See bellow in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{ "etymology_templates": [ { "args": { "1": "en", "2": "enm", "3": "belwen" }, "expansion": "Middle English belwen", "name": "inh" }, { "args": { "1": "en", "2": "ang", "3": "bylgian" }, "expansion": "Old English bylgian", "name": "inh" }, { "args": { "1": "en", "2": "ine-pro", "3": "*bʰel-", "4": "", "5": "to sound, roar" }, "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *bʰel- (“to sound, roar”)", "name": "der" }, { "args": { "1": "de", "2": "bellen", "3": "", "4": "to bark" }, "expansion": "German bellen (“to bark”)", "name": "cog" }, { "args": { "1": "ru", "2": "бле́ять", "3": "", "4": "baa, bleat" }, "expansion": "Russian бле́ять (bléjatʹ, “baa, bleat”)", "name": "cog" } ], "etymology_text": "From Middle English belwen, from Old English bylgian, ultimately from the Proto-Indo-European *bʰel- (“to sound, roar”), whence also belg (“leather bag”), bellan (“to roar”), blāwan (“to blow”). Cognate with German bellen (“to bark”), Russian бле́ять (bléjatʹ, “baa, bleat”).", "forms": [ { "form": "bellow The bellow of an elk", "tags": [ "canonical" ] }, { "form": "bellows", "tags": [ "plural" ] } ], "head_templates": [ { "args": {}, "expansion": "bellow (plural bellows)", "name": "en-noun" } ], "lang": "English", "lang_code": "en", "pos": "noun", "senses": [ { "categories": [ { "_dis": "51 21 28", "kind": "other", "name": "English entries with incorrect language header", "parents": [ "Entries with incorrect language header", "Entry maintenance" ], "source": "w+disamb" }, { "_dis": "44 29 27", "kind": "other", "name": "Entries with audio examples", "parents": [ "Fundamental" ], "source": "w+disamb" }, { "_dis": "52 23 25", "kind": "other", "name": "Entries with translation boxes", "parents": [], "source": "w+disamb" }, { "_dis": "49 26 25", "kind": "other", "name": "Pages using discouraged character sequences", "parents": [], "source": "w+disamb" }, { "_dis": "57 24 20", 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21 23", "kind": "other", "name": "Terms with Welsh translations", "parents": [], "source": "w+disamb" }, { "_dis": "42 26 32", "kind": "topical", "langcode": "en", "name": "Vocalizations", "orig": "en:Vocalizations", "parents": [ "Communication", "Sounds", "All topics", "Sound", "Fundamental", "Energy", "Nature" ], "source": "w+disamb" } ], "examples": [ { "ref": "1912, Arthur Conan Doyle, The Lost World […], London; New York, N.Y.: Hodder and Stoughton, →OCLC:", "text": "There was a tap at a door, a bull's bellow from within, and I was face to face with the Professor.", "type": "quote" } ], "glosses": [ "The deep roar of a large animal, or any similar loud noise." ], "id": "en-bellow-en-noun-uJ5Nu-rX", "links": [ [ "deep", "deep" ], [ "roar", "roar" ] ], "translations": [ { "code": "bg", "lang": "Bulgarian", "roman": "mučene", "sense": "the deep roar of a large animal, or any similar loud noise", "word": "мучене" }, { "code": "ca", "lang": "Catalan", "sense": "the deep roar of a large animal, or any similar loud noise", "word": "rugit" }, { "code": "ca", "lang": "Catalan", "sense": "the deep roar of a large animal, or any similar loud noise", "tags": [ "masculine" ], "word": "bramul" }, { "code": "cs", "lang": "Czech", "sense": "the deep roar of a large animal, or any similar loud noise", "word": "bučení" }, { "code": "da", "lang": "Danish", "sense": "the deep roar of a large animal, or any similar loud noise", "tags": [ "neuter" ], "word": "brøl" }, { "code": "eo", "lang": "Esperanto", "sense": "the deep roar of a large animal, or any similar loud noise", "word": "bleko" }, { "code": "eo", "lang": "Esperanto", "sense": "the deep roar of a large animal, or any similar loud noise", "word": "muĝo" }, { "code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "the deep roar of a large animal, or any similar loud noise", "word": "karjunta" }, { "code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "the deep roar of a large animal, or any similar loud noise", "word": "mylvintä" }, { "code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "the deep roar of a large animal, or any similar loud noise", "word": "ärjyntä" }, { "code": "fi", "english": "repeating", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "the deep roar of a large animal, or any similar loud noise", "word": "mölähtely" }, { "code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "the deep roar of a large animal, or any similar loud noise", "word": "karjaisu" }, { "code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "the deep roar of a large animal, or any similar loud noise", "word": "mylvähdys" }, { "code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "the deep roar of a large animal, or any similar loud noise", "word": "ärjäisy" }, { "code": "fi", "english": "individual", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "the deep roar of a large animal, or any similar loud noise", "word": "mölähdys" }, { "code": "gl", "lang": "Galician", "sense": "the deep roar of a large animal, or any similar loud noise", "tags": [ "masculine" ], "word": "bruído" }, { "code": "gl", "lang": "Galician", "sense": "the deep roar of a large animal, or any similar loud noise", "tags": [ "masculine" ], "word": "brúo" }, { "code": "de", "lang": "German", "sense": "the deep roar of a large animal, or any similar loud noise", "tags": [ "neuter" ], "word": "Röhren" }, { "code": "de", "lang": "German", "sense": "the deep roar of a large animal, or any similar loud noise", "tags": [ "neuter" ], "word": "Brüllen" }, { "code": "io", "lang": "Ido", "sense": "the deep roar of a large animal, or any similar loud noise", "word": "bramo" }, { "code": "ga", "lang": "Irish", "sense": "the deep roar of a large animal, or any similar loud noise", "tags": [ "feminine" ], "word": "géim" }, { "code": "it", "lang": "Italian", "sense": "the deep roar of a large animal, or any similar loud noise", "tags": [ "masculine" ], "word": "ruggito" }, { "code": "la", "lang": "Latin", "sense": "the deep roar of a large animal, or any similar loud noise", "tags": [ "masculine" ], "word": "rudor" }, { "code": "ml", "lang": "Malayalam", "roman": "gaṟjanaṁ", "sense": "the deep roar of a large animal, or any similar loud noise", "word": "ഗർജനം" }, { "code": "ml", "lang": "Malayalam", "roman": "alaṟcca", "sense": "the deep roar of a large animal, or any similar loud noise", "word": "അലർച്ച" }, { "code": "fa", "lang": "Persian", "roman": "žağand", "sense": "the deep roar of a large animal, or any similar loud noise", "word": "ژغند" }, { "code": "ro", "lang": "Romanian", "sense": "the deep roar of a large animal, or any similar loud noise", "tags": [ "neuter" ], "word": "răget" }, { "code": "ro", "lang": "Romanian", "sense": "the deep roar of a large animal, or any similar loud noise", "tags": [ "neuter" ], "word": "muget" }, { "code": "ru", "lang": "Russian", "roman": "rjov", "sense": "the deep roar of a large animal, or any similar loud noise", "tags": [ "masculine" ], "word": "рёв" }, { "code": "es", "lang": "Spanish", "sense": "the deep roar of a large animal, or any similar loud noise", "tags": [ "masculine" ], "word": "bramido" }, { "code": "es", "lang": "Spanish", "sense": "the deep roar of a large animal, or any similar loud noise", "tags": [ "masculine" ], "word": "berrido" }, { "code": "sv", "lang": "Swedish", "sense": "the deep roar of a large animal, or any similar loud noise", "tags": [ "neuter" ], "word": "vrål" }, { "code": "sv", "lang": "Swedish", "sense": "the deep roar of a large animal, or any similar loud noise", "tags": [ "neuter" ], "word": "böl" }, { "code": "sv", "lang": "Swedish", "sense": "the deep roar of a large animal, or any similar loud noise", "tags": [ "neuter" ], "word": "bröl" }, { "code": "tr", "lang": "Turkish", "sense": "the deep roar of a large animal, or any similar loud noise", "word": "böğürtü" } ] } ], "sounds": [ { "ipa": "/ˈbɛloʊ/", "tags": [ "General-American" ] }, { "ipa": "/ˈbɛləʊ/", "tags": [ "Received-Pronunciation" ] }, { "rhymes": "-ɛləʊ" }, { "audio": "en-us-bellow.ogg", "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ad/En-us-bellow.ogg/En-us-bellow.ogg.mp3", "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ad/En-us-bellow.ogg" } ], "synonyms": [ { "_dis1": "0 0 0", "tags": [ "US", "dialectal" ], "word": "beller" } ], "word": "bellow" } { "derived": [ { "_dis1": "0 0", "word": "bellower" }, { "_dis1": "0 0", "word": "bellow out" }, { "_dis1": "0 0", "word": "bellowsome" }, { "_dis1": "0 0", "word": "outbellow" }, { "_dis1": "0 0", "word": "rebellow" } ], "etymology_templates": [ { "args": { "1": "en", "2": "enm", "3": "belwen" }, "expansion": "Middle English belwen", "name": "inh" }, { "args": { "1": "en", "2": "ang", "3": "bylgian" }, "expansion": "Old English bylgian", "name": "inh" }, { "args": { "1": "en", "2": "ine-pro", "3": "*bʰel-", "4": "", "5": "to sound, roar" }, "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *bʰel- (“to sound, roar”)", "name": "der" }, { "args": { "1": "de", "2": "bellen", "3": "", "4": "to bark" }, "expansion": "German bellen (“to bark”)", "name": "cog" }, { "args": { "1": "ru", "2": "бле́ять", "3": "", "4": "baa, bleat" }, "expansion": "Russian бле́ять (bléjatʹ, “baa, bleat”)", "name": "cog" } ], "etymology_text": "From Middle English belwen, from Old English bylgian, ultimately from the Proto-Indo-European *bʰel- (“to sound, roar”), whence also belg (“leather bag”), bellan (“to roar”), blāwan (“to blow”). Cognate with German bellen (“to bark”), Russian бле́ять (bléjatʹ, “baa, bleat”).", "forms": [ { "form": "bellows", "tags": [ "present", "singular", "third-person" ] }, { "form": "bellowing", "tags": [ "participle", "present" ] }, { "form": "bellowed", "tags": [ "participle", "past" ] }, { "form": "bellowed", "tags": [ "past" ] } ], "head_templates": [ { "args": {}, "expansion": "bellow (third-person singular simple present bellows, present participle bellowing, simple past and past participle bellowed)", "name": "en-verb" } ], "lang": "English", "lang_code": "en", "pos": "verb", "senses": [ { "categories": [], "examples": [ { "ref": "1697, Virgil, “The First Book of the Georgics”, in John Dryden, transl., The Works of Virgil: Containing His Pastorals, Georgics, and Æneis. […], London: […] Jacob Tonson, […], →OCLC:", "text": "the bellowing voice of boiling seas", "type": "quote" } ], "glosses": [ "To make a loud, deep, hollow noise like the roar of an angry bull." ], "id": "en-bellow-en-verb-xiZxG-3s", "translations": [ { "_dis1": "80 20", "code": "rup", "lang": "Aromanian", "sense": "to make a noise like the deep roar of a large animal", "word": "mudzescu" }, { "_dis1": "80 20", "code": "bg", "lang": "Bulgarian", "roman": "muča", "sense": "to make a noise like the deep roar of a large animal", "word": "муча" }, { "_dis1": "80 20", "code": "cs", "lang": "Czech", "sense": "to make a noise like the deep roar of a large animal", "tags": [ "imperfective" ], "word": "bučet" }, { "_dis1": "80 20", "code": "cs", "lang": "Czech", "sense": "to make a noise like the deep roar of a large animal", "tags": [ "imperfective" ], "word": "troubit" }, { "_dis1": "80 20", "code": "da", "lang": "Danish", "sense": "to make a noise like the deep roar of a large animal", "word": "brøle" }, { "_dis1": "80 20", "code": "nl", "lang": "Dutch", "sense": "to make a noise like the deep roar of a large animal", "word": "brullen" }, { "_dis1": "80 20", "code": "eo", "lang": "Esperanto", "sense": "to make a noise like the deep roar of a large animal", "word": "bleki" }, { "_dis1": "80 20", "code": "fo", "lang": "Faroese", "sense": "to make a noise like the deep roar of a large animal", "word": "brøla" }, { "_dis1": "80 20", "code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "to make a noise like the deep roar of a large animal", "word": "mylviä" }, { "_dis1": "80 20", "code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "to make a noise like the deep roar of a large animal", "word": "ärjyä" }, { "_dis1": "80 20", "code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "to make a noise like the deep roar of a large animal", "word": "karjua" }, { "_dis1": "80 20", "code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "to make a noise like the deep roar of a large animal", "word": "mölähtää" }, { "_dis1": "80 20", "code": "fi", "english": "shortly", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "to make a noise like the deep roar of a large animal", "word": "mylväistä" }, { "_dis1": "80 20", "code": "fr", "lang": "French", "sense": "to make a noise like the deep roar of a large animal", "word": "mugir" }, { "_dis1": "80 20", "code": "gl", "lang": "Galician", "sense": "to make a noise like the deep roar of a large animal", "word": "bruar" }, { "_dis1": "80 20", "code": "gl", "lang": "Galician", "sense": "to make a noise like the deep roar of a large animal", "word": "burdiar" }, { "_dis1": "80 20", "code": "de", "lang": "German", "sense": "to make a noise like the deep roar of a large animal", "word": "brüllen" }, { "_dis1": "80 20", "code": "de", "lang": "German", "sense": "to make a noise like the deep roar of a large animal", "word": "röhren" }, { "_dis1": "80 20", "code": "grc", "lang": "Ancient Greek", "roman": "mukáomai", "sense": "to make a noise like the deep roar of a large animal", "word": "μυκάομαι" }, { "_dis1": "80 20", "code": "io", "lang": "Ido", "sense": "to make a noise like the deep roar of a large animal", "word": "bramar" }, { "_dis1": "80 20", "code": "ga", "lang": "Irish", "sense": "to make a noise like the deep roar of a large animal", "word": "géim" }, { "_dis1": "80 20", "code": "it", "lang": "Italian", "sense": "to make a noise like the deep roar of a large animal", "word": "muggire" }, { "_dis1": "80 20", "code": "it", "lang": "Italian", "sense": "to make a noise like the deep roar of a large animal", "word": "ruggire" }, { "_dis1": "80 20", "code": "la", "lang": "Latin", "sense": "to make a noise like the deep roar of a large animal", "word": "rudō" }, { "_dis1": "80 20", "code": "la", "lang": "Latin", "sense": "to make a noise like the deep roar of a large animal", "word": "mūgiō" }, { "_dis1": "80 20", "code": "ota", "lang": "Ottoman Turkish", "roman": "çağırmak", "sense": "to make a noise like the deep roar of a large animal", "word": "چاغرمق" }, { "_dis1": "80 20", "code": "ota", "lang": "Ottoman Turkish", "roman": "öğürmek", "sense": "to make a noise like the deep roar of a large animal", "word": "اوكورمك" }, { "_dis1": "80 20", "code": "fa", "lang": "Persian", "roman": "ğorridan", "sense": "to make a noise like the deep roar of a large animal", "word": "غریدن" }, { "_dis1": "80 20", "code": "pdt", "lang": "Plautdietsch", "sense": "to make a noise like the deep roar of a large animal", "word": "brellen" }, { "_dis1": "80 20", "code": "pt", "lang": "Portuguese", "sense": "to make a noise like the deep roar of a large animal", "word": "bramir" }, { "_dis1": "80 20", "code": "pt", "lang": "Portuguese", "sense": "to make a noise like the deep roar of a large animal", "word": "rugir" }, { "_dis1": "80 20", "code": "pt", "lang": "Portuguese", "sense": "to make a noise like the deep roar of a large animal", "word": "urrar" }, { "_dis1": "80 20", "code": "ro", "lang": "Romanian", "sense": "to make a noise like the deep roar of a large animal", "word": "mugi" }, { "_dis1": "80 20", "code": "ro", "lang": "Romanian", "sense": "to make a noise like the deep roar of a large animal", "word": "rage" }, { "_dis1": "80 20", "code": "ru", "lang": "Russian", "roman": "ryčátʹ", "sense": "to make a noise like the deep roar of a large animal", "word": "рыча́ть" }, { "_dis1": "80 20", "code": "ru", "lang": "Russian", "roman": "revétʹ", "sense": "to make a noise like the deep roar of a large animal", "word": "реве́ть" }, { "_dis1": "80 20", "code": "sa", "lang": "Sanskrit", "roman": "roroti", "sense": "to make a noise like the deep roar of a large animal", "word": "रोरोति" }, { "_dis1": "80 20", "code": "sl", "lang": "Slovene", "sense": "to make a noise like the deep roar of a large animal", "word": "rjoveti" }, { "_dis1": "80 20", "code": "sl", "lang": "Slovene", "sense": "to make a noise like the deep roar of a large animal", "word": "rjuti" }, { "_dis1": "80 20", "code": "dsb", "lang": "Lower Sorbian", "sense": "to make a noise like the deep roar of a large animal", "tags": [ "imperfective" ], "word": "ricaś" }, { "_dis1": "80 20", "code": "es", "lang": "Spanish", "sense": "to make a noise like the deep roar of a large animal", "word": "bramar" }, { "_dis1": "80 20", "code": "es", "lang": "Spanish", "sense": "to make a noise like the deep roar of a large animal", "word": "berrear" }, { "_dis1": "80 20", "code": "sv", "lang": "Swedish", "sense": "to make a noise like the deep roar of a large animal", "word": "ryta" }, { "_dis1": "80 20", "code": "sv", "lang": "Swedish", "sense": "to make a noise like the deep roar of a large animal", "word": "bröla" }, { "_dis1": "80 20", "code": "tr", "lang": "Turkish", "sense": "to make a noise like the deep roar of a large animal", "word": "böğürmek" }, { "_dis1": "80 20", "code": "cy", "lang": "Welsh", "sense": "to make a noise like the deep roar of a large animal", "word": "rhuo" } ] }, { "categories": [], "examples": [ { "ref": "2012 May 13, Alistair Magowan, “Sunderland 0-1 Man Utd”, in BBC Sport:", "text": "Then, as the Sunderland fans' cheers bellowed around the stadium, United's title bid was over when it became apparent City had pinched a last-gasp winner to seal their first title in 44 years.", "type": "quote" } ], "glosses": [ "To shout in a deep voice." ], "id": "en-bellow-en-verb-e62ggyU-", "translations": [ { "_dis1": "7 93", "code": "bg", "lang": "Bulgarian", "roman": "reva", "sense": "to shout in a deep voice", "word": "рева" }, { "_dis1": "7 93", "code": "bg", "lang": "Bulgarian", "roman": "kreštja", "sense": "to shout in a deep voice", "word": "крещя" }, { "_dis1": "7 93", "code": "cs", "lang": "Czech", "sense": "to shout in a deep voice", "tags": [ "imperfective" ], "word": "řvát" }, { "_dis1": "7 93", "code": "da", "lang": "Danish", "sense": "to shout in a deep voice", "word": "brøle" }, { "_dis1": "7 93", "code": "da", "lang": "Danish", "sense": "to shout in a deep voice", "word": "larme" }, { "_dis1": "7 93", "code": "nl", "lang": "Dutch", "sense": "to shout in a deep voice", "word": "brullen" }, { "_dis1": "7 93", "code": "fo", "lang": "Faroese", "sense": "to shout in a deep voice", "word": "skrála" }, { "_dis1": "7 93", "code": "fo", "lang": "Faroese", "sense": "to shout in a deep voice", "word": "brøla" }, { "_dis1": "7 93", "code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "to shout in a deep voice", "word": "mylviä" }, { "_dis1": "7 93", "code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "to shout in a deep voice", "word": "ärjyä" }, { "_dis1": "7 93", "code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "to shout in a deep voice", "word": "karjua" }, { "_dis1": "7 93", "code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "to shout in a deep voice", "word": "mylväistä" }, { "_dis1": "7 93", "code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "to shout in a deep voice", "word": "ärjäistä" }, { "_dis1": "7 93", "code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "to shout in a deep voice", "word": "ärjähtää" }, { "_dis1": "7 93", "code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "to shout in a deep voice", "word": "karjaista" }, { "_dis1": "7 93", "code": "fi", "english": "shortly", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "to shout in a deep voice", "word": "mölähtää" }, { "_dis1": "7 93", "code": "fr", "lang": "French", "sense": "to shout in a deep voice", "word": "beugler" }, { "_dis1": "7 93", "code": "gl", "lang": "Galician", "sense": "to shout in a deep voice", "word": "bruar" }, { "_dis1": "7 93", "code": "de", "lang": "German", "sense": "to shout in a deep voice", "word": "brüllen" }, { "_dis1": "7 93", "code": "de", "lang": "German", "sense": "to shout in a deep voice", "word": "grölen" }, { "_dis1": "7 93", "code": "io", "lang": "Ido", "sense": "to shout in a deep voice", "word": "bramar" }, { "_dis1": "7 93", "code": "ota", "lang": "Ottoman Turkish", "roman": "çağırmak", "sense": "to shout in a deep voice", "word": "چاغرمق" }, { "_dis1": "7 93", "code": "ru", "lang": "Russian", "roman": "revétʹ", "sense": "to shout in a deep voice", "word": "реве́ть" }, { "_dis1": "7 93", "code": "sa", "lang": "Sanskrit", "roman": "roroti", "sense": "to shout in a deep voice", "word": "रोरोति" }, { "_dis1": "7 93", "code": "sl", "lang": "Slovene", "sense": "to shout in a deep voice", "word": "tuliti" }, { "_dis1": "7 93", "code": "dsb", "lang": "Lower Sorbian", "sense": "to shout in a deep voice", "tags": [ "imperfective" ], "word": "ricaś" }, { "_dis1": "7 93", "code": "es", "lang": "Spanish", "sense": "to shout in a deep voice", "word": "bramar" }, { "_dis1": "7 93", "code": "sv", "lang": "Swedish", "sense": "to shout in a deep voice", "word": "vråla" }, { "_dis1": "7 93", "code": "sv", "lang": "Swedish", "sense": "to shout in a deep voice", "word": "gapa" }, { "_dis1": "7 93", "code": "sv", "lang": "Swedish", "sense": "to shout in a deep voice", "word": "gorma" }, { "_dis1": "7 93", "code": "sv", "lang": "Swedish", "sense": "to shout in a deep voice", "word": "gasta" }, { "_dis1": "7 93", "code": "tr", "lang": "Turkish", "sense": "to shout in a deep voice", "word": "böğürmek" }, { "_dis1": "7 93", "code": "uk", "lang": "Ukrainian", "roman": "revity", "sense": "to shout in a deep voice", "word": "ревіти" }, { "_dis1": "7 93", "code": "uk", "lang": "Ukrainian", "roman": "horlaty", "sense": "to shout in a deep voice", "word": "горлати" } ] } ], "sounds": [ { "ipa": "/ˈbɛloʊ/", "tags": [ "General-American" ] }, { "ipa": "/ˈbɛləʊ/", "tags": [ "Received-Pronunciation" ] }, { "rhymes": "-ɛləʊ" }, { "audio": "en-us-bellow.ogg", "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ad/En-us-bellow.ogg/En-us-bellow.ogg.mp3", "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ad/En-us-bellow.ogg" } ], "synonyms": [ { "_dis1": "0 0 0", "tags": [ "US", "dialectal" ], "word": "beller" } ], "word": "bellow" }
{ "categories": [ "English countable nouns", "English entries with incorrect language header", "English lemmas", "English nouns", "English terms derived from Middle English", "English terms derived from Old English", "English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European", "English terms inherited from Middle English", "English terms inherited from Old English", "English verbs", "Entries with audio examples", "Entries with translation boxes", "Pages using discouraged character sequences", "Pages with 1 entry", "Pages with entries", "Rhymes:English/ɛləʊ", "Rhymes:English/ɛləʊ/2 syllables", "Terms with Ancient Greek translations", "Terms with Aromanian translations", "Terms with Bulgarian translations", "Terms with Catalan translations", "Terms with Czech translations", "Terms with Danish translations", "Terms with Dutch translations", "Terms with Esperanto translations", "Terms with Faroese translations", "Terms with Finnish translations", "Terms with French translations", "Terms with Galician translations", "Terms with German translations", "Terms with Ido translations", "Terms with Irish translations", "Terms with Italian translations", "Terms with Latin translations", "Terms with Lower Sorbian translations", "Terms with Malayalam translations", "Terms with Ottoman Turkish translations", "Terms with Persian translations", "Terms with Plautdietsch translations", "Terms with Portuguese translations", "Terms with Romanian translations", "Terms with Russian translations", "Terms with Sanskrit translations", "Terms with Slovene translations", "Terms with Spanish translations", "Terms with Swedish translations", "Terms with Turkish translations", "Terms with Ukrainian translations", "Terms with Welsh translations", "en:Vocalizations" ], "etymology_templates": [ { "args": { "1": "en", "2": "enm", "3": "belwen" }, "expansion": "Middle English belwen", "name": "inh" }, { "args": { "1": "en", "2": "ang", "3": "bylgian" }, "expansion": "Old English bylgian", "name": "inh" }, { "args": { "1": "en", "2": "ine-pro", "3": "*bʰel-", "4": "", "5": "to sound, roar" }, "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *bʰel- (“to sound, roar”)", "name": "der" }, { "args": { "1": "de", "2": "bellen", "3": "", "4": "to bark" }, "expansion": "German bellen (“to bark”)", "name": "cog" }, { "args": { "1": "ru", "2": "бле́ять", "3": "", "4": "baa, bleat" }, "expansion": "Russian бле́ять (bléjatʹ, “baa, bleat”)", "name": "cog" } ], "etymology_text": "From Middle English belwen, from Old English bylgian, ultimately from the Proto-Indo-European *bʰel- (“to sound, roar”), whence also belg (“leather bag”), bellan (“to roar”), blāwan (“to blow”). Cognate with German bellen (“to bark”), Russian бле́ять (bléjatʹ, “baa, bleat”).", "forms": [ { "form": "bellow The bellow of an elk", "tags": [ "canonical" ] }, { "form": "bellows", "tags": [ "plural" ] } ], "head_templates": [ { "args": {}, "expansion": "bellow (plural bellows)", "name": "en-noun" } ], "lang": "English", "lang_code": "en", "pos": "noun", "senses": [ { "categories": [ "English terms with quotations" ], "examples": [ { "ref": "1912, Arthur Conan Doyle, The Lost World […], London; New York, N.Y.: Hodder and Stoughton, →OCLC:", "text": "There was a tap at a door, a bull's bellow from within, and I was face to face with the Professor.", "type": "quote" } ], "glosses": [ "The deep roar of a large animal, or any similar loud noise." ], "links": [ [ "deep", "deep" ], [ "roar", "roar" ] ] } ], "sounds": [ { "ipa": "/ˈbɛloʊ/", "tags": [ "General-American" ] }, { "ipa": "/ˈbɛləʊ/", "tags": [ "Received-Pronunciation" ] }, { "rhymes": "-ɛləʊ" }, { "audio": "en-us-bellow.ogg", "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ad/En-us-bellow.ogg/En-us-bellow.ogg.mp3", "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ad/En-us-bellow.ogg" } ], "synonyms": [ { "tags": [ "US", "dialectal" ], "word": "beller" } ], "translations": [ { "code": "bg", "lang": "Bulgarian", "roman": "mučene", "sense": "the deep roar of a large animal, or any similar loud noise", "word": "мучене" }, { "code": "ca", "lang": "Catalan", "sense": "the deep roar of a large animal, or any similar loud noise", "word": "rugit" }, { "code": "ca", "lang": "Catalan", "sense": "the deep roar of a large animal, or any similar loud noise", "tags": [ "masculine" ], "word": "bramul" }, { "code": "cs", "lang": "Czech", "sense": "the deep roar of a large animal, or any similar loud noise", "word": "bučení" }, { "code": "da", "lang": "Danish", "sense": "the deep roar of a large animal, or any similar loud noise", "tags": [ "neuter" ], "word": "brøl" }, { "code": "eo", "lang": "Esperanto", "sense": "the deep roar of a large animal, or any similar loud noise", "word": "bleko" }, { "code": "eo", "lang": "Esperanto", "sense": "the deep roar of a large animal, or any similar loud noise", "word": "bleko" }, { "code": "eo", "lang": "Esperanto", "sense": "the deep roar of a large animal, or any similar loud noise", "word": "muĝo" }, { "code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "the deep roar of a large animal, or any similar loud noise", "word": "karjunta" }, { "code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "the deep roar of a large animal, or any similar loud noise", "word": "mylvintä" }, { "code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "the deep roar of a large animal, or any similar loud noise", "word": "ärjyntä" }, { "code": "fi", "english": "repeating", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "the deep roar of a large animal, or any similar loud noise", "word": "mölähtely" }, { "code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "the deep roar of a large animal, or any similar loud noise", "word": "karjaisu" }, { "code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "the deep roar of a large animal, or any similar loud noise", "word": "mylvähdys" }, { "code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "the deep roar of a large animal, or any similar loud noise", "word": "ärjäisy" }, { "code": "fi", "english": "individual", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "the deep roar of a large animal, or any similar loud noise", "word": "mölähdys" }, { "code": "gl", "lang": "Galician", "sense": "the deep roar of a large animal, or any similar loud noise", "tags": [ "masculine" ], "word": "bruído" }, { "code": "gl", "lang": "Galician", "sense": "the deep roar of a large animal, or any similar loud noise", "tags": [ "masculine" ], "word": "brúo" }, { "code": "de", "lang": "German", "sense": "the deep roar of a large animal, or any similar loud noise", "tags": [ "neuter" ], "word": "Röhren" }, { "code": "de", "lang": "German", "sense": "the deep roar of a large animal, or any similar loud noise", "tags": [ "neuter" ], "word": "Brüllen" }, { "code": "io", "lang": "Ido", "sense": "the deep roar of a large animal, or any similar loud noise", "word": "bramo" }, { "code": "ga", "lang": "Irish", "sense": "the deep roar of a large animal, or any similar loud noise", "tags": [ "feminine" ], "word": "géim" }, { "code": "it", "lang": "Italian", "sense": "the deep roar of a large animal, or any similar loud noise", "tags": [ "masculine" ], "word": "ruggito" }, { "code": "la", "lang": "Latin", "sense": "the deep roar of a large animal, or any similar loud noise", "tags": [ "masculine" ], "word": "rudor" }, { "code": "ml", "lang": "Malayalam", "roman": "gaṟjanaṁ", "sense": "the deep roar of a large animal, or any similar loud noise", "word": "ഗർജനം" }, { "code": "ml", "lang": "Malayalam", "roman": "alaṟcca", "sense": "the deep roar of a large animal, or any similar loud noise", "word": "അലർച്ച" }, { "code": "fa", "lang": "Persian", "roman": "žağand", "sense": "the deep roar of a large animal, or any similar loud noise", "word": "ژغند" }, { "code": "ro", "lang": "Romanian", "sense": "the deep roar of a large animal, or any similar loud noise", "tags": [ "neuter" ], "word": "răget" }, { "code": "ro", "lang": "Romanian", "sense": "the deep roar of a large animal, or any similar loud noise", "tags": [ "neuter" ], "word": "muget" }, { "code": "ru", "lang": "Russian", "roman": "rjov", "sense": "the deep roar of a large animal, or any similar loud noise", "tags": [ "masculine" ], "word": "рёв" }, { "code": "es", "lang": "Spanish", "sense": "the deep roar of a large animal, or any similar loud noise", "tags": [ "masculine" ], "word": "bramido" }, { "code": "es", "lang": "Spanish", "sense": "the deep roar of a large animal, or any similar loud noise", "tags": [ "masculine" ], "word": "berrido" }, { "code": "sv", "lang": "Swedish", "sense": "the deep roar of a large animal, or any similar loud noise", "tags": [ "neuter" ], "word": "vrål" }, { "code": "sv", "lang": "Swedish", "sense": "the deep roar of a large animal, or any similar loud noise", "tags": [ "neuter" ], "word": "böl" }, { "code": "sv", "lang": "Swedish", "sense": "the deep roar of a large animal, or any similar loud noise", "tags": [ "neuter" ], "word": "bröl" }, { "code": "tr", "lang": "Turkish", "sense": "the deep roar of a large animal, or any similar loud noise", "word": "böğürtü" } ], "word": "bellow" } { "categories": [ "English countable nouns", "English entries with incorrect language header", "English lemmas", "English nouns", "English terms derived from Middle English", "English terms derived from Old English", "English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European", "English terms inherited from Middle English", "English terms inherited from Old English", "English verbs", "Entries with audio examples", "Entries with translation boxes", "Pages using discouraged character sequences", "Pages with 1 entry", "Pages with entries", "Rhymes:English/ɛləʊ", "Rhymes:English/ɛləʊ/2 syllables", "Terms with Ancient Greek translations", "Terms with Aromanian translations", "Terms with Bulgarian translations", "Terms with Catalan translations", "Terms with Czech translations", "Terms with Danish translations", "Terms with Dutch translations", "Terms with Esperanto translations", "Terms with Faroese translations", "Terms with Finnish translations", "Terms with French translations", "Terms with Galician translations", "Terms with German translations", "Terms with Ido translations", "Terms with Irish translations", "Terms with Italian translations", "Terms with Latin translations", "Terms with Lower Sorbian translations", "Terms with Malayalam translations", "Terms with Ottoman Turkish translations", "Terms with Persian translations", "Terms with Plautdietsch translations", "Terms with Portuguese translations", "Terms with Romanian translations", "Terms with Russian translations", "Terms with Sanskrit translations", "Terms with Slovene translations", "Terms with Spanish translations", "Terms with Swedish translations", "Terms with Turkish translations", "Terms with Ukrainian translations", "Terms with Welsh translations", "en:Vocalizations" ], "derived": [ { "word": "bellower" }, { "word": "bellow out" }, { "word": "bellowsome" }, { "word": "outbellow" }, { "word": "rebellow" } ], "etymology_templates": [ { "args": { "1": "en", "2": "enm", "3": "belwen" }, "expansion": "Middle English belwen", "name": "inh" }, { "args": { "1": "en", "2": "ang", "3": "bylgian" }, "expansion": "Old English bylgian", "name": "inh" }, { "args": { "1": "en", "2": "ine-pro", "3": "*bʰel-", "4": "", "5": "to sound, roar" }, "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *bʰel- (“to sound, roar”)", "name": "der" }, { "args": { "1": "de", "2": "bellen", "3": "", "4": "to bark" }, "expansion": "German bellen (“to bark”)", "name": "cog" }, { "args": { "1": "ru", "2": "бле́ять", "3": "", "4": "baa, bleat" }, "expansion": "Russian бле́ять (bléjatʹ, “baa, bleat”)", "name": "cog" } ], "etymology_text": "From Middle English belwen, from Old English bylgian, ultimately from the Proto-Indo-European *bʰel- (“to sound, roar”), whence also belg (“leather bag”), bellan (“to roar”), blāwan (“to blow”). Cognate with German bellen (“to bark”), Russian бле́ять (bléjatʹ, “baa, bleat”).", "forms": [ { "form": "bellows", "tags": [ "present", "singular", "third-person" ] }, { "form": "bellowing", "tags": [ "participle", "present" ] }, { "form": "bellowed", "tags": [ "participle", "past" ] }, { "form": "bellowed", "tags": [ "past" ] } ], "head_templates": [ { "args": {}, "expansion": "bellow (third-person singular simple present bellows, present participle bellowing, simple past and past participle bellowed)", "name": "en-verb" } ], "lang": "English", "lang_code": "en", "pos": "verb", "senses": [ { "categories": [ "English terms with quotations" ], "examples": [ { "ref": "1697, Virgil, “The First Book of the Georgics”, in John Dryden, transl., The Works of Virgil: Containing His Pastorals, Georgics, and Æneis. […], London: […] Jacob Tonson, […], →OCLC:", "text": "the bellowing voice of boiling seas", "type": "quote" } ], "glosses": [ "To make a loud, deep, hollow noise like the roar of an angry bull." ] }, { "categories": [ "English terms with quotations" ], "examples": [ { "ref": "2012 May 13, Alistair Magowan, “Sunderland 0-1 Man Utd”, in BBC Sport:", "text": "Then, as the Sunderland fans' cheers bellowed around the stadium, United's title bid was over when it became apparent City had pinched a last-gasp winner to seal their first title in 44 years.", "type": "quote" } ], "glosses": [ "To shout in a deep voice." ] } ], "sounds": [ { "ipa": "/ˈbɛloʊ/", "tags": [ "General-American" ] }, { "ipa": "/ˈbɛləʊ/", "tags": [ "Received-Pronunciation" ] }, { "rhymes": "-ɛləʊ" }, { "audio": "en-us-bellow.ogg", "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ad/En-us-bellow.ogg/En-us-bellow.ogg.mp3", "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ad/En-us-bellow.ogg" } ], "synonyms": [ { "tags": [ "US", "dialectal" ], "word": "beller" } ], "translations": [ { "code": "rup", "lang": "Aromanian", "sense": "to make a noise like the deep roar of a large animal", "word": "mudzescu" }, { "code": "bg", "lang": "Bulgarian", "roman": "muča", "sense": "to make a noise like the deep roar of a large animal", "word": "муча" }, { "code": "cs", "lang": "Czech", "sense": "to make a noise like the deep roar of a large animal", "tags": [ "imperfective" ], "word": "bučet" }, { "code": "cs", "lang": "Czech", "sense": "to make a noise like the deep roar of a large animal", "tags": [ "imperfective" ], "word": "troubit" }, { "code": "da", "lang": "Danish", "sense": "to make a noise like the deep roar of a large animal", "word": "brøle" }, { "code": "nl", "lang": "Dutch", "sense": "to make a noise like the deep roar of a large animal", "word": "brullen" }, { "code": "eo", "lang": "Esperanto", "sense": "to make a noise like the deep roar of a large animal", "word": "bleki" }, { "code": "fo", "lang": "Faroese", "sense": "to make a noise like the deep roar of a large animal", "word": "brøla" }, { "code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "to make a noise like the deep roar of a large animal", "word": "mylviä" }, { "code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "to make a noise like the deep roar of a large animal", "word": "ärjyä" }, { "code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "to make a noise like the deep roar of a large animal", "word": "karjua" }, { "code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "to make a noise like the deep roar of a large animal", "word": "mölähtää" }, { "code": "fi", "english": "shortly", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "to make a noise like the deep roar of a large animal", "word": "mylväistä" }, { "code": "fr", "lang": "French", "sense": "to make a noise like the deep roar of a large animal", "word": "mugir" }, { "code": "gl", "lang": "Galician", "sense": "to make a noise like the deep roar of a large animal", "word": "bruar" }, { "code": "gl", "lang": "Galician", "sense": "to make a noise like the deep roar of a large animal", "word": "burdiar" }, { "code": "de", "lang": "German", "sense": "to make a noise like the deep roar of a large animal", "word": "brüllen" }, { "code": "de", "lang": "German", "sense": "to make a noise like the deep roar of a large animal", "word": "röhren" }, { "code": "grc", "lang": "Ancient Greek", "roman": "mukáomai", "sense": "to make a noise like the deep roar of a large animal", "word": "μυκάομαι" }, { "code": "io", "lang": "Ido", "sense": "to make a noise like the deep roar of a large animal", "word": "bramar" }, { "code": "ga", "lang": "Irish", "sense": "to make a noise like the deep roar of a large animal", "word": "géim" }, { "code": "it", "lang": "Italian", "sense": "to make a noise like the deep roar of a large animal", "word": "muggire" }, { "code": "it", "lang": "Italian", "sense": "to make a noise like the deep roar of a large animal", "word": "ruggire" }, { "code": "la", "lang": "Latin", "sense": "to make a noise like the deep roar of a large animal", "word": "rudō" }, { "code": "la", "lang": "Latin", "sense": "to make a noise like the deep roar of a large animal", "word": "mūgiō" }, { "code": "ota", "lang": "Ottoman Turkish", "roman": "çağırmak", "sense": "to make a noise like the deep roar of a large animal", "word": "چاغرمق" }, { "code": "ota", "lang": "Ottoman Turkish", "roman": "öğürmek", "sense": "to make a noise like the deep roar of a large animal", "word": "اوكورمك" }, { "code": "fa", "lang": "Persian", "roman": "ğorridan", "sense": "to make a noise like the deep roar of a large animal", "word": "غریدن" }, { "code": "pdt", "lang": "Plautdietsch", "sense": "to make a noise like the deep roar of a large animal", "word": "brellen" }, { "code": "pt", "lang": "Portuguese", "sense": "to make a noise like the deep roar of a large animal", "word": "bramir" }, { "code": "pt", "lang": "Portuguese", "sense": "to make a noise like the deep roar of a large animal", "word": "rugir" }, { "code": "pt", "lang": "Portuguese", "sense": "to make a noise like the deep roar of a large animal", "word": "urrar" }, { "code": "ro", "lang": "Romanian", "sense": "to make a noise like the deep roar of a large animal", "word": "mugi" }, { "code": "ro", "lang": "Romanian", "sense": "to make a noise like the deep roar of a large animal", "word": "rage" }, { "code": "ru", "lang": "Russian", "roman": "ryčátʹ", "sense": "to make a noise like the deep roar of a large animal", "word": "рыча́ть" }, { "code": "ru", "lang": "Russian", "roman": "revétʹ", "sense": "to make a noise like the deep roar of a large animal", "word": "реве́ть" }, { "code": "sa", "lang": "Sanskrit", "roman": "roroti", "sense": "to make a noise like the deep roar of a large animal", "word": "रोरोति" }, { "code": "sl", "lang": "Slovene", "sense": "to make a noise like the deep roar of a large animal", "word": "rjoveti" }, { "code": "sl", "lang": "Slovene", "sense": "to make a noise like the deep roar of a large animal", "word": "rjuti" }, { "code": "dsb", "lang": "Lower Sorbian", "sense": "to make a noise like the deep roar of a large animal", "tags": [ "imperfective" ], "word": "ricaś" }, { "code": "es", "lang": "Spanish", "sense": "to make a noise like the deep roar of a large animal", "word": "bramar" }, { "code": "es", "lang": "Spanish", "sense": "to make a noise like the deep roar of a large animal", "word": "berrear" }, { "code": "sv", "lang": "Swedish", "sense": "to make a noise like the deep roar of a large animal", "word": "ryta" }, { "code": "sv", "lang": "Swedish", "sense": "to make a noise like the deep roar of a large animal", "word": "bröla" }, { "code": "tr", "lang": "Turkish", "sense": "to make a noise like the deep roar of a large animal", "word": "böğürmek" }, { "code": "cy", "lang": "Welsh", "sense": "to make a noise like the deep roar of a large animal", "word": "rhuo" }, { "code": "bg", "lang": "Bulgarian", "roman": "reva", "sense": "to shout in a deep voice", "word": "рева" }, { "code": "bg", "lang": "Bulgarian", "roman": "kreštja", "sense": "to shout in a deep voice", "word": "крещя" }, { "code": "cs", "lang": "Czech", "sense": "to shout in a deep voice", "tags": [ "imperfective" ], "word": "řvát" }, { "code": "da", "lang": "Danish", "sense": "to shout in a deep voice", "word": "brøle" }, { "code": "da", "lang": "Danish", "sense": "to shout in a deep voice", "word": "larme" }, { "code": "nl", "lang": "Dutch", "sense": "to shout in a deep voice", "word": "brullen" }, { "code": "fo", "lang": "Faroese", "sense": "to shout in a deep voice", "word": "skrála" }, { "code": "fo", "lang": "Faroese", "sense": "to shout in a deep voice", "word": "brøla" }, { "code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "to shout in a deep voice", "word": "mylviä" }, { "code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "to shout in a deep voice", "word": "ärjyä" }, { "code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "to shout in a deep voice", "word": "karjua" }, { "code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "to shout in a deep voice", "word": "mylväistä" }, { "code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "to shout in a deep voice", "word": "ärjäistä" }, { "code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "to shout in a deep voice", "word": "ärjähtää" }, { "code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "to shout in a deep voice", "word": "karjaista" }, { "code": "fi", "english": "shortly", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "to shout in a deep voice", "word": "mölähtää" }, { "code": "fr", "lang": "French", "sense": "to shout in a deep voice", "word": "beugler" }, { "code": "gl", "lang": "Galician", "sense": "to shout in a deep voice", "word": "bruar" }, { "code": "de", "lang": "German", "sense": "to shout in a deep voice", "word": "brüllen" }, { "code": "de", "lang": "German", "sense": "to shout in a deep voice", "word": "grölen" }, { "code": "io", "lang": "Ido", "sense": "to shout in a deep voice", "word": "bramar" }, { "code": "ota", "lang": "Ottoman Turkish", "roman": "çağırmak", "sense": "to shout in a deep voice", "word": "چاغرمق" }, { "code": "ru", "lang": "Russian", "roman": "revétʹ", "sense": "to shout in a deep voice", "word": "реве́ть" }, { "code": "sa", "lang": "Sanskrit", "roman": "roroti", "sense": "to shout in a deep voice", "word": "रोरोति" }, { "code": "sl", "lang": "Slovene", "sense": "to shout in a deep voice", "word": "tuliti" }, { "code": "dsb", "lang": "Lower Sorbian", "sense": "to shout in a deep voice", "tags": [ "imperfective" ], "word": "ricaś" }, { "code": "es", "lang": "Spanish", "sense": "to shout in a deep voice", "word": "bramar" }, { "code": "sv", "lang": "Swedish", "sense": "to shout in a deep voice", "word": "vråla" }, { "code": "sv", "lang": "Swedish", "sense": "to shout in a deep voice", "word": "gapa" }, { "code": "sv", "lang": "Swedish", "sense": "to shout in a deep voice", "word": "gorma" }, { "code": "sv", "lang": "Swedish", "sense": "to shout in a deep voice", "word": "gasta" }, { "code": "tr", "lang": "Turkish", "sense": "to shout in a deep voice", "word": "böğürmek" }, { "code": "uk", "lang": "Ukrainian", "roman": "revity", "sense": "to shout in a deep voice", "word": "ревіти" }, { "code": "uk", "lang": "Ukrainian", "roman": "horlaty", "sense": "to shout in a deep voice", "word": "горлати" } ], "word": "bellow" }
Download raw JSONL data for bellow meaning in English (22.3kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-12-21 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-12-04 using wiktextract (d8cb2f3 and 4e554ae). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.