"sense": "to cause to move in circles",
"word": "kierittää"
},
{
"_dis1": "47 49 2 1 1 1",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"sense": "to cause to move in circles",
"word": "pyörittää"
},
{
"_dis1": "47 49 2 1 1 1",
"code": "he",
"lang": "Hebrew",
"lang_code": "he",
"roman": "sovév",
"sense": "to cause to move in circles",
"word": "סובב"
}
],
"word": "circulate"
}
{
"categories": [
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"English terms derived from Late Latin",
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"Entries with translation boxes",
"Pages with 4 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Requests for review of Esperanto translations",
"Requests for review of French translations",
"Requests for review of Spanish translations",
"Terms with Albanian translations",
"Terms with Bulgarian translations",
"Terms with Czech translations",
"Terms with Esperanto translations",
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"Terms with Hebrew translations",
"Terms with Irish translations",
"Terms with Italian translations",
"Terms with Latin translations",
"Terms with Macedonian translations",
"Terms with Mandarin translations",
"Terms with Ottoman Turkish translations",
"Terms with Portuguese translations",
"Terms with Romanian translations",
"Terms with Spanish translations",
"Terms with Swedish translations",
"Terms with Thai translations",
"Terms with Turkish translations"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "circulatable"
},
{
"word": "circulation"
},
{
"word": "circulative"
},
{
"word": "circulator"
},
{
"word": "cocirculate"
},
{
"word": "intercirculate"
},
{
"word": "miscirculate"
},
{
"word": "recirculate"
}
],
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{
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"2": "LL.",
"3": "circulātus"
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{
"args": {
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},
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{
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{
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"name": "glossary"
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{
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"3": "circulō",
"4": "",
"5": "to make circular, encircle"
},
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"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
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"2": "-ate",
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"name": "af"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "circulat",
"3": "circulat(e)",
"t": "(alchemy) changed by continuous distillation in a closed vessel"
},
"expansion": "Middle English circulat(e) (“(alchemy) changed by continuous distillation in a closed vessel”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from Late Latin circulātus, perfect passive participle of Late Latin circulō (“to make circular, encircle”) (see -ate (verb-forming suffix)), a later collateral form of circulor (“form a circle (of men) around oneself”), from circulus (“a circle”). See also Middle English circulat(e) (“(alchemy) changed by continuous distillation in a closed vessel”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "circulates",
"tags": [
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"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "circulating",
"tags": [
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},
{
"form": "circulated",
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]
},
{
"form": "circulated",
"tags": [
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]
}
],
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}
],
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"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English intransitive verbs"
],
"glosses": [
"to move in circles or through a circuit"
],
"links": [
[
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"move"
],
[
"circle",
"circle"
],
[
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"circuit"
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"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive) to move in circles or through a circuit"
],
"tags": [
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]
},
{
"categories": [
"English transitive verbs"
],
"glosses": [
"to cause (a person or thing) to move in circles or through a circuit"
],
"links": [
[
"circle",
"circle"
],
[
"circuit",
"circuit"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) to cause (a person or thing) to move in circles or through a circuit"
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
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73
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],
"ref": "2025 April 21, Peter Stanford, “Pope Francis obituary”, in The Guardian:",
"text": "In both the 2005 and 2013 papal elections there were whispers circulating that back in 1976 Francis had failed to help the two priests in their hour of need.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to move from person to person, as at a party"
],
"links": [
[
"person",
"person"
],
[
"party",
"party"
]
]
},
{
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],
"examples": [
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"text": "to circulate money or gossip",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to spread or disseminate"
],
"links": [
[
"spread",
"spread"
],
[
"disseminate",
"disseminate"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"to become widely known"
],
"links": [
[
"widely",
"widely"
],
[
"known",
"known"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"en:Mathematics"
],
"glosses": [
"Of decimals: to repeat."
],
"links": [
[
"mathematics",
"mathematics"
],
[
"decimal",
"decimal"
],
[
"repeat",
"repeat"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(mathematics) Of decimals: to repeat."
],
"topics": [
"mathematics",
"sciences"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"enpr": "sər'kyo͝o-lāt"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈsɚ.kjʊˌleɪt/"
},
{
"audio": "En-us-circulate.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3c/En-us-circulate.ogg/En-us-circulate.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/En-us-circulate.ogg"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "put about"
},
{
"word": "spread"
},
{
"word": "disseminate"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"lang_code": "bg",
"roman": "obikaljam",
"sense": "to move in circles",
"word": "обикалям"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"lang_code": "bg",
"roman": "krǎža",
"sense": "to move in circles",
"word": "кръжа"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"lang_code": "cmn",
"sense": "to move in circles",
"word": "环绕"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"lang_code": "cs",
"sense": "to move in circles",
"word": "obíhat"
},
{
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"lang_code": "eo",
"sense": "to move in circles",
"word": "cirkuladi"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"sense": "to move in circles",
"word": "kiertää"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"sense": "to move in circles",
"word": "pyöriä"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"sense": "to move in circles",
"word": "circuler"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"lang_code": "gl",
"sense": "to move in circles",
"word": "circular"
},
{
"code": "he",
"lang": "Hebrew",
"lang_code": "he",
"roman": "histovév",
"sense": "to move in circles",
"word": "הסתובב"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"lang_code": "it",
"sense": "to move in circles",
"word": "circolare"
},
{
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"sense": "to move in circles",
"word": "circumrotō"
},
{
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"lang_code": "mk",
"roman": "kruži",
"sense": "to move in circles",
"word": "кружи"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"sense": "to move in circles",
"word": "circular"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"lang_code": "ro",
"sense": "to move in circles",
"word": "cercui"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"lang_code": "ro",
"sense": "to move in circles",
"word": "a face cercuri"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"sense": "to move in circles",
"word": "circular"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"sense": "to move in circles",
"word": "cirkulera"
},
{
"code": "th",
"lang": "Thai",
"lang_code": "th",
"roman": "mǔn-wiian",
"sense": "to move in circles",
"word": "หมุนเวียน"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"sense": "to cause to move in circles",
"word": "kierittää"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"sense": "to cause to move in circles",
"word": "pyörittää"
},
{
"code": "he",
"lang": "Hebrew",
"lang_code": "he",
"roman": "sovév",
"sense": "to cause to move in circles",
"word": "סובב"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"sense": "to move from person to person",
"word": "kiertää"
},
{
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"lang_code": "mk",
"roman": "kruži",
"sense": "to move from person to person",
"word": "кружи"
},
{
"code": "sq",
"lang": "Albanian",
"lang_code": "sq",
"sense": "to spread or disseminate",
"word": "qarkulloj"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"lang_code": "bg",
"roman": "razprostranjavam",
"sense": "to spread or disseminate",
"word": "разпространявам"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"lang_code": "cs",
"sense": "to spread or disseminate",
"word": "šířit"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"sense": "to spread or disseminate",
"word": "levittää"
},
{
"code": "he",
"lang": "Hebrew",
"lang_code": "he",
"roman": "hefíts",
"sense": "to spread or disseminate",
"word": "הפיץ"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"lang_code": "ga",
"sense": "to spread or disseminate",
"word": "scaip"
},
{
"code": "ota",
"lang": "Ottoman Turkish",
"lang_code": "ota",
"roman": "yaymak",
"sense": "to spread or disseminate",
"word": "یایمق"
},
{
"code": "th",
"lang": "Thai",
"lang_code": "th",
"roman": "prɛ̂ɛ",
"sense": "to spread or disseminate",
"word": "แพร่"
},
{
"code": "th",
"lang": "Thai",
"lang_code": "th",
"sense": "to spread or disseminate",
"word": "แพร่กระจาย"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"lang_code": "tr",
"sense": "to spread or disseminate",
"word": "yaymak"
}
],
"word": "circulate"
}
Download raw JSONL data for circulate meaning in English (9.2kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-12-23 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-12-02 using wiktextract (6fdc867 and 9905b1f). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.