See black swan in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
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"ref": "1843, John Stuart Mill, “Of the Ground of Induction”, in A System of Logic, Ratiocinative and Inductive, being a Connected View of the Principles of Evidence, and the Methods of Scientific Investigation. […], volume I, London: John W[illiam] Parker, […], →OCLC, § 3, page 379:",
"text": "Mankind were wrong, it seems, in concluding that all swans were white: are we also wrong, when we conclude that all men's heads grow above their shoulders, and never below, in spite of the conflicting testimony of the naturalist Pliny? As there were black swans, though civilised people had existed for three thousand years on the earth without meeting with them, may there not also be \"men whose heads do grow beneath their shoulders,\" notwithstanding a rather less perfect unanimity of negative testimony from all observers? Most persons would answer No; it was more credible that a bird should vary in its colour, than that man should vary in the relative position of his principal organs.",
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"ref": "1884 summer, Charles Sanders Peirce, “On the Algebra of Logic (Second Paper) [Item 22, MS 508]”, in Christian J. W. Kloesel [et al.], editors, Writings of Charles S. Peirce: A Chronological Edition, volumes 5 (1884–1886), Bloomington; Indianapolis, Ind.: Indiana University Press, published 1993, →ISBN, page 111:",
"text": "If you tell me that there is or that there is not a black swan or a white raven, I want to know where you mean; and that you can only show me,—no description will answer the purpose.",
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"ref": "1961, Harold Jeffreys, “Estimation Problems”, in Theory of Probability (Oxford Classic Texts in the Physical Sciences), 3rd edition, Oxford, Oxfordshire: Clarendon Press, published 2003, →ISBN, paragraph 3.21, page 132:",
"text": "The original propounder of 'all swans are white' presumably based it on a sample of hundreds or thousands; but the verifications before the Australian black swan was discovered must have run into millions",
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"ref": "1999, G. D’Agostini, “Bayesian Reasoning versus Conventional Statistics in High Energy Physics”, in Wolfgang von der Linden, Volker Dose, Rainer Fischer, Roland Preuss, editors, Maximum Entropy and Bayesian Methods: Garching, Germany 1998: Proceedings of the 18th International Workshop on Maximum Entropy and Bayesian Methods of Statistical Analysis (Fundamental Theories of Physic; 105), Dordrecht, South Holland: Springer Science+Business Media, →DOI, →ISBN, footnote 19, page 166:",
"text": "This concept of \"observation\" is not like that of seeing a black swan, to mention a famous classical example. New particles leave signatures in the detector that on an event by event basis cannot be distinguished by other processes (background).",
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"lang": "Estonian",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "mustluik"
},
{
"_dis1": "95 5 0",
"code": "fo",
"lang": "Faroese",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "svartisvanur"
},
{
"_dis1": "95 5 0",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "mustajoutsen"
},
{
"_dis1": "95 5 0",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "cygne noir"
},
{
"_dis1": "95 5 0",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "cisne negro"
},
{
"_dis1": "95 5 0",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "Trauerschwan"
},
{
"_dis1": "95 5 0",
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "mávros kýknos",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "μαύρος κύκνος"
},
{
"_dis1": "95 5 0",
"code": "he",
"lang": "Hebrew",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "ברבור שחור"
},
{
"_dis1": "95 5 0",
"code": "hi",
"lang": "Hindi",
"roman": "kālā hans",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "काला हंस"
},
{
"_dis1": "95 5 0",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "fekete hattyú"
},
{
"_dis1": "95 5 0",
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "svartsvanur"
},
{
"_dis1": "95 5 0",
"code": "id",
"lang": "Indonesian",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "angsa hitam"
},
{
"_dis1": "95 5 0",
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "eala dhubh"
},
{
"_dis1": "95 5 0",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "cigno nero"
},
{
"_dis1": "95 5 0",
"alt": "こくちょう, コクチョウ, kokuchō",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "黒鳥"
},
{
"_dis1": "95 5 0",
"code": "kbd",
"lang": "Kabardian",
"roman": "qəwufʼəcʼɛ",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "къыуфӏыцӏэ"
},
{
"_dis1": "95 5 0",
"code": "kn",
"lang": "Kannada",
"roman": "kappu haṃsa",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "ಕಪ್ಪು ಹಂಸ"
},
{
"_dis1": "95 5 0",
"code": "ko",
"lang": "Korean",
"roman": "heukgoni",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "흑고니"
},
{
"_dis1": "95 5 0",
"code": "kum",
"lang": "Kumyk",
"roman": "qara quw",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "къара къув"
},
{
"_dis1": "95 5 0",
"code": "lv",
"lang": "Latvian",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "melnais gulbis"
},
{
"_dis1": "95 5 0",
"code": "lt",
"lang": "Lithuanian",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "juodoji gulbė"
},
{
"_dis1": "95 5 0",
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"roman": "crn lebed",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "црн лебед"
},
{
"_dis1": "95 5 0",
"code": "ms",
"lang": "Malay",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "joyinah hitam"
},
{
"_dis1": "95 5 0",
"code": "ml",
"lang": "Malayalam",
"roman": "kaṟutta arayannaṁ",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "കറുത്ത അരയന്നം"
},
{
"_dis1": "95 5 0",
"code": "mrj",
"lang": "Western Mari",
"roman": "šim jüksÿ",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "шим йӱксӹ"
},
{
"_dis1": "95 5 0",
"code": "nv",
"lang": "Navajo",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "dééshzhiin"
},
{
"_dis1": "95 5 0",
"code": "se",
"lang": "Northern Sami",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "čáhppesnjukča"
},
{
"_dis1": "95 5 0",
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine"
],
"word": "svartsvane"
},
{
"_dis1": "95 5 0",
"code": "nn",
"lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "svartsvane"
},
{
"_dis1": "95 5 0",
"code": "nys",
"lang": "Nyunga",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "maali"
},
{
"_dis1": "95 5 0",
"code": "oc",
"lang": "Occitan",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "cicne negre"
},
{
"_dis1": "95 5 0",
"code": "ota",
"lang": "Ottoman Turkish",
"roman": "kara kuğu",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "قره قوغو"
},
{
"_dis1": "95 5 0",
"code": "fa",
"lang": "Persian",
"roman": "qu-ye siyâh",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "قوی سیاه"
},
{
"_dis1": "95 5 0",
"code": "pcd",
"lang": "Picard",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "chin·nhe nòre"
},
{
"_dis1": "95 5 0",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "łabędź czarny"
},
{
"_dis1": "95 5 0",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "cisne-negro"
},
{
"_dis1": "95 5 0",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "lebădă neagră"
},
{
"_dis1": "95 5 0",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "čórnyj lébedʹ",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "чёрный ле́бедь"
},
{
"_dis1": "95 5 0",
"code": "sc",
"lang": "Sardinian",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "sìsini nieddu"
},
{
"_dis1": "95 5 0",
"code": "gd",
"lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "eala dhubh"
},
{
"_dis1": "95 5 0",
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"tags": [
"Cyrillic",
"masculine"
],
"word": "цр̑нӣ ла̏бӯд"
},
{
"_dis1": "95 5 0",
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"tags": [
"Roman"
],
"word": "cȓnī lȁbūd"
},
{
"_dis1": "95 5 0",
"code": "sk",
"lang": "Slovak",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "labuť čierna"
},
{
"_dis1": "95 5 0",
"code": "sl",
"lang": "Slovene",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "črni labod"
},
{
"_dis1": "95 5 0",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "cisne negro"
},
{
"_dis1": "95 5 0",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "svart svan"
},
{
"_dis1": "95 5 0",
"code": "ta",
"lang": "Tamil",
"roman": "kaṟuppu aṉṉam",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "கறுப்பு அன்னம்"
},
{
"_dis1": "95 5 0",
"code": "th",
"lang": "Thai",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "หงส์ดำ"
},
{
"_dis1": "95 5 0",
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "kara kuğu"
},
{
"_dis1": "95 5 0",
"code": "udm",
"lang": "Udmurt",
"roman": "śöd juś",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "сьӧд юсь"
},
{
"_dis1": "95 5 0",
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "čornyj lebidʹ",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "чорний лебідь"
},
{
"_dis1": "95 5 0",
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "lebidʹ čornyj",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "лебідь чорний"
},
{
"_dis1": "95 5 0",
"code": "vi",
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "thiên nga đen"
},
{
"_dis1": "95 5 0",
"code": "wth",
"lang": "Wathaurong",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "kunawarr"
},
{
"_dis1": "95 5 0",
"code": "cy",
"lang": "Welsh",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "alarch du"
},
{
"_dis1": "95 5 0",
"code": "fy",
"lang": "West Frisian",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "swarte swan"
},
{
"_dis1": "95 5 0",
"code": "pnb",
"lang": "Western Panjabi",
"roman": "qu-ye siyâh",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "کالا ہنس"
},
{
"_dis1": "95 5 0",
"code": "wyi",
"lang": "Woiwurrung",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "gannawarra"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "49 43 8",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "(something extremely rare):"
},
{
"ref": "1605 (date written), Iohn Day [i.e., John Day], The Ile of Guls. […], London: […] [John Trundle], and are to bee sold by Iohn Hodgets […], published 1606, →OCLC, signature [D4], verso:",
"text": "I do but ſpeake in the perſon of Demetrius, & vnder Hippolita ſhadovv vvhat I intend to the rare, and neuer enough vvondred at Moſpa, the black ſvvan of beauty, & madg-hovvled of admiration.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1743, Henry Fielding, “Part of Juvenal’s Sixth Satire, Modernized in Burlesque Verse”, in Miscellanies, […], volume I, London: […] A[ndrew] Millar, […], →OCLC, page 97:",
"text": "A Virgin too, untouch'd, and chaſte, / VVhom Man ne'er took about the VVaiſte. / She's a rare Bird! find her vvho can, / And much reſembling a black Svvan.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Something believed impossible or not to exist, especially if an example is subsequently found; also, something extremely rare; a rara avis."
],
"id": "en-black_swan-en-noun-en:impossible",
"links": [
[
"believe",
"believe"
],
[
"impossible",
"impossible#Adjective"
],
[
"exist",
"exist"
],
[
"example",
"example#Noun"
],
[
"found",
"find#Verb"
],
[
"extremely",
"extremely"
],
[
"rare",
"rare"
],
[
"rara avis",
"rara avis"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(figurative)",
"Something believed impossible or not to exist, especially if an example is subsequently found; also, something extremely rare; a rara avis."
],
"senseid": [
"en:impossible"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "rare bird"
},
{
"word": "rarity"
},
{
"word": "unicorn"
},
{
"word": "rarity"
}
],
"tags": [
"figuratively"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "2 97 1",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "hēitiān'é",
"sense": "something believed impossible or not to exist, especially if an example is subsequently found",
"word": "黑天鵝 /黑天鹅"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 97 1",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "something believed impossible or not to exist, especially if an example is subsequently found",
"word": "musta joutsen"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 97 1",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "something believed impossible or not to exist, especially if an example is subsequently found",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "cygne noir"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 97 1",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "something believed impossible or not to exist, especially if an example is subsequently found",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "mosca bianca"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 97 1",
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "something believed impossible or not to exist, especially if an example is subsequently found",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "rara avis"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 97 1",
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "something believed impossible or not to exist, especially if an example is subsequently found",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine"
],
"word": "sort svane"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 97 1",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "something believed impossible or not to exist, especially if an example is subsequently found",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "leprechaun"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 97 1",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "something believed impossible or not to exist, especially if an example is subsequently found",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"person"
],
"word": "mirlo blanco"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "2007, Nassim Nicholas Taleb, “Prologue”, in The Black Swan: The Impact of the Highly Improbable, New York, N.Y.: Random House, →ISBN, page xviii:",
"text": "A small number of Black Swans explain almost everything in our world, from the success of ideas and religions, to the dynamics of historical events, to elements of our own personal lives. […] Fads, epidemics, fashion, ideas, the emergence of art genres and schools. All follow these Black Swan dynamics.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2011 March 19, Jeff Sommer, “A crisis that markets can’t grasp”, in The New York Times, New York, N.Y.: The New York Times Company, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-02-03:",
"text": "The details of this catastrophe [the 2011 Fukushima nuclear accident] were unforeseeable, leading some to conclude this was a black swan event – something so wildly unexpected, so enormous in its impact, that it seems to defy our understanding and expose the fragility of our knowledge of the world. How could anyone have predicted this? […] In the face of black swans – also known as fat-tail events, for the way their occurrences are distributed along a probability curve – market pricing may be impossible.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2011 June 29, Azam Ahmed, “New investment strategy: Preparing for end times”, in The New York Times, New York, N.Y.: The New York Times Company, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2022-12-23:",
"text": "Worried that Greece could go belly up? So-called black swan funds – named for rare and unexpected events – offer a way to profit in the event of a market collapse.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A rare and hard-to-predict event with major consequences."
],
"id": "en-black_swan-en-noun-en:rare_event",
"links": [
[
"hard",
"hard#Adjective"
],
[
"predict",
"predict#Verb"
],
[
"event",
"event#Noun"
],
[
"major",
"major#Adjective"
],
[
"consequences",
"consequence#Noun"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(figurative)",
"(specifically, also attributive) A rare and hard-to-predict event with major consequences."
],
"senseid": [
"en:rare event"
],
"tags": [
"also",
"attributive",
"figuratively",
"specifically"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "1 13 86",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "hēitiān'é",
"sense": "rare and hard-to-predict event with major consequences",
"word": "黑天鵝 /黑天鹅"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 13 86",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "rare and hard-to-predict event with major consequences",
"word": "musta joutsen"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/blæk ˈswɒn/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/blæk ˈswɑn/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"audio": "En-us-black swan.oga",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/26/En-us-black_swan.oga/En-us-black_swan.oga.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/26/En-us-black_swan.oga"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɒn"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Juvenal",
"Nassim Nicholas Taleb",
"Random House",
"The Black Swan: The Impact of the Highly Improbable"
],
"word": "black swan"
}
{
"categories": [
"English adjective-noun compound nouns",
"English compound terms",
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English multiword terms",
"English nouns",
"English terms calqued from Latin",
"English terms derived from Latin",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"Entries with translation boxes",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Rhymes:English/ɒn",
"Rhymes:English/ɒn/2 syllables",
"Terms with Afrikaans translations",
"Terms with Albanian translations",
"Terms with Arabic translations",
"Terms with Armenian translations",
"Terms with Azerbaijani translations",
"Terms with Basque translations",
"Terms with Belarusian translations",
"Terms with Bengali translations",
"Terms with Breton translations",
"Terms with Bulgarian translations",
"Terms with Burmese translations",
"Terms with Catalan translations",
"Terms with Czech translations",
"Terms with Danish translations",
"Terms with Dutch translations",
"Terms with Esperanto translations",
"Terms with Estonian translations",
"Terms with Faroese translations",
"Terms with Finnish translations",
"Terms with French translations",
"Terms with Galician translations",
"Terms with German translations",
"Terms with Greek translations",
"Terms with Hebrew translations",
"Terms with Hindi translations",
"Terms with Hungarian translations",
"Terms with Icelandic translations",
"Terms with Indonesian translations",
"Terms with Irish translations",
"Terms with Italian translations",
"Terms with Japanese translations",
"Terms with Kabardian translations",
"Terms with Kannada translations",
"Terms with Korean translations",
"Terms with Kumyk translations",
"Terms with Latin translations",
"Terms with Latvian translations",
"Terms with Lithuanian translations",
"Terms with Macedonian translations",
"Terms with Malay translations",
"Terms with Malayalam translations",
"Terms with Mandarin translations",
"Terms with Navajo translations",
"Terms with Northern Sami translations",
"Terms with Norwegian Bokmål translations",
"Terms with Norwegian Nynorsk translations",
"Terms with Nyunga translations",
"Terms with Occitan translations",
"Terms with Ottoman Turkish translations",
"Terms with Persian translations",
"Terms with Picard translations",
"Terms with Polish translations",
"Terms with Portuguese translations",
"Terms with Punjabi translations",
"Terms with Romanian translations",
"Terms with Russian translations",
"Terms with Sardinian translations",
"Terms with Scottish Gaelic translations",
"Terms with Serbo-Croatian translations",
"Terms with Slovak translations",
"Terms with Slovene translations",
"Terms with Spanish translations",
"Terms with Swedish translations",
"Terms with Tamil translations",
"Terms with Thai translations",
"Terms with Turkish translations",
"Terms with Udmurt translations",
"Terms with Ukrainian translations",
"Terms with Vietnamese translations",
"Terms with Wathaurong translations",
"Terms with Welsh translations",
"Terms with West Frisian translations",
"Terms with Western Mari translations",
"Terms with Woiwurrung translations",
"en:Swans"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "black swan event"
},
{
"word": "black swan fallacy"
},
{
"word": "black swan theory"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "Cygnus atratus",
"2": "species"
},
"expansion": "Cygnus atratus",
"name": "taxfmt"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en"
},
"expansion": "English",
"name": "langname"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "swan"
},
"expansion": "sense 1",
"name": "senseno"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "blak swan"
},
"expansion": "Middle English blak swan",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "calque",
"2": "calqued"
},
"expansion": "calqued",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "-",
"notext": "1"
},
"expansion": "Latin",
"name": "calque"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "B.C.E.",
"name": "B.C.E."
},
{
"args": {
"1": "a Dissertation on the Life and Writings of Juvenal; a Treatise on Latin Versification; and an Index, Historical, Geographical, Explanatory, and Referential. ... A New Edition, Critically Revised, Improved, and Linearly Arranged, from the Original Version of the Rev. John Stirling, D.D."
},
"expansion": "[…]",
"name": "nb..."
},
{
"args": {
"1": "25, Parliament Street"
},
"expansion": "[…]",
"name": "nb..."
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Paternoster Row; Whittaker and Co. Ave Maria Lane; and Simpkin and Marshall, Stationers’ Hall Court."
},
"expansion": "[…]",
"name": "nb..."
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "black",
"3": "swan"
},
"expansion": "black + swan",
"name": "com"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en"
},
"expansion": "English",
"name": "langname"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "impossible",
"uc": "1"
},
"expansion": "Sense 2.1",
"name": "senseno"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en"
},
"expansion": "English",
"name": "langname"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "rare event",
"uc": "1"
},
"expansion": "Sense 2.2",
"name": "senseno"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English blak swan, calqued from a Latin quotation from Satire VI (written late 1st century – early 2nd century B.C.E.) of the Roman poet Juvenal: “Rara avis in terris, nigroque simillima cygno [a bird as rare upon the earth as a black swan]!”. Equivalent to black + swan.\nSense 2.1 (“something believed impossible or not to exist”) is from the fact that all swans were thought to have white plumage until black swans were discovered in Australia in the 17th century by Dutch explorers. Sense 2.2 (“rare and hard-to-predict event”) was popularized by the Lebanese-American author Nassim Nicholas Taleb (born 1960) in his book The Black Swan: The Impact of the Highly Improbable (2007): see the quotation.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "black swans",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "black swan (plural black swans)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"hypernyms": [
{
"english": "family",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "Anatidae"
},
{
"english": "subfamily",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "Anserinae"
},
{
"english": "genus",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "Cygnus"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"word": "tail risk"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1843, John Stuart Mill, “Of the Ground of Induction”, in A System of Logic, Ratiocinative and Inductive, being a Connected View of the Principles of Evidence, and the Methods of Scientific Investigation. […], volume I, London: John W[illiam] Parker, […], →OCLC, § 3, page 379:",
"text": "Mankind were wrong, it seems, in concluding that all swans were white: are we also wrong, when we conclude that all men's heads grow above their shoulders, and never below, in spite of the conflicting testimony of the naturalist Pliny? As there were black swans, though civilised people had existed for three thousand years on the earth without meeting with them, may there not also be \"men whose heads do grow beneath their shoulders,\" notwithstanding a rather less perfect unanimity of negative testimony from all observers? Most persons would answer No; it was more credible that a bird should vary in its colour, than that man should vary in the relative position of his principal organs.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1884 summer, Charles Sanders Peirce, “On the Algebra of Logic (Second Paper) [Item 22, MS 508]”, in Christian J. W. Kloesel [et al.], editors, Writings of Charles S. Peirce: A Chronological Edition, volumes 5 (1884–1886), Bloomington; Indianapolis, Ind.: Indiana University Press, published 1993, →ISBN, page 111:",
"text": "If you tell me that there is or that there is not a black swan or a white raven, I want to know where you mean; and that you can only show me,—no description will answer the purpose.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1961, Harold Jeffreys, “Estimation Problems”, in Theory of Probability (Oxford Classic Texts in the Physical Sciences), 3rd edition, Oxford, Oxfordshire: Clarendon Press, published 2003, →ISBN, paragraph 3.21, page 132:",
"text": "The original propounder of 'all swans are white' presumably based it on a sample of hundreds or thousands; but the verifications before the Australian black swan was discovered must have run into millions",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1999, G. D’Agostini, “Bayesian Reasoning versus Conventional Statistics in High Energy Physics”, in Wolfgang von der Linden, Volker Dose, Rainer Fischer, Roland Preuss, editors, Maximum Entropy and Bayesian Methods: Garching, Germany 1998: Proceedings of the 18th International Workshop on Maximum Entropy and Bayesian Methods of Statistical Analysis (Fundamental Theories of Physic; 105), Dordrecht, South Holland: Springer Science+Business Media, →DOI, →ISBN, footnote 19, page 166:",
"text": "This concept of \"observation\" is not like that of seeing a black swan, to mention a famous classical example. New particles leave signatures in the detector that on an event by event basis cannot be distinguished by other processes (background).",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Cygnus atratus, a swan with black plumage and a red bill which is endemic to Australia."
],
"links": [
[
"Cygnus atratus",
"Cygnus atratus#Translingual"
],
[
"swan",
"swan#Noun"
],
[
"black",
"black#Adjective"
],
[
"plumage",
"plumage"
],
[
"red",
"red#Adjective"
],
[
"bill",
"bill#Noun"
],
[
"endemic",
"endemic#Adjective"
],
[
"Australia",
"Australia"
]
],
"senseid": [
"en:swan"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "(something extremely rare):"
},
{
"ref": "1605 (date written), Iohn Day [i.e., John Day], The Ile of Guls. […], London: […] [John Trundle], and are to bee sold by Iohn Hodgets […], published 1606, →OCLC, signature [D4], verso:",
"text": "I do but ſpeake in the perſon of Demetrius, & vnder Hippolita ſhadovv vvhat I intend to the rare, and neuer enough vvondred at Moſpa, the black ſvvan of beauty, & madg-hovvled of admiration.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1743, Henry Fielding, “Part of Juvenal’s Sixth Satire, Modernized in Burlesque Verse”, in Miscellanies, […], volume I, London: […] A[ndrew] Millar, […], →OCLC, page 97:",
"text": "A Virgin too, untouch'd, and chaſte, / VVhom Man ne'er took about the VVaiſte. / She's a rare Bird! find her vvho can, / And much reſembling a black Svvan.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Something believed impossible or not to exist, especially if an example is subsequently found; also, something extremely rare; a rara avis."
],
"links": [
[
"believe",
"believe"
],
[
"impossible",
"impossible#Adjective"
],
[
"exist",
"exist"
],
[
"example",
"example#Noun"
],
[
"found",
"find#Verb"
],
[
"extremely",
"extremely"
],
[
"rare",
"rare"
],
[
"rara avis",
"rara avis"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(figurative)",
"Something believed impossible or not to exist, especially if an example is subsequently found; also, something extremely rare; a rara avis."
],
"senseid": [
"en:impossible"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "rare bird"
},
{
"word": "rarity"
},
{
"word": "unicorn"
},
{
"word": "rarity"
}
],
"tags": [
"figuratively"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "2007, Nassim Nicholas Taleb, “Prologue”, in The Black Swan: The Impact of the Highly Improbable, New York, N.Y.: Random House, →ISBN, page xviii:",
"text": "A small number of Black Swans explain almost everything in our world, from the success of ideas and religions, to the dynamics of historical events, to elements of our own personal lives. […] Fads, epidemics, fashion, ideas, the emergence of art genres and schools. All follow these Black Swan dynamics.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2011 March 19, Jeff Sommer, “A crisis that markets can’t grasp”, in The New York Times, New York, N.Y.: The New York Times Company, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-02-03:",
"text": "The details of this catastrophe [the 2011 Fukushima nuclear accident] were unforeseeable, leading some to conclude this was a black swan event – something so wildly unexpected, so enormous in its impact, that it seems to defy our understanding and expose the fragility of our knowledge of the world. How could anyone have predicted this? […] In the face of black swans – also known as fat-tail events, for the way their occurrences are distributed along a probability curve – market pricing may be impossible.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2011 June 29, Azam Ahmed, “New investment strategy: Preparing for end times”, in The New York Times, New York, N.Y.: The New York Times Company, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2022-12-23:",
"text": "Worried that Greece could go belly up? So-called black swan funds – named for rare and unexpected events – offer a way to profit in the event of a market collapse.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A rare and hard-to-predict event with major consequences."
],
"links": [
[
"hard",
"hard#Adjective"
],
[
"predict",
"predict#Verb"
],
[
"event",
"event#Noun"
],
[
"major",
"major#Adjective"
],
[
"consequences",
"consequence#Noun"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(figurative)",
"(specifically, also attributive) A rare and hard-to-predict event with major consequences."
],
"senseid": [
"en:rare event"
],
"tags": [
"also",
"attributive",
"figuratively",
"specifically"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/blæk ˈswɒn/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/blæk ˈswɑn/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"audio": "En-us-black swan.oga",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/26/En-us-black_swan.oga/En-us-black_swan.oga.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/26/En-us-black_swan.oga"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɒn"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "af",
"lang": "Afrikaans",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "swartswaan"
},
{
"code": "sq",
"lang": "Albanian",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "mjellma e zezë"
},
{
"code": "ar",
"lang": "Arabic",
"roman": "tamm ʔaswad",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "تَمّ أَسْوَد"
},
{
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"roman": "sew karap",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "սև կարապ"
},
{
"code": "az",
"lang": "Azerbaijani",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "qara qu quşu"
},
{
"code": "eu",
"lang": "Basque",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "beltxarga beltz"
},
{
"code": "be",
"lang": "Belarusian",
"roman": "čórny ljebjedzʹ",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "чорны лебедзь"
},
{
"code": "bn",
"lang": "Bengali",
"roman": "kalō rajohãs",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "কালো রাজহাঁস"
},
{
"code": "br",
"lang": "Breton",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "alarc'h du"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "čéren lébed",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "че́рен ле́бед"
},
{
"code": "my",
"lang": "Burmese",
"roman": "ngan:nak",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "ငန်းနက်"
},
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "cigne negre"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "hēitiān'é",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "黑天鵝 /黑天鹅"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "labuť černá"
},
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "sortsvane"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "zwarte zwaan"
},
{
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "nigra cigno"
},
{
"code": "et",
"lang": "Estonian",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "mustluik"
},
{
"code": "fo",
"lang": "Faroese",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "svartisvanur"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "mustajoutsen"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "cygne noir"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "cisne negro"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "Trauerschwan"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "mávros kýknos",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "μαύρος κύκνος"
},
{
"code": "he",
"lang": "Hebrew",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "ברבור שחור"
},
{
"code": "hi",
"lang": "Hindi",
"roman": "kālā hans",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "काला हंस"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "fekete hattyú"
},
{
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "svartsvanur"
},
{
"code": "id",
"lang": "Indonesian",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "angsa hitam"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "eala dhubh"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "cigno nero"
},
{
"alt": "こくちょう, コクチョウ, kokuchō",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "黒鳥"
},
{
"code": "kbd",
"lang": "Kabardian",
"roman": "qəwufʼəcʼɛ",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "къыуфӏыцӏэ"
},
{
"code": "kn",
"lang": "Kannada",
"roman": "kappu haṃsa",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "ಕಪ್ಪು ಹಂಸ"
},
{
"code": "ko",
"lang": "Korean",
"roman": "heukgoni",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "흑고니"
},
{
"code": "kum",
"lang": "Kumyk",
"roman": "qara quw",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "къара къув"
},
{
"code": "lv",
"lang": "Latvian",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "melnais gulbis"
},
{
"code": "lt",
"lang": "Lithuanian",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "juodoji gulbė"
},
{
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"roman": "crn lebed",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "црн лебед"
},
{
"code": "ms",
"lang": "Malay",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "joyinah hitam"
},
{
"code": "ml",
"lang": "Malayalam",
"roman": "kaṟutta arayannaṁ",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "കറുത്ത അരയന്നം"
},
{
"code": "mrj",
"lang": "Western Mari",
"roman": "šim jüksÿ",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "шим йӱксӹ"
},
{
"code": "nv",
"lang": "Navajo",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "dééshzhiin"
},
{
"code": "se",
"lang": "Northern Sami",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "čáhppesnjukča"
},
{
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine"
],
"word": "svartsvane"
},
{
"code": "nn",
"lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "svartsvane"
},
{
"code": "nys",
"lang": "Nyunga",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "maali"
},
{
"code": "oc",
"lang": "Occitan",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "cicne negre"
},
{
"code": "ota",
"lang": "Ottoman Turkish",
"roman": "kara kuğu",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "قره قوغو"
},
{
"code": "fa",
"lang": "Persian",
"roman": "qu-ye siyâh",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "قوی سیاه"
},
{
"code": "pcd",
"lang": "Picard",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "chin·nhe nòre"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "łabędź czarny"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "cisne-negro"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "lebădă neagră"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "čórnyj lébedʹ",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "чёрный ле́бедь"
},
{
"code": "sc",
"lang": "Sardinian",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "sìsini nieddu"
},
{
"code": "gd",
"lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "eala dhubh"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"tags": [
"Cyrillic",
"masculine"
],
"word": "цр̑нӣ ла̏бӯд"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"tags": [
"Roman"
],
"word": "cȓnī lȁbūd"
},
{
"code": "sk",
"lang": "Slovak",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "labuť čierna"
},
{
"code": "sl",
"lang": "Slovene",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "črni labod"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "cisne negro"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "svart svan"
},
{
"code": "ta",
"lang": "Tamil",
"roman": "kaṟuppu aṉṉam",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "கறுப்பு அன்னம்"
},
{
"code": "th",
"lang": "Thai",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "หงส์ดำ"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "kara kuğu"
},
{
"code": "udm",
"lang": "Udmurt",
"roman": "śöd juś",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "сьӧд юсь"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "čornyj lebidʹ",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "чорний лебідь"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "lebidʹ čornyj",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "лебідь чорний"
},
{
"code": "vi",
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "thiên nga đen"
},
{
"code": "wth",
"lang": "Wathaurong",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "kunawarr"
},
{
"code": "cy",
"lang": "Welsh",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "alarch du"
},
{
"code": "fy",
"lang": "West Frisian",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "swarte swan"
},
{
"code": "pnb",
"lang": "Western Panjabi",
"roman": "qu-ye siyâh",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "کالا ہنس"
},
{
"code": "wyi",
"lang": "Woiwurrung",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "gannawarra"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "hēitiān'é",
"sense": "something believed impossible or not to exist, especially if an example is subsequently found",
"word": "黑天鵝 /黑天鹅"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "something believed impossible or not to exist, especially if an example is subsequently found",
"word": "musta joutsen"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "something believed impossible or not to exist, especially if an example is subsequently found",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "cygne noir"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "something believed impossible or not to exist, especially if an example is subsequently found",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "mosca bianca"
},
{
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "something believed impossible or not to exist, especially if an example is subsequently found",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "rara avis"
},
{
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "something believed impossible or not to exist, especially if an example is subsequently found",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine"
],
"word": "sort svane"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "something believed impossible or not to exist, especially if an example is subsequently found",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "leprechaun"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "something believed impossible or not to exist, especially if an example is subsequently found",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"person"
],
"word": "mirlo blanco"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "hēitiān'é",
"sense": "rare and hard-to-predict event with major consequences",
"word": "黑天鵝 /黑天鹅"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "rare and hard-to-predict event with major consequences",
"word": "musta joutsen"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Juvenal",
"Nassim Nicholas Taleb",
"Random House",
"The Black Swan: The Impact of the Highly Improbable"
],
"word": "black swan"
}
Download raw JSONL data for black swan meaning in English (23.3kB)
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1089",
"msg": "suspicious unhandled suffix in Breton: \"alarc'h du\", originally \"alarc'h du\"",
"path": [
"black swan"
],
"section": "English",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "black swan",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1089",
"msg": "suspicious unhandled suffix in Welsh: 'alarch du', originally 'alarch du m'",
"path": [
"black swan"
],
"section": "English",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "black swan",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-01-31 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-01-20 using wiktextract (bcd5c38 and 9dbd323). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.