See -ward in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "ang:-weard",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *wert-der.\nProto-Germanic *wardaz\nOld English -weard\nEnglish -ward\n[Appendix:Glossary#derived_terms|Derived]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*wert-\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*wardaz\", \"lang\" : \"gem-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Old English\", \"term\" : \"-weard\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ang\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"English\", \"term\" : \"-ward\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"en\" }\" data-lang=\"en\" data-title=\"-ward\">",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*wert-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "-weard",
"4": ""
},
"expansion": "Old English -weard",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*wardaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *wardaz",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "-waarts"
},
"expansion": "Dutch -waarts",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nds",
"2": "-warts"
},
"expansion": "Low German -warts",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "-wärts"
},
"expansion": "German -wärts",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "-verðr"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse -verðr",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "is",
"2": "-verðr"
},
"expansion": "Icelandic -verðr",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "-vart"
},
"expansion": "Swedish -vart",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "got",
"2": "-𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐍃"
},
"expansion": "Gothic -𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐍃 (-wairþs)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "vertere",
"3": "",
"4": "to turn"
},
"expansion": "Latin vertere (“to turn”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "वर्तते",
"3": "",
"4": "he turns",
"tr": "vártate"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit वर्तते (vártate, “he turns”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *wert-der.\nProto-Germanic *wardaz\nOld English -weard\nEnglish -ward\nFrom Old English -weard, from Proto-Germanic *wardaz, earlier *warþaz (“turned toward, in the direction of, facing”); compare -wards, from -weardes.\nCognate with Dutch -waarts, Low German -warts, German -wärts, Old Norse -verðr, Icelandic -verðr, Swedish -vart, Gothic -𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐍃 (-wairþs), Latin vertere (“to turn”) or versus (“toward”), and Sanskrit वर्तते (vártate, “he turns”). Also related to worth (“to become”). Compare verse.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "adverb-forming suffixes",
"cat3": "adjective-forming suffixes",
"cat4": "",
"head": "",
"id": ""
},
"expansion": "-ward",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"cat2": "adverb-forming suffixes",
"cat3": "adjective-forming suffixes"
},
"expansion": "-ward",
"name": "en-suffix"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "49 51",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with etymology trees",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "52 48",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "53 47",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "51 49",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Entries with translation boxes",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "46 54",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using catfix",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "46 54",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using etymon with no ID",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "66 34",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "59 41",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "56 44",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with etymology trees",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "61 39",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "45 55",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Arabic translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "51 49",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Dutch translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "45 55",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with German translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "45 55",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Hebrew translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "51 49",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Navajo translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "45 55",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Polish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "45 55",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Swedish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "45 55",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Yiddish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
99,
103
]
],
"ref": "1957 March 7, Vladimir Nabokov, chapter 4.7, in Pnin, Heinemann, page 102:",
"text": "And after dinner, with a kindly wink, she bade them accompany the Reverend, who briskly walked hallward.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Forming adverbs denoting course or direction to, or motion or tendency toward, as in \"backward\", \"toward\", \"forward\", etc."
],
"id": "en--ward-en-suffix-J-iSqA-n",
"tags": [
"morpheme"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "67 33",
"code": "ar",
"lang": "Arabic",
"lang_code": "ar",
"roman": "-an, -an",
"sense": "forming adverbs",
"word": "ـًا، ـاً"
},
{
"_dis1": "67 33",
"code": "ar",
"lang": "Arabic",
"lang_code": "ar",
"roman": "l-",
"sense": "forming adverbs",
"word": "لـ"
},
{
"_dis1": "67 33",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"sense": "forming adverbs",
"word": "-waarts"
},
{
"_dis1": "67 33",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "forming adverbs",
"word": "-wärts"
},
{
"_dis1": "67 33",
"code": "he",
"lang": "Hebrew",
"lang_code": "he",
"roman": "-a",
"sense": "forming adverbs",
"word": "־ה"
},
{
"_dis1": "67 33",
"code": "he",
"lang": "Hebrew",
"lang_code": "he",
"roman": "l'-",
"sense": "forming adverbs",
"word": "ל־"
},
{
"_dis1": "67 33",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"lang_code": "hu",
"sense": "forming adverbs",
"word": "-felé"
},
{
"_dis1": "67 33",
"code": "nv",
"lang": "Navajo",
"lang_code": "nv",
"sense": "forming adverbs",
"word": "-jigo"
},
{
"_dis1": "67 33",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"sense": "forming adverbs",
"word": "-ie"
},
{
"_dis1": "67 33",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"sense": "forming adverbs",
"word": "-o"
},
{
"_dis1": "67 33",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"sense": "forming adverbs",
"word": "-åt"
},
{
"_dis1": "67 33",
"code": "yi",
"lang": "Yiddish",
"lang_code": "yi",
"roman": "ar-",
"sense": "forming adverbs",
"word": "אַר־"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "49 51",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with etymology trees",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "52 48",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "53 47",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "51 49",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Entries with translation boxes",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "46 54",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using catfix",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "46 54",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using etymon with no ID",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "45 55",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Arabic translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "51 49",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Dutch translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "45 55",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with German translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "45 55",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Hebrew translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "44 56",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Hungarian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "51 49",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Navajo translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "45 55",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Polish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "45 55",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Swedish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "45 55",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Yiddish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Forming adjectives, as in \"a backward look\", \"the northward road\", etc; used even by speakers who usually use -wards for adverbs."
],
"id": "en--ward-en-suffix-WSnaNUeA",
"tags": [
"morpheme"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "19 81",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"sense": "forming adjectives",
"word": "-waarts"
},
{
"_dis1": "19 81",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"lang_code": "hu",
"sense": "forming adjectives",
"word": "-i"
},
{
"_dis1": "19 81",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"sense": "forming adjectives",
"word": "-y"
},
{
"_dis1": "19 81",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"sense": "forming adjectives",
"word": "-i"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/wəd/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/wɚd/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/wɔːd/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/wɔɹd/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
}
],
"word": "-ward"
}
{
"categories": [
"English adjective-forming suffixes",
"English adverb-forming suffixes",
"English entries with etymology trees",
"English entries with etymon",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English suffixes",
"English terms derived from Old English",
"English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *wert-",
"English terms inherited from Old English",
"English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Entries with translation boxes",
"Pages using catfix",
"Pages using etymon with no ID",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Pages with etymology trees",
"Pages with etymon",
"Terms with Arabic translations",
"Terms with Dutch translations",
"Terms with German translations",
"Terms with Hebrew translations",
"Terms with Hungarian translations",
"Terms with Navajo translations",
"Terms with Polish translations",
"Terms with Swedish translations",
"Terms with Yiddish translations"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "ang:-weard",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *wert-der.\nProto-Germanic *wardaz\nOld English -weard\nEnglish -ward\n[Appendix:Glossary#derived_terms|Derived]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*wert-\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*wardaz\", \"lang\" : \"gem-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Old English\", \"term\" : \"-weard\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ang\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"English\", \"term\" : \"-ward\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"en\" }\" data-lang=\"en\" data-title=\"-ward\">",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*wert-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "-weard",
"4": ""
},
"expansion": "Old English -weard",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*wardaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *wardaz",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "-waarts"
},
"expansion": "Dutch -waarts",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nds",
"2": "-warts"
},
"expansion": "Low German -warts",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "-wärts"
},
"expansion": "German -wärts",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "-verðr"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse -verðr",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "is",
"2": "-verðr"
},
"expansion": "Icelandic -verðr",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "-vart"
},
"expansion": "Swedish -vart",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "got",
"2": "-𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐍃"
},
"expansion": "Gothic -𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐍃 (-wairþs)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "vertere",
"3": "",
"4": "to turn"
},
"expansion": "Latin vertere (“to turn”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "वर्तते",
"3": "",
"4": "he turns",
"tr": "vártate"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit वर्तते (vártate, “he turns”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *wert-der.\nProto-Germanic *wardaz\nOld English -weard\nEnglish -ward\nFrom Old English -weard, from Proto-Germanic *wardaz, earlier *warþaz (“turned toward, in the direction of, facing”); compare -wards, from -weardes.\nCognate with Dutch -waarts, Low German -warts, German -wärts, Old Norse -verðr, Icelandic -verðr, Swedish -vart, Gothic -𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐍃 (-wairþs), Latin vertere (“to turn”) or versus (“toward”), and Sanskrit वर्तते (vártate, “he turns”). Also related to worth (“to become”). Compare verse.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "adverb-forming suffixes",
"cat3": "adjective-forming suffixes",
"cat4": "",
"head": "",
"id": ""
},
"expansion": "-ward",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"cat2": "adverb-forming suffixes",
"cat3": "adjective-forming suffixes"
},
"expansion": "-ward",
"name": "en-suffix"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
99,
103
]
],
"ref": "1957 March 7, Vladimir Nabokov, chapter 4.7, in Pnin, Heinemann, page 102:",
"text": "And after dinner, with a kindly wink, she bade them accompany the Reverend, who briskly walked hallward.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Forming adverbs denoting course or direction to, or motion or tendency toward, as in \"backward\", \"toward\", \"forward\", etc."
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Forming adjectives, as in \"a backward look\", \"the northward road\", etc; used even by speakers who usually use -wards for adverbs."
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/wəd/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/wɚd/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/wɔːd/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/wɔɹd/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "ar",
"lang": "Arabic",
"lang_code": "ar",
"roman": "-an, -an",
"sense": "forming adverbs",
"word": "ـًا، ـاً"
},
{
"code": "ar",
"lang": "Arabic",
"lang_code": "ar",
"roman": "l-",
"sense": "forming adverbs",
"word": "لـ"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"sense": "forming adverbs",
"word": "-waarts"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "forming adverbs",
"word": "-wärts"
},
{
"code": "he",
"lang": "Hebrew",
"lang_code": "he",
"roman": "-a",
"sense": "forming adverbs",
"word": "־ה"
},
{
"code": "he",
"lang": "Hebrew",
"lang_code": "he",
"roman": "l'-",
"sense": "forming adverbs",
"word": "ל־"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"lang_code": "hu",
"sense": "forming adverbs",
"word": "-felé"
},
{
"code": "nv",
"lang": "Navajo",
"lang_code": "nv",
"sense": "forming adverbs",
"word": "-jigo"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"sense": "forming adverbs",
"word": "-ie"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"sense": "forming adverbs",
"word": "-o"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"sense": "forming adverbs",
"word": "-åt"
},
{
"code": "yi",
"lang": "Yiddish",
"lang_code": "yi",
"roman": "ar-",
"sense": "forming adverbs",
"word": "אַר־"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"sense": "forming adjectives",
"word": "-waarts"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"lang_code": "hu",
"sense": "forming adjectives",
"word": "-i"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"sense": "forming adjectives",
"word": "-y"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"sense": "forming adjectives",
"word": "-i"
}
],
"word": "-ward"
}
Download raw JSONL data for -ward meaning in English (6.7kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-09-09 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-09-02 using wiktextract (ccec6f1 and 4deed51). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.