See black swan in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
Download JSON data for black swan meaning in English (20.7kB)
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "Cygnus atratus",
"2": "species"
},
"expansion": "Cygnus atratus",
"name": "taxfmt"
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{
"args": {
"1": "en"
},
"expansion": "English",
"name": "langname"
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{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "swan"
},
"expansion": "sense 1",
"name": "senseno"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "blak swan"
},
"expansion": "Middle English blak swan",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "calque",
"2": "calqued"
},
"expansion": "calqued",
"name": "glossary"
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{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "-",
"notext": "1"
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"expansion": "Latin",
"name": "calque"
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{
"args": {},
"expansion": "B.C.E.",
"name": "B.C.E."
},
{
"args": {
"1": "a Dissertation on the Life and Writings of Juvenal; a Treatise on Latin Versification; and an Index, Historical, Geographical, Explanatory, and Referential. ... A New Edition, Critically Revised, Improved, and Linearly Arranged, from the Original Version of the Rev. John Stirling, D.D."
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"1": "25, Parliament Street"
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"expansion": "[…]",
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"args": {
"1": "Paternoster Row; Whittaker and Co. Ave Maria Lane; and Simpkin and Marshall, Stationers’ Hall Court."
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"expansion": "[…]",
"name": "nb..."
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{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "black",
"3": "swan"
},
"expansion": "black + swan",
"name": "com"
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{
"args": {
"1": "en"
},
"expansion": "English",
"name": "langname"
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{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "impossible",
"uc": "1"
},
"expansion": "Sense 2.1",
"name": "senseno"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en"
},
"expansion": "English",
"name": "langname"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "rare event",
"uc": "1"
},
"expansion": "Sense 2.2",
"name": "senseno"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English blak swan, calqued from a Latin quotation from Satire VI (written late 1st century – early 2nd century B.C.E.) of the Roman poet Juvenal: “Rara avis in terris, nigroque simillima cygno [a bird as rare upon the earth as a black swan]!”. Equivalent to black + swan.\nSense 2.1 (“something believed impossible or not to exist”) is from the fact that all swans were thought to have white plumage until black swans were discovered in Australia in the 17th century by Dutch explorers. Sense 2.2 (“rare and hard-to-predict event”) was popularized by the Lebanese-American author Nassim Nicholas Taleb (born 1960) in his book The Black Swan: The Impact of the Highly Improbable (2007): see the quotation.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "black swans",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "black swan (plural black swans)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "44 48 8",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
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"_dis": "48 46 6",
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"name": "English entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"parents": [
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{
"_dis": "55 38 7",
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"name": "English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
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{
"_dis": "49 43 8",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"parents": [
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"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "73 21 6",
"kind": "lifeform",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Swans",
"orig": "en:Swans",
"parents": [
"Anatids",
"Freshwater birds",
"Birds",
"Vertebrates",
"Chordates",
"Animals",
"Lifeforms",
"All topics",
"Life",
"Fundamental",
"Nature"
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"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "81 10 9",
"word": "black swan event"
},
{
"_dis1": "81 10 9",
"word": "black swan fallacy"
},
{
"_dis1": "81 10 9",
"word": "black swan theory"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1884 summer, Charles Sanders Peirce, “On the Algebra of Logic (Second Paper) [Item 22, MS 508]”, in Christian J. W. Kloesel [et al.], editors, Writings of Charles S. Peirce: A Chronological Edition, volumes 5 (1884–1886), Bloomington; Indianapolis, Ind.: Indiana University Press, published 1993, page 111",
"text": "If you tell me that there is or that there is not a black swan or a white raven, I want to know where you mean; and that you can only show me,—no description will answer the purpose.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1961, Harold Jeffreys, “Estimation Problems”, in Theory of Probability (Oxford Classic Texts in the Physical Sciences), 3rd edition, Oxford, Oxfordshire: Clarendon Press, published 2003, paragraph 3.21, page 132",
"text": "The original propounder of 'all swans are white' presumably based it on a sample of hundreds or thousands; but the verifications before the Australian black swan was discovered must have run into millions",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1999, G. D’Agostini, “Bayesian Reasoning versus Conventional Statistics in High Energy Physics”, in Wolfgang von der Linden, Volker Dose, Rainer Fischer, Roland Preuss, editors, Maximum Entropy and Bayesian Methods: Garching, Germany 1998: Proceedings of the 18th International Workshop on Maximum Entropy and Bayesian Methods of Statistical Analysis (Fundamental Theories of Physic; 105), Dordrecht, South Holland: Springer Science+Business Media, →DOI, footnote 19, page 166",
"text": "This concept of \"observation\" is not like that of seeing a black swan, to mention a famous classical example. New particles leave signatures in the detector that on an event by event basis cannot be distinguished by other processes (background).",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Cygnus atratus, a swan with black plumage and a red bill which is endemic to Australia."
],
"hypernyms": [
{
"_dis1": "95 5 0",
"english": "family",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "Anatidae"
},
{
"_dis1": "95 5 0",
"english": "subfamily",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "Anserinae"
},
{
"_dis1": "95 5 0",
"english": "genus",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "Cygnus"
}
],
"id": "en-black_swan-en-noun-en:swan",
"links": [
[
"Cygnus atratus",
"Cygnus atratus#Translingual"
],
[
"swan",
"swan#Noun"
],
[
"black",
"black#Adjective"
],
[
"plumage",
"plumage"
],
[
"red",
"red#Adjective"
],
[
"bill",
"bill#Noun"
],
[
"endemic",
"endemic#Adjective"
],
[
"Australia",
"Australia"
]
],
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "81 10 9",
"word": "tail risk"
}
],
"senseid": [
"en:swan"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "95 5 0",
"code": "af",
"lang": "Afrikaans",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "swartswaan"
},
{
"_dis1": "95 5 0",
"code": "sq",
"lang": "Albanian",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "mjellma e zezë"
},
{
"_dis1": "95 5 0",
"code": "ar",
"lang": "Arabic",
"roman": "tamm ʔaswad",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "تَمّ أَسْوَد"
},
{
"_dis1": "95 5 0",
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"roman": "sew karap",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "սև կարապ"
},
{
"_dis1": "95 5 0",
"code": "az",
"lang": "Azerbaijani",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "qara qu quşu"
},
{
"_dis1": "95 5 0",
"code": "eu",
"lang": "Basque",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "beltxarga beltz"
},
{
"_dis1": "95 5 0",
"code": "be",
"lang": "Belarusian",
"roman": "čórny ljebjedzʹ",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "чорны лебедзь"
},
{
"_dis1": "95 5 0",
"code": "bn",
"lang": "Bengali",
"roman": "kalō rajohãs",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "কালো রাজহাঁস"
},
{
"_dis1": "95 5 0",
"code": "br",
"lang": "Breton",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "alarc'h du"
},
{
"_dis1": "95 5 0",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "čéren lébed",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "че́рен ле́бед"
},
{
"_dis1": "95 5 0",
"code": "my",
"lang": "Burmese",
"roman": "ngan:nak",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "ငန်းနက်"
},
{
"_dis1": "95 5 0",
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "cigne negre"
},
{
"_dis1": "95 5 0",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "黑天鵝"
},
{
"_dis1": "95 5 0",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "hēitiān'é",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "黑天鹅"
},
{
"_dis1": "95 5 0",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "labuť černá"
},
{
"_dis1": "95 5 0",
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "sortsvane"
},
{
"_dis1": "95 5 0",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "zwarte zwaan"
},
{
"_dis1": "95 5 0",
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "nigra cigno"
},
{
"_dis1": "95 5 0",
"code": "et",
"lang": "Estonian",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "mustluik"
},
{
"_dis1": "95 5 0",
"code": "fo",
"lang": "Faroese",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "svartisvanur"
},
{
"_dis1": "95 5 0",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "mustajoutsen"
},
{
"_dis1": "95 5 0",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "cygne noir"
},
{
"_dis1": "95 5 0",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "cisne negro"
},
{
"_dis1": "95 5 0",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "Trauerschwan"
},
{
"_dis1": "95 5 0",
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "mávros kýknos",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "μαύρος κύκνος"
},
{
"_dis1": "95 5 0",
"code": "he",
"lang": "Hebrew",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "ברבור שחור"
},
{
"_dis1": "95 5 0",
"code": "hi",
"lang": "Hindi",
"roman": "kālā hans",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "काला हंस"
},
{
"_dis1": "95 5 0",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "fekete hattyú"
},
{
"_dis1": "95 5 0",
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "svartsvanur"
},
{
"_dis1": "95 5 0",
"code": "id",
"lang": "Indonesian",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "angsa hitam"
},
{
"_dis1": "95 5 0",
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "eala dhubh"
},
{
"_dis1": "95 5 0",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "cigno nero"
},
{
"_dis1": "95 5 0",
"alt": "こくちょう, コクチョウ, kokuchō",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "黒鳥"
},
{
"_dis1": "95 5 0",
"code": "kbd",
"lang": "Kabardian",
"roman": "qəwufʼəcʼɛ",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "къыуфӏыцӏэ"
},
{
"_dis1": "95 5 0",
"code": "kn",
"lang": "Kannada",
"roman": "kappu haṃsa",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "ಕಪ್ಪು ಹಂಸ"
},
{
"_dis1": "95 5 0",
"code": "ko",
"lang": "Korean",
"roman": "heukgoni",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "흑고니"
},
{
"_dis1": "95 5 0",
"code": "kum",
"lang": "Kumyk",
"roman": "qara quw",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "къара къув"
},
{
"_dis1": "95 5 0",
"code": "lv",
"lang": "Latvian",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "melnais gulbis"
},
{
"_dis1": "95 5 0",
"code": "lt",
"lang": "Lithuanian",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "juodoji gulbė"
},
{
"_dis1": "95 5 0",
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"roman": "crn lebed",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "црн лебед"
},
{
"_dis1": "95 5 0",
"code": "ms",
"lang": "Malay",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "joyinah hitam"
},
{
"_dis1": "95 5 0",
"code": "ml",
"lang": "Malayalam",
"roman": "kaṟutta arayannaṁ",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "കറുത്ത അരയന്നം"
},
{
"_dis1": "95 5 0",
"code": "mrj",
"lang": "Western Mari",
"roman": "šim jüksÿ",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "шим йӱксӹ"
},
{
"_dis1": "95 5 0",
"code": "nv",
"lang": "Navajo",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "dééshzhiin"
},
{
"_dis1": "95 5 0",
"code": "se",
"lang": "Northern Sami",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "čáhppesnjukča"
},
{
"_dis1": "95 5 0",
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine"
],
"word": "svartsvane"
},
{
"_dis1": "95 5 0",
"code": "nn",
"lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "svartsvane"
},
{
"_dis1": "95 5 0",
"code": "nys",
"lang": "Nyunga",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "maali"
},
{
"_dis1": "95 5 0",
"code": "oc",
"lang": "Occitan",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "cicne negre"
},
{
"_dis1": "95 5 0",
"code": "ota",
"lang": "Ottoman Turkish",
"roman": "kara kuğu",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "قره قوغو"
},
{
"_dis1": "95 5 0",
"code": "fa",
"lang": "Persian",
"roman": "qu-ye siyâh",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "قوی سیاه"
},
{
"_dis1": "95 5 0",
"code": "pcd",
"lang": "Picard",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "chin·nhe nòre"
},
{
"_dis1": "95 5 0",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "łabędź czarny"
},
{
"_dis1": "95 5 0",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "cisne-negro"
},
{
"_dis1": "95 5 0",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "lebădă neagră"
},
{
"_dis1": "95 5 0",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "čórnyj lébedʹ",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "чёрный ле́бедь"
},
{
"_dis1": "95 5 0",
"code": "sc",
"lang": "Sardinian",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "sìsini nieddu"
},
{
"_dis1": "95 5 0",
"code": "gd",
"lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "eala dhubh"
},
{
"_dis1": "95 5 0",
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"tags": [
"Cyrillic",
"masculine"
],
"word": "цр̑нӣ ла̏бӯд"
},
{
"_dis1": "95 5 0",
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"tags": [
"Roman"
],
"word": "cȓnī lȁbūd"
},
{
"_dis1": "95 5 0",
"code": "sk",
"lang": "Slovak",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "labuť čierna"
},
{
"_dis1": "95 5 0",
"code": "sl",
"lang": "Slovene",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "črni labod"
},
{
"_dis1": "95 5 0",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "cisne negro"
},
{
"_dis1": "95 5 0",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "svart svan"
},
{
"_dis1": "95 5 0",
"code": "ta",
"lang": "Tamil",
"roman": "kaṟuppu aṉṉam",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "கறுப்பு அன்னம்"
},
{
"_dis1": "95 5 0",
"code": "th",
"lang": "Thai",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "หงส์ดำ"
},
{
"_dis1": "95 5 0",
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "kara kuğu"
},
{
"_dis1": "95 5 0",
"code": "udm",
"lang": "Udmurt",
"roman": "śöd juś",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "сьӧд юсь"
},
{
"_dis1": "95 5 0",
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "čornyj lebidʹ",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "чорний лебідь"
},
{
"_dis1": "95 5 0",
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "lebidʹ čornyj",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "лебідь чорний"
},
{
"_dis1": "95 5 0",
"code": "vi",
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "thiên nga đen"
},
{
"_dis1": "95 5 0",
"code": "wth",
"lang": "Wathaurong",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "kunawarr"
},
{
"_dis1": "95 5 0",
"code": "cy",
"lang": "Welsh",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "alarch du"
},
{
"_dis1": "95 5 0",
"code": "fy",
"lang": "West Frisian",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "swarte swan"
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"word": "کالا ہنس"
}
]
},
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}
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],
"id": "en-black_swan-en-noun-en:impossible",
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"believe",
"believe"
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{
"word": "rarity"
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{
"word": "unicorn"
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{
"word": "rarity"
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{
"_dis1": "1 98 1",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
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"word": "黑天鵝"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 98 1",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "hēitiān'é",
"sense": "something believed impossible or not to exist, especially if an example is subsequently found",
"word": "黑天鹅"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 98 1",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "something believed impossible or not to exist, especially if an example is subsequently found",
"word": "musta joutsen"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 98 1",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "something believed impossible or not to exist, especially if an example is subsequently found",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "cygne noir"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 98 1",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "something believed impossible or not to exist, especially if an example is subsequently found",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "mosca bianca"
},
{
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"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
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"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine"
],
"word": "sort svane"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 98 1",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "something believed impossible or not to exist, especially if an example is subsequently found",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "leprechaun"
}
]
},
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"ref": "2007, Nassim Nicholas Taleb, “Prologue”, in The Black Swan: The Impact of the Highly Improbable, New York, N.Y.: Random House, page xviii",
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"type": "quotation"
}
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"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "1 13 86",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "rare and hard-to-predict event with major consequences",
"word": "黑天鵝"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 13 86",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "hēitiān'é",
"sense": "rare and hard-to-predict event with major consequences",
"word": "黑天鹅"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 13 86",
"code": "fi",
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"sense": "rare and hard-to-predict event with major consequences",
"word": "musta joutsen"
}
]
}
],
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{
"ipa": "/blæk ˈswɒn/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/blæk ˈswɑn/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
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},
{
"rhymes": "-ɒn"
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{
"audio": "En-us-black swan.oga",
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"Rhymes:English/ɒn/2 syllables",
"en:Swans"
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"derived": [
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"word": "black swan event"
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{
"word": "black swan fallacy"
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{
"word": "black swan theory"
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"args": {
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{
"args": {
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},
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"name": "langname"
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{
"args": {
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"etymology_text": "From Middle English blak swan, calqued from a Latin quotation from Satire VI (written late 1st century – early 2nd century B.C.E.) of the Roman poet Juvenal: “Rara avis in terris, nigroque simillima cygno [a bird as rare upon the earth as a black swan]!”. Equivalent to black + swan.\nSense 2.1 (“something believed impossible or not to exist”) is from the fact that all swans were thought to have white plumage until black swans were discovered in Australia in the 17th century by Dutch explorers. Sense 2.2 (“rare and hard-to-predict event”) was popularized by the Lebanese-American author Nassim Nicholas Taleb (born 1960) in his book The Black Swan: The Impact of the Highly Improbable (2007): see the quotation.",
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{
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"tags": [
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}
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"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "Anatidae"
},
{
"english": "subfamily",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "Anserinae"
},
{
"english": "genus",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "Cygnus"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"word": "tail risk"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
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],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1884 summer, Charles Sanders Peirce, “On the Algebra of Logic (Second Paper) [Item 22, MS 508]”, in Christian J. W. Kloesel [et al.], editors, Writings of Charles S. Peirce: A Chronological Edition, volumes 5 (1884–1886), Bloomington; Indianapolis, Ind.: Indiana University Press, published 1993, page 111",
"text": "If you tell me that there is or that there is not a black swan or a white raven, I want to know where you mean; and that you can only show me,—no description will answer the purpose.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1961, Harold Jeffreys, “Estimation Problems”, in Theory of Probability (Oxford Classic Texts in the Physical Sciences), 3rd edition, Oxford, Oxfordshire: Clarendon Press, published 2003, paragraph 3.21, page 132",
"text": "The original propounder of 'all swans are white' presumably based it on a sample of hundreds or thousands; but the verifications before the Australian black swan was discovered must have run into millions",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1999, G. D’Agostini, “Bayesian Reasoning versus Conventional Statistics in High Energy Physics”, in Wolfgang von der Linden, Volker Dose, Rainer Fischer, Roland Preuss, editors, Maximum Entropy and Bayesian Methods: Garching, Germany 1998: Proceedings of the 18th International Workshop on Maximum Entropy and Bayesian Methods of Statistical Analysis (Fundamental Theories of Physic; 105), Dordrecht, South Holland: Springer Science+Business Media, →DOI, footnote 19, page 166",
"text": "This concept of \"observation\" is not like that of seeing a black swan, to mention a famous classical example. New particles leave signatures in the detector that on an event by event basis cannot be distinguished by other processes (background).",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Cygnus atratus, a swan with black plumage and a red bill which is endemic to Australia."
],
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[
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],
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{
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],
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],
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],
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],
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],
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"word": "rare bird"
},
{
"word": "rarity"
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{
"word": "unicorn"
},
{
"word": "rarity"
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],
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"text": "A small number of Black Swans explain almost everything in our world, from the success of ideas and religions, to the dynamics of historical events, to elements of our own personal lives. […] Fads, epidemics, fashion, ideas, the emergence of art genres and schools. All follow these Black Swan dynamics.",
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],
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"tags": [
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"tags": [
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{
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"tags": [
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],
"translations": [
{
"code": "af",
"lang": "Afrikaans",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "swartswaan"
},
{
"code": "sq",
"lang": "Albanian",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "mjellma e zezë"
},
{
"code": "ar",
"lang": "Arabic",
"roman": "tamm ʔaswad",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "تَمّ أَسْوَد"
},
{
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"roman": "sew karap",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "սև կարապ"
},
{
"code": "az",
"lang": "Azerbaijani",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "qara qu quşu"
},
{
"code": "eu",
"lang": "Basque",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "beltxarga beltz"
},
{
"code": "be",
"lang": "Belarusian",
"roman": "čórny ljebjedzʹ",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "чорны лебедзь"
},
{
"code": "bn",
"lang": "Bengali",
"roman": "kalō rajohãs",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "কালো রাজহাঁস"
},
{
"code": "br",
"lang": "Breton",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "alarc'h du"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "čéren lébed",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "че́рен ле́бед"
},
{
"code": "my",
"lang": "Burmese",
"roman": "ngan:nak",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "ငန်းနက်"
},
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "cigne negre"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "黑天鵝"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "hēitiān'é",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "黑天鹅"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "labuť černá"
},
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "sortsvane"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "zwarte zwaan"
},
{
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "nigra cigno"
},
{
"code": "et",
"lang": "Estonian",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "mustluik"
},
{
"code": "fo",
"lang": "Faroese",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "svartisvanur"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "mustajoutsen"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "cygne noir"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "cisne negro"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "Trauerschwan"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "mávros kýknos",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "μαύρος κύκνος"
},
{
"code": "he",
"lang": "Hebrew",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "ברבור שחור"
},
{
"code": "hi",
"lang": "Hindi",
"roman": "kālā hans",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "काला हंस"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "fekete hattyú"
},
{
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "svartsvanur"
},
{
"code": "id",
"lang": "Indonesian",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "angsa hitam"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "eala dhubh"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "cigno nero"
},
{
"alt": "こくちょう, コクチョウ, kokuchō",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "黒鳥"
},
{
"code": "kbd",
"lang": "Kabardian",
"roman": "qəwufʼəcʼɛ",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "къыуфӏыцӏэ"
},
{
"code": "kn",
"lang": "Kannada",
"roman": "kappu haṃsa",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "ಕಪ್ಪು ಹಂಸ"
},
{
"code": "ko",
"lang": "Korean",
"roman": "heukgoni",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "흑고니"
},
{
"code": "kum",
"lang": "Kumyk",
"roman": "qara quw",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "къара къув"
},
{
"code": "lv",
"lang": "Latvian",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "melnais gulbis"
},
{
"code": "lt",
"lang": "Lithuanian",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "juodoji gulbė"
},
{
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"roman": "crn lebed",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "црн лебед"
},
{
"code": "ms",
"lang": "Malay",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "joyinah hitam"
},
{
"code": "ml",
"lang": "Malayalam",
"roman": "kaṟutta arayannaṁ",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "കറുത്ത അരയന്നം"
},
{
"code": "mrj",
"lang": "Western Mari",
"roman": "šim jüksÿ",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "шим йӱксӹ"
},
{
"code": "nv",
"lang": "Navajo",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "dééshzhiin"
},
{
"code": "se",
"lang": "Northern Sami",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "čáhppesnjukča"
},
{
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine"
],
"word": "svartsvane"
},
{
"code": "nn",
"lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "svartsvane"
},
{
"code": "nys",
"lang": "Nyunga",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "maali"
},
{
"code": "oc",
"lang": "Occitan",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "cicne negre"
},
{
"code": "ota",
"lang": "Ottoman Turkish",
"roman": "kara kuğu",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "قره قوغو"
},
{
"code": "fa",
"lang": "Persian",
"roman": "qu-ye siyâh",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "قوی سیاه"
},
{
"code": "pcd",
"lang": "Picard",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "chin·nhe nòre"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "łabędź czarny"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "cisne-negro"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "lebădă neagră"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "čórnyj lébedʹ",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "чёрный ле́бедь"
},
{
"code": "sc",
"lang": "Sardinian",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "sìsini nieddu"
},
{
"code": "gd",
"lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "eala dhubh"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"tags": [
"Cyrillic",
"masculine"
],
"word": "цр̑нӣ ла̏бӯд"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"tags": [
"Roman"
],
"word": "cȓnī lȁbūd"
},
{
"code": "sk",
"lang": "Slovak",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "labuť čierna"
},
{
"code": "sl",
"lang": "Slovene",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "črni labod"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "cisne negro"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "svart svan"
},
{
"code": "ta",
"lang": "Tamil",
"roman": "kaṟuppu aṉṉam",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "கறுப்பு அன்னம்"
},
{
"code": "th",
"lang": "Thai",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "หงส์ดำ"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "kara kuğu"
},
{
"code": "udm",
"lang": "Udmurt",
"roman": "śöd juś",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "сьӧд юсь"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "čornyj lebidʹ",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "чорний лебідь"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "lebidʹ čornyj",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "лебідь чорний"
},
{
"code": "vi",
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "thiên nga đen"
},
{
"code": "wth",
"lang": "Wathaurong",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "kunawarr"
},
{
"code": "cy",
"lang": "Welsh",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "alarch du"
},
{
"code": "fy",
"lang": "West Frisian",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "swarte swan"
},
{
"code": "pnb",
"lang": "Western Panjabi",
"roman": "qu-ye siyâh",
"sense": "Cygnus atratus",
"word": "کالا ہنس"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "something believed impossible or not to exist, especially if an example is subsequently found",
"word": "黑天鵝"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "hēitiān'é",
"sense": "something believed impossible or not to exist, especially if an example is subsequently found",
"word": "黑天鹅"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "something believed impossible or not to exist, especially if an example is subsequently found",
"word": "musta joutsen"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "something believed impossible or not to exist, especially if an example is subsequently found",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "cygne noir"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "something believed impossible or not to exist, especially if an example is subsequently found",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "mosca bianca"
},
{
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "something believed impossible or not to exist, especially if an example is subsequently found",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine"
],
"word": "sort svane"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "something believed impossible or not to exist, especially if an example is subsequently found",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "leprechaun"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "rare and hard-to-predict event with major consequences",
"word": "黑天鵝"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "hēitiān'é",
"sense": "rare and hard-to-predict event with major consequences",
"word": "黑天鹅"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "rare and hard-to-predict event with major consequences",
"word": "musta joutsen"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Juvenal",
"Nassim Nicholas Taleb",
"Random House",
"The Black Swan: The Impact of the Highly Improbable"
],
"word": "black swan"
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-04-30 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-04-21 using wiktextract (210104c and c9440ce). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.