See 偽 in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "世偽"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "世伪"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "乖偽"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "乖伪"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "乘偽行詐"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "乘伪行诈"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "以偽亂真"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "以伪乱真"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "zuòwěi",
"word": "作偽"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "zuòwěi",
"word": "作伪"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "侈偽"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "侈伪"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "偽人"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "伪人"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "wěizuò",
"word": "偽作"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "wěizuò",
"word": "伪作"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "偽俗"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "伪俗"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "假偽"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "假伪"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "偽傳"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "伪传"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "偽冒"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "伪冒"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "wěiliè",
"word": "偽劣"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "wěiliè",
"word": "伪劣"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "偽化"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "伪化"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "wěishǐ",
"word": "偽史"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "wěishǐ",
"word": "伪史"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "偽名"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "伪名"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "wěijūnzǐ",
"word": "偽君子"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "wěijūnzǐ",
"word": "伪君子"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "偽命"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "伪命"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "偽品"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "伪品"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "wěishàn",
"word": "偽善"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "wěishàn",
"word": "伪善"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "wěiguó",
"word": "偽國"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "wěiguó",
"word": "伪国"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "偽塗"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "伪涂"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "偽夫"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "伪夫"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "偽妄"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "伪妄"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "wěiniáng",
"word": "偽娘"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "wěiniáng",
"word": "伪娘"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "偽媮"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "伪偷"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "偽孔"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "伪孔"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "偽孔傳"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "伪孔传"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "偽字"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "伪字"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "偽學"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "伪学"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "偽定"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "伪定"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "偽客"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "伪客"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "偽局"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "伪局"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "偽巧"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "伪巧"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "偽師"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "伪师"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "wěibì",
"word": "偽幣"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "wěibì",
"word": "伪币"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "偽庭"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "伪庭"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "偽廉"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "伪廉"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "偽廷"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "伪廷"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "偽從"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "伪从"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "偽心"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "伪心"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "偽怠"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "伪怠"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "偽惑"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "伪惑"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "偽情"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "伪情"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "偽意"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "伪意"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "偽態"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "伪态"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "偽戾"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "伪戾"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "wěituō",
"word": "偽托"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "wěituō",
"word": "伪托"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "偽撰"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "偽政府"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "伪政府"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "wěizhèngquán",
"word": "偽政權"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "wěizhèngquán",
"word": "伪政权"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "偽方"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "伪方"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "偽易"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "伪易"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "wěishū",
"word": "偽書"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "wěishū",
"word": "伪书"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "偽服"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "伪服"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "偽朝"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "伪朝"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "偽本"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "伪本"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "偽民"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "伪民"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "Wěimǎn",
"word": "偽滿"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "Wěimǎn",
"word": "伪满"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "Wěi-Mǎnzhōuguó",
"word": "偽滿洲國"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "Wěi-Mǎnzhōuguó",
"word": "伪满洲国"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "偽物"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "伪物"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "偽百合"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "伪百合"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "wěihuáng",
"word": "偽皇"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "wěihuáng",
"word": "伪皇"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "偽真"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "伪真"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "wěikēxué",
"word": "偽科學"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "wěikēxué",
"word": "伪科学"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "偽端"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "伪端"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "偽筍"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "伪笋"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "偽組織"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "伪组织"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "wěijīng",
"word": "偽經"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "wěijīng",
"word": "伪经"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "偽繆"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "伪缪"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "偽臣"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "伪臣"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "偽荊卿"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "伪荆卿"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "偽蔽"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "伪蔽"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "偽薄"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "伪薄"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "偽藥"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "伪药"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "偽蠶"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "伪蚕"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "偽行"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "伪行"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "wěizhuāng",
"word": "偽裝"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "wěizhuāng",
"word": "伪装"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "偽裝滲透"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "伪装渗透"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "偽言"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "伪言"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "wěituō",
"word": "偽託"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "偽詐"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "伪诈"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "偽說"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "伪说"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "偽論"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "伪论"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "偽謬"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "伪谬"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "wěizhèng",
"word": "偽證"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "wěizhèng",
"word": "伪证"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "偽譔"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "伪撰"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "偽議"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "伪议"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "偽讓"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "伪让"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "偽貌"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "伪貌"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "wěizú",
"word": "偽足"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "wěizú",
"word": "伪足"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "偽跡"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "伪迹"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "偽蹟"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "wěijūn",
"word": "偽軍"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "wěijūn",
"word": "伪军"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "偽辭"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "伪辞"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "偽辯"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "伪辩"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "wěizào",
"word": "偽造"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "wěizào",
"word": "伪造"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "偽造文書"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "伪造文书"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "偽道"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "伪道"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "偽金錢"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "伪金钱"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "wěichāo",
"word": "偽鈔"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "wěichāo",
"word": "伪钞"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "偽錢"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "伪钱"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "偽飾"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "伪饰"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "偽體"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "伪体"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "偽鳳"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "伪凤"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "wěimáhuángjiǎn",
"word": "偽麻黃鹼"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "wěimáhuángjiǎn",
"word": "伪麻黄碱"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "偽黨"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "伪党"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "僭偽"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "僭伪"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "凶偽"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "別裁偽體"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "别裁伪体"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "化性起偽"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "化性起伪"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "南偽"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "南伪"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "厭偽"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "厌伪"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "qùwěicúnzhēn",
"word": "去偽存真"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "qùwěicúnzhēn",
"word": "去伪存真"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "妖偽"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "妖伪"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "姦偽"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "奸伪"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "巧偽"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "巧伪"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "幻偽"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "幻伪"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "彫偽"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "雕伪"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "情偽"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "情伪"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "慝偽"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "慝伪"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "díwěi",
"word": "敵偽"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "díwěi",
"word": "敌伪"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "晦偽"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "晦伪"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "智偽"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "智伪"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "棄偽從真"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "弃伪从真"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "機偽"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "机伪"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "樹偽"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "树伪"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "欺偽"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "欺伪"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "汙偽"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "污伪"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "浮偽"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "浮伪"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "淺偽"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "浅伪"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "淫偽"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "淫伪"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "澆偽"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "浇伪"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "濫偽"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "滥伪"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "煩偽"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "烦伪"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "狡偽"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "狡伪"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "猾偽"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "猾伪"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "番偽"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "番伪"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "百偽"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "百伪"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "zhēnwěi",
"word": "真偽"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "zhēnwěi",
"word": "真伪"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "真偽莫辨"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "真伪莫辨"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "眾偽"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "众伪"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "矜偽"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "矜伪"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "矯偽"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "矫伪"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "矯言偽行"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "矫言伪行"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "矯飾偽行"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "矫饰伪行"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "祅偽"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "祅伪"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "積偽"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "积伪"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "空偽"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "空伪"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "篡偽"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "篡伪"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "苦偽"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "苦伪"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "華偽"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "华伪"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "xūwěi",
"word": "虛偽"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "xūwěi",
"word": "虚伪"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "蠱偽"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "蛊伪"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "行偽"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "行伪"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "託偽"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "托伪"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "訛偽"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "讹伪"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "詐偽"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "诈伪"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "詭偽"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "诡伪"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "chéngwěi",
"word": "誠偽"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "chéngwěi",
"word": "诚伪"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "詿偽"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "诖伪"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "誣偽"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "诬伪"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "請偽"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "请伪"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "諂偽"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "谄伪"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "讎偽"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "雠伪"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "輕偽"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "轻伪"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "遂偽"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "遂伪"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "邀偽"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "邀伪"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "邪偽"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "邪伪"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "酢偽"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "酢伪"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "闇偽"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "暗伪"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "隱偽"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "隐伪"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "雕偽"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "雜偽"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "杂伪"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "飾偽"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "饰伪"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "僞",
"f": "爲",
"t": "為"
},
"expansion": "Simplified from 僞 (爲 → 為)",
"name": "Han simp"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "Han phono-semantic compounds"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "categorize"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "psc",
"adj": "",
"nocap": "",
"pron": "OC *ŋʷrals"
},
"expansion": "Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋʷrals)",
"name": "liushu"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "人",
"2": "為",
"alt1": "亻",
"c1": "s",
"c2": "p",
"ls": "psc",
"t1": "man",
"t2": "to make"
},
"expansion": "Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋʷrals): semantic 亻 (“man”) + phonetic 為 (OC *ɢʷal, *ɢʷals, “to make”)",
"name": "Han compound"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "為",
"2": "to act as",
"id": "1"
},
"expansion": "為 (OC *ɢʷal, “to act as”)",
"name": "och-l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Karlgren, 1956"
},
"expansion": "Karlgren, 1956",
"name": "zh-ref"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Wang, 1982"
},
"expansion": "Wang, 1982",
"name": "zh-ref"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Baxter and Sagart, 2014"
},
"expansion": "Baxter and Sagart, 2014",
"name": "zh-ref"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "訛",
"2": "erroneous"
},
"expansion": "訛 (OC *ŋʷaːl, “erroneous”)",
"name": "och-l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Schuessler, 2007"
},
"expansion": "Schuessler, 2007",
"name": "zh-ref"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "bo",
"2": "རྔོད",
"3": "",
"4": "to deceive"
},
"expansion": "Tibetan རྔོད (rngod, “to deceive”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Gong, 1995"
},
"expansion": "Gong, 1995",
"name": "zh-ref"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Schuessler, 2007"
},
"expansion": "Schuessler, 2007",
"name": "zh-ref"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Hill, 2014"
},
"expansion": "Hill, 2014",
"name": "zh-ref"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Jacques (2022, 2023)"
},
"expansion": "Jacques (2022, 2023)",
"name": "zh-ref"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ltc",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Middle Chinese",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "偽"
},
"expansion": "偽 (MC ngjweH)",
"name": "ltc-l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "訛"
},
"expansion": "訛 (MC ngwa)",
"name": "ltc-l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "偽"
},
"expansion": "偽",
"name": "lang"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "為",
"tr": "waj"
},
"expansion": "為 (OC waj)",
"name": "och-l"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Simplified from 僞 (爲 → 為). Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋʷrals): semantic 亻 (“man”) + phonetic 為 (OC *ɢʷal, *ɢʷals, “to make”), originally “artificial”.\nOften thought to be derived from 為 (OC *ɢʷal, “to act as”) (Karlgren, 1956; Wang, 1982; Baxter and Sagart, 2014).\nAlternatively, it may be cognate to 訛 (OC *ŋʷaːl, “erroneous”) (Schuessler, 2007); this may be compared to Tibetan རྔོད (rngod, “to deceive”), though the -d in Tibetan is unexplained (Gong, 1995; Schuessler, 2007; Hill, 2014).\nJacques (2022, 2023) seems to attempt to unify the two etymologies above. He argues the Middle Chinese initial ng- in both 偽 (MC ngjweH) and 訛 (MC ngwa) come from a middle voice/intransitivizing prefix *ŋ-. 偽, reconstructed as *ŋ-waj-s, would be derived from 為 (OC waj) as the root.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "伪",
"raw_tags": [
"Simplified Chinese"
]
},
{
"form": "僞",
"raw_tags": [
"Traditional Chinese"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "hanzi"
},
"expansion": "偽",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Chinese",
"lang_code": "zh",
"pos": "character",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"english": "hypocritical; hypocrisy",
"raw_tags": [
"Traditional Chinese"
],
"roman": "xūwěi",
"text": "虛偽",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "hypocritical; hypocrisy",
"raw_tags": [
"Simplified Chinese"
],
"roman": "xūwěi",
"text": "虚伪",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "to forge; to counterfeit",
"raw_tags": [
"Traditional Chinese"
],
"roman": "wěizào",
"text": "偽造",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "to forge; to counterfeit",
"raw_tags": [
"Simplified Chinese"
],
"roman": "wěizào",
"text": "伪造",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "counterfeit banknote",
"raw_tags": [
"Traditional Chinese"
],
"roman": "wěichāo",
"text": "偽鈔",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "counterfeit banknote",
"raw_tags": [
"Simplified Chinese"
],
"roman": "wěichāo",
"text": "伪钞",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "pseudoephedrine",
"raw_tags": [
"Traditional Chinese"
],
"roman": "wěimáhuángjiǎn",
"text": "偽麻黃鹼",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "pseudoephedrine",
"raw_tags": [
"Simplified Chinese"
],
"roman": "wěimáhuángjiǎn",
"text": "伪麻黄碱",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "Man's nature is bad; his goodness is artificial.",
"raw_tags": [
"Classical Chinese",
"Traditional Chinese"
],
"ref": " Xunzi, c. 3ʳᵈ century BCE",
"roman": "Rén zhī xìng è, qí shàn zhě wěi yě.",
"tags": [
"Pinyin"
],
"text": "人之性惡，其善者偽也。",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"english": "Man's nature is bad; his goodness is artificial.",
"raw_tags": [
"Classical Chinese",
"Simplified Chinese"
],
"ref": " Xunzi, c. 3ʳᵈ century BCE",
"roman": "Rén zhī xìng è, qí shàn zhě wěi yě.",
"tags": [
"Pinyin"
],
"text": "人之性恶，其善者伪也。",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"false; counterfeit; bogus; fake; pseudo-; artificial"
],
"id": "en-偽-zh-character-U8E8h2Ly",
"links": [
[
"false",
"false"
],
[
"counterfeit",
"counterfeit"
],
[
"bogus",
"bogus"
],
[
"fake",
"fake"
],
[
"pseudo-",
"pseudo-"
],
[
"artificial",
"artificial"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "20 62 18",
"kind": "other",
"name": "CJKV simplified characters",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "19 57 24",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Chinese entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "14 78 8",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Chinese hanzi",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "13 76 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Eastern Min hanzi",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "6 92 2",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle Chinese hanzi",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 91 2",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Old Chinese hanzi",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 38 8 7 6 11 8 2 2 2 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 5 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "6 52 6 5 5 9 6 2 2 2 5",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"falsehood; untruthfulness"
],
"id": "en-偽-zh-character-ZencrXwG",
"links": [
[
"falsehood",
"falsehood"
],
[
"untruthfulness",
"untruthfulness"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"english": "puppet government",
"raw_tags": [
"Traditional Chinese"
],
"roman": "wěizhèngquán",
"text": "偽政權",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "puppet government",
"raw_tags": [
"Simplified Chinese"
],
"roman": "wěizhèngquán",
"text": "伪政权",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "Manchukuo",
"raw_tags": [
"Traditional Chinese"
],
"roman": "Wěi-Mǎnzhōuguó",
"text": "偽滿洲國",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "Manchukuo",
"raw_tags": [
"Simplified Chinese"
],
"roman": "Wěi-Mǎnzhōuguó",
"text": "伪满洲国",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "the Peking University under the control of Chinese puppet state of the Empire of Japan",
"raw_tags": [
"Traditional Chinese"
],
"roman": "Wěi Běijīng Dàxué",
"text": "偽北京大學",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "the Peking University under the control of Chinese puppet state of the Empire of Japan",
"raw_tags": [
"Simplified Chinese"
],
"roman": "Wěi Běijīng Dàxué",
"text": "伪北京大学",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"illegal; illegitimate"
],
"id": "en-偽-zh-character-7~APFUx9",
"links": [
[
"illegal",
"illegal"
],
[
"illegitimate",
"illegitimate"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "wěi"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "wèi"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"bopomofo"
],
"zh-pron": "ㄨㄟˇ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"bopomofo"
],
"zh-pron": "ㄨㄟˋ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Jyutping"
],
"zh-pron": "ngai⁶"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"PFS",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "ngúi"
},
{
"tags": [
"Guangdong",
"Hakka",
"Meixian"
],
"zh-pron": "ngui³"
},
{
"zh-pron": "ngôi"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"POJ"
],
"zh-pron": "gūi"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"POJ"
],
"zh-pron": "ūi"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"POJ"
],
"zh-pron": "ûi"
},
{
"tags": [
"Peng'im",
"Teochew"
],
"zh-pron": "ngui⁶"
},
{
"zh-pron": "⁶we"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hanyu-Pinyin",
"Mandarin"
],
"zh-pron": "wěi"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Tongyong-Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "wěi"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Wade-Giles"
],
"zh-pron": "wei³"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Yale"
],
"zh-pron": "wěi"
},
{
"tags": [
"Gwoyeu-Romatsyh",
"Mandarin"
],
"zh-pron": "woei"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius"
],
"zh-pron": "вэй"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius"
],
"zh-pron": "vɛj"
},
{
"ipa": "/weɪ̯²¹⁴/",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hanyu-Pinyin",
"Mandarin"
],
"zh-pron": "wèi"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Tongyong-Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "wèi"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Wade-Giles"
],
"zh-pron": "wei⁴"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Yale"
],
"zh-pron": "wèi"
},
{
"tags": [
"Gwoyeu-Romatsyh",
"Mandarin"
],
"zh-pron": "wey"
},
{
"ipa": "/weɪ̯⁵¹/",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Hong-Kong",
"Jyutping"
],
"zh-pron": "ngai⁶"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Hong-Kong",
"Yale"
],
"zh-pron": "ngaih"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Hong-Kong",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "ngai⁶"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangdong-Romanization",
"Guangzhou",
"Hong-Kong"
],
"zh-pron": "ngei⁶"
},
{
"ipa": "/ŋɐi̯²²/",
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Hong-Kong",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Phak-fa-su"
],
"zh-pron": "ngúi"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Hakka-Romanization-System"
],
"zh-pron": "ngui^ˋ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hagfa-Pinyim",
"Hakka"
],
"zh-pron": "ngui³"
},
{
"ipa": "/ŋu̯i³¹/",
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ŋuɪ³¹/",
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Meixian",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Foochow-Romanized",
"Fuzhou"
],
"zh-pron": "ngôi"
},
{
"ipa": "/ŋui²⁴²/",
"tags": [
"Fuzhou",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Tai-lo"
],
"zh-pron": "guī"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Phofsit-Daibuun"
],
"zh-pron": "gui"
},
{
"ipa": "/ɡui²²/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Xiamen",
"Zhangzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ɡui³³/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Kaohsiung",
"Taipei"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ɡui⁴¹/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Quanzhou"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Tai-lo"
],
"zh-pron": "uī"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Phofsit-Daibuun"
],
"zh-pron": "ui"
},
{
"ipa": "/ui²²/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Xiamen",
"Zhangzhou"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Tai-lo"
],
"zh-pron": "uî"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Phofsit-Daibuun"
],
"zh-pron": "uii"
},
{
"ipa": "/ui²⁴/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Jinjiang",
"Quanzhou"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"POJ",
"Teochew"
],
"zh-pron": "ngŭi"
},
{
"ipa": "/ŋui³⁵/",
"tags": [
"Sinological-IPA",
"Teochew"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Northern",
"Wu"
],
"zh-pron": "⁶we"
},
{
"tags": [
"Northern",
"Wu"
],
"zh-pron": "we^去"
},
{
"tags": [
"Northern",
"Wu"
],
"zh-pron": "³hhue"
},
{
"tags": [
"Northern",
"Wu"
],
"zh-pron": "/ɦue²³/"
},
{
"tags": [
"Middle-Chinese"
],
"zh-pron": "ngjweH"
},
{
"tags": [
"Baxter-Sagart",
"Old-Chinese"
],
"zh-pron": "/*N-ɢʷ(r)aj-s/"
},
{
"tags": [
"Baxter-Sagart",
"Old-Chinese"
],
"zh-pron": "/*m-ɢʷ(r)aj-s/"
},
{
"tags": [
"Old-Chinese",
"Zhengzhang"
],
"zh-pron": "/*ŋʷrals/"
},
{
"other": "/ ūi /"
},
{
"ipa": "/weɪ̯²¹⁴/"
},
{
"ipa": "/weɪ̯⁵¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ŋɐi̯²²/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ŋu̯i³¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ŋuɪ³¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ŋui²⁴²/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ɡui²²/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ɡui³³/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ɡui⁴¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ui²²/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ui²⁴/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ŋui³⁵/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ɦue²³/"
},
{
"other": "/*N-ɢʷ(r)aj-s/"
},
{
"other": "/*m-ɢʷ(r)aj-s/"
},
{
"other": "/*ŋʷrals/"
}
],
"word": "偽"
}
{
"categories": [
"CJKV simplified characters",
"Chinese adjectives",
"Chinese entries with incorrect language header",
"Chinese hanzi",
"Chinese lemmas",
"Chinese nouns",
"Chinese terms spelled with 偽",
"Chinese terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Eastern Min adjectives",
"Eastern Min hanzi",
"Eastern Min lemmas",
"Eastern Min nouns",
"Middle Chinese adjectives",
"Middle Chinese hanzi",
"Middle Chinese lemmas",
"Middle Chinese nouns",
"Old Chinese adjectives",
"Old Chinese hanzi",
"Old Chinese lemmas",
"Old Chinese nouns",
"Pages with 5 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "世偽"
},
{
"word": "世伪"
},
{
"word": "乖偽"
},
{
"word": "乖伪"
},
{
"word": "乘偽行詐"
},
{
"word": "乘伪行诈"
},
{
"word": "以偽亂真"
},
{
"word": "以伪乱真"
},
{
"roman": "zuòwěi",
"word": "作偽"
},
{
"roman": "zuòwěi",
"word": "作伪"
},
{
"word": "侈偽"
},
{
"word": "侈伪"
},
{
"word": "偽人"
},
{
"word": "伪人"
},
{
"roman": "wěizuò",
"word": "偽作"
},
{
"roman": "wěizuò",
"word": "伪作"
},
{
"word": "偽俗"
},
{
"word": "伪俗"
},
{
"word": "假偽"
},
{
"word": "假伪"
},
{
"word": "偽傳"
},
{
"word": "伪传"
},
{
"word": "偽冒"
},
{
"word": "伪冒"
},
{
"roman": "wěiliè",
"word": "偽劣"
},
{
"roman": "wěiliè",
"word": "伪劣"
},
{
"word": "偽化"
},
{
"word": "伪化"
},
{
"roman": "wěishǐ",
"word": "偽史"
},
{
"roman": "wěishǐ",
"word": "伪史"
},
{
"word": "偽名"
},
{
"word": "伪名"
},
{
"roman": "wěijūnzǐ",
"word": "偽君子"
},
{
"roman": "wěijūnzǐ",
"word": "伪君子"
},
{
"word": "偽命"
},
{
"word": "伪命"
},
{
"word": "偽品"
},
{
"word": "伪品"
},
{
"roman": "wěishàn",
"word": "偽善"
},
{
"roman": "wěishàn",
"word": "伪善"
},
{
"roman": "wěiguó",
"word": "偽國"
},
{
"roman": "wěiguó",
"word": "伪国"
},
{
"word": "偽塗"
},
{
"word": "伪涂"
},
{
"word": "偽夫"
},
{
"word": "伪夫"
},
{
"word": "偽妄"
},
{
"word": "伪妄"
},
{
"roman": "wěiniáng",
"word": "偽娘"
},
{
"roman": "wěiniáng",
"word": "伪娘"
},
{
"word": "偽媮"
},
{
"word": "伪偷"
},
{
"word": "偽孔"
},
{
"word": "伪孔"
},
{
"word": "偽孔傳"
},
{
"word": "伪孔传"
},
{
"word": "偽字"
},
{
"word": "伪字"
},
{
"word": "偽學"
},
{
"word": "伪学"
},
{
"word": "偽定"
},
{
"word": "伪定"
},
{
"word": "偽客"
},
{
"word": "伪客"
},
{
"word": "偽局"
},
{
"word": "伪局"
},
{
"word": "偽巧"
},
{
"word": "伪巧"
},
{
"word": "偽師"
},
{
"word": "伪师"
},
{
"roman": "wěibì",
"word": "偽幣"
},
{
"roman": "wěibì",
"word": "伪币"
},
{
"word": "偽庭"
},
{
"word": "伪庭"
},
{
"word": "偽廉"
},
{
"word": "伪廉"
},
{
"word": "偽廷"
},
{
"word": "伪廷"
},
{
"word": "偽從"
},
{
"word": "伪从"
},
{
"word": "偽心"
},
{
"word": "伪心"
},
{
"word": "偽怠"
},
{
"word": "伪怠"
},
{
"word": "偽惑"
},
{
"word": "伪惑"
},
{
"word": "偽情"
},
{
"word": "伪情"
},
{
"word": "偽意"
},
{
"word": "伪意"
},
{
"word": "偽態"
},
{
"word": "伪态"
},
{
"word": "偽戾"
},
{
"word": "伪戾"
},
{
"roman": "wěituō",
"word": "偽托"
},
{
"roman": "wěituō",
"word": "伪托"
},
{
"word": "偽撰"
},
{
"word": "偽政府"
},
{
"word": "伪政府"
},
{
"roman": "wěizhèngquán",
"word": "偽政權"
},
{
"roman": "wěizhèngquán",
"word": "伪政权"
},
{
"word": "偽方"
},
{
"word": "伪方"
},
{
"word": "偽易"
},
{
"word": "伪易"
},
{
"roman": "wěishū",
"word": "偽書"
},
{
"roman": "wěishū",
"word": "伪书"
},
{
"word": "偽服"
},
{
"word": "伪服"
},
{
"word": "偽朝"
},
{
"word": "伪朝"
},
{
"word": "偽本"
},
{
"word": "伪本"
},
{
"word": "偽民"
},
{
"word": "伪民"
},
{
"roman": "Wěimǎn",
"word": "偽滿"
},
{
"roman": "Wěimǎn",
"word": "伪满"
},
{
"roman": "Wěi-Mǎnzhōuguó",
"word": "偽滿洲國"
},
{
"roman": "Wěi-Mǎnzhōuguó",
"word": "伪满洲国"
},
{
"word": "偽物"
},
{
"word": "伪物"
},
{
"word": "偽百合"
},
{
"word": "伪百合"
},
{
"roman": "wěihuáng",
"word": "偽皇"
},
{
"roman": "wěihuáng",
"word": "伪皇"
},
{
"word": "偽真"
},
{
"word": "伪真"
},
{
"roman": "wěikēxué",
"word": "偽科學"
},
{
"roman": "wěikēxué",
"word": "伪科学"
},
{
"word": "偽端"
},
{
"word": "伪端"
},
{
"word": "偽筍"
},
{
"word": "伪笋"
},
{
"word": "偽組織"
},
{
"word": "伪组织"
},
{
"roman": "wěijīng",
"word": "偽經"
},
{
"roman": "wěijīng",
"word": "伪经"
},
{
"word": "偽繆"
},
{
"word": "伪缪"
},
{
"word": "偽臣"
},
{
"word": "伪臣"
},
{
"word": "偽荊卿"
},
{
"word": "伪荆卿"
},
{
"word": "偽蔽"
},
{
"word": "伪蔽"
},
{
"word": "偽薄"
},
{
"word": "伪薄"
},
{
"word": "偽藥"
},
{
"word": "伪药"
},
{
"word": "偽蠶"
},
{
"word": "伪蚕"
},
{
"word": "偽行"
},
{
"word": "伪行"
},
{
"roman": "wěizhuāng",
"word": "偽裝"
},
{
"roman": "wěizhuāng",
"word": "伪装"
},
{
"word": "偽裝滲透"
},
{
"word": "伪装渗透"
},
{
"word": "偽言"
},
{
"word": "伪言"
},
{
"roman": "wěituō",
"word": "偽託"
},
{
"word": "偽詐"
},
{
"word": "伪诈"
},
{
"word": "偽說"
},
{
"word": "伪说"
},
{
"word": "偽論"
},
{
"word": "伪论"
},
{
"word": "偽謬"
},
{
"word": "伪谬"
},
{
"roman": "wěizhèng",
"word": "偽證"
},
{
"roman": "wěizhèng",
"word": "伪证"
},
{
"word": "偽譔"
},
{
"word": "伪撰"
},
{
"word": "偽議"
},
{
"word": "伪议"
},
{
"word": "偽讓"
},
{
"word": "伪让"
},
{
"word": "偽貌"
},
{
"word": "伪貌"
},
{
"roman": "wěizú",
"word": "偽足"
},
{
"roman": "wěizú",
"word": "伪足"
},
{
"word": "偽跡"
},
{
"word": "伪迹"
},
{
"word": "偽蹟"
},
{
"roman": "wěijūn",
"word": "偽軍"
},
{
"roman": "wěijūn",
"word": "伪军"
},
{
"word": "偽辭"
},
{
"word": "伪辞"
},
{
"word": "偽辯"
},
{
"word": "伪辩"
},
{
"roman": "wěizào",
"word": "偽造"
},
{
"roman": "wěizào",
"word": "伪造"
},
{
"word": "偽造文書"
},
{
"word": "伪造文书"
},
{
"word": "偽道"
},
{
"word": "伪道"
},
{
"word": "偽金錢"
},
{
"word": "伪金钱"
},
{
"roman": "wěichāo",
"word": "偽鈔"
},
{
"roman": "wěichāo",
"word": "伪钞"
},
{
"word": "偽錢"
},
{
"word": "伪钱"
},
{
"word": "偽飾"
},
{
"word": "伪饰"
},
{
"word": "偽體"
},
{
"word": "伪体"
},
{
"word": "偽鳳"
},
{
"word": "伪凤"
},
{
"roman": "wěimáhuángjiǎn",
"word": "偽麻黃鹼"
},
{
"roman": "wěimáhuángjiǎn",
"word": "伪麻黄碱"
},
{
"word": "偽黨"
},
{
"word": "伪党"
},
{
"word": "僭偽"
},
{
"word": "僭伪"
},
{
"word": "凶偽"
},
{
"word": "別裁偽體"
},
{
"word": "别裁伪体"
},
{
"word": "化性起偽"
},
{
"word": "化性起伪"
},
{
"word": "南偽"
},
{
"word": "南伪"
},
{
"word": "厭偽"
},
{
"word": "厌伪"
},
{
"roman": "qùwěicúnzhēn",
"word": "去偽存真"
},
{
"roman": "qùwěicúnzhēn",
"word": "去伪存真"
},
{
"word": "妖偽"
},
{
"word": "妖伪"
},
{
"word": "姦偽"
},
{
"word": "奸伪"
},
{
"word": "巧偽"
},
{
"word": "巧伪"
},
{
"word": "幻偽"
},
{
"word": "幻伪"
},
{
"word": "彫偽"
},
{
"word": "雕伪"
},
{
"word": "情偽"
},
{
"word": "情伪"
},
{
"word": "慝偽"
},
{
"word": "慝伪"
},
{
"roman": "díwěi",
"word": "敵偽"
},
{
"roman": "díwěi",
"word": "敌伪"
},
{
"word": "晦偽"
},
{
"word": "晦伪"
},
{
"word": "智偽"
},
{
"word": "智伪"
},
{
"word": "棄偽從真"
},
{
"word": "弃伪从真"
},
{
"word": "機偽"
},
{
"word": "机伪"
},
{
"word": "樹偽"
},
{
"word": "树伪"
},
{
"word": "欺偽"
},
{
"word": "欺伪"
},
{
"word": "汙偽"
},
{
"word": "污伪"
},
{
"word": "浮偽"
},
{
"word": "浮伪"
},
{
"word": "淺偽"
},
{
"word": "浅伪"
},
{
"word": "淫偽"
},
{
"word": "淫伪"
},
{
"word": "澆偽"
},
{
"word": "浇伪"
},
{
"word": "濫偽"
},
{
"word": "滥伪"
},
{
"word": "煩偽"
},
{
"word": "烦伪"
},
{
"word": "狡偽"
},
{
"word": "狡伪"
},
{
"word": "猾偽"
},
{
"word": "猾伪"
},
{
"word": "番偽"
},
{
"word": "番伪"
},
{
"word": "百偽"
},
{
"word": "百伪"
},
{
"roman": "zhēnwěi",
"word": "真偽"
},
{
"roman": "zhēnwěi",
"word": "真伪"
},
{
"word": "真偽莫辨"
},
{
"word": "真伪莫辨"
},
{
"word": "眾偽"
},
{
"word": "众伪"
},
{
"word": "矜偽"
},
{
"word": "矜伪"
},
{
"word": "矯偽"
},
{
"word": "矫伪"
},
{
"word": "矯言偽行"
},
{
"word": "矫言伪行"
},
{
"word": "矯飾偽行"
},
{
"word": "矫饰伪行"
},
{
"word": "祅偽"
},
{
"word": "祅伪"
},
{
"word": "積偽"
},
{
"word": "积伪"
},
{
"word": "空偽"
},
{
"word": "空伪"
},
{
"word": "篡偽"
},
{
"word": "篡伪"
},
{
"word": "苦偽"
},
{
"word": "苦伪"
},
{
"word": "華偽"
},
{
"word": "华伪"
},
{
"roman": "xūwěi",
"word": "虛偽"
},
{
"roman": "xūwěi",
"word": "虚伪"
},
{
"word": "蠱偽"
},
{
"word": "蛊伪"
},
{
"word": "行偽"
},
{
"word": "行伪"
},
{
"word": "託偽"
},
{
"word": "托伪"
},
{
"word": "訛偽"
},
{
"word": "讹伪"
},
{
"word": "詐偽"
},
{
"word": "诈伪"
},
{
"word": "詭偽"
},
{
"word": "诡伪"
},
{
"roman": "chéngwěi",
"word": "誠偽"
},
{
"roman": "chéngwěi",
"word": "诚伪"
},
{
"word": "詿偽"
},
{
"word": "诖伪"
},
{
"word": "誣偽"
},
{
"word": "诬伪"
},
{
"word": "請偽"
},
{
"word": "请伪"
},
{
"word": "諂偽"
},
{
"word": "谄伪"
},
{
"word": "讎偽"
},
{
"word": "雠伪"
},
{
"word": "輕偽"
},
{
"word": "轻伪"
},
{
"word": "遂偽"
},
{
"word": "遂伪"
},
{
"word": "邀偽"
},
{
"word": "邀伪"
},
{
"word": "邪偽"
},
{
"word": "邪伪"
},
{
"word": "酢偽"
},
{
"word": "酢伪"
},
{
"word": "闇偽"
},
{
"word": "暗伪"
},
{
"word": "隱偽"
},
{
"word": "隐伪"
},
{
"word": "雕偽"
},
{
"word": "雜偽"
},
{
"word": "杂伪"
},
{
"word": "飾偽"
},
{
"word": "饰伪"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "僞",
"f": "爲",
"t": "為"
},
"expansion": "Simplified from 僞 (爲 → 為)",
"name": "Han simp"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "Han phono-semantic compounds"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "categorize"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "psc",
"adj": "",
"nocap": "",
"pron": "OC *ŋʷrals"
},
"expansion": "Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋʷrals)",
"name": "liushu"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "人",
"2": "為",
"alt1": "亻",
"c1": "s",
"c2": "p",
"ls": "psc",
"t1": "man",
"t2": "to make"
},
"expansion": "Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋʷrals): semantic 亻 (“man”) + phonetic 為 (OC *ɢʷal, *ɢʷals, “to make”)",
"name": "Han compound"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "為",
"2": "to act as",
"id": "1"
},
"expansion": "為 (OC *ɢʷal, “to act as”)",
"name": "och-l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Karlgren, 1956"
},
"expansion": "Karlgren, 1956",
"name": "zh-ref"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Wang, 1982"
},
"expansion": "Wang, 1982",
"name": "zh-ref"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Baxter and Sagart, 2014"
},
"expansion": "Baxter and Sagart, 2014",
"name": "zh-ref"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "訛",
"2": "erroneous"
},
"expansion": "訛 (OC *ŋʷaːl, “erroneous”)",
"name": "och-l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Schuessler, 2007"
},
"expansion": "Schuessler, 2007",
"name": "zh-ref"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "bo",
"2": "རྔོད",
"3": "",
"4": "to deceive"
},
"expansion": "Tibetan རྔོད (rngod, “to deceive”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Gong, 1995"
},
"expansion": "Gong, 1995",
"name": "zh-ref"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Schuessler, 2007"
},
"expansion": "Schuessler, 2007",
"name": "zh-ref"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Hill, 2014"
},
"expansion": "Hill, 2014",
"name": "zh-ref"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Jacques (2022, 2023)"
},
"expansion": "Jacques (2022, 2023)",
"name": "zh-ref"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ltc",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Middle Chinese",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "偽"
},
"expansion": "偽 (MC ngjweH)",
"name": "ltc-l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "訛"
},
"expansion": "訛 (MC ngwa)",
"name": "ltc-l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "偽"
},
"expansion": "偽",
"name": "lang"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "為",
"tr": "waj"
},
"expansion": "為 (OC waj)",
"name": "och-l"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Simplified from 僞 (爲 → 為). Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋʷrals): semantic 亻 (“man”) + phonetic 為 (OC *ɢʷal, *ɢʷals, “to make”), originally “artificial”.\nOften thought to be derived from 為 (OC *ɢʷal, “to act as”) (Karlgren, 1956; Wang, 1982; Baxter and Sagart, 2014).\nAlternatively, it may be cognate to 訛 (OC *ŋʷaːl, “erroneous”) (Schuessler, 2007); this may be compared to Tibetan རྔོད (rngod, “to deceive”), though the -d in Tibetan is unexplained (Gong, 1995; Schuessler, 2007; Hill, 2014).\nJacques (2022, 2023) seems to attempt to unify the two etymologies above. He argues the Middle Chinese initial ng- in both 偽 (MC ngjweH) and 訛 (MC ngwa) come from a middle voice/intransitivizing prefix *ŋ-. 偽, reconstructed as *ŋ-waj-s, would be derived from 為 (OC waj) as the root.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "伪",
"raw_tags": [
"Simplified Chinese"
]
},
{
"form": "僞",
"raw_tags": [
"Traditional Chinese"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "hanzi"
},
"expansion": "偽",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Chinese",
"lang_code": "zh",
"pos": "character",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Literary Chinese terms with quotations",
"Mandarin terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "hypocritical; hypocrisy",
"raw_tags": [
"Traditional Chinese"
],
"roman": "xūwěi",
"text": "虛偽",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "hypocritical; hypocrisy",
"raw_tags": [
"Simplified Chinese"
],
"roman": "xūwěi",
"text": "虚伪",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "to forge; to counterfeit",
"raw_tags": [
"Traditional Chinese"
],
"roman": "wěizào",
"text": "偽造",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "to forge; to counterfeit",
"raw_tags": [
"Simplified Chinese"
],
"roman": "wěizào",
"text": "伪造",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "counterfeit banknote",
"raw_tags": [
"Traditional Chinese"
],
"roman": "wěichāo",
"text": "偽鈔",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "counterfeit banknote",
"raw_tags": [
"Simplified Chinese"
],
"roman": "wěichāo",
"text": "伪钞",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "pseudoephedrine",
"raw_tags": [
"Traditional Chinese"
],
"roman": "wěimáhuángjiǎn",
"text": "偽麻黃鹼",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "pseudoephedrine",
"raw_tags": [
"Simplified Chinese"
],
"roman": "wěimáhuángjiǎn",
"text": "伪麻黄碱",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "Man's nature is bad; his goodness is artificial.",
"raw_tags": [
"Classical Chinese",
"Traditional Chinese"
],
"ref": " Xunzi, c. 3ʳᵈ century BCE",
"roman": "Rén zhī xìng è, qí shàn zhě wěi yě.",
"tags": [
"Pinyin"
],
"text": "人之性惡，其善者偽也。",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"english": "Man's nature is bad; his goodness is artificial.",
"raw_tags": [
"Classical Chinese",
"Simplified Chinese"
],
"ref": " Xunzi, c. 3ʳᵈ century BCE",
"roman": "Rén zhī xìng è, qí shàn zhě wěi yě.",
"tags": [
"Pinyin"
],
"text": "人之性恶，其善者伪也。",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"false; counterfeit; bogus; fake; pseudo-; artificial"
],
"links": [
[
"false",
"false"
],
[
"counterfeit",
"counterfeit"
],
[
"bogus",
"bogus"
],
[
"fake",
"fake"
],
[
"pseudo-",
"pseudo-"
],
[
"artificial",
"artificial"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"falsehood; untruthfulness"
],
"links": [
[
"falsehood",
"falsehood"
],
[
"untruthfulness",
"untruthfulness"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Mandarin terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "puppet government",
"raw_tags": [
"Traditional Chinese"
],
"roman": "wěizhèngquán",
"text": "偽政權",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "puppet government",
"raw_tags": [
"Simplified Chinese"
],
"roman": "wěizhèngquán",
"text": "伪政权",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "Manchukuo",
"raw_tags": [
"Traditional Chinese"
],
"roman": "Wěi-Mǎnzhōuguó",
"text": "偽滿洲國",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "Manchukuo",
"raw_tags": [
"Simplified Chinese"
],
"roman": "Wěi-Mǎnzhōuguó",
"text": "伪满洲国",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "the Peking University under the control of Chinese puppet state of the Empire of Japan",
"raw_tags": [
"Traditional Chinese"
],
"roman": "Wěi Běijīng Dàxué",
"text": "偽北京大學",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "the Peking University under the control of Chinese puppet state of the Empire of Japan",
"raw_tags": [
"Simplified Chinese"
],
"roman": "Wěi Běijīng Dàxué",
"text": "伪北京大学",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"illegal; illegitimate"
],
"links": [
[
"illegal",
"illegal"
],
[
"illegitimate",
"illegitimate"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "wěi"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "wèi"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"bopomofo"
],
"zh-pron": "ㄨㄟˇ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"bopomofo"
],
"zh-pron": "ㄨㄟˋ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Jyutping"
],
"zh-pron": "ngai⁶"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"PFS",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "ngúi"
},
{
"tags": [
"Guangdong",
"Hakka",
"Meixian"
],
"zh-pron": "ngui³"
},
{
"zh-pron": "ngôi"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"POJ"
],
"zh-pron": "gūi"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"POJ"
],
"zh-pron": "ūi"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"POJ"
],
"zh-pron": "ûi"
},
{
"tags": [
"Peng'im",
"Teochew"
],
"zh-pron": "ngui⁶"
},
{
"zh-pron": "⁶we"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hanyu-Pinyin",
"Mandarin"
],
"zh-pron": "wěi"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Tongyong-Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "wěi"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Wade-Giles"
],
"zh-pron": "wei³"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Yale"
],
"zh-pron": "wěi"
},
{
"tags": [
"Gwoyeu-Romatsyh",
"Mandarin"
],
"zh-pron": "woei"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius"
],
"zh-pron": "вэй"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius"
],
"zh-pron": "vɛj"
},
{
"ipa": "/weɪ̯²¹⁴/",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hanyu-Pinyin",
"Mandarin"
],
"zh-pron": "wèi"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Tongyong-Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "wèi"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Wade-Giles"
],
"zh-pron": "wei⁴"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Yale"
],
"zh-pron": "wèi"
},
{
"tags": [
"Gwoyeu-Romatsyh",
"Mandarin"
],
"zh-pron": "wey"
},
{
"ipa": "/weɪ̯⁵¹/",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Hong-Kong",
"Jyutping"
],
"zh-pron": "ngai⁶"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Hong-Kong",
"Yale"
],
"zh-pron": "ngaih"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Hong-Kong",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "ngai⁶"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangdong-Romanization",
"Guangzhou",
"Hong-Kong"
],
"zh-pron": "ngei⁶"
},
{
"ipa": "/ŋɐi̯²²/",
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Hong-Kong",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Phak-fa-su"
],
"zh-pron": "ngúi"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Hakka-Romanization-System"
],
"zh-pron": "ngui^ˋ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hagfa-Pinyim",
"Hakka"
],
"zh-pron": "ngui³"
},
{
"ipa": "/ŋu̯i³¹/",
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ŋuɪ³¹/",
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Meixian",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Foochow-Romanized",
"Fuzhou"
],
"zh-pron": "ngôi"
},
{
"ipa": "/ŋui²⁴²/",
"tags": [
"Fuzhou",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Tai-lo"
],
"zh-pron": "guī"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Phofsit-Daibuun"
],
"zh-pron": "gui"
},
{
"ipa": "/ɡui²²/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Xiamen",
"Zhangzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ɡui³³/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Kaohsiung",
"Taipei"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ɡui⁴¹/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Quanzhou"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Tai-lo"
],
"zh-pron": "uī"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Phofsit-Daibuun"
],
"zh-pron": "ui"
},
{
"ipa": "/ui²²/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Xiamen",
"Zhangzhou"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Tai-lo"
],
"zh-pron": "uî"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Phofsit-Daibuun"
],
"zh-pron": "uii"
},
{
"ipa": "/ui²⁴/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Jinjiang",
"Quanzhou"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"POJ",
"Teochew"
],
"zh-pron": "ngŭi"
},
{
"ipa": "/ŋui³⁵/",
"tags": [
"Sinological-IPA",
"Teochew"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Northern",
"Wu"
],
"zh-pron": "⁶we"
},
{
"tags": [
"Northern",
"Wu"
],
"zh-pron": "we^去"
},
{
"tags": [
"Northern",
"Wu"
],
"zh-pron": "³hhue"
},
{
"tags": [
"Northern",
"Wu"
],
"zh-pron": "/ɦue²³/"
},
{
"tags": [
"Middle-Chinese"
],
"zh-pron": "ngjweH"
},
{
"tags": [
"Baxter-Sagart",
"Old-Chinese"
],
"zh-pron": "/*N-ɢʷ(r)aj-s/"
},
{
"tags": [
"Baxter-Sagart",
"Old-Chinese"
],
"zh-pron": "/*m-ɢʷ(r)aj-s/"
},
{
"tags": [
"Old-Chinese",
"Zhengzhang"
],
"zh-pron": "/*ŋʷrals/"
},
{
"other": "/ ūi /"
},
{
"ipa": "/weɪ̯²¹⁴/"
},
{
"ipa": "/weɪ̯⁵¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ŋɐi̯²²/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ŋu̯i³¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ŋuɪ³¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ŋui²⁴²/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ɡui²²/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ɡui³³/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ɡui⁴¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ui²²/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ui²⁴/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ŋui³⁵/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ɦue²³/"
},
{
"other": "/*N-ɢʷ(r)aj-s/"
},
{
"other": "/*m-ɢʷ(r)aj-s/"
},
{
"other": "/*ŋʷrals/"
}
],
"word": "偽"
}
Download raw JSONL data for 偽 meaning in Chinese (19.3kB)
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{
"called_from": "wiktionary/179/20240425uppercase_tags",
"msg": "偽/Chinese/character: invalid uppercase tag Hanyu-Pinyin not in or uppercase_tags: {\"categories\": [\"CJKV simplified characters\", \"Chinese adjectives\", \"Chinese entries with incorrect language header\", \"Chinese hanzi\", \"Chinese lemmas\", \"Chinese nouns\", \"Chinese terms spelled with 偽\", \"Chinese terms with IPA pronunciation\", \"Eastern Min adjectives\", \"Eastern Min hanzi\", \"Eastern Min lemmas\", \"Eastern Min nouns\", \"Middle Chinese adjectives\", \"Middle Chinese hanzi\", \"Middle Chinese lemmas\", \"Middle Chinese nouns\", \"Old Chinese adjectives\", \"Old Chinese hanzi\", \"Old Chinese lemmas\", \"Old Chinese nouns\", \"Pages with 5 entries\", \"Pages with entries\"], \"derived\": [{\"word\": \"世偽\"}, {\"word\": \"世伪\"}, {\"word\": \"乖偽\"}, {\"word\": \"乖伪\"}, {\"word\": \"乘偽行詐\"}, {\"word\": \"乘伪行诈\"}, {\"word\": \"以偽亂真\"}, {\"word\": \"以伪乱真\"}, {\"roman\": \"zuòwěi\", \"word\": \"作偽\"}, {\"roman\": \"zuòwěi\", \"word\": \"作伪\"}, {\"word\": \"侈偽\"}, {\"word\": \"侈伪\"}, {\"word\": \"偽人\"}, {\"word\": \"伪人\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěizuò\", \"word\": \"偽作\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěizuò\", \"word\": \"伪作\"}, {\"word\": \"偽俗\"}, {\"word\": \"伪俗\"}, {\"word\": \"假偽\"}, {\"word\": \"假伪\"}, {\"word\": \"偽傳\"}, {\"word\": \"伪传\"}, {\"word\": \"偽冒\"}, {\"word\": \"伪冒\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěiliè\", \"word\": \"偽劣\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěiliè\", \"word\": \"伪劣\"}, {\"word\": \"偽化\"}, {\"word\": \"伪化\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěishǐ\", \"word\": \"偽史\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěishǐ\", \"word\": \"伪史\"}, {\"word\": \"偽名\"}, {\"word\": \"伪名\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěijūnzǐ\", \"word\": \"偽君子\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěijūnzǐ\", \"word\": \"伪君子\"}, {\"word\": \"偽命\"}, {\"word\": \"伪命\"}, {\"word\": \"偽品\"}, {\"word\": \"伪品\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěishàn\", \"word\": \"偽善\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěishàn\", \"word\": \"伪善\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěiguó\", \"word\": \"偽國\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěiguó\", \"word\": \"伪国\"}, {\"word\": \"偽塗\"}, {\"word\": \"伪涂\"}, {\"word\": \"偽夫\"}, {\"word\": \"伪夫\"}, {\"word\": \"偽妄\"}, {\"word\": \"伪妄\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěiniáng\", \"word\": \"偽娘\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěiniáng\", \"word\": \"伪娘\"}, {\"word\": \"偽媮\"}, {\"word\": \"伪偷\"}, {\"word\": \"偽孔\"}, {\"word\": \"伪孔\"}, {\"word\": \"偽孔傳\"}, {\"word\": \"伪孔传\"}, {\"word\": \"偽字\"}, {\"word\": \"伪字\"}, {\"word\": \"偽學\"}, {\"word\": \"伪学\"}, {\"word\": \"偽定\"}, {\"word\": \"伪定\"}, {\"word\": \"偽客\"}, {\"word\": \"伪客\"}, {\"word\": \"偽局\"}, {\"word\": \"伪局\"}, {\"word\": \"偽巧\"}, {\"word\": \"伪巧\"}, {\"word\": \"偽師\"}, {\"word\": \"伪师\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěibì\", \"word\": \"偽幣\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěibì\", \"word\": \"伪币\"}, {\"word\": \"偽庭\"}, {\"word\": \"伪庭\"}, {\"word\": \"偽廉\"}, {\"word\": \"伪廉\"}, {\"word\": \"偽廷\"}, {\"word\": \"伪廷\"}, {\"word\": \"偽從\"}, {\"word\": \"伪从\"}, {\"word\": \"偽心\"}, {\"word\": \"伪心\"}, {\"word\": \"偽怠\"}, {\"word\": \"伪怠\"}, {\"word\": \"偽惑\"}, {\"word\": \"伪惑\"}, {\"word\": \"偽情\"}, {\"word\": \"伪情\"}, {\"word\": \"偽意\"}, {\"word\": \"伪意\"}, {\"word\": \"偽態\"}, {\"word\": \"伪态\"}, {\"word\": \"偽戾\"}, {\"word\": \"伪戾\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěituō\", \"word\": \"偽托\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěituō\", \"word\": \"伪托\"}, {\"word\": \"偽撰\"}, {\"word\": \"偽政府\"}, {\"word\": \"伪政府\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěizhèngquán\", \"word\": \"偽政權\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěizhèngquán\", \"word\": \"伪政权\"}, {\"word\": \"偽方\"}, {\"word\": \"伪方\"}, {\"word\": \"偽易\"}, {\"word\": \"伪易\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěishū\", \"word\": \"偽書\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěishū\", \"word\": \"伪书\"}, {\"word\": \"偽服\"}, {\"word\": \"伪服\"}, {\"word\": \"偽朝\"}, {\"word\": \"伪朝\"}, {\"word\": \"偽本\"}, {\"word\": \"伪本\"}, {\"word\": \"偽民\"}, {\"word\": \"伪民\"}, {\"roman\": \"Wěimǎn\", \"word\": \"偽滿\"}, {\"roman\": \"Wěimǎn\", \"word\": \"伪满\"}, {\"roman\": \"Wěi-Mǎnzhōuguó\", \"word\": \"偽滿洲國\"}, {\"roman\": \"Wěi-Mǎnzhōuguó\", \"word\": \"伪满洲国\"}, {\"word\": \"偽物\"}, {\"word\": \"伪物\"}, {\"word\": \"偽百合\"}, {\"word\": \"伪百合\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěihuáng\", \"word\": \"偽皇\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěihuáng\", \"word\": \"伪皇\"}, {\"word\": \"偽真\"}, {\"word\": \"伪真\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěikēxué\", \"word\": \"偽科學\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěikēxué\", \"word\": \"伪科学\"}, {\"word\": \"偽端\"}, {\"word\": \"伪端\"}, {\"word\": \"偽筍\"}, {\"word\": \"伪笋\"}, {\"word\": \"偽組織\"}, {\"word\": \"伪组织\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěijīng\", \"word\": \"偽經\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěijīng\", \"word\": \"伪经\"}, {\"word\": \"偽繆\"}, {\"word\": \"伪缪\"}, {\"word\": \"偽臣\"}, {\"word\": \"伪臣\"}, {\"word\": \"偽荊卿\"}, {\"word\": \"伪荆卿\"}, {\"word\": \"偽蔽\"}, {\"word\": \"伪蔽\"}, {\"word\": \"偽薄\"}, {\"word\": \"伪薄\"}, {\"word\": \"偽藥\"}, {\"word\": \"伪药\"}, {\"word\": \"偽蠶\"}, {\"word\": \"伪蚕\"}, {\"word\": \"偽行\"}, {\"word\": \"伪行\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěizhuāng\", \"word\": \"偽裝\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěizhuāng\", \"word\": \"伪装\"}, {\"word\": \"偽裝滲透\"}, {\"word\": \"伪装渗透\"}, {\"word\": \"偽言\"}, {\"word\": \"伪言\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěituō\", \"word\": \"偽託\"}, {\"word\": \"偽詐\"}, {\"word\": \"伪诈\"}, {\"word\": \"偽說\"}, {\"word\": \"伪说\"}, {\"word\": \"偽論\"}, {\"word\": \"伪论\"}, {\"word\": \"偽謬\"}, {\"word\": \"伪谬\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěizhèng\", \"word\": \"偽證\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěizhèng\", \"word\": \"伪证\"}, {\"word\": \"偽譔\"}, {\"word\": \"伪撰\"}, {\"word\": \"偽議\"}, {\"word\": \"伪议\"}, {\"word\": \"偽讓\"}, {\"word\": \"伪让\"}, {\"word\": \"偽貌\"}, {\"word\": \"伪貌\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěizú\", \"word\": \"偽足\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěizú\", \"word\": \"伪足\"}, {\"word\": \"偽跡\"}, {\"word\": \"伪迹\"}, {\"word\": \"偽蹟\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěijūn\", \"word\": \"偽軍\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěijūn\", \"word\": \"伪军\"}, {\"word\": \"偽辭\"}, {\"word\": \"伪辞\"}, {\"word\": \"偽辯\"}, {\"word\": \"伪辩\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěizào\", \"word\": \"偽造\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěizào\", \"word\": \"伪造\"}, {\"word\": \"偽造文書\"}, {\"word\": \"伪造文书\"}, {\"word\": \"偽道\"}, {\"word\": \"伪道\"}, {\"word\": \"偽金錢\"}, {\"word\": \"伪金钱\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěichāo\", \"word\": \"偽鈔\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěichāo\", \"word\": \"伪钞\"}, {\"word\": \"偽錢\"}, {\"word\": \"伪钱\"}, {\"word\": \"偽飾\"}, {\"word\": \"伪饰\"}, {\"word\": \"偽體\"}, {\"word\": \"伪体\"}, {\"word\": \"偽鳳\"}, {\"word\": \"伪凤\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěimáhuángjiǎn\", \"word\": \"偽麻黃鹼\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěimáhuángjiǎn\", \"word\": \"伪麻黄碱\"}, {\"word\": \"偽黨\"}, {\"word\": \"伪党\"}, {\"word\": \"僭偽\"}, {\"word\": \"僭伪\"}, {\"word\": \"凶偽\"}, {\"word\": \"別裁偽體\"}, {\"word\": \"别裁伪体\"}, {\"word\": \"化性起偽\"}, {\"word\": \"化性起伪\"}, {\"word\": \"南偽\"}, {\"word\": \"南伪\"}, {\"word\": \"厭偽\"}, {\"word\": \"厌伪\"}, {\"roman\": \"qùwěicúnzhēn\", \"word\": \"去偽存真\"}, {\"roman\": \"qùwěicúnzhēn\", \"word\": \"去伪存真\"}, {\"word\": \"妖偽\"}, {\"word\": \"妖伪\"}, {\"word\": \"姦偽\"}, {\"word\": \"奸伪\"}, {\"word\": \"巧偽\"}, {\"word\": \"巧伪\"}, {\"word\": \"幻偽\"}, {\"word\": \"幻伪\"}, {\"word\": \"彫偽\"}, {\"word\": \"雕伪\"}, {\"word\": \"情偽\"}, {\"word\": \"情伪\"}, {\"word\": \"慝偽\"}, {\"word\": \"慝伪\"}, {\"roman\": \"díwěi\", \"word\": \"敵偽\"}, {\"roman\": \"díwěi\", \"word\": \"敌伪\"}, {\"word\": \"晦偽\"}, {\"word\": \"晦伪\"}, {\"word\": \"智偽\"}, {\"word\": \"智伪\"}, {\"word\": \"棄偽從真\"}, {\"word\": \"弃伪从真\"}, {\"word\": \"機偽\"}, {\"word\": \"机伪\"}, {\"word\": \"樹偽\"}, {\"word\": \"树伪\"}, {\"word\": \"欺偽\"}, {\"word\": \"欺伪\"}, {\"word\": \"汙偽\"}, {\"word\": \"污伪\"}, {\"word\": \"浮偽\"}, {\"word\": \"浮伪\"}, {\"word\": \"淺偽\"}, {\"word\": \"浅伪\"}, {\"word\": \"淫偽\"}, {\"word\": \"淫伪\"}, {\"word\": \"澆偽\"}, {\"word\": \"浇伪\"}, {\"word\": \"濫偽\"}, {\"word\": \"滥伪\"}, {\"word\": \"煩偽\"}, {\"word\": \"烦伪\"}, {\"word\": \"狡偽\"}, {\"word\": \"狡伪\"}, {\"word\": \"猾偽\"}, {\"word\": \"猾伪\"}, {\"word\": \"番偽\"}, {\"word\": \"番伪\"}, {\"word\": \"百偽\"}, {\"word\": \"百伪\"}, {\"roman\": \"zhēnwěi\", \"word\": \"真偽\"}, {\"roman\": \"zhēnwěi\", \"word\": \"真伪\"}, {\"word\": \"真偽莫辨\"}, {\"word\": \"真伪莫辨\"}, {\"word\": \"眾偽\"}, {\"word\": \"众伪\"}, {\"word\": \"矜偽\"}, {\"word\": \"矜伪\"}, {\"word\": \"矯偽\"}, {\"word\": \"矫伪\"}, {\"word\": \"矯言偽行\"}, {\"word\": \"矫言伪行\"}, {\"word\": \"矯飾偽行\"}, {\"word\": \"矫饰伪行\"}, {\"word\": \"祅偽\"}, {\"word\": \"祅伪\"}, {\"word\": \"積偽\"}, {\"word\": \"积伪\"}, {\"word\": \"空偽\"}, {\"word\": \"空伪\"}, {\"word\": \"篡偽\"}, {\"word\": \"篡伪\"}, {\"word\": \"苦偽\"}, {\"word\": \"苦伪\"}, {\"word\": \"華偽\"}, {\"word\": \"华伪\"}, {\"roman\": \"xūwěi\", \"word\": \"虛偽\"}, {\"roman\": \"xūwěi\", \"word\": \"虚伪\"}, {\"word\": \"蠱偽\"}, {\"word\": \"蛊伪\"}, {\"word\": \"行偽\"}, {\"word\": \"行伪\"}, {\"word\": \"託偽\"}, {\"word\": \"托伪\"}, {\"word\": \"訛偽\"}, {\"word\": \"讹伪\"}, {\"word\": \"詐偽\"}, {\"word\": \"诈伪\"}, {\"word\": \"詭偽\"}, {\"word\": \"诡伪\"}, {\"roman\": \"chéngwěi\", \"word\": \"誠偽\"}, {\"roman\": \"chéngwěi\", \"word\": \"诚伪\"}, {\"word\": \"詿偽\"}, {\"word\": \"诖伪\"}, {\"word\": \"誣偽\"}, {\"word\": \"诬伪\"}, {\"word\": \"請偽\"}, {\"word\": \"请伪\"}, {\"word\": \"諂偽\"}, {\"word\": \"谄伪\"}, {\"word\": \"讎偽\"}, {\"word\": \"雠伪\"}, {\"word\": \"輕偽\"}, {\"word\": \"轻伪\"}, {\"word\": \"遂偽\"}, {\"word\": \"遂伪\"}, {\"word\": \"邀偽\"}, {\"word\": \"邀伪\"}, {\"word\": \"邪偽\"}, {\"word\": \"邪伪\"}, {\"word\": \"酢偽\"}, {\"word\": \"酢伪\"}, {\"word\": \"闇偽\"}, {\"word\": \"暗伪\"}, {\"word\": \"隱偽\"}, {\"word\": \"隐伪\"}, {\"word\": \"雕偽\"}, {\"word\": \"雜偽\"}, {\"word\": \"杂伪\"}, {\"word\": \"飾偽\"}, {\"word\": \"饰伪\"}], \"etymology_templates\": [{\"args\": {\"1\": \"僞\", \"f\": \"爲\", \"t\": \"為\"}, \"expansion\": \"Simplified from 僞 (爲 → 為)\", \"name\": \"Han simp\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"zh\", \"2\": \"Han phono-semantic compounds\"}, \"expansion\": \"\", \"name\": \"categorize\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"psc\", \"adj\": \"\", \"nocap\": \"\", \"pron\": \"OC *ŋʷrals\"}, \"expansion\": \"Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋʷrals)\", \"name\": \"liushu\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"人\", \"2\": \"為\", \"alt1\": \"亻\", \"c1\": \"s\", \"c2\": \"p\", \"ls\": \"psc\", \"t1\": \"man\", \"t2\": \"to make\"}, \"expansion\": \"Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋʷrals): semantic 亻 (“man”) + phonetic 為 (OC *ɢʷal, *ɢʷals, “to make”)\", \"name\": \"Han compound\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"為\", \"2\": \"to act as\", \"id\": \"1\"}, \"expansion\": \"為 (OC *ɢʷal, “to act as”)\", \"name\": \"och-l\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"Karlgren, 1956\"}, \"expansion\": \"Karlgren, 1956\", \"name\": \"zh-ref\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"Wang, 1982\"}, \"expansion\": \"Wang, 1982\", \"name\": \"zh-ref\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"Baxter and Sagart, 2014\"}, \"expansion\": \"Baxter and Sagart, 2014\", \"name\": \"zh-ref\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"訛\", \"2\": \"erroneous\"}, \"expansion\": \"訛 (OC *ŋʷaːl, “erroneous”)\", \"name\": \"och-l\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"Schuessler, 2007\"}, \"expansion\": \"Schuessler, 2007\", \"name\": \"zh-ref\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"bo\", \"2\": \"རྔོད\", \"3\": \"\", \"4\": \"to deceive\"}, \"expansion\": \"Tibetan རྔོད (rngod, “to deceive”)\", \"name\": \"cog\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"Gong, 1995\"}, \"expansion\": \"Gong, 1995\", \"name\": \"zh-ref\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"Schuessler, 2007\"}, \"expansion\": \"Schuessler, 2007\", \"name\": \"zh-ref\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"Hill, 2014\"}, \"expansion\": \"Hill, 2014\", \"name\": \"zh-ref\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"Jacques (2022, 2023)\"}, \"expansion\": \"Jacques (2022, 2023)\", \"name\": \"zh-ref\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"ltc\", \"2\": \"-\"}, \"expansion\": \"Middle Chinese\", \"name\": \"cog\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"偽\"}, \"expansion\": \"偽 (MC ngjweH)\", \"name\": \"ltc-l\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"訛\"}, \"expansion\": \"訛 (MC ngwa)\", \"name\": \"ltc-l\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"zh\", \"2\": \"偽\"}, \"expansion\": \"偽\", \"name\": \"lang\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"為\", \"tr\": \"waj\"}, \"expansion\": \"為 (OC waj)\", \"name\": \"och-l\"}], \"etymology_text\": \"Simplified from 僞 (爲 → 為). Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋʷrals): semantic 亻 (“man”) + phonetic 為 (OC *ɢʷal, *ɢʷals, “to make”), originally “artificial”.\\nOften thought to be derived from 為 (OC *ɢʷal, “to act as”) (Karlgren, 1956; Wang, 1982; Baxter and Sagart, 2014).\\nAlternatively, it may be cognate to 訛 (OC *ŋʷaːl, “erroneous”) (Schuessler, 2007); this may be compared to Tibetan རྔོད (rngod, “to deceive”), though the -d in Tibetan is unexplained (Gong, 1995; Schuessler, 2007; Hill, 2014).\\nJacques (2022, 2023) seems to attempt to unify the two etymologies above. He argues the Middle Chinese initial ng- in both 偽 (MC ngjweH) and 訛 (MC ngwa) come from a middle voice/intransitivizing prefix *ŋ-. 偽, reconstructed as *ŋ-waj-s, would be derived from 為 (OC waj) as the root.\", \"forms\": [{\"form\": \"伪\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Simplified Chinese\"]}, {\"form\": \"僞\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Traditional Chinese\"]}], \"head_templates\": [{\"args\": {\"1\": \"zh\", \"2\": \"hanzi\"}, \"expansion\": \"偽\", \"name\": \"head\"}], \"lang\": \"Chinese\", \"lang_code\": \"zh\", \"pos\": \"character\", \"senses\": [{\"categories\": [\"Literary Chinese terms with quotations\", \"Mandarin terms with usage examples\"], \"examples\": [{\"english\": \"hypocritical; hypocrisy\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Traditional Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"xūwěi\", \"text\": \"虛偽\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"hypocritical; hypocrisy\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Simplified Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"xūwěi\", \"text\": \"虚伪\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"to forge; to counterfeit\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Traditional Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"wěizào\", \"text\": \"偽造\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"to forge; to counterfeit\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Simplified Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"wěizào\", \"text\": \"伪造\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"counterfeit banknote\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Traditional Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"wěichāo\", \"text\": \"偽鈔\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"counterfeit banknote\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Simplified Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"wěichāo\", \"text\": \"伪钞\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"pseudoephedrine\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Traditional Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"wěimáhuángjiǎn\", \"text\": \"偽麻黃鹼\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"pseudoephedrine\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Simplified Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"wěimáhuángjiǎn\", \"text\": \"伪麻黄碱\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"Man's nature is bad; his goodness is artificial.\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Classical Chinese\", \"Traditional Chinese\"], \"ref\": \" Xunzi, c. 3ʳᵈ century BCE\", \"roman\": \"Rén zhī xìng è, qí shàn zhě wěi yě.\", \"tags\": [\"Pinyin\"], \"text\": \"人之性惡，其善者偽也。\", \"type\": \"quote\"}, {\"english\": \"Man's nature is bad; his goodness is artificial.\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Classical Chinese\", \"Simplified Chinese\"], \"ref\": \" Xunzi, c. 3ʳᵈ century BCE\", \"roman\": \"Rén zhī xìng è, qí shàn zhě wěi yě.\", \"tags\": [\"Pinyin\"], \"text\": \"人之性恶，其善者伪也。\", \"type\": \"quote\"}], \"glosses\": [\"false; counterfeit; bogus; fake; pseudo-; artificial\"], \"links\": [[\"false\", \"false\"], [\"counterfeit\", \"counterfeit\"], [\"bogus\", \"bogus\"], [\"fake\", \"fake\"], [\"pseudo-\", \"pseudo-\"], [\"artificial\", \"artificial\"]]}, {\"glosses\": [\"falsehood; untruthfulness\"], \"links\": [[\"falsehood\", \"falsehood\"], [\"untruthfulness\", \"untruthfulness\"]]}, {\"categories\": [\"Mandarin terms with usage examples\"], \"examples\": [{\"english\": \"puppet government\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Traditional Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"wěizhèngquán\", \"text\": \"偽政權\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"puppet government\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Simplified Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"wěizhèngquán\", \"text\": \"伪政权\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"Manchukuo\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Traditional Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"Wěi-Mǎnzhōuguó\", \"text\": \"偽滿洲國\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"Manchukuo\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Simplified Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"Wěi-Mǎnzhōuguó\", \"text\": \"伪满洲国\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"the Peking University under the control of Chinese puppet state of the Empire of Japan\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Traditional Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"Wěi Běijīng Dàxué\", \"text\": \"偽北京大學\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"the Peking University under the control of Chinese puppet state of the Empire of Japan\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Simplified Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"Wěi Běijīng Dàxué\", \"text\": \"伪北京大学\", \"type\": \"example\"}], \"glosses\": [\"illegal; illegitimate\"], \"links\": [[\"illegal\", \"illegal\"], [\"illegitimate\", \"illegitimate\"]]}], \"sounds\": [{\"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"Pinyin\"], \"zh-pron\": \"wěi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"Pinyin\"], \"zh-pron\": \"wèi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"bopomofo\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ㄨㄟˇ\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"bopomofo\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ㄨㄟˋ\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Cantonese\", \"Jyutping\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngai⁶\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Hakka\", \"PFS\", \"Sixian\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngúi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Guangdong\", \"Hakka\", \"Meixian\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngui³\"}, {\"zh-pron\": \"ngôi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"POJ\"], \"zh-pron\": \"gūi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"POJ\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ūi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"POJ\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ûi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Peng'im\", \"Teochew\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngui⁶\"}, {\"zh-pron\": \"⁶we\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Hanyu-Pinyin\", \"Mandarin\"], \"zh-pron\": \"wěi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"Tongyong-Pinyin\"], \"zh-pron\": \"wěi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"Wade-Giles\"], \"zh-pron\": \"wei³\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"Yale\"], \"zh-pron\": \"wěi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Gwoyeu-Romatsyh\", \"Mandarin\"], \"zh-pron\": \"woei\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"Palladius\"], \"zh-pron\": \"вэй\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"Palladius\"], \"zh-pron\": \"vɛj\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/weɪ̯²¹⁴/\", \"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"Sinological-IPA\"]}, {\"tags\": [\"Hanyu-Pinyin\", \"Mandarin\"], \"zh-pron\": \"wèi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"Tongyong-Pinyin\"], \"zh-pron\": \"wèi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"Wade-Giles\"], \"zh-pron\": \"wei⁴\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"Yale\"], \"zh-pron\": \"wèi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Gwoyeu-Romatsyh\", \"Mandarin\"], \"zh-pron\": \"wey\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/weɪ̯⁵¹/\", \"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"Sinological-IPA\"]}, {\"tags\": [\"Cantonese\", \"Guangzhou\", \"Hong-Kong\", \"Jyutping\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngai⁶\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Cantonese\", \"Guangzhou\", \"Hong-Kong\", \"Yale\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngaih\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Cantonese\", \"Guangzhou\", \"Hong-Kong\", \"Pinyin\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngai⁶\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Cantonese\", \"Guangdong-Romanization\", \"Guangzhou\", \"Hong-Kong\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngei⁶\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ŋɐi̯²²/\", \"tags\": [\"Cantonese\", \"Guangzhou\", \"Hong-Kong\", \"Sinological-IPA\"]}, {\"tags\": [\"Hakka\", \"Phak-fa-su\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngúi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Hakka\", \"Hakka-Romanization-System\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngui^ˋ\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Hagfa-Pinyim\", \"Hakka\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngui³\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ŋu̯i³¹/\", \"tags\": [\"Hakka\", \"Sinological-IPA\"]}, {\"ipa\": \"/ŋuɪ³¹/\", \"tags\": [\"Hakka\", \"Meixian\", \"Sinological-IPA\"]}, {\"tags\": [\"Foochow-Romanized\", \"Fuzhou\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngôi\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ŋui²⁴²/\", \"tags\": [\"Fuzhou\", \"Sinological-IPA\"]}, {\"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"Tai-lo\"], \"zh-pron\": \"guī\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"Phofsit-Daibuun\"], \"zh-pron\": \"gui\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ɡui²²/\", \"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"Xiamen\", \"Zhangzhou\"]}, {\"ipa\": \"/ɡui³³/\", \"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"Kaohsiung\", \"Taipei\"]}, {\"ipa\": \"/ɡui⁴¹/\", \"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"Quanzhou\"]}, {\"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"Tai-lo\"], \"zh-pron\": \"uī\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"Phofsit-Daibuun\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ui\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ui²²/\", \"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"Xiamen\", \"Zhangzhou\"]}, {\"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"Tai-lo\"], \"zh-pron\": \"uî\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"Phofsit-Daibuun\"], \"zh-pron\": \"uii\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ui²⁴/\", \"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"Jinjiang\", \"Quanzhou\"]}, {\"tags\": [\"POJ\", \"Teochew\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngŭi\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ŋui³⁵/\", \"tags\": [\"Sinological-IPA\", \"Teochew\"]}, {\"tags\": [\"Northern\", \"Wu\"], \"zh-pron\": \"⁶we\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Northern\", \"Wu\"], \"zh-pron\": \"we^去\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Northern\", \"Wu\"], \"zh-pron\": \"³hhue\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Northern\", \"Wu\"], \"zh-pron\": \"/ɦue²³/\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Middle-Chinese\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngjweH\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Baxter-Sagart\", \"Old-Chinese\"], \"zh-pron\": \"/*N-ɢʷ(r)aj-s/\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Baxter-Sagart\", \"Old-Chinese\"], \"zh-pron\": \"/*m-ɢʷ(r)aj-s/\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Old-Chinese\", \"Zhengzhang\"], \"zh-pron\": \"/*ŋʷrals/\"}, {\"other\": \"/ ūi /\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/weɪ̯²¹⁴/\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/weɪ̯⁵¹/\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ŋɐi̯²²/\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ŋu̯i³¹/\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ŋuɪ³¹/\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ŋui²⁴²/\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ɡui²²/\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ɡui³³/\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ɡui⁴¹/\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ui²²/\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ui²⁴/\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ŋui³⁵/\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ɦue²³/\"}, {\"other\": \"/*N-ɢʷ(r)aj-s/\"}, {\"other\": \"/*m-ɢʷ(r)aj-s/\"}, {\"other\": \"/*ŋʷrals/\"}], \"word\": \"偽\"}",
"path": [],
"section": "Chinese",
"subsection": "character",
"title": "偽",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "wiktionary/179/20240425uppercase_tags",
"msg": "偽/Chinese/character: invalid uppercase tag Hanyu-Pinyin not in or uppercase_tags: {\"categories\": [\"CJKV simplified characters\", \"Chinese adjectives\", \"Chinese entries with incorrect language header\", \"Chinese hanzi\", \"Chinese lemmas\", \"Chinese nouns\", \"Chinese terms spelled with 偽\", \"Chinese terms with IPA pronunciation\", \"Eastern Min adjectives\", \"Eastern Min hanzi\", \"Eastern Min lemmas\", \"Eastern Min nouns\", \"Middle Chinese adjectives\", \"Middle Chinese hanzi\", \"Middle Chinese lemmas\", \"Middle Chinese nouns\", \"Old Chinese adjectives\", \"Old Chinese hanzi\", \"Old Chinese lemmas\", \"Old Chinese nouns\", \"Pages with 5 entries\", \"Pages with entries\"], \"derived\": [{\"word\": \"世偽\"}, {\"word\": \"世伪\"}, {\"word\": \"乖偽\"}, {\"word\": \"乖伪\"}, {\"word\": \"乘偽行詐\"}, {\"word\": \"乘伪行诈\"}, {\"word\": \"以偽亂真\"}, {\"word\": \"以伪乱真\"}, {\"roman\": \"zuòwěi\", \"word\": \"作偽\"}, {\"roman\": \"zuòwěi\", \"word\": \"作伪\"}, {\"word\": \"侈偽\"}, {\"word\": \"侈伪\"}, {\"word\": \"偽人\"}, {\"word\": \"伪人\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěizuò\", \"word\": \"偽作\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěizuò\", \"word\": \"伪作\"}, {\"word\": \"偽俗\"}, {\"word\": \"伪俗\"}, {\"word\": \"假偽\"}, {\"word\": \"假伪\"}, {\"word\": \"偽傳\"}, {\"word\": \"伪传\"}, {\"word\": \"偽冒\"}, {\"word\": \"伪冒\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěiliè\", \"word\": \"偽劣\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěiliè\", \"word\": \"伪劣\"}, {\"word\": \"偽化\"}, {\"word\": \"伪化\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěishǐ\", \"word\": \"偽史\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěishǐ\", \"word\": \"伪史\"}, {\"word\": \"偽名\"}, {\"word\": \"伪名\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěijūnzǐ\", \"word\": \"偽君子\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěijūnzǐ\", \"word\": \"伪君子\"}, {\"word\": \"偽命\"}, {\"word\": \"伪命\"}, {\"word\": \"偽品\"}, {\"word\": \"伪品\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěishàn\", \"word\": \"偽善\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěishàn\", \"word\": \"伪善\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěiguó\", \"word\": \"偽國\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěiguó\", \"word\": \"伪国\"}, {\"word\": \"偽塗\"}, {\"word\": \"伪涂\"}, {\"word\": \"偽夫\"}, {\"word\": \"伪夫\"}, {\"word\": \"偽妄\"}, {\"word\": \"伪妄\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěiniáng\", \"word\": \"偽娘\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěiniáng\", \"word\": \"伪娘\"}, {\"word\": \"偽媮\"}, {\"word\": \"伪偷\"}, {\"word\": \"偽孔\"}, {\"word\": \"伪孔\"}, {\"word\": \"偽孔傳\"}, {\"word\": \"伪孔传\"}, {\"word\": \"偽字\"}, {\"word\": \"伪字\"}, {\"word\": \"偽學\"}, {\"word\": \"伪学\"}, {\"word\": \"偽定\"}, {\"word\": \"伪定\"}, {\"word\": \"偽客\"}, {\"word\": \"伪客\"}, {\"word\": \"偽局\"}, {\"word\": \"伪局\"}, {\"word\": \"偽巧\"}, {\"word\": \"伪巧\"}, {\"word\": \"偽師\"}, {\"word\": \"伪师\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěibì\", \"word\": \"偽幣\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěibì\", \"word\": \"伪币\"}, {\"word\": \"偽庭\"}, {\"word\": \"伪庭\"}, {\"word\": \"偽廉\"}, {\"word\": \"伪廉\"}, {\"word\": \"偽廷\"}, {\"word\": \"伪廷\"}, {\"word\": \"偽從\"}, {\"word\": \"伪从\"}, {\"word\": \"偽心\"}, {\"word\": \"伪心\"}, {\"word\": \"偽怠\"}, {\"word\": \"伪怠\"}, {\"word\": \"偽惑\"}, {\"word\": \"伪惑\"}, {\"word\": \"偽情\"}, {\"word\": \"伪情\"}, {\"word\": \"偽意\"}, {\"word\": \"伪意\"}, {\"word\": \"偽態\"}, {\"word\": \"伪态\"}, {\"word\": \"偽戾\"}, {\"word\": \"伪戾\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěituō\", \"word\": \"偽托\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěituō\", \"word\": \"伪托\"}, {\"word\": \"偽撰\"}, {\"word\": \"偽政府\"}, {\"word\": \"伪政府\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěizhèngquán\", \"word\": \"偽政權\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěizhèngquán\", \"word\": \"伪政权\"}, {\"word\": \"偽方\"}, {\"word\": \"伪方\"}, {\"word\": \"偽易\"}, {\"word\": \"伪易\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěishū\", \"word\": \"偽書\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěishū\", \"word\": \"伪书\"}, {\"word\": \"偽服\"}, {\"word\": \"伪服\"}, {\"word\": \"偽朝\"}, {\"word\": \"伪朝\"}, {\"word\": \"偽本\"}, {\"word\": \"伪本\"}, {\"word\": \"偽民\"}, {\"word\": \"伪民\"}, {\"roman\": \"Wěimǎn\", \"word\": \"偽滿\"}, {\"roman\": \"Wěimǎn\", \"word\": \"伪满\"}, {\"roman\": \"Wěi-Mǎnzhōuguó\", \"word\": \"偽滿洲國\"}, {\"roman\": \"Wěi-Mǎnzhōuguó\", \"word\": \"伪满洲国\"}, {\"word\": \"偽物\"}, {\"word\": \"伪物\"}, {\"word\": \"偽百合\"}, {\"word\": \"伪百合\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěihuáng\", \"word\": \"偽皇\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěihuáng\", \"word\": \"伪皇\"}, {\"word\": \"偽真\"}, {\"word\": \"伪真\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěikēxué\", \"word\": \"偽科學\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěikēxué\", \"word\": \"伪科学\"}, {\"word\": \"偽端\"}, {\"word\": \"伪端\"}, {\"word\": \"偽筍\"}, {\"word\": \"伪笋\"}, {\"word\": \"偽組織\"}, {\"word\": \"伪组织\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěijīng\", \"word\": \"偽經\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěijīng\", \"word\": \"伪经\"}, {\"word\": \"偽繆\"}, {\"word\": \"伪缪\"}, {\"word\": \"偽臣\"}, {\"word\": \"伪臣\"}, {\"word\": \"偽荊卿\"}, {\"word\": \"伪荆卿\"}, {\"word\": \"偽蔽\"}, {\"word\": \"伪蔽\"}, {\"word\": \"偽薄\"}, {\"word\": \"伪薄\"}, {\"word\": \"偽藥\"}, {\"word\": \"伪药\"}, {\"word\": \"偽蠶\"}, {\"word\": \"伪蚕\"}, {\"word\": \"偽行\"}, {\"word\": \"伪行\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěizhuāng\", \"word\": \"偽裝\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěizhuāng\", \"word\": \"伪装\"}, {\"word\": \"偽裝滲透\"}, {\"word\": \"伪装渗透\"}, {\"word\": \"偽言\"}, {\"word\": \"伪言\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěituō\", \"word\": \"偽託\"}, {\"word\": \"偽詐\"}, {\"word\": \"伪诈\"}, {\"word\": \"偽說\"}, {\"word\": \"伪说\"}, {\"word\": \"偽論\"}, {\"word\": \"伪论\"}, {\"word\": \"偽謬\"}, {\"word\": \"伪谬\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěizhèng\", \"word\": \"偽證\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěizhèng\", \"word\": \"伪证\"}, {\"word\": \"偽譔\"}, {\"word\": \"伪撰\"}, {\"word\": \"偽議\"}, {\"word\": \"伪议\"}, {\"word\": \"偽讓\"}, {\"word\": \"伪让\"}, {\"word\": \"偽貌\"}, {\"word\": \"伪貌\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěizú\", \"word\": \"偽足\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěizú\", \"word\": \"伪足\"}, {\"word\": \"偽跡\"}, {\"word\": \"伪迹\"}, {\"word\": \"偽蹟\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěijūn\", \"word\": \"偽軍\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěijūn\", \"word\": \"伪军\"}, {\"word\": \"偽辭\"}, {\"word\": \"伪辞\"}, {\"word\": \"偽辯\"}, {\"word\": \"伪辩\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěizào\", \"word\": \"偽造\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěizào\", \"word\": \"伪造\"}, {\"word\": \"偽造文書\"}, {\"word\": \"伪造文书\"}, {\"word\": \"偽道\"}, {\"word\": \"伪道\"}, {\"word\": \"偽金錢\"}, {\"word\": \"伪金钱\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěichāo\", \"word\": \"偽鈔\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěichāo\", \"word\": \"伪钞\"}, {\"word\": \"偽錢\"}, {\"word\": \"伪钱\"}, {\"word\": \"偽飾\"}, {\"word\": \"伪饰\"}, {\"word\": \"偽體\"}, {\"word\": \"伪体\"}, {\"word\": \"偽鳳\"}, {\"word\": \"伪凤\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěimáhuángjiǎn\", \"word\": \"偽麻黃鹼\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěimáhuángjiǎn\", \"word\": \"伪麻黄碱\"}, {\"word\": \"偽黨\"}, {\"word\": \"伪党\"}, {\"word\": \"僭偽\"}, {\"word\": \"僭伪\"}, {\"word\": \"凶偽\"}, {\"word\": \"別裁偽體\"}, {\"word\": \"别裁伪体\"}, {\"word\": \"化性起偽\"}, {\"word\": \"化性起伪\"}, {\"word\": \"南偽\"}, {\"word\": \"南伪\"}, {\"word\": \"厭偽\"}, {\"word\": \"厌伪\"}, {\"roman\": \"qùwěicúnzhēn\", \"word\": \"去偽存真\"}, {\"roman\": \"qùwěicúnzhēn\", \"word\": \"去伪存真\"}, {\"word\": \"妖偽\"}, {\"word\": \"妖伪\"}, {\"word\": \"姦偽\"}, {\"word\": \"奸伪\"}, {\"word\": \"巧偽\"}, {\"word\": \"巧伪\"}, {\"word\": \"幻偽\"}, {\"word\": \"幻伪\"}, {\"word\": \"彫偽\"}, {\"word\": \"雕伪\"}, {\"word\": \"情偽\"}, {\"word\": \"情伪\"}, {\"word\": \"慝偽\"}, {\"word\": \"慝伪\"}, {\"roman\": \"díwěi\", \"word\": \"敵偽\"}, {\"roman\": \"díwěi\", \"word\": \"敌伪\"}, {\"word\": \"晦偽\"}, {\"word\": \"晦伪\"}, {\"word\": \"智偽\"}, {\"word\": \"智伪\"}, {\"word\": \"棄偽從真\"}, {\"word\": \"弃伪从真\"}, {\"word\": \"機偽\"}, {\"word\": \"机伪\"}, {\"word\": \"樹偽\"}, {\"word\": \"树伪\"}, {\"word\": \"欺偽\"}, {\"word\": \"欺伪\"}, {\"word\": \"汙偽\"}, {\"word\": \"污伪\"}, {\"word\": \"浮偽\"}, {\"word\": \"浮伪\"}, {\"word\": \"淺偽\"}, {\"word\": \"浅伪\"}, {\"word\": \"淫偽\"}, {\"word\": \"淫伪\"}, {\"word\": \"澆偽\"}, {\"word\": \"浇伪\"}, {\"word\": \"濫偽\"}, {\"word\": \"滥伪\"}, {\"word\": \"煩偽\"}, {\"word\": \"烦伪\"}, {\"word\": \"狡偽\"}, {\"word\": \"狡伪\"}, {\"word\": \"猾偽\"}, {\"word\": \"猾伪\"}, {\"word\": \"番偽\"}, {\"word\": \"番伪\"}, {\"word\": \"百偽\"}, {\"word\": \"百伪\"}, {\"roman\": \"zhēnwěi\", \"word\": \"真偽\"}, {\"roman\": \"zhēnwěi\", \"word\": \"真伪\"}, {\"word\": \"真偽莫辨\"}, {\"word\": \"真伪莫辨\"}, {\"word\": \"眾偽\"}, {\"word\": \"众伪\"}, {\"word\": \"矜偽\"}, {\"word\": \"矜伪\"}, {\"word\": \"矯偽\"}, {\"word\": \"矫伪\"}, {\"word\": \"矯言偽行\"}, {\"word\": \"矫言伪行\"}, {\"word\": \"矯飾偽行\"}, {\"word\": \"矫饰伪行\"}, {\"word\": \"祅偽\"}, {\"word\": \"祅伪\"}, {\"word\": \"積偽\"}, {\"word\": \"积伪\"}, {\"word\": \"空偽\"}, {\"word\": \"空伪\"}, {\"word\": \"篡偽\"}, {\"word\": \"篡伪\"}, {\"word\": \"苦偽\"}, {\"word\": \"苦伪\"}, {\"word\": \"華偽\"}, {\"word\": \"华伪\"}, {\"roman\": \"xūwěi\", \"word\": \"虛偽\"}, {\"roman\": \"xūwěi\", \"word\": \"虚伪\"}, {\"word\": \"蠱偽\"}, {\"word\": \"蛊伪\"}, {\"word\": \"行偽\"}, {\"word\": \"行伪\"}, {\"word\": \"託偽\"}, {\"word\": \"托伪\"}, {\"word\": \"訛偽\"}, {\"word\": \"讹伪\"}, {\"word\": \"詐偽\"}, {\"word\": \"诈伪\"}, {\"word\": \"詭偽\"}, {\"word\": \"诡伪\"}, {\"roman\": \"chéngwěi\", \"word\": \"誠偽\"}, {\"roman\": \"chéngwěi\", \"word\": \"诚伪\"}, {\"word\": \"詿偽\"}, {\"word\": \"诖伪\"}, {\"word\": \"誣偽\"}, {\"word\": \"诬伪\"}, {\"word\": \"請偽\"}, {\"word\": \"请伪\"}, {\"word\": \"諂偽\"}, {\"word\": \"谄伪\"}, {\"word\": \"讎偽\"}, {\"word\": \"雠伪\"}, {\"word\": \"輕偽\"}, {\"word\": \"轻伪\"}, {\"word\": \"遂偽\"}, {\"word\": \"遂伪\"}, {\"word\": \"邀偽\"}, {\"word\": \"邀伪\"}, {\"word\": \"邪偽\"}, {\"word\": \"邪伪\"}, {\"word\": \"酢偽\"}, {\"word\": \"酢伪\"}, {\"word\": \"闇偽\"}, {\"word\": \"暗伪\"}, {\"word\": \"隱偽\"}, {\"word\": \"隐伪\"}, {\"word\": \"雕偽\"}, {\"word\": \"雜偽\"}, {\"word\": \"杂伪\"}, {\"word\": \"飾偽\"}, {\"word\": \"饰伪\"}], \"etymology_templates\": [{\"args\": {\"1\": \"僞\", \"f\": \"爲\", \"t\": \"為\"}, \"expansion\": \"Simplified from 僞 (爲 → 為)\", \"name\": \"Han simp\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"zh\", \"2\": \"Han phono-semantic compounds\"}, \"expansion\": \"\", \"name\": \"categorize\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"psc\", \"adj\": \"\", \"nocap\": \"\", \"pron\": \"OC *ŋʷrals\"}, \"expansion\": \"Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋʷrals)\", \"name\": \"liushu\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"人\", \"2\": \"為\", \"alt1\": \"亻\", \"c1\": \"s\", \"c2\": \"p\", \"ls\": \"psc\", \"t1\": \"man\", \"t2\": \"to make\"}, \"expansion\": \"Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋʷrals): semantic 亻 (“man”) + phonetic 為 (OC *ɢʷal, *ɢʷals, “to make”)\", \"name\": \"Han compound\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"為\", \"2\": \"to act as\", \"id\": \"1\"}, \"expansion\": \"為 (OC *ɢʷal, “to act as”)\", \"name\": \"och-l\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"Karlgren, 1956\"}, \"expansion\": \"Karlgren, 1956\", \"name\": \"zh-ref\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"Wang, 1982\"}, \"expansion\": \"Wang, 1982\", \"name\": \"zh-ref\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"Baxter and Sagart, 2014\"}, \"expansion\": \"Baxter and Sagart, 2014\", \"name\": \"zh-ref\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"訛\", \"2\": \"erroneous\"}, \"expansion\": \"訛 (OC *ŋʷaːl, “erroneous”)\", \"name\": \"och-l\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"Schuessler, 2007\"}, \"expansion\": \"Schuessler, 2007\", \"name\": \"zh-ref\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"bo\", \"2\": \"རྔོད\", \"3\": \"\", \"4\": \"to deceive\"}, \"expansion\": \"Tibetan རྔོད (rngod, “to deceive”)\", \"name\": \"cog\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"Gong, 1995\"}, \"expansion\": \"Gong, 1995\", \"name\": \"zh-ref\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"Schuessler, 2007\"}, \"expansion\": \"Schuessler, 2007\", \"name\": \"zh-ref\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"Hill, 2014\"}, \"expansion\": \"Hill, 2014\", \"name\": \"zh-ref\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"Jacques (2022, 2023)\"}, \"expansion\": \"Jacques (2022, 2023)\", \"name\": \"zh-ref\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"ltc\", \"2\": \"-\"}, \"expansion\": \"Middle Chinese\", \"name\": \"cog\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"偽\"}, \"expansion\": \"偽 (MC ngjweH)\", \"name\": \"ltc-l\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"訛\"}, \"expansion\": \"訛 (MC ngwa)\", \"name\": \"ltc-l\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"zh\", \"2\": \"偽\"}, \"expansion\": \"偽\", \"name\": \"lang\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"為\", \"tr\": \"waj\"}, \"expansion\": \"為 (OC waj)\", \"name\": \"och-l\"}], \"etymology_text\": \"Simplified from 僞 (爲 → 為). Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋʷrals): semantic 亻 (“man”) + phonetic 為 (OC *ɢʷal, *ɢʷals, “to make”), originally “artificial”.\\nOften thought to be derived from 為 (OC *ɢʷal, “to act as”) (Karlgren, 1956; Wang, 1982; Baxter and Sagart, 2014).\\nAlternatively, it may be cognate to 訛 (OC *ŋʷaːl, “erroneous”) (Schuessler, 2007); this may be compared to Tibetan རྔོད (rngod, “to deceive”), though the -d in Tibetan is unexplained (Gong, 1995; Schuessler, 2007; Hill, 2014).\\nJacques (2022, 2023) seems to attempt to unify the two etymologies above. He argues the Middle Chinese initial ng- in both 偽 (MC ngjweH) and 訛 (MC ngwa) come from a middle voice/intransitivizing prefix *ŋ-. 偽, reconstructed as *ŋ-waj-s, would be derived from 為 (OC waj) as the root.\", \"forms\": [{\"form\": \"伪\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Simplified Chinese\"]}, {\"form\": \"僞\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Traditional Chinese\"]}], \"head_templates\": [{\"args\": {\"1\": \"zh\", \"2\": \"hanzi\"}, \"expansion\": \"偽\", \"name\": \"head\"}], \"lang\": \"Chinese\", \"lang_code\": \"zh\", \"pos\": \"character\", \"senses\": [{\"categories\": [\"Literary Chinese terms with quotations\", \"Mandarin terms with usage examples\"], \"examples\": [{\"english\": \"hypocritical; hypocrisy\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Traditional Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"xūwěi\", \"text\": \"虛偽\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"hypocritical; hypocrisy\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Simplified Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"xūwěi\", \"text\": \"虚伪\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"to forge; to counterfeit\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Traditional Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"wěizào\", \"text\": \"偽造\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"to forge; to counterfeit\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Simplified Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"wěizào\", \"text\": \"伪造\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"counterfeit banknote\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Traditional Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"wěichāo\", \"text\": \"偽鈔\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"counterfeit banknote\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Simplified Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"wěichāo\", \"text\": \"伪钞\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"pseudoephedrine\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Traditional Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"wěimáhuángjiǎn\", \"text\": \"偽麻黃鹼\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"pseudoephedrine\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Simplified Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"wěimáhuángjiǎn\", \"text\": \"伪麻黄碱\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"Man's nature is bad; his goodness is artificial.\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Classical Chinese\", \"Traditional Chinese\"], \"ref\": \" Xunzi, c. 3ʳᵈ century BCE\", \"roman\": \"Rén zhī xìng è, qí shàn zhě wěi yě.\", \"tags\": [\"Pinyin\"], \"text\": \"人之性惡，其善者偽也。\", \"type\": \"quote\"}, {\"english\": \"Man's nature is bad; his goodness is artificial.\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Classical Chinese\", \"Simplified Chinese\"], \"ref\": \" Xunzi, c. 3ʳᵈ century BCE\", \"roman\": \"Rén zhī xìng è, qí shàn zhě wěi yě.\", \"tags\": [\"Pinyin\"], \"text\": \"人之性恶，其善者伪也。\", \"type\": \"quote\"}], \"glosses\": [\"false; counterfeit; bogus; fake; pseudo-; artificial\"], \"links\": [[\"false\", \"false\"], [\"counterfeit\", \"counterfeit\"], [\"bogus\", \"bogus\"], [\"fake\", \"fake\"], [\"pseudo-\", \"pseudo-\"], [\"artificial\", \"artificial\"]]}, {\"glosses\": [\"falsehood; untruthfulness\"], \"links\": [[\"falsehood\", \"falsehood\"], [\"untruthfulness\", \"untruthfulness\"]]}, {\"categories\": [\"Mandarin terms with usage examples\"], \"examples\": [{\"english\": \"puppet government\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Traditional Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"wěizhèngquán\", \"text\": \"偽政權\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"puppet government\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Simplified Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"wěizhèngquán\", \"text\": \"伪政权\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"Manchukuo\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Traditional Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"Wěi-Mǎnzhōuguó\", \"text\": \"偽滿洲國\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"Manchukuo\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Simplified Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"Wěi-Mǎnzhōuguó\", \"text\": \"伪满洲国\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"the Peking University under the control of Chinese puppet state of the Empire of Japan\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Traditional Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"Wěi Běijīng Dàxué\", \"text\": \"偽北京大學\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"the Peking University under the control of Chinese puppet state of the Empire of Japan\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Simplified Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"Wěi Běijīng Dàxué\", \"text\": \"伪北京大学\", \"type\": \"example\"}], \"glosses\": [\"illegal; illegitimate\"], \"links\": [[\"illegal\", \"illegal\"], [\"illegitimate\", \"illegitimate\"]]}], \"sounds\": [{\"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"Pinyin\"], \"zh-pron\": \"wěi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"Pinyin\"], \"zh-pron\": \"wèi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"bopomofo\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ㄨㄟˇ\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"bopomofo\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ㄨㄟˋ\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Cantonese\", \"Jyutping\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngai⁶\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Hakka\", \"PFS\", \"Sixian\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngúi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Guangdong\", \"Hakka\", \"Meixian\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngui³\"}, {\"zh-pron\": \"ngôi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"POJ\"], \"zh-pron\": \"gūi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"POJ\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ūi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"POJ\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ûi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Peng'im\", \"Teochew\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngui⁶\"}, {\"zh-pron\": \"⁶we\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Hanyu-Pinyin\", \"Mandarin\"], \"zh-pron\": \"wěi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"Tongyong-Pinyin\"], \"zh-pron\": \"wěi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"Wade-Giles\"], \"zh-pron\": \"wei³\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"Yale\"], \"zh-pron\": \"wěi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Gwoyeu-Romatsyh\", \"Mandarin\"], \"zh-pron\": \"woei\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"Palladius\"], \"zh-pron\": \"вэй\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"Palladius\"], \"zh-pron\": \"vɛj\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/weɪ̯²¹⁴/\", \"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"Sinological-IPA\"]}, {\"tags\": [\"Hanyu-Pinyin\", \"Mandarin\"], \"zh-pron\": \"wèi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"Tongyong-Pinyin\"], \"zh-pron\": \"wèi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"Wade-Giles\"], \"zh-pron\": \"wei⁴\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"Yale\"], \"zh-pron\": \"wèi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Gwoyeu-Romatsyh\", \"Mandarin\"], \"zh-pron\": \"wey\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/weɪ̯⁵¹/\", \"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"Sinological-IPA\"]}, {\"tags\": [\"Cantonese\", \"Guangzhou\", \"Hong-Kong\", \"Jyutping\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngai⁶\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Cantonese\", \"Guangzhou\", \"Hong-Kong\", \"Yale\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngaih\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Cantonese\", \"Guangzhou\", \"Hong-Kong\", \"Pinyin\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngai⁶\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Cantonese\", \"Guangdong-Romanization\", \"Guangzhou\", \"Hong-Kong\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngei⁶\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ŋɐi̯²²/\", \"tags\": [\"Cantonese\", \"Guangzhou\", \"Hong-Kong\", \"Sinological-IPA\"]}, {\"tags\": [\"Hakka\", \"Phak-fa-su\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngúi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Hakka\", \"Hakka-Romanization-System\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngui^ˋ\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Hagfa-Pinyim\", \"Hakka\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngui³\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ŋu̯i³¹/\", \"tags\": [\"Hakka\", \"Sinological-IPA\"]}, {\"ipa\": \"/ŋuɪ³¹/\", \"tags\": [\"Hakka\", \"Meixian\", \"Sinological-IPA\"]}, {\"tags\": [\"Foochow-Romanized\", \"Fuzhou\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngôi\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ŋui²⁴²/\", \"tags\": [\"Fuzhou\", \"Sinological-IPA\"]}, {\"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"Tai-lo\"], \"zh-pron\": \"guī\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"Phofsit-Daibuun\"], \"zh-pron\": \"gui\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ɡui²²/\", \"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"Xiamen\", \"Zhangzhou\"]}, {\"ipa\": \"/ɡui³³/\", \"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"Kaohsiung\", \"Taipei\"]}, {\"ipa\": \"/ɡui⁴¹/\", \"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"Quanzhou\"]}, {\"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"Tai-lo\"], \"zh-pron\": \"uī\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"Phofsit-Daibuun\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ui\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ui²²/\", \"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"Xiamen\", \"Zhangzhou\"]}, {\"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"Tai-lo\"], \"zh-pron\": \"uî\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"Phofsit-Daibuun\"], \"zh-pron\": \"uii\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ui²⁴/\", \"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"Jinjiang\", \"Quanzhou\"]}, {\"tags\": [\"POJ\", \"Teochew\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngŭi\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ŋui³⁵/\", \"tags\": [\"Sinological-IPA\", \"Teochew\"]}, {\"tags\": [\"Northern\", \"Wu\"], \"zh-pron\": \"⁶we\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Northern\", \"Wu\"], \"zh-pron\": \"we^去\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Northern\", \"Wu\"], \"zh-pron\": \"³hhue\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Northern\", \"Wu\"], \"zh-pron\": \"/ɦue²³/\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Middle-Chinese\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngjweH\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Baxter-Sagart\", \"Old-Chinese\"], \"zh-pron\": \"/*N-ɢʷ(r)aj-s/\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Baxter-Sagart\", \"Old-Chinese\"], \"zh-pron\": \"/*m-ɢʷ(r)aj-s/\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Old-Chinese\", \"Zhengzhang\"], \"zh-pron\": \"/*ŋʷrals/\"}, {\"other\": \"/ ūi /\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/weɪ̯²¹⁴/\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/weɪ̯⁵¹/\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ŋɐi̯²²/\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ŋu̯i³¹/\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ŋuɪ³¹/\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ŋui²⁴²/\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ɡui²²/\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ɡui³³/\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ɡui⁴¹/\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ui²²/\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ui²⁴/\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ŋui³⁵/\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ɦue²³/\"}, {\"other\": \"/*N-ɢʷ(r)aj-s/\"}, {\"other\": \"/*m-ɢʷ(r)aj-s/\"}, {\"other\": \"/*ŋʷrals/\"}], \"word\": \"偽\"}",
"path": [],
"section": "Chinese",
"subsection": "character",
"title": "偽",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "wiktionary/179/20240425uppercase_tags",
"msg": "偽/Chinese/character: invalid uppercase tag Hong-Kong not in or uppercase_tags: {\"categories\": [\"CJKV simplified characters\", \"Chinese adjectives\", \"Chinese entries with incorrect language header\", \"Chinese hanzi\", \"Chinese lemmas\", \"Chinese nouns\", \"Chinese terms spelled with 偽\", \"Chinese terms with IPA pronunciation\", \"Eastern Min adjectives\", \"Eastern Min hanzi\", \"Eastern Min lemmas\", \"Eastern Min nouns\", \"Middle Chinese adjectives\", \"Middle Chinese hanzi\", \"Middle Chinese lemmas\", \"Middle Chinese nouns\", \"Old Chinese adjectives\", \"Old Chinese hanzi\", \"Old Chinese lemmas\", \"Old Chinese nouns\", \"Pages with 5 entries\", \"Pages with entries\"], \"derived\": [{\"word\": \"世偽\"}, {\"word\": \"世伪\"}, {\"word\": \"乖偽\"}, {\"word\": \"乖伪\"}, {\"word\": \"乘偽行詐\"}, {\"word\": \"乘伪行诈\"}, {\"word\": \"以偽亂真\"}, {\"word\": \"以伪乱真\"}, {\"roman\": \"zuòwěi\", \"word\": \"作偽\"}, {\"roman\": \"zuòwěi\", \"word\": \"作伪\"}, {\"word\": \"侈偽\"}, {\"word\": \"侈伪\"}, {\"word\": \"偽人\"}, {\"word\": \"伪人\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěizuò\", \"word\": \"偽作\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěizuò\", \"word\": \"伪作\"}, {\"word\": \"偽俗\"}, {\"word\": \"伪俗\"}, {\"word\": \"假偽\"}, {\"word\": \"假伪\"}, {\"word\": \"偽傳\"}, {\"word\": \"伪传\"}, {\"word\": \"偽冒\"}, {\"word\": \"伪冒\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěiliè\", \"word\": \"偽劣\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěiliè\", \"word\": \"伪劣\"}, {\"word\": \"偽化\"}, {\"word\": \"伪化\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěishǐ\", \"word\": \"偽史\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěishǐ\", \"word\": \"伪史\"}, {\"word\": \"偽名\"}, {\"word\": \"伪名\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěijūnzǐ\", \"word\": \"偽君子\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěijūnzǐ\", \"word\": \"伪君子\"}, {\"word\": \"偽命\"}, {\"word\": \"伪命\"}, {\"word\": \"偽品\"}, {\"word\": \"伪品\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěishàn\", \"word\": \"偽善\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěishàn\", \"word\": \"伪善\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěiguó\", \"word\": \"偽國\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěiguó\", \"word\": \"伪国\"}, {\"word\": \"偽塗\"}, {\"word\": \"伪涂\"}, {\"word\": \"偽夫\"}, {\"word\": \"伪夫\"}, {\"word\": \"偽妄\"}, {\"word\": \"伪妄\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěiniáng\", \"word\": \"偽娘\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěiniáng\", \"word\": \"伪娘\"}, {\"word\": \"偽媮\"}, {\"word\": \"伪偷\"}, {\"word\": \"偽孔\"}, {\"word\": \"伪孔\"}, {\"word\": \"偽孔傳\"}, {\"word\": \"伪孔传\"}, {\"word\": \"偽字\"}, {\"word\": \"伪字\"}, {\"word\": \"偽學\"}, {\"word\": \"伪学\"}, {\"word\": \"偽定\"}, {\"word\": \"伪定\"}, {\"word\": \"偽客\"}, {\"word\": \"伪客\"}, {\"word\": \"偽局\"}, {\"word\": \"伪局\"}, {\"word\": \"偽巧\"}, {\"word\": \"伪巧\"}, {\"word\": \"偽師\"}, {\"word\": \"伪师\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěibì\", \"word\": \"偽幣\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěibì\", \"word\": \"伪币\"}, {\"word\": \"偽庭\"}, {\"word\": \"伪庭\"}, {\"word\": \"偽廉\"}, {\"word\": \"伪廉\"}, {\"word\": \"偽廷\"}, {\"word\": \"伪廷\"}, {\"word\": \"偽從\"}, {\"word\": \"伪从\"}, {\"word\": \"偽心\"}, {\"word\": \"伪心\"}, {\"word\": \"偽怠\"}, {\"word\": \"伪怠\"}, {\"word\": \"偽惑\"}, {\"word\": \"伪惑\"}, {\"word\": \"偽情\"}, {\"word\": \"伪情\"}, {\"word\": \"偽意\"}, {\"word\": \"伪意\"}, {\"word\": \"偽態\"}, {\"word\": \"伪态\"}, {\"word\": \"偽戾\"}, {\"word\": \"伪戾\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěituō\", \"word\": \"偽托\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěituō\", \"word\": \"伪托\"}, {\"word\": \"偽撰\"}, {\"word\": \"偽政府\"}, {\"word\": \"伪政府\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěizhèngquán\", \"word\": \"偽政權\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěizhèngquán\", \"word\": \"伪政权\"}, {\"word\": \"偽方\"}, {\"word\": \"伪方\"}, {\"word\": \"偽易\"}, {\"word\": \"伪易\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěishū\", \"word\": \"偽書\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěishū\", \"word\": \"伪书\"}, {\"word\": \"偽服\"}, {\"word\": \"伪服\"}, {\"word\": \"偽朝\"}, {\"word\": \"伪朝\"}, {\"word\": \"偽本\"}, {\"word\": \"伪本\"}, {\"word\": \"偽民\"}, {\"word\": \"伪民\"}, {\"roman\": \"Wěimǎn\", \"word\": \"偽滿\"}, {\"roman\": \"Wěimǎn\", \"word\": \"伪满\"}, {\"roman\": \"Wěi-Mǎnzhōuguó\", \"word\": \"偽滿洲國\"}, {\"roman\": \"Wěi-Mǎnzhōuguó\", \"word\": \"伪满洲国\"}, {\"word\": \"偽物\"}, {\"word\": \"伪物\"}, {\"word\": \"偽百合\"}, {\"word\": \"伪百合\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěihuáng\", \"word\": \"偽皇\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěihuáng\", \"word\": \"伪皇\"}, {\"word\": \"偽真\"}, {\"word\": \"伪真\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěikēxué\", \"word\": \"偽科學\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěikēxué\", \"word\": \"伪科学\"}, {\"word\": \"偽端\"}, {\"word\": \"伪端\"}, {\"word\": \"偽筍\"}, {\"word\": \"伪笋\"}, {\"word\": \"偽組織\"}, {\"word\": \"伪组织\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěijīng\", \"word\": \"偽經\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěijīng\", \"word\": \"伪经\"}, {\"word\": \"偽繆\"}, {\"word\": \"伪缪\"}, {\"word\": \"偽臣\"}, {\"word\": \"伪臣\"}, {\"word\": \"偽荊卿\"}, {\"word\": \"伪荆卿\"}, {\"word\": \"偽蔽\"}, {\"word\": \"伪蔽\"}, {\"word\": \"偽薄\"}, {\"word\": \"伪薄\"}, {\"word\": \"偽藥\"}, {\"word\": \"伪药\"}, {\"word\": \"偽蠶\"}, {\"word\": \"伪蚕\"}, {\"word\": \"偽行\"}, {\"word\": \"伪行\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěizhuāng\", \"word\": \"偽裝\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěizhuāng\", \"word\": \"伪装\"}, {\"word\": \"偽裝滲透\"}, {\"word\": \"伪装渗透\"}, {\"word\": \"偽言\"}, {\"word\": \"伪言\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěituō\", \"word\": \"偽託\"}, {\"word\": \"偽詐\"}, {\"word\": \"伪诈\"}, {\"word\": \"偽說\"}, {\"word\": \"伪说\"}, {\"word\": \"偽論\"}, {\"word\": \"伪论\"}, {\"word\": \"偽謬\"}, {\"word\": \"伪谬\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěizhèng\", \"word\": \"偽證\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěizhèng\", \"word\": \"伪证\"}, {\"word\": \"偽譔\"}, {\"word\": \"伪撰\"}, {\"word\": \"偽議\"}, {\"word\": \"伪议\"}, {\"word\": \"偽讓\"}, {\"word\": \"伪让\"}, {\"word\": \"偽貌\"}, {\"word\": \"伪貌\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěizú\", \"word\": \"偽足\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěizú\", \"word\": \"伪足\"}, {\"word\": \"偽跡\"}, {\"word\": \"伪迹\"}, {\"word\": \"偽蹟\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěijūn\", \"word\": \"偽軍\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěijūn\", \"word\": \"伪军\"}, {\"word\": \"偽辭\"}, {\"word\": \"伪辞\"}, {\"word\": \"偽辯\"}, {\"word\": \"伪辩\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěizào\", \"word\": \"偽造\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěizào\", \"word\": \"伪造\"}, {\"word\": \"偽造文書\"}, {\"word\": \"伪造文书\"}, {\"word\": \"偽道\"}, {\"word\": \"伪道\"}, {\"word\": \"偽金錢\"}, {\"word\": \"伪金钱\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěichāo\", \"word\": \"偽鈔\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěichāo\", \"word\": \"伪钞\"}, {\"word\": \"偽錢\"}, {\"word\": \"伪钱\"}, {\"word\": \"偽飾\"}, {\"word\": \"伪饰\"}, {\"word\": \"偽體\"}, {\"word\": \"伪体\"}, {\"word\": \"偽鳳\"}, {\"word\": \"伪凤\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěimáhuángjiǎn\", \"word\": \"偽麻黃鹼\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěimáhuángjiǎn\", \"word\": \"伪麻黄碱\"}, {\"word\": \"偽黨\"}, {\"word\": \"伪党\"}, {\"word\": \"僭偽\"}, {\"word\": \"僭伪\"}, {\"word\": \"凶偽\"}, {\"word\": \"別裁偽體\"}, {\"word\": \"别裁伪体\"}, {\"word\": \"化性起偽\"}, {\"word\": \"化性起伪\"}, {\"word\": \"南偽\"}, {\"word\": \"南伪\"}, {\"word\": \"厭偽\"}, {\"word\": \"厌伪\"}, {\"roman\": \"qùwěicúnzhēn\", \"word\": \"去偽存真\"}, {\"roman\": \"qùwěicúnzhēn\", \"word\": \"去伪存真\"}, {\"word\": \"妖偽\"}, {\"word\": \"妖伪\"}, {\"word\": \"姦偽\"}, {\"word\": \"奸伪\"}, {\"word\": \"巧偽\"}, {\"word\": \"巧伪\"}, {\"word\": \"幻偽\"}, {\"word\": \"幻伪\"}, {\"word\": \"彫偽\"}, {\"word\": \"雕伪\"}, {\"word\": \"情偽\"}, {\"word\": \"情伪\"}, {\"word\": \"慝偽\"}, {\"word\": \"慝伪\"}, {\"roman\": \"díwěi\", \"word\": \"敵偽\"}, {\"roman\": \"díwěi\", \"word\": \"敌伪\"}, {\"word\": \"晦偽\"}, {\"word\": \"晦伪\"}, {\"word\": \"智偽\"}, {\"word\": \"智伪\"}, {\"word\": \"棄偽從真\"}, {\"word\": \"弃伪从真\"}, {\"word\": \"機偽\"}, {\"word\": \"机伪\"}, {\"word\": \"樹偽\"}, {\"word\": \"树伪\"}, {\"word\": \"欺偽\"}, {\"word\": \"欺伪\"}, {\"word\": \"汙偽\"}, {\"word\": \"污伪\"}, {\"word\": \"浮偽\"}, {\"word\": \"浮伪\"}, {\"word\": \"淺偽\"}, {\"word\": \"浅伪\"}, {\"word\": \"淫偽\"}, {\"word\": \"淫伪\"}, {\"word\": \"澆偽\"}, {\"word\": \"浇伪\"}, {\"word\": \"濫偽\"}, {\"word\": \"滥伪\"}, {\"word\": \"煩偽\"}, {\"word\": \"烦伪\"}, {\"word\": \"狡偽\"}, {\"word\": \"狡伪\"}, {\"word\": \"猾偽\"}, {\"word\": \"猾伪\"}, {\"word\": \"番偽\"}, {\"word\": \"番伪\"}, {\"word\": \"百偽\"}, {\"word\": \"百伪\"}, {\"roman\": \"zhēnwěi\", \"word\": \"真偽\"}, {\"roman\": \"zhēnwěi\", \"word\": \"真伪\"}, {\"word\": \"真偽莫辨\"}, {\"word\": \"真伪莫辨\"}, {\"word\": \"眾偽\"}, {\"word\": \"众伪\"}, {\"word\": \"矜偽\"}, {\"word\": \"矜伪\"}, {\"word\": \"矯偽\"}, {\"word\": \"矫伪\"}, {\"word\": \"矯言偽行\"}, {\"word\": \"矫言伪行\"}, {\"word\": \"矯飾偽行\"}, {\"word\": \"矫饰伪行\"}, {\"word\": \"祅偽\"}, {\"word\": \"祅伪\"}, {\"word\": \"積偽\"}, {\"word\": \"积伪\"}, {\"word\": \"空偽\"}, {\"word\": \"空伪\"}, {\"word\": \"篡偽\"}, {\"word\": \"篡伪\"}, {\"word\": \"苦偽\"}, {\"word\": \"苦伪\"}, {\"word\": \"華偽\"}, {\"word\": \"华伪\"}, {\"roman\": \"xūwěi\", \"word\": \"虛偽\"}, {\"roman\": \"xūwěi\", \"word\": \"虚伪\"}, {\"word\": \"蠱偽\"}, {\"word\": \"蛊伪\"}, {\"word\": \"行偽\"}, {\"word\": \"行伪\"}, {\"word\": \"託偽\"}, {\"word\": \"托伪\"}, {\"word\": \"訛偽\"}, {\"word\": \"讹伪\"}, {\"word\": \"詐偽\"}, {\"word\": \"诈伪\"}, {\"word\": \"詭偽\"}, {\"word\": \"诡伪\"}, {\"roman\": \"chéngwěi\", \"word\": \"誠偽\"}, {\"roman\": \"chéngwěi\", \"word\": \"诚伪\"}, {\"word\": \"詿偽\"}, {\"word\": \"诖伪\"}, {\"word\": \"誣偽\"}, {\"word\": \"诬伪\"}, {\"word\": \"請偽\"}, {\"word\": \"请伪\"}, {\"word\": \"諂偽\"}, {\"word\": \"谄伪\"}, {\"word\": \"讎偽\"}, {\"word\": \"雠伪\"}, {\"word\": \"輕偽\"}, {\"word\": \"轻伪\"}, {\"word\": \"遂偽\"}, {\"word\": \"遂伪\"}, {\"word\": \"邀偽\"}, {\"word\": \"邀伪\"}, {\"word\": \"邪偽\"}, {\"word\": \"邪伪\"}, {\"word\": \"酢偽\"}, {\"word\": \"酢伪\"}, {\"word\": \"闇偽\"}, {\"word\": \"暗伪\"}, {\"word\": \"隱偽\"}, {\"word\": \"隐伪\"}, {\"word\": \"雕偽\"}, {\"word\": \"雜偽\"}, {\"word\": \"杂伪\"}, {\"word\": \"飾偽\"}, {\"word\": \"饰伪\"}], \"etymology_templates\": [{\"args\": {\"1\": \"僞\", \"f\": \"爲\", \"t\": \"為\"}, \"expansion\": \"Simplified from 僞 (爲 → 為)\", \"name\": \"Han simp\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"zh\", \"2\": \"Han phono-semantic compounds\"}, \"expansion\": \"\", \"name\": \"categorize\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"psc\", \"adj\": \"\", \"nocap\": \"\", \"pron\": \"OC *ŋʷrals\"}, \"expansion\": \"Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋʷrals)\", \"name\": \"liushu\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"人\", \"2\": \"為\", \"alt1\": \"亻\", \"c1\": \"s\", \"c2\": \"p\", \"ls\": \"psc\", \"t1\": \"man\", \"t2\": \"to make\"}, \"expansion\": \"Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋʷrals): semantic 亻 (“man”) + phonetic 為 (OC *ɢʷal, *ɢʷals, “to make”)\", \"name\": \"Han compound\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"為\", \"2\": \"to act as\", \"id\": \"1\"}, \"expansion\": \"為 (OC *ɢʷal, “to act as”)\", \"name\": \"och-l\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"Karlgren, 1956\"}, \"expansion\": \"Karlgren, 1956\", \"name\": \"zh-ref\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"Wang, 1982\"}, \"expansion\": \"Wang, 1982\", \"name\": \"zh-ref\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"Baxter and Sagart, 2014\"}, \"expansion\": \"Baxter and Sagart, 2014\", \"name\": \"zh-ref\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"訛\", \"2\": \"erroneous\"}, \"expansion\": \"訛 (OC *ŋʷaːl, “erroneous”)\", \"name\": \"och-l\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"Schuessler, 2007\"}, \"expansion\": \"Schuessler, 2007\", \"name\": \"zh-ref\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"bo\", \"2\": \"རྔོད\", \"3\": \"\", \"4\": \"to deceive\"}, \"expansion\": \"Tibetan རྔོད (rngod, “to deceive”)\", \"name\": \"cog\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"Gong, 1995\"}, \"expansion\": \"Gong, 1995\", \"name\": \"zh-ref\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"Schuessler, 2007\"}, \"expansion\": \"Schuessler, 2007\", \"name\": \"zh-ref\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"Hill, 2014\"}, \"expansion\": \"Hill, 2014\", \"name\": \"zh-ref\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"Jacques (2022, 2023)\"}, \"expansion\": \"Jacques (2022, 2023)\", \"name\": \"zh-ref\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"ltc\", \"2\": \"-\"}, \"expansion\": \"Middle Chinese\", \"name\": \"cog\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"偽\"}, \"expansion\": \"偽 (MC ngjweH)\", \"name\": \"ltc-l\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"訛\"}, \"expansion\": \"訛 (MC ngwa)\", \"name\": \"ltc-l\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"zh\", \"2\": \"偽\"}, \"expansion\": \"偽\", \"name\": \"lang\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"為\", \"tr\": \"waj\"}, \"expansion\": \"為 (OC waj)\", \"name\": \"och-l\"}], \"etymology_text\": \"Simplified from 僞 (爲 → 為). Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋʷrals): semantic 亻 (“man”) + phonetic 為 (OC *ɢʷal, *ɢʷals, “to make”), originally “artificial”.\\nOften thought to be derived from 為 (OC *ɢʷal, “to act as”) (Karlgren, 1956; Wang, 1982; Baxter and Sagart, 2014).\\nAlternatively, it may be cognate to 訛 (OC *ŋʷaːl, “erroneous”) (Schuessler, 2007); this may be compared to Tibetan རྔོད (rngod, “to deceive”), though the -d in Tibetan is unexplained (Gong, 1995; Schuessler, 2007; Hill, 2014).\\nJacques (2022, 2023) seems to attempt to unify the two etymologies above. He argues the Middle Chinese initial ng- in both 偽 (MC ngjweH) and 訛 (MC ngwa) come from a middle voice/intransitivizing prefix *ŋ-. 偽, reconstructed as *ŋ-waj-s, would be derived from 為 (OC waj) as the root.\", \"forms\": [{\"form\": \"伪\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Simplified Chinese\"]}, {\"form\": \"僞\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Traditional Chinese\"]}], \"head_templates\": [{\"args\": {\"1\": \"zh\", \"2\": \"hanzi\"}, \"expansion\": \"偽\", \"name\": \"head\"}], \"lang\": \"Chinese\", \"lang_code\": \"zh\", \"pos\": \"character\", \"senses\": [{\"categories\": [\"Literary Chinese terms with quotations\", \"Mandarin terms with usage examples\"], \"examples\": [{\"english\": \"hypocritical; hypocrisy\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Traditional Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"xūwěi\", \"text\": \"虛偽\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"hypocritical; hypocrisy\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Simplified Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"xūwěi\", \"text\": \"虚伪\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"to forge; to counterfeit\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Traditional Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"wěizào\", \"text\": \"偽造\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"to forge; to counterfeit\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Simplified Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"wěizào\", \"text\": \"伪造\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"counterfeit banknote\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Traditional Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"wěichāo\", \"text\": \"偽鈔\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"counterfeit banknote\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Simplified Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"wěichāo\", \"text\": \"伪钞\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"pseudoephedrine\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Traditional Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"wěimáhuángjiǎn\", \"text\": \"偽麻黃鹼\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"pseudoephedrine\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Simplified Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"wěimáhuángjiǎn\", \"text\": \"伪麻黄碱\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"Man's nature is bad; his goodness is artificial.\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Classical Chinese\", \"Traditional Chinese\"], \"ref\": \" Xunzi, c. 3ʳᵈ century BCE\", \"roman\": \"Rén zhī xìng è, qí shàn zhě wěi yě.\", \"tags\": [\"Pinyin\"], \"text\": \"人之性惡，其善者偽也。\", \"type\": \"quote\"}, {\"english\": \"Man's nature is bad; his goodness is artificial.\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Classical Chinese\", \"Simplified Chinese\"], \"ref\": \" Xunzi, c. 3ʳᵈ century BCE\", \"roman\": \"Rén zhī xìng è, qí shàn zhě wěi yě.\", \"tags\": [\"Pinyin\"], \"text\": \"人之性恶，其善者伪也。\", \"type\": \"quote\"}], \"glosses\": [\"false; counterfeit; bogus; fake; pseudo-; artificial\"], \"links\": [[\"false\", \"false\"], [\"counterfeit\", \"counterfeit\"], [\"bogus\", \"bogus\"], [\"fake\", \"fake\"], [\"pseudo-\", \"pseudo-\"], [\"artificial\", \"artificial\"]]}, {\"glosses\": [\"falsehood; untruthfulness\"], \"links\": [[\"falsehood\", \"falsehood\"], [\"untruthfulness\", \"untruthfulness\"]]}, {\"categories\": [\"Mandarin terms with usage examples\"], \"examples\": [{\"english\": \"puppet government\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Traditional Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"wěizhèngquán\", \"text\": \"偽政權\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"puppet government\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Simplified Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"wěizhèngquán\", \"text\": \"伪政权\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"Manchukuo\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Traditional Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"Wěi-Mǎnzhōuguó\", \"text\": \"偽滿洲國\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"Manchukuo\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Simplified Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"Wěi-Mǎnzhōuguó\", \"text\": \"伪满洲国\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"the Peking University under the control of Chinese puppet state of the Empire of Japan\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Traditional Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"Wěi Běijīng Dàxué\", \"text\": \"偽北京大學\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"the Peking University under the control of Chinese puppet state of the Empire of Japan\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Simplified Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"Wěi Běijīng Dàxué\", \"text\": \"伪北京大学\", \"type\": \"example\"}], \"glosses\": [\"illegal; illegitimate\"], \"links\": [[\"illegal\", \"illegal\"], [\"illegitimate\", \"illegitimate\"]]}], \"sounds\": [{\"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"Pinyin\"], \"zh-pron\": \"wěi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"Pinyin\"], \"zh-pron\": \"wèi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"bopomofo\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ㄨㄟˇ\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"bopomofo\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ㄨㄟˋ\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Cantonese\", \"Jyutping\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngai⁶\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Hakka\", \"PFS\", \"Sixian\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngúi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Guangdong\", \"Hakka\", \"Meixian\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngui³\"}, {\"zh-pron\": \"ngôi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"POJ\"], \"zh-pron\": \"gūi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"POJ\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ūi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"POJ\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ûi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Peng'im\", \"Teochew\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngui⁶\"}, {\"zh-pron\": \"⁶we\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Hanyu-Pinyin\", \"Mandarin\"], \"zh-pron\": \"wěi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"Tongyong-Pinyin\"], \"zh-pron\": \"wěi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"Wade-Giles\"], \"zh-pron\": \"wei³\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"Yale\"], \"zh-pron\": \"wěi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Gwoyeu-Romatsyh\", \"Mandarin\"], \"zh-pron\": \"woei\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"Palladius\"], \"zh-pron\": \"вэй\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"Palladius\"], \"zh-pron\": \"vɛj\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/weɪ̯²¹⁴/\", \"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"Sinological-IPA\"]}, {\"tags\": [\"Hanyu-Pinyin\", \"Mandarin\"], \"zh-pron\": \"wèi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"Tongyong-Pinyin\"], \"zh-pron\": \"wèi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"Wade-Giles\"], \"zh-pron\": \"wei⁴\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"Yale\"], \"zh-pron\": \"wèi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Gwoyeu-Romatsyh\", \"Mandarin\"], \"zh-pron\": \"wey\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/weɪ̯⁵¹/\", \"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"Sinological-IPA\"]}, {\"tags\": [\"Cantonese\", \"Guangzhou\", \"Hong-Kong\", \"Jyutping\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngai⁶\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Cantonese\", \"Guangzhou\", \"Hong-Kong\", \"Yale\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngaih\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Cantonese\", \"Guangzhou\", \"Hong-Kong\", \"Pinyin\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngai⁶\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Cantonese\", \"Guangdong-Romanization\", \"Guangzhou\", \"Hong-Kong\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngei⁶\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ŋɐi̯²²/\", \"tags\": [\"Cantonese\", \"Guangzhou\", \"Hong-Kong\", \"Sinological-IPA\"]}, {\"tags\": [\"Hakka\", \"Phak-fa-su\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngúi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Hakka\", \"Hakka-Romanization-System\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngui^ˋ\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Hagfa-Pinyim\", \"Hakka\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngui³\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ŋu̯i³¹/\", \"tags\": [\"Hakka\", \"Sinological-IPA\"]}, {\"ipa\": \"/ŋuɪ³¹/\", \"tags\": [\"Hakka\", \"Meixian\", \"Sinological-IPA\"]}, {\"tags\": [\"Foochow-Romanized\", \"Fuzhou\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngôi\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ŋui²⁴²/\", \"tags\": [\"Fuzhou\", \"Sinological-IPA\"]}, {\"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"Tai-lo\"], \"zh-pron\": \"guī\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"Phofsit-Daibuun\"], \"zh-pron\": \"gui\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ɡui²²/\", \"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"Xiamen\", \"Zhangzhou\"]}, {\"ipa\": \"/ɡui³³/\", \"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"Kaohsiung\", \"Taipei\"]}, {\"ipa\": \"/ɡui⁴¹/\", \"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"Quanzhou\"]}, {\"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"Tai-lo\"], \"zh-pron\": \"uī\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"Phofsit-Daibuun\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ui\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ui²²/\", \"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"Xiamen\", \"Zhangzhou\"]}, {\"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"Tai-lo\"], \"zh-pron\": \"uî\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"Phofsit-Daibuun\"], \"zh-pron\": \"uii\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ui²⁴/\", \"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"Jinjiang\", \"Quanzhou\"]}, {\"tags\": [\"POJ\", \"Teochew\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngŭi\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ŋui³⁵/\", \"tags\": [\"Sinological-IPA\", \"Teochew\"]}, {\"tags\": [\"Northern\", \"Wu\"], \"zh-pron\": \"⁶we\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Northern\", \"Wu\"], \"zh-pron\": \"we^去\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Northern\", \"Wu\"], \"zh-pron\": \"³hhue\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Northern\", \"Wu\"], \"zh-pron\": \"/ɦue²³/\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Middle-Chinese\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngjweH\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Baxter-Sagart\", \"Old-Chinese\"], \"zh-pron\": \"/*N-ɢʷ(r)aj-s/\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Baxter-Sagart\", \"Old-Chinese\"], \"zh-pron\": \"/*m-ɢʷ(r)aj-s/\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Old-Chinese\", \"Zhengzhang\"], \"zh-pron\": \"/*ŋʷrals/\"}, {\"other\": \"/ ūi /\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/weɪ̯²¹⁴/\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/weɪ̯⁵¹/\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ŋɐi̯²²/\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ŋu̯i³¹/\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ŋuɪ³¹/\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ŋui²⁴²/\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ɡui²²/\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ɡui³³/\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ɡui⁴¹/\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ui²²/\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ui²⁴/\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ŋui³⁵/\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ɦue²³/\"}, {\"other\": \"/*N-ɢʷ(r)aj-s/\"}, {\"other\": \"/*m-ɢʷ(r)aj-s/\"}, {\"other\": \"/*ŋʷrals/\"}], \"word\": \"偽\"}",
"path": [],
"section": "Chinese",
"subsection": "character",
"title": "偽",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "wiktionary/179/20240425uppercase_tags",
"msg": "偽/Chinese/character: invalid uppercase tag Hong-Kong not in or uppercase_tags: {\"categories\": [\"CJKV simplified characters\", \"Chinese adjectives\", \"Chinese entries with incorrect language header\", \"Chinese hanzi\", \"Chinese lemmas\", \"Chinese nouns\", \"Chinese terms spelled with 偽\", \"Chinese terms with IPA pronunciation\", \"Eastern Min adjectives\", \"Eastern Min hanzi\", \"Eastern Min lemmas\", \"Eastern Min nouns\", \"Middle Chinese adjectives\", \"Middle Chinese hanzi\", \"Middle Chinese lemmas\", \"Middle Chinese nouns\", \"Old Chinese adjectives\", \"Old Chinese hanzi\", \"Old Chinese lemmas\", \"Old Chinese nouns\", \"Pages with 5 entries\", \"Pages with entries\"], \"derived\": [{\"word\": \"世偽\"}, {\"word\": \"世伪\"}, {\"word\": \"乖偽\"}, {\"word\": \"乖伪\"}, {\"word\": \"乘偽行詐\"}, {\"word\": \"乘伪行诈\"}, {\"word\": \"以偽亂真\"}, {\"word\": \"以伪乱真\"}, {\"roman\": \"zuòwěi\", \"word\": \"作偽\"}, {\"roman\": \"zuòwěi\", \"word\": \"作伪\"}, {\"word\": \"侈偽\"}, {\"word\": \"侈伪\"}, {\"word\": \"偽人\"}, {\"word\": \"伪人\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěizuò\", \"word\": \"偽作\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěizuò\", \"word\": \"伪作\"}, {\"word\": \"偽俗\"}, {\"word\": \"伪俗\"}, {\"word\": \"假偽\"}, {\"word\": \"假伪\"}, {\"word\": \"偽傳\"}, {\"word\": \"伪传\"}, {\"word\": \"偽冒\"}, {\"word\": \"伪冒\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěiliè\", \"word\": \"偽劣\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěiliè\", \"word\": \"伪劣\"}, {\"word\": \"偽化\"}, {\"word\": \"伪化\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěishǐ\", \"word\": \"偽史\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěishǐ\", \"word\": \"伪史\"}, {\"word\": \"偽名\"}, {\"word\": \"伪名\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěijūnzǐ\", \"word\": \"偽君子\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěijūnzǐ\", \"word\": \"伪君子\"}, {\"word\": \"偽命\"}, {\"word\": \"伪命\"}, {\"word\": \"偽品\"}, {\"word\": \"伪品\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěishàn\", \"word\": \"偽善\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěishàn\", \"word\": \"伪善\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěiguó\", \"word\": \"偽國\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěiguó\", \"word\": \"伪国\"}, {\"word\": \"偽塗\"}, {\"word\": \"伪涂\"}, {\"word\": \"偽夫\"}, {\"word\": \"伪夫\"}, {\"word\": \"偽妄\"}, {\"word\": \"伪妄\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěiniáng\", \"word\": \"偽娘\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěiniáng\", \"word\": \"伪娘\"}, {\"word\": \"偽媮\"}, {\"word\": \"伪偷\"}, {\"word\": \"偽孔\"}, {\"word\": \"伪孔\"}, {\"word\": \"偽孔傳\"}, {\"word\": \"伪孔传\"}, {\"word\": \"偽字\"}, {\"word\": \"伪字\"}, {\"word\": \"偽學\"}, {\"word\": \"伪学\"}, {\"word\": \"偽定\"}, {\"word\": \"伪定\"}, {\"word\": \"偽客\"}, {\"word\": \"伪客\"}, {\"word\": \"偽局\"}, {\"word\": \"伪局\"}, {\"word\": \"偽巧\"}, {\"word\": \"伪巧\"}, {\"word\": \"偽師\"}, {\"word\": \"伪师\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěibì\", \"word\": \"偽幣\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěibì\", \"word\": \"伪币\"}, {\"word\": \"偽庭\"}, {\"word\": \"伪庭\"}, {\"word\": \"偽廉\"}, {\"word\": \"伪廉\"}, {\"word\": \"偽廷\"}, {\"word\": \"伪廷\"}, {\"word\": \"偽從\"}, {\"word\": \"伪从\"}, {\"word\": \"偽心\"}, {\"word\": \"伪心\"}, {\"word\": \"偽怠\"}, {\"word\": \"伪怠\"}, {\"word\": \"偽惑\"}, {\"word\": \"伪惑\"}, {\"word\": \"偽情\"}, {\"word\": \"伪情\"}, {\"word\": \"偽意\"}, {\"word\": \"伪意\"}, {\"word\": \"偽態\"}, {\"word\": \"伪态\"}, {\"word\": \"偽戾\"}, {\"word\": \"伪戾\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěituō\", \"word\": \"偽托\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěituō\", \"word\": \"伪托\"}, {\"word\": \"偽撰\"}, {\"word\": \"偽政府\"}, {\"word\": \"伪政府\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěizhèngquán\", \"word\": \"偽政權\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěizhèngquán\", \"word\": \"伪政权\"}, {\"word\": \"偽方\"}, {\"word\": \"伪方\"}, {\"word\": \"偽易\"}, {\"word\": \"伪易\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěishū\", \"word\": \"偽書\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěishū\", \"word\": \"伪书\"}, {\"word\": \"偽服\"}, {\"word\": \"伪服\"}, {\"word\": \"偽朝\"}, {\"word\": \"伪朝\"}, {\"word\": \"偽本\"}, {\"word\": \"伪本\"}, {\"word\": \"偽民\"}, {\"word\": \"伪民\"}, {\"roman\": \"Wěimǎn\", \"word\": \"偽滿\"}, {\"roman\": \"Wěimǎn\", \"word\": \"伪满\"}, {\"roman\": \"Wěi-Mǎnzhōuguó\", \"word\": \"偽滿洲國\"}, {\"roman\": \"Wěi-Mǎnzhōuguó\", \"word\": \"伪满洲国\"}, {\"word\": \"偽物\"}, {\"word\": \"伪物\"}, {\"word\": \"偽百合\"}, {\"word\": \"伪百合\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěihuáng\", \"word\": \"偽皇\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěihuáng\", \"word\": \"伪皇\"}, {\"word\": \"偽真\"}, {\"word\": \"伪真\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěikēxué\", \"word\": \"偽科學\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěikēxué\", \"word\": \"伪科学\"}, {\"word\": \"偽端\"}, {\"word\": \"伪端\"}, {\"word\": \"偽筍\"}, {\"word\": \"伪笋\"}, {\"word\": \"偽組織\"}, {\"word\": \"伪组织\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěijīng\", \"word\": \"偽經\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěijīng\", \"word\": \"伪经\"}, {\"word\": \"偽繆\"}, {\"word\": \"伪缪\"}, {\"word\": \"偽臣\"}, {\"word\": \"伪臣\"}, {\"word\": \"偽荊卿\"}, {\"word\": \"伪荆卿\"}, {\"word\": \"偽蔽\"}, {\"word\": \"伪蔽\"}, {\"word\": \"偽薄\"}, {\"word\": \"伪薄\"}, {\"word\": \"偽藥\"}, {\"word\": \"伪药\"}, {\"word\": \"偽蠶\"}, {\"word\": \"伪蚕\"}, {\"word\": \"偽行\"}, {\"word\": \"伪行\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěizhuāng\", \"word\": \"偽裝\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěizhuāng\", \"word\": \"伪装\"}, {\"word\": \"偽裝滲透\"}, {\"word\": \"伪装渗透\"}, {\"word\": \"偽言\"}, {\"word\": \"伪言\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěituō\", \"word\": \"偽託\"}, {\"word\": \"偽詐\"}, {\"word\": \"伪诈\"}, {\"word\": \"偽說\"}, {\"word\": \"伪说\"}, {\"word\": \"偽論\"}, {\"word\": \"伪论\"}, {\"word\": \"偽謬\"}, {\"word\": \"伪谬\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěizhèng\", \"word\": \"偽證\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěizhèng\", \"word\": \"伪证\"}, {\"word\": \"偽譔\"}, {\"word\": \"伪撰\"}, {\"word\": \"偽議\"}, {\"word\": \"伪议\"}, {\"word\": \"偽讓\"}, {\"word\": \"伪让\"}, {\"word\": \"偽貌\"}, {\"word\": \"伪貌\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěizú\", \"word\": \"偽足\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěizú\", \"word\": \"伪足\"}, {\"word\": \"偽跡\"}, {\"word\": \"伪迹\"}, {\"word\": \"偽蹟\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěijūn\", \"word\": \"偽軍\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěijūn\", \"word\": \"伪军\"}, {\"word\": \"偽辭\"}, {\"word\": \"伪辞\"}, {\"word\": \"偽辯\"}, {\"word\": \"伪辩\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěizào\", \"word\": \"偽造\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěizào\", \"word\": \"伪造\"}, {\"word\": \"偽造文書\"}, {\"word\": \"伪造文书\"}, {\"word\": \"偽道\"}, {\"word\": \"伪道\"}, {\"word\": \"偽金錢\"}, {\"word\": \"伪金钱\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěichāo\", \"word\": \"偽鈔\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěichāo\", \"word\": \"伪钞\"}, {\"word\": \"偽錢\"}, {\"word\": \"伪钱\"}, {\"word\": \"偽飾\"}, {\"word\": \"伪饰\"}, {\"word\": \"偽體\"}, {\"word\": \"伪体\"}, {\"word\": \"偽鳳\"}, {\"word\": \"伪凤\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěimáhuángjiǎn\", \"word\": \"偽麻黃鹼\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěimáhuángjiǎn\", \"word\": \"伪麻黄碱\"}, {\"word\": \"偽黨\"}, {\"word\": \"伪党\"}, {\"word\": \"僭偽\"}, {\"word\": \"僭伪\"}, {\"word\": \"凶偽\"}, {\"word\": \"別裁偽體\"}, {\"word\": \"别裁伪体\"}, {\"word\": \"化性起偽\"}, {\"word\": \"化性起伪\"}, {\"word\": \"南偽\"}, {\"word\": \"南伪\"}, {\"word\": \"厭偽\"}, {\"word\": \"厌伪\"}, {\"roman\": \"qùwěicúnzhēn\", \"word\": \"去偽存真\"}, {\"roman\": \"qùwěicúnzhēn\", \"word\": \"去伪存真\"}, {\"word\": \"妖偽\"}, {\"word\": \"妖伪\"}, {\"word\": \"姦偽\"}, {\"word\": \"奸伪\"}, {\"word\": \"巧偽\"}, {\"word\": \"巧伪\"}, {\"word\": \"幻偽\"}, {\"word\": \"幻伪\"}, {\"word\": \"彫偽\"}, {\"word\": \"雕伪\"}, {\"word\": \"情偽\"}, {\"word\": \"情伪\"}, {\"word\": \"慝偽\"}, {\"word\": \"慝伪\"}, {\"roman\": \"díwěi\", \"word\": \"敵偽\"}, {\"roman\": \"díwěi\", \"word\": \"敌伪\"}, {\"word\": \"晦偽\"}, {\"word\": \"晦伪\"}, {\"word\": \"智偽\"}, {\"word\": \"智伪\"}, {\"word\": \"棄偽從真\"}, {\"word\": \"弃伪从真\"}, {\"word\": \"機偽\"}, {\"word\": \"机伪\"}, {\"word\": \"樹偽\"}, {\"word\": \"树伪\"}, {\"word\": \"欺偽\"}, {\"word\": \"欺伪\"}, {\"word\": \"汙偽\"}, {\"word\": \"污伪\"}, {\"word\": \"浮偽\"}, {\"word\": \"浮伪\"}, {\"word\": \"淺偽\"}, {\"word\": \"浅伪\"}, {\"word\": \"淫偽\"}, {\"word\": \"淫伪\"}, {\"word\": \"澆偽\"}, {\"word\": \"浇伪\"}, {\"word\": \"濫偽\"}, {\"word\": \"滥伪\"}, {\"word\": \"煩偽\"}, {\"word\": \"烦伪\"}, {\"word\": \"狡偽\"}, {\"word\": \"狡伪\"}, {\"word\": \"猾偽\"}, {\"word\": \"猾伪\"}, {\"word\": \"番偽\"}, {\"word\": \"番伪\"}, {\"word\": \"百偽\"}, {\"word\": \"百伪\"}, {\"roman\": \"zhēnwěi\", \"word\": \"真偽\"}, {\"roman\": \"zhēnwěi\", \"word\": \"真伪\"}, {\"word\": \"真偽莫辨\"}, {\"word\": \"真伪莫辨\"}, {\"word\": \"眾偽\"}, {\"word\": \"众伪\"}, {\"word\": \"矜偽\"}, {\"word\": \"矜伪\"}, {\"word\": \"矯偽\"}, {\"word\": \"矫伪\"}, {\"word\": \"矯言偽行\"}, {\"word\": \"矫言伪行\"}, {\"word\": \"矯飾偽行\"}, {\"word\": \"矫饰伪行\"}, {\"word\": \"祅偽\"}, {\"word\": \"祅伪\"}, {\"word\": \"積偽\"}, {\"word\": \"积伪\"}, {\"word\": \"空偽\"}, {\"word\": \"空伪\"}, {\"word\": \"篡偽\"}, {\"word\": \"篡伪\"}, {\"word\": \"苦偽\"}, {\"word\": \"苦伪\"}, {\"word\": \"華偽\"}, {\"word\": \"华伪\"}, {\"roman\": \"xūwěi\", \"word\": \"虛偽\"}, {\"roman\": \"xūwěi\", \"word\": \"虚伪\"}, {\"word\": \"蠱偽\"}, {\"word\": \"蛊伪\"}, {\"word\": \"行偽\"}, {\"word\": \"行伪\"}, {\"word\": \"託偽\"}, {\"word\": \"托伪\"}, {\"word\": \"訛偽\"}, {\"word\": \"讹伪\"}, {\"word\": \"詐偽\"}, {\"word\": \"诈伪\"}, {\"word\": \"詭偽\"}, {\"word\": \"诡伪\"}, {\"roman\": \"chéngwěi\", \"word\": \"誠偽\"}, {\"roman\": \"chéngwěi\", \"word\": \"诚伪\"}, {\"word\": \"詿偽\"}, {\"word\": \"诖伪\"}, {\"word\": \"誣偽\"}, {\"word\": \"诬伪\"}, {\"word\": \"請偽\"}, {\"word\": \"请伪\"}, {\"word\": \"諂偽\"}, {\"word\": \"谄伪\"}, {\"word\": \"讎偽\"}, {\"word\": \"雠伪\"}, {\"word\": \"輕偽\"}, {\"word\": \"轻伪\"}, {\"word\": \"遂偽\"}, {\"word\": \"遂伪\"}, {\"word\": \"邀偽\"}, {\"word\": \"邀伪\"}, {\"word\": \"邪偽\"}, {\"word\": \"邪伪\"}, {\"word\": \"酢偽\"}, {\"word\": \"酢伪\"}, {\"word\": \"闇偽\"}, {\"word\": \"暗伪\"}, {\"word\": \"隱偽\"}, {\"word\": \"隐伪\"}, {\"word\": \"雕偽\"}, {\"word\": \"雜偽\"}, {\"word\": \"杂伪\"}, {\"word\": \"飾偽\"}, {\"word\": \"饰伪\"}], \"etymology_templates\": [{\"args\": {\"1\": \"僞\", \"f\": \"爲\", \"t\": \"為\"}, \"expansion\": \"Simplified from 僞 (爲 → 為)\", \"name\": \"Han simp\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"zh\", \"2\": \"Han phono-semantic compounds\"}, \"expansion\": \"\", \"name\": \"categorize\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"psc\", \"adj\": \"\", \"nocap\": \"\", \"pron\": \"OC *ŋʷrals\"}, \"expansion\": \"Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋʷrals)\", \"name\": \"liushu\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"人\", \"2\": \"為\", \"alt1\": \"亻\", \"c1\": \"s\", \"c2\": \"p\", \"ls\": \"psc\", \"t1\": \"man\", \"t2\": \"to make\"}, \"expansion\": \"Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋʷrals): semantic 亻 (“man”) + phonetic 為 (OC *ɢʷal, *ɢʷals, “to make”)\", \"name\": \"Han compound\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"為\", \"2\": \"to act as\", \"id\": \"1\"}, \"expansion\": \"為 (OC *ɢʷal, “to act as”)\", \"name\": \"och-l\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"Karlgren, 1956\"}, \"expansion\": \"Karlgren, 1956\", \"name\": \"zh-ref\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"Wang, 1982\"}, \"expansion\": \"Wang, 1982\", \"name\": \"zh-ref\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"Baxter and Sagart, 2014\"}, \"expansion\": \"Baxter and Sagart, 2014\", \"name\": \"zh-ref\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"訛\", \"2\": \"erroneous\"}, \"expansion\": \"訛 (OC *ŋʷaːl, “erroneous”)\", \"name\": \"och-l\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"Schuessler, 2007\"}, \"expansion\": \"Schuessler, 2007\", \"name\": \"zh-ref\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"bo\", \"2\": \"རྔོད\", \"3\": \"\", \"4\": \"to deceive\"}, \"expansion\": \"Tibetan རྔོད (rngod, “to deceive”)\", \"name\": \"cog\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"Gong, 1995\"}, \"expansion\": \"Gong, 1995\", \"name\": \"zh-ref\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"Schuessler, 2007\"}, \"expansion\": \"Schuessler, 2007\", \"name\": \"zh-ref\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"Hill, 2014\"}, \"expansion\": \"Hill, 2014\", \"name\": \"zh-ref\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"Jacques (2022, 2023)\"}, \"expansion\": \"Jacques (2022, 2023)\", \"name\": \"zh-ref\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"ltc\", \"2\": \"-\"}, \"expansion\": \"Middle Chinese\", \"name\": \"cog\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"偽\"}, \"expansion\": \"偽 (MC ngjweH)\", \"name\": \"ltc-l\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"訛\"}, \"expansion\": \"訛 (MC ngwa)\", \"name\": \"ltc-l\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"zh\", \"2\": \"偽\"}, \"expansion\": \"偽\", \"name\": \"lang\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"為\", \"tr\": \"waj\"}, \"expansion\": \"為 (OC waj)\", \"name\": \"och-l\"}], \"etymology_text\": \"Simplified from 僞 (爲 → 為). Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋʷrals): semantic 亻 (“man”) + phonetic 為 (OC *ɢʷal, *ɢʷals, “to make”), originally “artificial”.\\nOften thought to be derived from 為 (OC *ɢʷal, “to act as”) (Karlgren, 1956; Wang, 1982; Baxter and Sagart, 2014).\\nAlternatively, it may be cognate to 訛 (OC *ŋʷaːl, “erroneous”) (Schuessler, 2007); this may be compared to Tibetan རྔོད (rngod, “to deceive”), though the -d in Tibetan is unexplained (Gong, 1995; Schuessler, 2007; Hill, 2014).\\nJacques (2022, 2023) seems to attempt to unify the two etymologies above. He argues the Middle Chinese initial ng- in both 偽 (MC ngjweH) and 訛 (MC ngwa) come from a middle voice/intransitivizing prefix *ŋ-. 偽, reconstructed as *ŋ-waj-s, would be derived from 為 (OC waj) as the root.\", \"forms\": [{\"form\": \"伪\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Simplified Chinese\"]}, {\"form\": \"僞\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Traditional Chinese\"]}], \"head_templates\": [{\"args\": {\"1\": \"zh\", \"2\": \"hanzi\"}, \"expansion\": \"偽\", \"name\": \"head\"}], \"lang\": \"Chinese\", \"lang_code\": \"zh\", \"pos\": \"character\", \"senses\": [{\"categories\": [\"Literary Chinese terms with quotations\", \"Mandarin terms with usage examples\"], \"examples\": [{\"english\": \"hypocritical; hypocrisy\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Traditional Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"xūwěi\", \"text\": \"虛偽\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"hypocritical; hypocrisy\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Simplified Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"xūwěi\", \"text\": \"虚伪\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"to forge; to counterfeit\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Traditional Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"wěizào\", \"text\": \"偽造\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"to forge; to counterfeit\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Simplified Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"wěizào\", \"text\": \"伪造\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"counterfeit banknote\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Traditional Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"wěichāo\", \"text\": \"偽鈔\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"counterfeit banknote\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Simplified Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"wěichāo\", \"text\": \"伪钞\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"pseudoephedrine\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Traditional Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"wěimáhuángjiǎn\", \"text\": \"偽麻黃鹼\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"pseudoephedrine\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Simplified Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"wěimáhuángjiǎn\", \"text\": \"伪麻黄碱\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"Man's nature is bad; his goodness is artificial.\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Classical Chinese\", \"Traditional Chinese\"], \"ref\": \" Xunzi, c. 3ʳᵈ century BCE\", \"roman\": \"Rén zhī xìng è, qí shàn zhě wěi yě.\", \"tags\": [\"Pinyin\"], \"text\": \"人之性惡，其善者偽也。\", \"type\": \"quote\"}, {\"english\": \"Man's nature is bad; his goodness is artificial.\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Classical Chinese\", \"Simplified Chinese\"], \"ref\": \" Xunzi, c. 3ʳᵈ century BCE\", \"roman\": \"Rén zhī xìng è, qí shàn zhě wěi yě.\", \"tags\": [\"Pinyin\"], \"text\": \"人之性恶，其善者伪也。\", \"type\": \"quote\"}], \"glosses\": [\"false; counterfeit; bogus; fake; pseudo-; artificial\"], \"links\": [[\"false\", \"false\"], [\"counterfeit\", \"counterfeit\"], [\"bogus\", \"bogus\"], [\"fake\", \"fake\"], [\"pseudo-\", \"pseudo-\"], [\"artificial\", \"artificial\"]]}, {\"glosses\": [\"falsehood; untruthfulness\"], \"links\": [[\"falsehood\", \"falsehood\"], [\"untruthfulness\", \"untruthfulness\"]]}, {\"categories\": [\"Mandarin terms with usage examples\"], \"examples\": [{\"english\": \"puppet government\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Traditional Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"wěizhèngquán\", \"text\": \"偽政權\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"puppet government\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Simplified Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"wěizhèngquán\", \"text\": \"伪政权\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"Manchukuo\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Traditional Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"Wěi-Mǎnzhōuguó\", \"text\": \"偽滿洲國\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"Manchukuo\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Simplified Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"Wěi-Mǎnzhōuguó\", \"text\": \"伪满洲国\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"the Peking University under the control of Chinese puppet state of the Empire of Japan\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Traditional Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"Wěi Běijīng Dàxué\", \"text\": \"偽北京大學\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"the Peking University under the control of Chinese puppet state of the Empire of Japan\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Simplified Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"Wěi Běijīng Dàxué\", \"text\": \"伪北京大学\", \"type\": \"example\"}], \"glosses\": [\"illegal; illegitimate\"], \"links\": [[\"illegal\", \"illegal\"], [\"illegitimate\", \"illegitimate\"]]}], \"sounds\": [{\"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"Pinyin\"], \"zh-pron\": \"wěi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"Pinyin\"], \"zh-pron\": \"wèi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"bopomofo\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ㄨㄟˇ\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"bopomofo\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ㄨㄟˋ\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Cantonese\", \"Jyutping\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngai⁶\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Hakka\", \"PFS\", \"Sixian\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngúi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Guangdong\", \"Hakka\", \"Meixian\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngui³\"}, {\"zh-pron\": \"ngôi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"POJ\"], \"zh-pron\": \"gūi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"POJ\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ūi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"POJ\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ûi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Peng'im\", \"Teochew\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngui⁶\"}, {\"zh-pron\": \"⁶we\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Hanyu-Pinyin\", \"Mandarin\"], \"zh-pron\": \"wěi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"Tongyong-Pinyin\"], \"zh-pron\": \"wěi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"Wade-Giles\"], \"zh-pron\": \"wei³\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"Yale\"], \"zh-pron\": \"wěi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Gwoyeu-Romatsyh\", \"Mandarin\"], \"zh-pron\": \"woei\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"Palladius\"], \"zh-pron\": \"вэй\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"Palladius\"], \"zh-pron\": \"vɛj\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/weɪ̯²¹⁴/\", \"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"Sinological-IPA\"]}, {\"tags\": [\"Hanyu-Pinyin\", \"Mandarin\"], \"zh-pron\": \"wèi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"Tongyong-Pinyin\"], \"zh-pron\": \"wèi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"Wade-Giles\"], \"zh-pron\": \"wei⁴\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"Yale\"], \"zh-pron\": \"wèi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Gwoyeu-Romatsyh\", \"Mandarin\"], \"zh-pron\": \"wey\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/weɪ̯⁵¹/\", \"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"Sinological-IPA\"]}, {\"tags\": [\"Cantonese\", \"Guangzhou\", \"Hong-Kong\", \"Jyutping\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngai⁶\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Cantonese\", \"Guangzhou\", \"Hong-Kong\", \"Yale\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngaih\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Cantonese\", \"Guangzhou\", \"Hong-Kong\", \"Pinyin\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngai⁶\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Cantonese\", \"Guangdong-Romanization\", \"Guangzhou\", \"Hong-Kong\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngei⁶\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ŋɐi̯²²/\", \"tags\": [\"Cantonese\", \"Guangzhou\", \"Hong-Kong\", \"Sinological-IPA\"]}, {\"tags\": [\"Hakka\", \"Phak-fa-su\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngúi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Hakka\", \"Hakka-Romanization-System\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngui^ˋ\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Hagfa-Pinyim\", \"Hakka\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngui³\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ŋu̯i³¹/\", \"tags\": [\"Hakka\", \"Sinological-IPA\"]}, {\"ipa\": \"/ŋuɪ³¹/\", \"tags\": [\"Hakka\", \"Meixian\", \"Sinological-IPA\"]}, {\"tags\": [\"Foochow-Romanized\", \"Fuzhou\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngôi\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ŋui²⁴²/\", \"tags\": [\"Fuzhou\", \"Sinological-IPA\"]}, {\"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"Tai-lo\"], \"zh-pron\": \"guī\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"Phofsit-Daibuun\"], \"zh-pron\": \"gui\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ɡui²²/\", \"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"Xiamen\", \"Zhangzhou\"]}, {\"ipa\": \"/ɡui³³/\", \"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"Kaohsiung\", \"Taipei\"]}, {\"ipa\": \"/ɡui⁴¹/\", \"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"Quanzhou\"]}, {\"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"Tai-lo\"], \"zh-pron\": \"uī\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"Phofsit-Daibuun\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ui\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ui²²/\", \"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"Xiamen\", \"Zhangzhou\"]}, {\"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"Tai-lo\"], \"zh-pron\": \"uî\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"Phofsit-Daibuun\"], \"zh-pron\": \"uii\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ui²⁴/\", \"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"Jinjiang\", \"Quanzhou\"]}, {\"tags\": [\"POJ\", \"Teochew\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngŭi\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ŋui³⁵/\", \"tags\": [\"Sinological-IPA\", \"Teochew\"]}, {\"tags\": [\"Northern\", \"Wu\"], \"zh-pron\": \"⁶we\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Northern\", \"Wu\"], \"zh-pron\": \"we^去\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Northern\", \"Wu\"], \"zh-pron\": \"³hhue\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Northern\", \"Wu\"], \"zh-pron\": \"/ɦue²³/\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Middle-Chinese\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngjweH\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Baxter-Sagart\", \"Old-Chinese\"], \"zh-pron\": \"/*N-ɢʷ(r)aj-s/\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Baxter-Sagart\", \"Old-Chinese\"], \"zh-pron\": \"/*m-ɢʷ(r)aj-s/\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Old-Chinese\", \"Zhengzhang\"], \"zh-pron\": \"/*ŋʷrals/\"}, {\"other\": \"/ ūi /\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/weɪ̯²¹⁴/\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/weɪ̯⁵¹/\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ŋɐi̯²²/\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ŋu̯i³¹/\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ŋuɪ³¹/\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ŋui²⁴²/\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ɡui²²/\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ɡui³³/\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ɡui⁴¹/\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ui²²/\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ui²⁴/\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ŋui³⁵/\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ɦue²³/\"}, {\"other\": \"/*N-ɢʷ(r)aj-s/\"}, {\"other\": \"/*m-ɢʷ(r)aj-s/\"}, {\"other\": \"/*ŋʷrals/\"}], \"word\": \"偽\"}",
"path": [],
"section": "Chinese",
"subsection": "character",
"title": "偽",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "wiktionary/179/20240425uppercase_tags",
"msg": "偽/Chinese/character: invalid uppercase tag Hong-Kong not in or uppercase_tags: {\"categories\": [\"CJKV simplified characters\", \"Chinese adjectives\", \"Chinese entries with incorrect language header\", \"Chinese hanzi\", \"Chinese lemmas\", \"Chinese nouns\", \"Chinese terms spelled with 偽\", \"Chinese terms with IPA pronunciation\", \"Eastern Min adjectives\", \"Eastern Min hanzi\", \"Eastern Min lemmas\", \"Eastern Min nouns\", \"Middle Chinese adjectives\", \"Middle Chinese hanzi\", \"Middle Chinese lemmas\", \"Middle Chinese nouns\", \"Old Chinese adjectives\", \"Old Chinese hanzi\", \"Old Chinese lemmas\", \"Old Chinese nouns\", \"Pages with 5 entries\", \"Pages with entries\"], \"derived\": [{\"word\": \"世偽\"}, {\"word\": \"世伪\"}, {\"word\": \"乖偽\"}, {\"word\": \"乖伪\"}, {\"word\": \"乘偽行詐\"}, {\"word\": \"乘伪行诈\"}, {\"word\": \"以偽亂真\"}, {\"word\": \"以伪乱真\"}, {\"roman\": \"zuòwěi\", \"word\": \"作偽\"}, {\"roman\": \"zuòwěi\", \"word\": \"作伪\"}, {\"word\": \"侈偽\"}, {\"word\": \"侈伪\"}, {\"word\": \"偽人\"}, {\"word\": \"伪人\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěizuò\", \"word\": \"偽作\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěizuò\", \"word\": \"伪作\"}, {\"word\": \"偽俗\"}, {\"word\": \"伪俗\"}, {\"word\": \"假偽\"}, {\"word\": \"假伪\"}, {\"word\": \"偽傳\"}, {\"word\": \"伪传\"}, {\"word\": \"偽冒\"}, {\"word\": \"伪冒\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěiliè\", \"word\": \"偽劣\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěiliè\", \"word\": \"伪劣\"}, {\"word\": \"偽化\"}, {\"word\": \"伪化\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěishǐ\", \"word\": \"偽史\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěishǐ\", \"word\": \"伪史\"}, {\"word\": \"偽名\"}, {\"word\": \"伪名\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěijūnzǐ\", \"word\": \"偽君子\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěijūnzǐ\", \"word\": \"伪君子\"}, {\"word\": \"偽命\"}, {\"word\": \"伪命\"}, {\"word\": \"偽品\"}, {\"word\": \"伪品\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěishàn\", \"word\": \"偽善\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěishàn\", \"word\": \"伪善\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěiguó\", \"word\": \"偽國\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěiguó\", \"word\": \"伪国\"}, {\"word\": \"偽塗\"}, {\"word\": \"伪涂\"}, {\"word\": \"偽夫\"}, {\"word\": \"伪夫\"}, {\"word\": \"偽妄\"}, {\"word\": \"伪妄\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěiniáng\", \"word\": \"偽娘\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěiniáng\", \"word\": \"伪娘\"}, {\"word\": \"偽媮\"}, {\"word\": \"伪偷\"}, {\"word\": \"偽孔\"}, {\"word\": \"伪孔\"}, {\"word\": \"偽孔傳\"}, {\"word\": \"伪孔传\"}, {\"word\": \"偽字\"}, {\"word\": \"伪字\"}, {\"word\": \"偽學\"}, {\"word\": \"伪学\"}, {\"word\": \"偽定\"}, {\"word\": \"伪定\"}, {\"word\": \"偽客\"}, {\"word\": \"伪客\"}, {\"word\": \"偽局\"}, {\"word\": \"伪局\"}, {\"word\": \"偽巧\"}, {\"word\": \"伪巧\"}, {\"word\": \"偽師\"}, {\"word\": \"伪师\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěibì\", \"word\": \"偽幣\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěibì\", \"word\": \"伪币\"}, {\"word\": \"偽庭\"}, {\"word\": \"伪庭\"}, {\"word\": \"偽廉\"}, {\"word\": \"伪廉\"}, {\"word\": \"偽廷\"}, {\"word\": \"伪廷\"}, {\"word\": \"偽從\"}, {\"word\": \"伪从\"}, {\"word\": \"偽心\"}, {\"word\": \"伪心\"}, {\"word\": \"偽怠\"}, {\"word\": \"伪怠\"}, {\"word\": \"偽惑\"}, {\"word\": \"伪惑\"}, {\"word\": \"偽情\"}, {\"word\": \"伪情\"}, {\"word\": \"偽意\"}, {\"word\": \"伪意\"}, {\"word\": \"偽態\"}, {\"word\": \"伪态\"}, {\"word\": \"偽戾\"}, {\"word\": \"伪戾\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěituō\", \"word\": \"偽托\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěituō\", \"word\": \"伪托\"}, {\"word\": \"偽撰\"}, {\"word\": \"偽政府\"}, {\"word\": \"伪政府\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěizhèngquán\", \"word\": \"偽政權\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěizhèngquán\", \"word\": \"伪政权\"}, {\"word\": \"偽方\"}, {\"word\": \"伪方\"}, {\"word\": \"偽易\"}, {\"word\": \"伪易\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěishū\", \"word\": \"偽書\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěishū\", \"word\": \"伪书\"}, {\"word\": \"偽服\"}, {\"word\": \"伪服\"}, {\"word\": \"偽朝\"}, {\"word\": \"伪朝\"}, {\"word\": \"偽本\"}, {\"word\": \"伪本\"}, {\"word\": \"偽民\"}, {\"word\": \"伪民\"}, {\"roman\": \"Wěimǎn\", \"word\": \"偽滿\"}, {\"roman\": \"Wěimǎn\", \"word\": \"伪满\"}, {\"roman\": \"Wěi-Mǎnzhōuguó\", \"word\": \"偽滿洲國\"}, {\"roman\": \"Wěi-Mǎnzhōuguó\", \"word\": \"伪满洲国\"}, {\"word\": \"偽物\"}, {\"word\": \"伪物\"}, {\"word\": \"偽百合\"}, {\"word\": \"伪百合\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěihuáng\", \"word\": \"偽皇\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěihuáng\", \"word\": \"伪皇\"}, {\"word\": \"偽真\"}, {\"word\": \"伪真\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěikēxué\", \"word\": \"偽科學\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěikēxué\", \"word\": \"伪科学\"}, {\"word\": \"偽端\"}, {\"word\": \"伪端\"}, {\"word\": \"偽筍\"}, {\"word\": \"伪笋\"}, {\"word\": \"偽組織\"}, {\"word\": \"伪组织\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěijīng\", \"word\": \"偽經\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěijīng\", \"word\": \"伪经\"}, {\"word\": \"偽繆\"}, {\"word\": \"伪缪\"}, {\"word\": \"偽臣\"}, {\"word\": \"伪臣\"}, {\"word\": \"偽荊卿\"}, {\"word\": \"伪荆卿\"}, {\"word\": \"偽蔽\"}, {\"word\": \"伪蔽\"}, {\"word\": \"偽薄\"}, {\"word\": \"伪薄\"}, {\"word\": \"偽藥\"}, {\"word\": \"伪药\"}, {\"word\": \"偽蠶\"}, {\"word\": \"伪蚕\"}, {\"word\": \"偽行\"}, {\"word\": \"伪行\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěizhuāng\", \"word\": \"偽裝\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěizhuāng\", \"word\": \"伪装\"}, {\"word\": \"偽裝滲透\"}, {\"word\": \"伪装渗透\"}, {\"word\": \"偽言\"}, {\"word\": \"伪言\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěituō\", \"word\": \"偽託\"}, {\"word\": \"偽詐\"}, {\"word\": \"伪诈\"}, {\"word\": \"偽說\"}, {\"word\": \"伪说\"}, {\"word\": \"偽論\"}, {\"word\": \"伪论\"}, {\"word\": \"偽謬\"}, {\"word\": \"伪谬\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěizhèng\", \"word\": \"偽證\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěizhèng\", \"word\": \"伪证\"}, {\"word\": \"偽譔\"}, {\"word\": \"伪撰\"}, {\"word\": \"偽議\"}, {\"word\": \"伪议\"}, {\"word\": \"偽讓\"}, {\"word\": \"伪让\"}, {\"word\": \"偽貌\"}, {\"word\": \"伪貌\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěizú\", \"word\": \"偽足\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěizú\", \"word\": \"伪足\"}, {\"word\": \"偽跡\"}, {\"word\": \"伪迹\"}, {\"word\": \"偽蹟\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěijūn\", \"word\": \"偽軍\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěijūn\", \"word\": \"伪军\"}, {\"word\": \"偽辭\"}, {\"word\": \"伪辞\"}, {\"word\": \"偽辯\"}, {\"word\": \"伪辩\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěizào\", \"word\": \"偽造\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěizào\", \"word\": \"伪造\"}, {\"word\": \"偽造文書\"}, {\"word\": \"伪造文书\"}, {\"word\": \"偽道\"}, {\"word\": \"伪道\"}, {\"word\": \"偽金錢\"}, {\"word\": \"伪金钱\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěichāo\", \"word\": \"偽鈔\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěichāo\", \"word\": \"伪钞\"}, {\"word\": \"偽錢\"}, {\"word\": \"伪钱\"}, {\"word\": \"偽飾\"}, {\"word\": \"伪饰\"}, {\"word\": \"偽體\"}, {\"word\": \"伪体\"}, {\"word\": \"偽鳳\"}, {\"word\": \"伪凤\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěimáhuángjiǎn\", \"word\": \"偽麻黃鹼\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěimáhuángjiǎn\", \"word\": \"伪麻黄碱\"}, {\"word\": \"偽黨\"}, {\"word\": \"伪党\"}, {\"word\": \"僭偽\"}, {\"word\": \"僭伪\"}, {\"word\": \"凶偽\"}, {\"word\": \"別裁偽體\"}, {\"word\": \"别裁伪体\"}, {\"word\": \"化性起偽\"}, {\"word\": \"化性起伪\"}, {\"word\": \"南偽\"}, {\"word\": \"南伪\"}, {\"word\": \"厭偽\"}, {\"word\": \"厌伪\"}, {\"roman\": \"qùwěicúnzhēn\", \"word\": \"去偽存真\"}, {\"roman\": \"qùwěicúnzhēn\", \"word\": \"去伪存真\"}, {\"word\": \"妖偽\"}, {\"word\": \"妖伪\"}, {\"word\": \"姦偽\"}, {\"word\": \"奸伪\"}, {\"word\": \"巧偽\"}, {\"word\": \"巧伪\"}, {\"word\": \"幻偽\"}, {\"word\": \"幻伪\"}, {\"word\": \"彫偽\"}, {\"word\": \"雕伪\"}, {\"word\": \"情偽\"}, {\"word\": \"情伪\"}, {\"word\": \"慝偽\"}, {\"word\": \"慝伪\"}, {\"roman\": \"díwěi\", \"word\": \"敵偽\"}, {\"roman\": \"díwěi\", \"word\": \"敌伪\"}, {\"word\": \"晦偽\"}, {\"word\": \"晦伪\"}, {\"word\": \"智偽\"}, {\"word\": \"智伪\"}, {\"word\": \"棄偽從真\"}, {\"word\": \"弃伪从真\"}, {\"word\": \"機偽\"}, {\"word\": \"机伪\"}, {\"word\": \"樹偽\"}, {\"word\": \"树伪\"}, {\"word\": \"欺偽\"}, {\"word\": \"欺伪\"}, {\"word\": \"汙偽\"}, {\"word\": \"污伪\"}, {\"word\": \"浮偽\"}, {\"word\": \"浮伪\"}, {\"word\": \"淺偽\"}, {\"word\": \"浅伪\"}, {\"word\": \"淫偽\"}, {\"word\": \"淫伪\"}, {\"word\": \"澆偽\"}, {\"word\": \"浇伪\"}, {\"word\": \"濫偽\"}, {\"word\": \"滥伪\"}, {\"word\": \"煩偽\"}, {\"word\": \"烦伪\"}, {\"word\": \"狡偽\"}, {\"word\": \"狡伪\"}, {\"word\": \"猾偽\"}, {\"word\": \"猾伪\"}, {\"word\": \"番偽\"}, {\"word\": \"番伪\"}, {\"word\": \"百偽\"}, {\"word\": \"百伪\"}, {\"roman\": \"zhēnwěi\", \"word\": \"真偽\"}, {\"roman\": \"zhēnwěi\", \"word\": \"真伪\"}, {\"word\": \"真偽莫辨\"}, {\"word\": \"真伪莫辨\"}, {\"word\": \"眾偽\"}, {\"word\": \"众伪\"}, {\"word\": \"矜偽\"}, {\"word\": \"矜伪\"}, {\"word\": \"矯偽\"}, {\"word\": \"矫伪\"}, {\"word\": \"矯言偽行\"}, {\"word\": \"矫言伪行\"}, {\"word\": \"矯飾偽行\"}, {\"word\": \"矫饰伪行\"}, {\"word\": \"祅偽\"}, {\"word\": \"祅伪\"}, {\"word\": \"積偽\"}, {\"word\": \"积伪\"}, {\"word\": \"空偽\"}, {\"word\": \"空伪\"}, {\"word\": \"篡偽\"}, {\"word\": \"篡伪\"}, {\"word\": \"苦偽\"}, {\"word\": \"苦伪\"}, {\"word\": \"華偽\"}, {\"word\": \"华伪\"}, {\"roman\": \"xūwěi\", \"word\": \"虛偽\"}, {\"roman\": \"xūwěi\", \"word\": \"虚伪\"}, {\"word\": \"蠱偽\"}, {\"word\": \"蛊伪\"}, {\"word\": \"行偽\"}, {\"word\": \"行伪\"}, {\"word\": \"託偽\"}, {\"word\": \"托伪\"}, {\"word\": \"訛偽\"}, {\"word\": \"讹伪\"}, {\"word\": \"詐偽\"}, {\"word\": \"诈伪\"}, {\"word\": \"詭偽\"}, {\"word\": \"诡伪\"}, {\"roman\": \"chéngwěi\", \"word\": \"誠偽\"}, {\"roman\": \"chéngwěi\", \"word\": \"诚伪\"}, {\"word\": \"詿偽\"}, {\"word\": \"诖伪\"}, {\"word\": \"誣偽\"}, {\"word\": \"诬伪\"}, {\"word\": \"請偽\"}, {\"word\": \"请伪\"}, {\"word\": \"諂偽\"}, {\"word\": \"谄伪\"}, {\"word\": \"讎偽\"}, {\"word\": \"雠伪\"}, {\"word\": \"輕偽\"}, {\"word\": \"轻伪\"}, {\"word\": \"遂偽\"}, {\"word\": \"遂伪\"}, {\"word\": \"邀偽\"}, {\"word\": \"邀伪\"}, {\"word\": \"邪偽\"}, {\"word\": \"邪伪\"}, {\"word\": \"酢偽\"}, {\"word\": \"酢伪\"}, {\"word\": \"闇偽\"}, {\"word\": \"暗伪\"}, {\"word\": \"隱偽\"}, {\"word\": \"隐伪\"}, {\"word\": \"雕偽\"}, {\"word\": \"雜偽\"}, {\"word\": \"杂伪\"}, {\"word\": \"飾偽\"}, {\"word\": \"饰伪\"}], \"etymology_templates\": [{\"args\": {\"1\": \"僞\", \"f\": \"爲\", \"t\": \"為\"}, \"expansion\": \"Simplified from 僞 (爲 → 為)\", \"name\": \"Han simp\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"zh\", \"2\": \"Han phono-semantic compounds\"}, \"expansion\": \"\", \"name\": \"categorize\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"psc\", \"adj\": \"\", \"nocap\": \"\", \"pron\": \"OC *ŋʷrals\"}, \"expansion\": \"Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋʷrals)\", \"name\": \"liushu\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"人\", \"2\": \"為\", \"alt1\": \"亻\", \"c1\": \"s\", \"c2\": \"p\", \"ls\": \"psc\", \"t1\": \"man\", \"t2\": \"to make\"}, \"expansion\": \"Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋʷrals): semantic 亻 (“man”) + phonetic 為 (OC *ɢʷal, *ɢʷals, “to make”)\", \"name\": \"Han compound\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"為\", \"2\": \"to act as\", \"id\": \"1\"}, \"expansion\": \"為 (OC *ɢʷal, “to act as”)\", \"name\": \"och-l\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"Karlgren, 1956\"}, \"expansion\": \"Karlgren, 1956\", \"name\": \"zh-ref\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"Wang, 1982\"}, \"expansion\": \"Wang, 1982\", \"name\": \"zh-ref\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"Baxter and Sagart, 2014\"}, \"expansion\": \"Baxter and Sagart, 2014\", \"name\": \"zh-ref\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"訛\", \"2\": \"erroneous\"}, \"expansion\": \"訛 (OC *ŋʷaːl, “erroneous”)\", \"name\": \"och-l\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"Schuessler, 2007\"}, \"expansion\": \"Schuessler, 2007\", \"name\": \"zh-ref\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"bo\", \"2\": \"རྔོད\", \"3\": \"\", \"4\": \"to deceive\"}, \"expansion\": \"Tibetan རྔོད (rngod, “to deceive”)\", \"name\": \"cog\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"Gong, 1995\"}, \"expansion\": \"Gong, 1995\", \"name\": \"zh-ref\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"Schuessler, 2007\"}, \"expansion\": \"Schuessler, 2007\", \"name\": \"zh-ref\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"Hill, 2014\"}, \"expansion\": \"Hill, 2014\", \"name\": \"zh-ref\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"Jacques (2022, 2023)\"}, \"expansion\": \"Jacques (2022, 2023)\", \"name\": \"zh-ref\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"ltc\", \"2\": \"-\"}, \"expansion\": \"Middle Chinese\", \"name\": \"cog\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"偽\"}, \"expansion\": \"偽 (MC ngjweH)\", \"name\": \"ltc-l\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"訛\"}, \"expansion\": \"訛 (MC ngwa)\", \"name\": \"ltc-l\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"zh\", \"2\": \"偽\"}, \"expansion\": \"偽\", \"name\": \"lang\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"為\", \"tr\": \"waj\"}, \"expansion\": \"為 (OC waj)\", \"name\": \"och-l\"}], \"etymology_text\": \"Simplified from 僞 (爲 → 為). Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋʷrals): semantic 亻 (“man”) + phonetic 為 (OC *ɢʷal, *ɢʷals, “to make”), originally “artificial”.\\nOften thought to be derived from 為 (OC *ɢʷal, “to act as”) (Karlgren, 1956; Wang, 1982; Baxter and Sagart, 2014).\\nAlternatively, it may be cognate to 訛 (OC *ŋʷaːl, “erroneous”) (Schuessler, 2007); this may be compared to Tibetan རྔོད (rngod, “to deceive”), though the -d in Tibetan is unexplained (Gong, 1995; Schuessler, 2007; Hill, 2014).\\nJacques (2022, 2023) seems to attempt to unify the two etymologies above. He argues the Middle Chinese initial ng- in both 偽 (MC ngjweH) and 訛 (MC ngwa) come from a middle voice/intransitivizing prefix *ŋ-. 偽, reconstructed as *ŋ-waj-s, would be derived from 為 (OC waj) as the root.\", \"forms\": [{\"form\": \"伪\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Simplified Chinese\"]}, {\"form\": \"僞\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Traditional Chinese\"]}], \"head_templates\": [{\"args\": {\"1\": \"zh\", \"2\": \"hanzi\"}, \"expansion\": \"偽\", \"name\": \"head\"}], \"lang\": \"Chinese\", \"lang_code\": \"zh\", \"pos\": \"character\", \"senses\": [{\"categories\": [\"Literary Chinese terms with quotations\", \"Mandarin terms with usage examples\"], \"examples\": [{\"english\": \"hypocritical; hypocrisy\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Traditional Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"xūwěi\", \"text\": \"虛偽\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"hypocritical; hypocrisy\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Simplified Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"xūwěi\", \"text\": \"虚伪\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"to forge; to counterfeit\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Traditional Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"wěizào\", \"text\": \"偽造\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"to forge; to counterfeit\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Simplified Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"wěizào\", \"text\": \"伪造\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"counterfeit banknote\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Traditional Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"wěichāo\", \"text\": \"偽鈔\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"counterfeit banknote\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Simplified Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"wěichāo\", \"text\": \"伪钞\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"pseudoephedrine\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Traditional Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"wěimáhuángjiǎn\", \"text\": \"偽麻黃鹼\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"pseudoephedrine\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Simplified Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"wěimáhuángjiǎn\", \"text\": \"伪麻黄碱\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"Man's nature is bad; his goodness is artificial.\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Classical Chinese\", \"Traditional Chinese\"], \"ref\": \" Xunzi, c. 3ʳᵈ century BCE\", \"roman\": \"Rén zhī xìng è, qí shàn zhě wěi yě.\", \"tags\": [\"Pinyin\"], \"text\": \"人之性惡，其善者偽也。\", \"type\": \"quote\"}, {\"english\": \"Man's nature is bad; his goodness is artificial.\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Classical Chinese\", \"Simplified Chinese\"], \"ref\": \" Xunzi, c. 3ʳᵈ century BCE\", \"roman\": \"Rén zhī xìng è, qí shàn zhě wěi yě.\", \"tags\": [\"Pinyin\"], \"text\": \"人之性恶，其善者伪也。\", \"type\": \"quote\"}], \"glosses\": [\"false; counterfeit; bogus; fake; pseudo-; artificial\"], \"links\": [[\"false\", \"false\"], [\"counterfeit\", \"counterfeit\"], [\"bogus\", \"bogus\"], [\"fake\", \"fake\"], [\"pseudo-\", \"pseudo-\"], [\"artificial\", \"artificial\"]]}, {\"glosses\": [\"falsehood; untruthfulness\"], \"links\": [[\"falsehood\", \"falsehood\"], [\"untruthfulness\", \"untruthfulness\"]]}, {\"categories\": [\"Mandarin terms with usage examples\"], \"examples\": [{\"english\": \"puppet government\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Traditional Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"wěizhèngquán\", \"text\": \"偽政權\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"puppet government\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Simplified Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"wěizhèngquán\", \"text\": \"伪政权\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"Manchukuo\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Traditional Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"Wěi-Mǎnzhōuguó\", \"text\": \"偽滿洲國\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"Manchukuo\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Simplified Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"Wěi-Mǎnzhōuguó\", \"text\": \"伪满洲国\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"the Peking University under the control of Chinese puppet state of the Empire of Japan\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Traditional Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"Wěi Běijīng Dàxué\", \"text\": \"偽北京大學\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"the Peking University under the control of Chinese puppet state of the Empire of Japan\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Simplified Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"Wěi Běijīng Dàxué\", \"text\": \"伪北京大学\", \"type\": \"example\"}], \"glosses\": [\"illegal; illegitimate\"], \"links\": [[\"illegal\", \"illegal\"], [\"illegitimate\", \"illegitimate\"]]}], \"sounds\": [{\"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"Pinyin\"], \"zh-pron\": \"wěi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"Pinyin\"], \"zh-pron\": \"wèi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"bopomofo\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ㄨㄟˇ\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"bopomofo\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ㄨㄟˋ\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Cantonese\", \"Jyutping\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngai⁶\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Hakka\", \"PFS\", \"Sixian\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngúi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Guangdong\", \"Hakka\", \"Meixian\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngui³\"}, {\"zh-pron\": \"ngôi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"POJ\"], \"zh-pron\": \"gūi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"POJ\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ūi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"POJ\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ûi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Peng'im\", \"Teochew\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngui⁶\"}, {\"zh-pron\": \"⁶we\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Hanyu-Pinyin\", \"Mandarin\"], \"zh-pron\": \"wěi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"Tongyong-Pinyin\"], \"zh-pron\": \"wěi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"Wade-Giles\"], \"zh-pron\": \"wei³\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"Yale\"], \"zh-pron\": \"wěi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Gwoyeu-Romatsyh\", \"Mandarin\"], \"zh-pron\": \"woei\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"Palladius\"], \"zh-pron\": \"вэй\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"Palladius\"], \"zh-pron\": \"vɛj\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/weɪ̯²¹⁴/\", \"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"Sinological-IPA\"]}, {\"tags\": [\"Hanyu-Pinyin\", \"Mandarin\"], \"zh-pron\": \"wèi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"Tongyong-Pinyin\"], \"zh-pron\": \"wèi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"Wade-Giles\"], \"zh-pron\": \"wei⁴\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"Yale\"], \"zh-pron\": \"wèi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Gwoyeu-Romatsyh\", \"Mandarin\"], \"zh-pron\": \"wey\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/weɪ̯⁵¹/\", \"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"Sinological-IPA\"]}, {\"tags\": [\"Cantonese\", \"Guangzhou\", \"Hong-Kong\", \"Jyutping\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngai⁶\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Cantonese\", \"Guangzhou\", \"Hong-Kong\", \"Yale\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngaih\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Cantonese\", \"Guangzhou\", \"Hong-Kong\", \"Pinyin\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngai⁶\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Cantonese\", \"Guangdong-Romanization\", \"Guangzhou\", \"Hong-Kong\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngei⁶\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ŋɐi̯²²/\", \"tags\": [\"Cantonese\", \"Guangzhou\", \"Hong-Kong\", \"Sinological-IPA\"]}, {\"tags\": [\"Hakka\", \"Phak-fa-su\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngúi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Hakka\", \"Hakka-Romanization-System\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngui^ˋ\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Hagfa-Pinyim\", \"Hakka\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngui³\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ŋu̯i³¹/\", \"tags\": [\"Hakka\", \"Sinological-IPA\"]}, {\"ipa\": \"/ŋuɪ³¹/\", \"tags\": [\"Hakka\", \"Meixian\", \"Sinological-IPA\"]}, {\"tags\": [\"Foochow-Romanized\", \"Fuzhou\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngôi\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ŋui²⁴²/\", \"tags\": [\"Fuzhou\", \"Sinological-IPA\"]}, {\"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"Tai-lo\"], \"zh-pron\": \"guī\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"Phofsit-Daibuun\"], \"zh-pron\": \"gui\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ɡui²²/\", \"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"Xiamen\", \"Zhangzhou\"]}, {\"ipa\": \"/ɡui³³/\", \"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"Kaohsiung\", \"Taipei\"]}, {\"ipa\": \"/ɡui⁴¹/\", \"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"Quanzhou\"]}, {\"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"Tai-lo\"], \"zh-pron\": \"uī\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"Phofsit-Daibuun\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ui\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ui²²/\", \"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"Xiamen\", \"Zhangzhou\"]}, {\"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"Tai-lo\"], \"zh-pron\": \"uî\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"Phofsit-Daibuun\"], \"zh-pron\": \"uii\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ui²⁴/\", \"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"Jinjiang\", \"Quanzhou\"]}, {\"tags\": [\"POJ\", \"Teochew\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngŭi\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ŋui³⁵/\", \"tags\": [\"Sinological-IPA\", \"Teochew\"]}, {\"tags\": [\"Northern\", \"Wu\"], \"zh-pron\": \"⁶we\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Northern\", \"Wu\"], \"zh-pron\": \"we^去\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Northern\", \"Wu\"], \"zh-pron\": \"³hhue\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Northern\", \"Wu\"], \"zh-pron\": \"/ɦue²³/\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Middle-Chinese\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngjweH\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Baxter-Sagart\", \"Old-Chinese\"], \"zh-pron\": \"/*N-ɢʷ(r)aj-s/\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Baxter-Sagart\", \"Old-Chinese\"], \"zh-pron\": \"/*m-ɢʷ(r)aj-s/\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Old-Chinese\", \"Zhengzhang\"], \"zh-pron\": \"/*ŋʷrals/\"}, {\"other\": \"/ ūi /\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/weɪ̯²¹⁴/\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/weɪ̯⁵¹/\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ŋɐi̯²²/\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ŋu̯i³¹/\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ŋuɪ³¹/\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ŋui²⁴²/\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ɡui²²/\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ɡui³³/\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ɡui⁴¹/\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ui²²/\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ui²⁴/\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ŋui³⁵/\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ɦue²³/\"}, {\"other\": \"/*N-ɢʷ(r)aj-s/\"}, {\"other\": \"/*m-ɢʷ(r)aj-s/\"}, {\"other\": \"/*ŋʷrals/\"}], \"word\": \"偽\"}",
"path": [],
"section": "Chinese",
"subsection": "character",
"title": "偽",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "wiktionary/179/20240425uppercase_tags",
"msg": "偽/Chinese/character: invalid uppercase tag Hong-Kong not in or uppercase_tags: {\"categories\": [\"CJKV simplified characters\", \"Chinese adjectives\", \"Chinese entries with incorrect language header\", \"Chinese hanzi\", \"Chinese lemmas\", \"Chinese nouns\", \"Chinese terms spelled with 偽\", \"Chinese terms with IPA pronunciation\", \"Eastern Min adjectives\", \"Eastern Min hanzi\", \"Eastern Min lemmas\", \"Eastern Min nouns\", \"Middle Chinese adjectives\", \"Middle Chinese hanzi\", \"Middle Chinese lemmas\", \"Middle Chinese nouns\", \"Old Chinese adjectives\", \"Old Chinese hanzi\", \"Old Chinese lemmas\", \"Old Chinese nouns\", \"Pages with 5 entries\", \"Pages with entries\"], \"derived\": [{\"word\": \"世偽\"}, {\"word\": \"世伪\"}, {\"word\": \"乖偽\"}, {\"word\": \"乖伪\"}, {\"word\": \"乘偽行詐\"}, {\"word\": \"乘伪行诈\"}, {\"word\": \"以偽亂真\"}, {\"word\": \"以伪乱真\"}, {\"roman\": \"zuòwěi\", \"word\": \"作偽\"}, {\"roman\": \"zuòwěi\", \"word\": \"作伪\"}, {\"word\": \"侈偽\"}, {\"word\": \"侈伪\"}, {\"word\": \"偽人\"}, {\"word\": \"伪人\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěizuò\", \"word\": \"偽作\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěizuò\", \"word\": \"伪作\"}, {\"word\": \"偽俗\"}, {\"word\": \"伪俗\"}, {\"word\": \"假偽\"}, {\"word\": \"假伪\"}, {\"word\": \"偽傳\"}, {\"word\": \"伪传\"}, {\"word\": \"偽冒\"}, {\"word\": \"伪冒\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěiliè\", \"word\": \"偽劣\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěiliè\", \"word\": \"伪劣\"}, {\"word\": \"偽化\"}, {\"word\": \"伪化\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěishǐ\", \"word\": \"偽史\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěishǐ\", \"word\": \"伪史\"}, {\"word\": \"偽名\"}, {\"word\": \"伪名\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěijūnzǐ\", \"word\": \"偽君子\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěijūnzǐ\", \"word\": \"伪君子\"}, {\"word\": \"偽命\"}, {\"word\": \"伪命\"}, {\"word\": \"偽品\"}, {\"word\": \"伪品\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěishàn\", \"word\": \"偽善\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěishàn\", \"word\": \"伪善\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěiguó\", \"word\": \"偽國\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěiguó\", \"word\": \"伪国\"}, {\"word\": \"偽塗\"}, {\"word\": \"伪涂\"}, {\"word\": \"偽夫\"}, {\"word\": \"伪夫\"}, {\"word\": \"偽妄\"}, {\"word\": \"伪妄\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěiniáng\", \"word\": \"偽娘\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěiniáng\", \"word\": \"伪娘\"}, {\"word\": \"偽媮\"}, {\"word\": \"伪偷\"}, {\"word\": \"偽孔\"}, {\"word\": \"伪孔\"}, {\"word\": \"偽孔傳\"}, {\"word\": \"伪孔传\"}, {\"word\": \"偽字\"}, {\"word\": \"伪字\"}, {\"word\": \"偽學\"}, {\"word\": \"伪学\"}, {\"word\": \"偽定\"}, {\"word\": \"伪定\"}, {\"word\": \"偽客\"}, {\"word\": \"伪客\"}, {\"word\": \"偽局\"}, {\"word\": \"伪局\"}, {\"word\": \"偽巧\"}, {\"word\": \"伪巧\"}, {\"word\": \"偽師\"}, {\"word\": \"伪师\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěibì\", \"word\": \"偽幣\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěibì\", \"word\": \"伪币\"}, {\"word\": \"偽庭\"}, {\"word\": \"伪庭\"}, {\"word\": \"偽廉\"}, {\"word\": \"伪廉\"}, {\"word\": \"偽廷\"}, {\"word\": \"伪廷\"}, {\"word\": \"偽從\"}, {\"word\": \"伪从\"}, {\"word\": \"偽心\"}, {\"word\": \"伪心\"}, {\"word\": \"偽怠\"}, {\"word\": \"伪怠\"}, {\"word\": \"偽惑\"}, {\"word\": \"伪惑\"}, {\"word\": \"偽情\"}, {\"word\": \"伪情\"}, {\"word\": \"偽意\"}, {\"word\": \"伪意\"}, {\"word\": \"偽態\"}, {\"word\": \"伪态\"}, {\"word\": \"偽戾\"}, {\"word\": \"伪戾\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěituō\", \"word\": \"偽托\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěituō\", \"word\": \"伪托\"}, {\"word\": \"偽撰\"}, {\"word\": \"偽政府\"}, {\"word\": \"伪政府\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěizhèngquán\", \"word\": \"偽政權\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěizhèngquán\", \"word\": \"伪政权\"}, {\"word\": \"偽方\"}, {\"word\": \"伪方\"}, {\"word\": \"偽易\"}, {\"word\": \"伪易\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěishū\", \"word\": \"偽書\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěishū\", \"word\": \"伪书\"}, {\"word\": \"偽服\"}, {\"word\": \"伪服\"}, {\"word\": \"偽朝\"}, {\"word\": \"伪朝\"}, {\"word\": \"偽本\"}, {\"word\": \"伪本\"}, {\"word\": \"偽民\"}, {\"word\": \"伪民\"}, {\"roman\": \"Wěimǎn\", \"word\": \"偽滿\"}, {\"roman\": \"Wěimǎn\", \"word\": \"伪满\"}, {\"roman\": \"Wěi-Mǎnzhōuguó\", \"word\": \"偽滿洲國\"}, {\"roman\": \"Wěi-Mǎnzhōuguó\", \"word\": \"伪满洲国\"}, {\"word\": \"偽物\"}, {\"word\": \"伪物\"}, {\"word\": \"偽百合\"}, {\"word\": \"伪百合\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěihuáng\", \"word\": \"偽皇\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěihuáng\", \"word\": \"伪皇\"}, {\"word\": \"偽真\"}, {\"word\": \"伪真\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěikēxué\", \"word\": \"偽科學\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěikēxué\", \"word\": \"伪科学\"}, {\"word\": \"偽端\"}, {\"word\": \"伪端\"}, {\"word\": \"偽筍\"}, {\"word\": \"伪笋\"}, {\"word\": \"偽組織\"}, {\"word\": \"伪组织\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěijīng\", \"word\": \"偽經\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěijīng\", \"word\": \"伪经\"}, {\"word\": \"偽繆\"}, {\"word\": \"伪缪\"}, {\"word\": \"偽臣\"}, {\"word\": \"伪臣\"}, {\"word\": \"偽荊卿\"}, {\"word\": \"伪荆卿\"}, {\"word\": \"偽蔽\"}, {\"word\": \"伪蔽\"}, {\"word\": \"偽薄\"}, {\"word\": \"伪薄\"}, {\"word\": \"偽藥\"}, {\"word\": \"伪药\"}, {\"word\": \"偽蠶\"}, {\"word\": \"伪蚕\"}, {\"word\": \"偽行\"}, {\"word\": \"伪行\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěizhuāng\", \"word\": \"偽裝\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěizhuāng\", \"word\": \"伪装\"}, {\"word\": \"偽裝滲透\"}, {\"word\": \"伪装渗透\"}, {\"word\": \"偽言\"}, {\"word\": \"伪言\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěituō\", \"word\": \"偽託\"}, {\"word\": \"偽詐\"}, {\"word\": \"伪诈\"}, {\"word\": \"偽說\"}, {\"word\": \"伪说\"}, {\"word\": \"偽論\"}, {\"word\": \"伪论\"}, {\"word\": \"偽謬\"}, {\"word\": \"伪谬\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěizhèng\", \"word\": \"偽證\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěizhèng\", \"word\": \"伪证\"}, {\"word\": \"偽譔\"}, {\"word\": \"伪撰\"}, {\"word\": \"偽議\"}, {\"word\": \"伪议\"}, {\"word\": \"偽讓\"}, {\"word\": \"伪让\"}, {\"word\": \"偽貌\"}, {\"word\": \"伪貌\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěizú\", \"word\": \"偽足\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěizú\", \"word\": \"伪足\"}, {\"word\": \"偽跡\"}, {\"word\": \"伪迹\"}, {\"word\": \"偽蹟\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěijūn\", \"word\": \"偽軍\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěijūn\", \"word\": \"伪军\"}, {\"word\": \"偽辭\"}, {\"word\": \"伪辞\"}, {\"word\": \"偽辯\"}, {\"word\": \"伪辩\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěizào\", \"word\": \"偽造\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěizào\", \"word\": \"伪造\"}, {\"word\": \"偽造文書\"}, {\"word\": \"伪造文书\"}, {\"word\": \"偽道\"}, {\"word\": \"伪道\"}, {\"word\": \"偽金錢\"}, {\"word\": \"伪金钱\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěichāo\", \"word\": \"偽鈔\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěichāo\", \"word\": \"伪钞\"}, {\"word\": \"偽錢\"}, {\"word\": \"伪钱\"}, {\"word\": \"偽飾\"}, {\"word\": \"伪饰\"}, {\"word\": \"偽體\"}, {\"word\": \"伪体\"}, {\"word\": \"偽鳳\"}, {\"word\": \"伪凤\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěimáhuángjiǎn\", \"word\": \"偽麻黃鹼\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěimáhuángjiǎn\", \"word\": \"伪麻黄碱\"}, {\"word\": \"偽黨\"}, {\"word\": \"伪党\"}, {\"word\": \"僭偽\"}, {\"word\": \"僭伪\"}, {\"word\": \"凶偽\"}, {\"word\": \"別裁偽體\"}, {\"word\": \"别裁伪体\"}, {\"word\": \"化性起偽\"}, {\"word\": \"化性起伪\"}, {\"word\": \"南偽\"}, {\"word\": \"南伪\"}, {\"word\": \"厭偽\"}, {\"word\": \"厌伪\"}, {\"roman\": \"qùwěicúnzhēn\", \"word\": \"去偽存真\"}, {\"roman\": \"qùwěicúnzhēn\", \"word\": \"去伪存真\"}, {\"word\": \"妖偽\"}, {\"word\": \"妖伪\"}, {\"word\": \"姦偽\"}, {\"word\": \"奸伪\"}, {\"word\": \"巧偽\"}, {\"word\": \"巧伪\"}, {\"word\": \"幻偽\"}, {\"word\": \"幻伪\"}, {\"word\": \"彫偽\"}, {\"word\": \"雕伪\"}, {\"word\": \"情偽\"}, {\"word\": \"情伪\"}, {\"word\": \"慝偽\"}, {\"word\": \"慝伪\"}, {\"roman\": \"díwěi\", \"word\": \"敵偽\"}, {\"roman\": \"díwěi\", \"word\": \"敌伪\"}, {\"word\": \"晦偽\"}, {\"word\": \"晦伪\"}, {\"word\": \"智偽\"}, {\"word\": \"智伪\"}, {\"word\": \"棄偽從真\"}, {\"word\": \"弃伪从真\"}, {\"word\": \"機偽\"}, {\"word\": \"机伪\"}, {\"word\": \"樹偽\"}, {\"word\": \"树伪\"}, {\"word\": \"欺偽\"}, {\"word\": \"欺伪\"}, {\"word\": \"汙偽\"}, {\"word\": \"污伪\"}, {\"word\": \"浮偽\"}, {\"word\": \"浮伪\"}, {\"word\": \"淺偽\"}, {\"word\": \"浅伪\"}, {\"word\": \"淫偽\"}, {\"word\": \"淫伪\"}, {\"word\": \"澆偽\"}, {\"word\": \"浇伪\"}, {\"word\": \"濫偽\"}, {\"word\": \"滥伪\"}, {\"word\": \"煩偽\"}, {\"word\": \"烦伪\"}, {\"word\": \"狡偽\"}, {\"word\": \"狡伪\"}, {\"word\": \"猾偽\"}, {\"word\": \"猾伪\"}, {\"word\": \"番偽\"}, {\"word\": \"番伪\"}, {\"word\": \"百偽\"}, {\"word\": \"百伪\"}, {\"roman\": \"zhēnwěi\", \"word\": \"真偽\"}, {\"roman\": \"zhēnwěi\", \"word\": \"真伪\"}, {\"word\": \"真偽莫辨\"}, {\"word\": \"真伪莫辨\"}, {\"word\": \"眾偽\"}, {\"word\": \"众伪\"}, {\"word\": \"矜偽\"}, {\"word\": \"矜伪\"}, {\"word\": \"矯偽\"}, {\"word\": \"矫伪\"}, {\"word\": \"矯言偽行\"}, {\"word\": \"矫言伪行\"}, {\"word\": \"矯飾偽行\"}, {\"word\": \"矫饰伪行\"}, {\"word\": \"祅偽\"}, {\"word\": \"祅伪\"}, {\"word\": \"積偽\"}, {\"word\": \"积伪\"}, {\"word\": \"空偽\"}, {\"word\": \"空伪\"}, {\"word\": \"篡偽\"}, {\"word\": \"篡伪\"}, {\"word\": \"苦偽\"}, {\"word\": \"苦伪\"}, {\"word\": \"華偽\"}, {\"word\": \"华伪\"}, {\"roman\": \"xūwěi\", \"word\": \"虛偽\"}, {\"roman\": \"xūwěi\", \"word\": \"虚伪\"}, {\"word\": \"蠱偽\"}, {\"word\": \"蛊伪\"}, {\"word\": \"行偽\"}, {\"word\": \"行伪\"}, {\"word\": \"託偽\"}, {\"word\": \"托伪\"}, {\"word\": \"訛偽\"}, {\"word\": \"讹伪\"}, {\"word\": \"詐偽\"}, {\"word\": \"诈伪\"}, {\"word\": \"詭偽\"}, {\"word\": \"诡伪\"}, {\"roman\": \"chéngwěi\", \"word\": \"誠偽\"}, {\"roman\": \"chéngwěi\", \"word\": \"诚伪\"}, {\"word\": \"詿偽\"}, {\"word\": \"诖伪\"}, {\"word\": \"誣偽\"}, {\"word\": \"诬伪\"}, {\"word\": \"請偽\"}, {\"word\": \"请伪\"}, {\"word\": \"諂偽\"}, {\"word\": \"谄伪\"}, {\"word\": \"讎偽\"}, {\"word\": \"雠伪\"}, {\"word\": \"輕偽\"}, {\"word\": \"轻伪\"}, {\"word\": \"遂偽\"}, {\"word\": \"遂伪\"}, {\"word\": \"邀偽\"}, {\"word\": \"邀伪\"}, {\"word\": \"邪偽\"}, {\"word\": \"邪伪\"}, {\"word\": \"酢偽\"}, {\"word\": \"酢伪\"}, {\"word\": \"闇偽\"}, {\"word\": \"暗伪\"}, {\"word\": \"隱偽\"}, {\"word\": \"隐伪\"}, {\"word\": \"雕偽\"}, {\"word\": \"雜偽\"}, {\"word\": \"杂伪\"}, {\"word\": \"飾偽\"}, {\"word\": \"饰伪\"}], \"etymology_templates\": [{\"args\": {\"1\": \"僞\", \"f\": \"爲\", \"t\": \"為\"}, \"expansion\": \"Simplified from 僞 (爲 → 為)\", \"name\": \"Han simp\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"zh\", \"2\": \"Han phono-semantic compounds\"}, \"expansion\": \"\", \"name\": \"categorize\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"psc\", \"adj\": \"\", \"nocap\": \"\", \"pron\": \"OC *ŋʷrals\"}, \"expansion\": \"Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋʷrals)\", \"name\": \"liushu\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"人\", \"2\": \"為\", \"alt1\": \"亻\", \"c1\": \"s\", \"c2\": \"p\", \"ls\": \"psc\", \"t1\": \"man\", \"t2\": \"to make\"}, \"expansion\": \"Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋʷrals): semantic 亻 (“man”) + phonetic 為 (OC *ɢʷal, *ɢʷals, “to make”)\", \"name\": \"Han compound\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"為\", \"2\": \"to act as\", \"id\": \"1\"}, \"expansion\": \"為 (OC *ɢʷal, “to act as”)\", \"name\": \"och-l\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"Karlgren, 1956\"}, \"expansion\": \"Karlgren, 1956\", \"name\": \"zh-ref\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"Wang, 1982\"}, \"expansion\": \"Wang, 1982\", \"name\": \"zh-ref\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"Baxter and Sagart, 2014\"}, \"expansion\": \"Baxter and Sagart, 2014\", \"name\": \"zh-ref\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"訛\", \"2\": \"erroneous\"}, \"expansion\": \"訛 (OC *ŋʷaːl, “erroneous”)\", \"name\": \"och-l\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"Schuessler, 2007\"}, \"expansion\": \"Schuessler, 2007\", \"name\": \"zh-ref\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"bo\", \"2\": \"རྔོད\", \"3\": \"\", \"4\": \"to deceive\"}, \"expansion\": \"Tibetan རྔོད (rngod, “to deceive”)\", \"name\": \"cog\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"Gong, 1995\"}, \"expansion\": \"Gong, 1995\", \"name\": \"zh-ref\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"Schuessler, 2007\"}, \"expansion\": \"Schuessler, 2007\", \"name\": \"zh-ref\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"Hill, 2014\"}, \"expansion\": \"Hill, 2014\", \"name\": \"zh-ref\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"Jacques (2022, 2023)\"}, \"expansion\": \"Jacques (2022, 2023)\", \"name\": \"zh-ref\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"ltc\", \"2\": \"-\"}, \"expansion\": \"Middle Chinese\", \"name\": \"cog\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"偽\"}, \"expansion\": \"偽 (MC ngjweH)\", \"name\": \"ltc-l\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"訛\"}, \"expansion\": \"訛 (MC ngwa)\", \"name\": \"ltc-l\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"zh\", \"2\": \"偽\"}, \"expansion\": \"偽\", \"name\": \"lang\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"為\", \"tr\": \"waj\"}, \"expansion\": \"為 (OC waj)\", \"name\": \"och-l\"}], \"etymology_text\": \"Simplified from 僞 (爲 → 為). Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋʷrals): semantic 亻 (“man”) + phonetic 為 (OC *ɢʷal, *ɢʷals, “to make”), originally “artificial”.\\nOften thought to be derived from 為 (OC *ɢʷal, “to act as”) (Karlgren, 1956; Wang, 1982; Baxter and Sagart, 2014).\\nAlternatively, it may be cognate to 訛 (OC *ŋʷaːl, “erroneous”) (Schuessler, 2007); this may be compared to Tibetan རྔོད (rngod, “to deceive”), though the -d in Tibetan is unexplained (Gong, 1995; Schuessler, 2007; Hill, 2014).\\nJacques (2022, 2023) seems to attempt to unify the two etymologies above. He argues the Middle Chinese initial ng- in both 偽 (MC ngjweH) and 訛 (MC ngwa) come from a middle voice/intransitivizing prefix *ŋ-. 偽, reconstructed as *ŋ-waj-s, would be derived from 為 (OC waj) as the root.\", \"forms\": [{\"form\": \"伪\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Simplified Chinese\"]}, {\"form\": \"僞\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Traditional Chinese\"]}], \"head_templates\": [{\"args\": {\"1\": \"zh\", \"2\": \"hanzi\"}, \"expansion\": \"偽\", \"name\": \"head\"}], \"lang\": \"Chinese\", \"lang_code\": \"zh\", \"pos\": \"character\", \"senses\": [{\"categories\": [\"Literary Chinese terms with quotations\", \"Mandarin terms with usage examples\"], \"examples\": [{\"english\": \"hypocritical; hypocrisy\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Traditional Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"xūwěi\", \"text\": \"虛偽\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"hypocritical; hypocrisy\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Simplified Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"xūwěi\", \"text\": \"虚伪\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"to forge; to counterfeit\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Traditional Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"wěizào\", \"text\": \"偽造\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"to forge; to counterfeit\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Simplified Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"wěizào\", \"text\": \"伪造\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"counterfeit banknote\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Traditional Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"wěichāo\", \"text\": \"偽鈔\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"counterfeit banknote\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Simplified Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"wěichāo\", \"text\": \"伪钞\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"pseudoephedrine\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Traditional Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"wěimáhuángjiǎn\", \"text\": \"偽麻黃鹼\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"pseudoephedrine\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Simplified Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"wěimáhuángjiǎn\", \"text\": \"伪麻黄碱\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"Man's nature is bad; his goodness is artificial.\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Classical Chinese\", \"Traditional Chinese\"], \"ref\": \" Xunzi, c. 3ʳᵈ century BCE\", \"roman\": \"Rén zhī xìng è, qí shàn zhě wěi yě.\", \"tags\": [\"Pinyin\"], \"text\": \"人之性惡，其善者偽也。\", \"type\": \"quote\"}, {\"english\": \"Man's nature is bad; his goodness is artificial.\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Classical Chinese\", \"Simplified Chinese\"], \"ref\": \" Xunzi, c. 3ʳᵈ century BCE\", \"roman\": \"Rén zhī xìng è, qí shàn zhě wěi yě.\", \"tags\": [\"Pinyin\"], \"text\": \"人之性恶，其善者伪也。\", \"type\": \"quote\"}], \"glosses\": [\"false; counterfeit; bogus; fake; pseudo-; artificial\"], \"links\": [[\"false\", \"false\"], [\"counterfeit\", \"counterfeit\"], [\"bogus\", \"bogus\"], [\"fake\", \"fake\"], [\"pseudo-\", \"pseudo-\"], [\"artificial\", \"artificial\"]]}, {\"glosses\": [\"falsehood; untruthfulness\"], \"links\": [[\"falsehood\", \"falsehood\"], [\"untruthfulness\", \"untruthfulness\"]]}, {\"categories\": [\"Mandarin terms with usage examples\"], \"examples\": [{\"english\": \"puppet government\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Traditional Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"wěizhèngquán\", \"text\": \"偽政權\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"puppet government\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Simplified Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"wěizhèngquán\", \"text\": \"伪政权\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"Manchukuo\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Traditional Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"Wěi-Mǎnzhōuguó\", \"text\": \"偽滿洲國\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"Manchukuo\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Simplified Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"Wěi-Mǎnzhōuguó\", \"text\": \"伪满洲国\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"the Peking University under the control of Chinese puppet state of the Empire of Japan\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Traditional Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"Wěi Běijīng Dàxué\", \"text\": \"偽北京大學\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"the Peking University under the control of Chinese puppet state of the Empire of Japan\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Simplified Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"Wěi Běijīng Dàxué\", \"text\": \"伪北京大学\", \"type\": \"example\"}], \"glosses\": [\"illegal; illegitimate\"], \"links\": [[\"illegal\", \"illegal\"], [\"illegitimate\", \"illegitimate\"]]}], \"sounds\": [{\"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"Pinyin\"], \"zh-pron\": \"wěi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"Pinyin\"], \"zh-pron\": \"wèi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"bopomofo\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ㄨㄟˇ\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"bopomofo\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ㄨㄟˋ\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Cantonese\", \"Jyutping\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngai⁶\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Hakka\", \"PFS\", \"Sixian\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngúi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Guangdong\", \"Hakka\", \"Meixian\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngui³\"}, {\"zh-pron\": \"ngôi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"POJ\"], \"zh-pron\": \"gūi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"POJ\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ūi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"POJ\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ûi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Peng'im\", \"Teochew\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngui⁶\"}, {\"zh-pron\": \"⁶we\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Hanyu-Pinyin\", \"Mandarin\"], \"zh-pron\": \"wěi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"Tongyong-Pinyin\"], \"zh-pron\": \"wěi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"Wade-Giles\"], \"zh-pron\": \"wei³\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"Yale\"], \"zh-pron\": \"wěi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Gwoyeu-Romatsyh\", \"Mandarin\"], \"zh-pron\": \"woei\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"Palladius\"], \"zh-pron\": \"вэй\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"Palladius\"], \"zh-pron\": \"vɛj\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/weɪ̯²¹⁴/\", \"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"Sinological-IPA\"]}, {\"tags\": [\"Hanyu-Pinyin\", \"Mandarin\"], \"zh-pron\": \"wèi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"Tongyong-Pinyin\"], \"zh-pron\": \"wèi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"Wade-Giles\"], \"zh-pron\": \"wei⁴\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"Yale\"], \"zh-pron\": \"wèi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Gwoyeu-Romatsyh\", \"Mandarin\"], \"zh-pron\": \"wey\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/weɪ̯⁵¹/\", \"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"Sinological-IPA\"]}, {\"tags\": [\"Cantonese\", \"Guangzhou\", \"Hong-Kong\", \"Jyutping\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngai⁶\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Cantonese\", \"Guangzhou\", \"Hong-Kong\", \"Yale\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngaih\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Cantonese\", \"Guangzhou\", \"Hong-Kong\", \"Pinyin\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngai⁶\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Cantonese\", \"Guangdong-Romanization\", \"Guangzhou\", \"Hong-Kong\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngei⁶\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ŋɐi̯²²/\", \"tags\": [\"Cantonese\", \"Guangzhou\", \"Hong-Kong\", \"Sinological-IPA\"]}, {\"tags\": [\"Hakka\", \"Phak-fa-su\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngúi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Hakka\", \"Hakka-Romanization-System\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngui^ˋ\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Hagfa-Pinyim\", \"Hakka\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngui³\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ŋu̯i³¹/\", \"tags\": [\"Hakka\", \"Sinological-IPA\"]}, {\"ipa\": \"/ŋuɪ³¹/\", \"tags\": [\"Hakka\", \"Meixian\", \"Sinological-IPA\"]}, {\"tags\": [\"Foochow-Romanized\", \"Fuzhou\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngôi\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ŋui²⁴²/\", \"tags\": [\"Fuzhou\", \"Sinological-IPA\"]}, {\"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"Tai-lo\"], \"zh-pron\": \"guī\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"Phofsit-Daibuun\"], \"zh-pron\": \"gui\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ɡui²²/\", \"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"Xiamen\", \"Zhangzhou\"]}, {\"ipa\": \"/ɡui³³/\", \"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"Kaohsiung\", \"Taipei\"]}, {\"ipa\": \"/ɡui⁴¹/\", \"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"Quanzhou\"]}, {\"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"Tai-lo\"], \"zh-pron\": \"uī\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"Phofsit-Daibuun\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ui\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ui²²/\", \"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"Xiamen\", \"Zhangzhou\"]}, {\"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"Tai-lo\"], \"zh-pron\": \"uî\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"Phofsit-Daibuun\"], \"zh-pron\": \"uii\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ui²⁴/\", \"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"Jinjiang\", \"Quanzhou\"]}, {\"tags\": [\"POJ\", \"Teochew\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngŭi\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ŋui³⁵/\", \"tags\": [\"Sinological-IPA\", \"Teochew\"]}, {\"tags\": [\"Northern\", \"Wu\"], \"zh-pron\": \"⁶we\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Northern\", \"Wu\"], \"zh-pron\": \"we^去\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Northern\", \"Wu\"], \"zh-pron\": \"³hhue\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Northern\", \"Wu\"], \"zh-pron\": \"/ɦue²³/\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Middle-Chinese\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngjweH\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Baxter-Sagart\", \"Old-Chinese\"], \"zh-pron\": \"/*N-ɢʷ(r)aj-s/\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Baxter-Sagart\", \"Old-Chinese\"], \"zh-pron\": \"/*m-ɢʷ(r)aj-s/\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Old-Chinese\", \"Zhengzhang\"], \"zh-pron\": \"/*ŋʷrals/\"}, {\"other\": \"/ ūi /\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/weɪ̯²¹⁴/\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/weɪ̯⁵¹/\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ŋɐi̯²²/\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ŋu̯i³¹/\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ŋuɪ³¹/\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ŋui²⁴²/\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ɡui²²/\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ɡui³³/\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ɡui⁴¹/\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ui²²/\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ui²⁴/\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ŋui³⁵/\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ɦue²³/\"}, {\"other\": \"/*N-ɢʷ(r)aj-s/\"}, {\"other\": \"/*m-ɢʷ(r)aj-s/\"}, {\"other\": \"/*ŋʷrals/\"}], \"word\": \"偽\"}",
"path": [],
"section": "Chinese",
"subsection": "character",
"title": "偽",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "wiktionary/179/20240425uppercase_tags",
"msg": "偽/Chinese/character: invalid uppercase tag Hong-Kong not in or uppercase_tags: {\"categories\": [\"CJKV simplified characters\", \"Chinese adjectives\", \"Chinese entries with incorrect language header\", \"Chinese hanzi\", \"Chinese lemmas\", \"Chinese nouns\", \"Chinese terms spelled with 偽\", \"Chinese terms with IPA pronunciation\", \"Eastern Min adjectives\", \"Eastern Min hanzi\", \"Eastern Min lemmas\", \"Eastern Min nouns\", \"Middle Chinese adjectives\", \"Middle Chinese hanzi\", \"Middle Chinese lemmas\", \"Middle Chinese nouns\", \"Old Chinese adjectives\", \"Old Chinese hanzi\", \"Old Chinese lemmas\", \"Old Chinese nouns\", \"Pages with 5 entries\", \"Pages with entries\"], \"derived\": [{\"word\": \"世偽\"}, {\"word\": \"世伪\"}, {\"word\": \"乖偽\"}, {\"word\": \"乖伪\"}, {\"word\": \"乘偽行詐\"}, {\"word\": \"乘伪行诈\"}, {\"word\": \"以偽亂真\"}, {\"word\": \"以伪乱真\"}, {\"roman\": \"zuòwěi\", \"word\": \"作偽\"}, {\"roman\": \"zuòwěi\", \"word\": \"作伪\"}, {\"word\": \"侈偽\"}, {\"word\": \"侈伪\"}, {\"word\": \"偽人\"}, {\"word\": \"伪人\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěizuò\", \"word\": \"偽作\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěizuò\", \"word\": \"伪作\"}, {\"word\": \"偽俗\"}, {\"word\": \"伪俗\"}, {\"word\": \"假偽\"}, {\"word\": \"假伪\"}, {\"word\": \"偽傳\"}, {\"word\": \"伪传\"}, {\"word\": \"偽冒\"}, {\"word\": \"伪冒\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěiliè\", \"word\": \"偽劣\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěiliè\", \"word\": \"伪劣\"}, {\"word\": \"偽化\"}, {\"word\": \"伪化\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěishǐ\", \"word\": \"偽史\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěishǐ\", \"word\": \"伪史\"}, {\"word\": \"偽名\"}, {\"word\": \"伪名\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěijūnzǐ\", \"word\": \"偽君子\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěijūnzǐ\", \"word\": \"伪君子\"}, {\"word\": \"偽命\"}, {\"word\": \"伪命\"}, {\"word\": \"偽品\"}, {\"word\": \"伪品\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěishàn\", \"word\": \"偽善\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěishàn\", \"word\": \"伪善\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěiguó\", \"word\": \"偽國\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěiguó\", \"word\": \"伪国\"}, {\"word\": \"偽塗\"}, {\"word\": \"伪涂\"}, {\"word\": \"偽夫\"}, {\"word\": \"伪夫\"}, {\"word\": \"偽妄\"}, {\"word\": \"伪妄\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěiniáng\", \"word\": \"偽娘\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěiniáng\", \"word\": \"伪娘\"}, {\"word\": \"偽媮\"}, {\"word\": \"伪偷\"}, {\"word\": \"偽孔\"}, {\"word\": \"伪孔\"}, {\"word\": \"偽孔傳\"}, {\"word\": \"伪孔传\"}, {\"word\": \"偽字\"}, {\"word\": \"伪字\"}, {\"word\": \"偽學\"}, {\"word\": \"伪学\"}, {\"word\": \"偽定\"}, {\"word\": \"伪定\"}, {\"word\": \"偽客\"}, {\"word\": \"伪客\"}, {\"word\": \"偽局\"}, {\"word\": \"伪局\"}, {\"word\": \"偽巧\"}, {\"word\": \"伪巧\"}, {\"word\": \"偽師\"}, {\"word\": \"伪师\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěibì\", \"word\": \"偽幣\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěibì\", \"word\": \"伪币\"}, {\"word\": \"偽庭\"}, {\"word\": \"伪庭\"}, {\"word\": \"偽廉\"}, {\"word\": \"伪廉\"}, {\"word\": \"偽廷\"}, {\"word\": \"伪廷\"}, {\"word\": \"偽從\"}, {\"word\": \"伪从\"}, {\"word\": \"偽心\"}, {\"word\": \"伪心\"}, {\"word\": \"偽怠\"}, {\"word\": \"伪怠\"}, {\"word\": \"偽惑\"}, {\"word\": \"伪惑\"}, {\"word\": \"偽情\"}, {\"word\": \"伪情\"}, {\"word\": \"偽意\"}, {\"word\": \"伪意\"}, {\"word\": \"偽態\"}, {\"word\": \"伪态\"}, {\"word\": \"偽戾\"}, {\"word\": \"伪戾\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěituō\", \"word\": \"偽托\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěituō\", \"word\": \"伪托\"}, {\"word\": \"偽撰\"}, {\"word\": \"偽政府\"}, {\"word\": \"伪政府\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěizhèngquán\", \"word\": \"偽政權\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěizhèngquán\", \"word\": \"伪政权\"}, {\"word\": \"偽方\"}, {\"word\": \"伪方\"}, {\"word\": \"偽易\"}, {\"word\": \"伪易\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěishū\", \"word\": \"偽書\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěishū\", \"word\": \"伪书\"}, {\"word\": \"偽服\"}, {\"word\": \"伪服\"}, {\"word\": \"偽朝\"}, {\"word\": \"伪朝\"}, {\"word\": \"偽本\"}, {\"word\": \"伪本\"}, {\"word\": \"偽民\"}, {\"word\": \"伪民\"}, {\"roman\": \"Wěimǎn\", \"word\": \"偽滿\"}, {\"roman\": \"Wěimǎn\", \"word\": \"伪满\"}, {\"roman\": \"Wěi-Mǎnzhōuguó\", \"word\": \"偽滿洲國\"}, {\"roman\": \"Wěi-Mǎnzhōuguó\", \"word\": \"伪满洲国\"}, {\"word\": \"偽物\"}, {\"word\": \"伪物\"}, {\"word\": \"偽百合\"}, {\"word\": \"伪百合\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěihuáng\", \"word\": \"偽皇\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěihuáng\", \"word\": \"伪皇\"}, {\"word\": \"偽真\"}, {\"word\": \"伪真\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěikēxué\", \"word\": \"偽科學\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěikēxué\", \"word\": \"伪科学\"}, {\"word\": \"偽端\"}, {\"word\": \"伪端\"}, {\"word\": \"偽筍\"}, {\"word\": \"伪笋\"}, {\"word\": \"偽組織\"}, {\"word\": \"伪组织\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěijīng\", \"word\": \"偽經\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěijīng\", \"word\": \"伪经\"}, {\"word\": \"偽繆\"}, {\"word\": \"伪缪\"}, {\"word\": \"偽臣\"}, {\"word\": \"伪臣\"}, {\"word\": \"偽荊卿\"}, {\"word\": \"伪荆卿\"}, {\"word\": \"偽蔽\"}, {\"word\": \"伪蔽\"}, {\"word\": \"偽薄\"}, {\"word\": \"伪薄\"}, {\"word\": \"偽藥\"}, {\"word\": \"伪药\"}, {\"word\": \"偽蠶\"}, {\"word\": \"伪蚕\"}, {\"word\": \"偽行\"}, {\"word\": \"伪行\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěizhuāng\", \"word\": \"偽裝\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěizhuāng\", \"word\": \"伪装\"}, {\"word\": \"偽裝滲透\"}, {\"word\": \"伪装渗透\"}, {\"word\": \"偽言\"}, {\"word\": \"伪言\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěituō\", \"word\": \"偽託\"}, {\"word\": \"偽詐\"}, {\"word\": \"伪诈\"}, {\"word\": \"偽說\"}, {\"word\": \"伪说\"}, {\"word\": \"偽論\"}, {\"word\": \"伪论\"}, {\"word\": \"偽謬\"}, {\"word\": \"伪谬\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěizhèng\", \"word\": \"偽證\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěizhèng\", \"word\": \"伪证\"}, {\"word\": \"偽譔\"}, {\"word\": \"伪撰\"}, {\"word\": \"偽議\"}, {\"word\": \"伪议\"}, {\"word\": \"偽讓\"}, {\"word\": \"伪让\"}, {\"word\": \"偽貌\"}, {\"word\": \"伪貌\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěizú\", \"word\": \"偽足\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěizú\", \"word\": \"伪足\"}, {\"word\": \"偽跡\"}, {\"word\": \"伪迹\"}, {\"word\": \"偽蹟\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěijūn\", \"word\": \"偽軍\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěijūn\", \"word\": \"伪军\"}, {\"word\": \"偽辭\"}, {\"word\": \"伪辞\"}, {\"word\": \"偽辯\"}, {\"word\": \"伪辩\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěizào\", \"word\": \"偽造\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěizào\", \"word\": \"伪造\"}, {\"word\": \"偽造文書\"}, {\"word\": \"伪造文书\"}, {\"word\": \"偽道\"}, {\"word\": \"伪道\"}, {\"word\": \"偽金錢\"}, {\"word\": \"伪金钱\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěichāo\", \"word\": \"偽鈔\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěichāo\", \"word\": \"伪钞\"}, {\"word\": \"偽錢\"}, {\"word\": \"伪钱\"}, {\"word\": \"偽飾\"}, {\"word\": \"伪饰\"}, {\"word\": \"偽體\"}, {\"word\": \"伪体\"}, {\"word\": \"偽鳳\"}, {\"word\": \"伪凤\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěimáhuángjiǎn\", \"word\": \"偽麻黃鹼\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěimáhuángjiǎn\", \"word\": \"伪麻黄碱\"}, {\"word\": \"偽黨\"}, {\"word\": \"伪党\"}, {\"word\": \"僭偽\"}, {\"word\": \"僭伪\"}, {\"word\": \"凶偽\"}, {\"word\": \"別裁偽體\"}, {\"word\": \"别裁伪体\"}, {\"word\": \"化性起偽\"}, {\"word\": \"化性起伪\"}, {\"word\": \"南偽\"}, {\"word\": \"南伪\"}, {\"word\": \"厭偽\"}, {\"word\": \"厌伪\"}, {\"roman\": \"qùwěicúnzhēn\", \"word\": \"去偽存真\"}, {\"roman\": \"qùwěicúnzhēn\", \"word\": \"去伪存真\"}, {\"word\": \"妖偽\"}, {\"word\": \"妖伪\"}, {\"word\": \"姦偽\"}, {\"word\": \"奸伪\"}, {\"word\": \"巧偽\"}, {\"word\": \"巧伪\"}, {\"word\": \"幻偽\"}, {\"word\": \"幻伪\"}, {\"word\": \"彫偽\"}, {\"word\": \"雕伪\"}, {\"word\": \"情偽\"}, {\"word\": \"情伪\"}, {\"word\": \"慝偽\"}, {\"word\": \"慝伪\"}, {\"roman\": \"díwěi\", \"word\": \"敵偽\"}, {\"roman\": \"díwěi\", \"word\": \"敌伪\"}, {\"word\": \"晦偽\"}, {\"word\": \"晦伪\"}, {\"word\": \"智偽\"}, {\"word\": \"智伪\"}, {\"word\": \"棄偽從真\"}, {\"word\": \"弃伪从真\"}, {\"word\": \"機偽\"}, {\"word\": \"机伪\"}, {\"word\": \"樹偽\"}, {\"word\": \"树伪\"}, {\"word\": \"欺偽\"}, {\"word\": \"欺伪\"}, {\"word\": \"汙偽\"}, {\"word\": \"污伪\"}, {\"word\": \"浮偽\"}, {\"word\": \"浮伪\"}, {\"word\": \"淺偽\"}, {\"word\": \"浅伪\"}, {\"word\": \"淫偽\"}, {\"word\": \"淫伪\"}, {\"word\": \"澆偽\"}, {\"word\": \"浇伪\"}, {\"word\": \"濫偽\"}, {\"word\": \"滥伪\"}, {\"word\": \"煩偽\"}, {\"word\": \"烦伪\"}, {\"word\": \"狡偽\"}, {\"word\": \"狡伪\"}, {\"word\": \"猾偽\"}, {\"word\": \"猾伪\"}, {\"word\": \"番偽\"}, {\"word\": \"番伪\"}, {\"word\": \"百偽\"}, {\"word\": \"百伪\"}, {\"roman\": \"zhēnwěi\", \"word\": \"真偽\"}, {\"roman\": \"zhēnwěi\", \"word\": \"真伪\"}, {\"word\": \"真偽莫辨\"}, {\"word\": \"真伪莫辨\"}, {\"word\": \"眾偽\"}, {\"word\": \"众伪\"}, {\"word\": \"矜偽\"}, {\"word\": \"矜伪\"}, {\"word\": \"矯偽\"}, {\"word\": \"矫伪\"}, {\"word\": \"矯言偽行\"}, {\"word\": \"矫言伪行\"}, {\"word\": \"矯飾偽行\"}, {\"word\": \"矫饰伪行\"}, {\"word\": \"祅偽\"}, {\"word\": \"祅伪\"}, {\"word\": \"積偽\"}, {\"word\": \"积伪\"}, {\"word\": \"空偽\"}, {\"word\": \"空伪\"}, {\"word\": \"篡偽\"}, {\"word\": \"篡伪\"}, {\"word\": \"苦偽\"}, {\"word\": \"苦伪\"}, {\"word\": \"華偽\"}, {\"word\": \"华伪\"}, {\"roman\": \"xūwěi\", \"word\": \"虛偽\"}, {\"roman\": \"xūwěi\", \"word\": \"虚伪\"}, {\"word\": \"蠱偽\"}, {\"word\": \"蛊伪\"}, {\"word\": \"行偽\"}, {\"word\": \"行伪\"}, {\"word\": \"託偽\"}, {\"word\": \"托伪\"}, {\"word\": \"訛偽\"}, {\"word\": \"讹伪\"}, {\"word\": \"詐偽\"}, {\"word\": \"诈伪\"}, {\"word\": \"詭偽\"}, {\"word\": \"诡伪\"}, {\"roman\": \"chéngwěi\", \"word\": \"誠偽\"}, {\"roman\": \"chéngwěi\", \"word\": \"诚伪\"}, {\"word\": \"詿偽\"}, {\"word\": \"诖伪\"}, {\"word\": \"誣偽\"}, {\"word\": \"诬伪\"}, {\"word\": \"請偽\"}, {\"word\": \"请伪\"}, {\"word\": \"諂偽\"}, {\"word\": \"谄伪\"}, {\"word\": \"讎偽\"}, {\"word\": \"雠伪\"}, {\"word\": \"輕偽\"}, {\"word\": \"轻伪\"}, {\"word\": \"遂偽\"}, {\"word\": \"遂伪\"}, {\"word\": \"邀偽\"}, {\"word\": \"邀伪\"}, {\"word\": \"邪偽\"}, {\"word\": \"邪伪\"}, {\"word\": \"酢偽\"}, {\"word\": \"酢伪\"}, {\"word\": \"闇偽\"}, {\"word\": \"暗伪\"}, {\"word\": \"隱偽\"}, {\"word\": \"隐伪\"}, {\"word\": \"雕偽\"}, {\"word\": \"雜偽\"}, {\"word\": \"杂伪\"}, {\"word\": \"飾偽\"}, {\"word\": \"饰伪\"}], \"etymology_templates\": [{\"args\": {\"1\": \"僞\", \"f\": \"爲\", \"t\": \"為\"}, \"expansion\": \"Simplified from 僞 (爲 → 為)\", \"name\": \"Han simp\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"zh\", \"2\": \"Han phono-semantic compounds\"}, \"expansion\": \"\", \"name\": \"categorize\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"psc\", \"adj\": \"\", \"nocap\": \"\", \"pron\": \"OC *ŋʷrals\"}, \"expansion\": \"Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋʷrals)\", \"name\": \"liushu\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"人\", \"2\": \"為\", \"alt1\": \"亻\", \"c1\": \"s\", \"c2\": \"p\", \"ls\": \"psc\", \"t1\": \"man\", \"t2\": \"to make\"}, \"expansion\": \"Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋʷrals): semantic 亻 (“man”) + phonetic 為 (OC *ɢʷal, *ɢʷals, “to make”)\", \"name\": \"Han compound\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"為\", \"2\": \"to act as\", \"id\": \"1\"}, \"expansion\": \"為 (OC *ɢʷal, “to act as”)\", \"name\": \"och-l\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"Karlgren, 1956\"}, \"expansion\": \"Karlgren, 1956\", \"name\": \"zh-ref\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"Wang, 1982\"}, \"expansion\": \"Wang, 1982\", \"name\": \"zh-ref\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"Baxter and Sagart, 2014\"}, \"expansion\": \"Baxter and Sagart, 2014\", \"name\": \"zh-ref\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"訛\", \"2\": \"erroneous\"}, \"expansion\": \"訛 (OC *ŋʷaːl, “erroneous”)\", \"name\": \"och-l\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"Schuessler, 2007\"}, \"expansion\": \"Schuessler, 2007\", \"name\": \"zh-ref\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"bo\", \"2\": \"རྔོད\", \"3\": \"\", \"4\": \"to deceive\"}, \"expansion\": \"Tibetan རྔོད (rngod, “to deceive”)\", \"name\": \"cog\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"Gong, 1995\"}, \"expansion\": \"Gong, 1995\", \"name\": \"zh-ref\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"Schuessler, 2007\"}, \"expansion\": \"Schuessler, 2007\", \"name\": \"zh-ref\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"Hill, 2014\"}, \"expansion\": \"Hill, 2014\", \"name\": \"zh-ref\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"Jacques (2022, 2023)\"}, \"expansion\": \"Jacques (2022, 2023)\", \"name\": \"zh-ref\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"ltc\", \"2\": \"-\"}, \"expansion\": \"Middle Chinese\", \"name\": \"cog\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"偽\"}, \"expansion\": \"偽 (MC ngjweH)\", \"name\": \"ltc-l\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"訛\"}, \"expansion\": \"訛 (MC ngwa)\", \"name\": \"ltc-l\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"zh\", \"2\": \"偽\"}, \"expansion\": \"偽\", \"name\": \"lang\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"為\", \"tr\": \"waj\"}, \"expansion\": \"為 (OC waj)\", \"name\": \"och-l\"}], \"etymology_text\": \"Simplified from 僞 (爲 → 為). Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋʷrals): semantic 亻 (“man”) + phonetic 為 (OC *ɢʷal, *ɢʷals, “to make”), originally “artificial”.\\nOften thought to be derived from 為 (OC *ɢʷal, “to act as”) (Karlgren, 1956; Wang, 1982; Baxter and Sagart, 2014).\\nAlternatively, it may be cognate to 訛 (OC *ŋʷaːl, “erroneous”) (Schuessler, 2007); this may be compared to Tibetan རྔོད (rngod, “to deceive”), though the -d in Tibetan is unexplained (Gong, 1995; Schuessler, 2007; Hill, 2014).\\nJacques (2022, 2023) seems to attempt to unify the two etymologies above. He argues the Middle Chinese initial ng- in both 偽 (MC ngjweH) and 訛 (MC ngwa) come from a middle voice/intransitivizing prefix *ŋ-. 偽, reconstructed as *ŋ-waj-s, would be derived from 為 (OC waj) as the root.\", \"forms\": [{\"form\": \"伪\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Simplified Chinese\"]}, {\"form\": \"僞\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Traditional Chinese\"]}], \"head_templates\": [{\"args\": {\"1\": \"zh\", \"2\": \"hanzi\"}, \"expansion\": \"偽\", \"name\": \"head\"}], \"lang\": \"Chinese\", \"lang_code\": \"zh\", \"pos\": \"character\", \"senses\": [{\"categories\": [\"Literary Chinese terms with quotations\", \"Mandarin terms with usage examples\"], \"examples\": [{\"english\": \"hypocritical; hypocrisy\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Traditional Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"xūwěi\", \"text\": \"虛偽\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"hypocritical; hypocrisy\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Simplified Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"xūwěi\", \"text\": \"虚伪\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"to forge; to counterfeit\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Traditional Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"wěizào\", \"text\": \"偽造\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"to forge; to counterfeit\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Simplified Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"wěizào\", \"text\": \"伪造\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"counterfeit banknote\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Traditional Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"wěichāo\", \"text\": \"偽鈔\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"counterfeit banknote\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Simplified Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"wěichāo\", \"text\": \"伪钞\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"pseudoephedrine\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Traditional Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"wěimáhuángjiǎn\", \"text\": \"偽麻黃鹼\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"pseudoephedrine\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Simplified Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"wěimáhuángjiǎn\", \"text\": \"伪麻黄碱\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"Man's nature is bad; his goodness is artificial.\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Classical Chinese\", \"Traditional Chinese\"], \"ref\": \" Xunzi, c. 3ʳᵈ century BCE\", \"roman\": \"Rén zhī xìng è, qí shàn zhě wěi yě.\", \"tags\": [\"Pinyin\"], \"text\": \"人之性惡，其善者偽也。\", \"type\": \"quote\"}, {\"english\": \"Man's nature is bad; his goodness is artificial.\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Classical Chinese\", \"Simplified Chinese\"], \"ref\": \" Xunzi, c. 3ʳᵈ century BCE\", \"roman\": \"Rén zhī xìng è, qí shàn zhě wěi yě.\", \"tags\": [\"Pinyin\"], \"text\": \"人之性恶，其善者伪也。\", \"type\": \"quote\"}], \"glosses\": [\"false; counterfeit; bogus; fake; pseudo-; artificial\"], \"links\": [[\"false\", \"false\"], [\"counterfeit\", \"counterfeit\"], [\"bogus\", \"bogus\"], [\"fake\", \"fake\"], [\"pseudo-\", \"pseudo-\"], [\"artificial\", \"artificial\"]]}, {\"glosses\": [\"falsehood; untruthfulness\"], \"links\": [[\"falsehood\", \"falsehood\"], [\"untruthfulness\", \"untruthfulness\"]]}, {\"categories\": [\"Mandarin terms with usage examples\"], \"examples\": [{\"english\": \"puppet government\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Traditional Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"wěizhèngquán\", \"text\": \"偽政權\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"puppet government\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Simplified Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"wěizhèngquán\", \"text\": \"伪政权\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"Manchukuo\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Traditional Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"Wěi-Mǎnzhōuguó\", \"text\": \"偽滿洲國\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"Manchukuo\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Simplified Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"Wěi-Mǎnzhōuguó\", \"text\": \"伪满洲国\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"the Peking University under the control of Chinese puppet state of the Empire of Japan\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Traditional Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"Wěi Běijīng Dàxué\", \"text\": \"偽北京大學\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"the Peking University under the control of Chinese puppet state of the Empire of Japan\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Simplified Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"Wěi Běijīng Dàxué\", \"text\": \"伪北京大学\", \"type\": \"example\"}], \"glosses\": [\"illegal; illegitimate\"], \"links\": [[\"illegal\", \"illegal\"], [\"illegitimate\", \"illegitimate\"]]}], \"sounds\": [{\"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"Pinyin\"], \"zh-pron\": \"wěi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"Pinyin\"], \"zh-pron\": \"wèi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"bopomofo\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ㄨㄟˇ\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"bopomofo\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ㄨㄟˋ\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Cantonese\", \"Jyutping\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngai⁶\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Hakka\", \"PFS\", \"Sixian\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngúi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Guangdong\", \"Hakka\", \"Meixian\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngui³\"}, {\"zh-pron\": \"ngôi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"POJ\"], \"zh-pron\": \"gūi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"POJ\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ūi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"POJ\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ûi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Peng'im\", \"Teochew\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngui⁶\"}, {\"zh-pron\": \"⁶we\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Hanyu-Pinyin\", \"Mandarin\"], \"zh-pron\": \"wěi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"Tongyong-Pinyin\"], \"zh-pron\": \"wěi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"Wade-Giles\"], \"zh-pron\": \"wei³\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"Yale\"], \"zh-pron\": \"wěi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Gwoyeu-Romatsyh\", \"Mandarin\"], \"zh-pron\": \"woei\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"Palladius\"], \"zh-pron\": \"вэй\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"Palladius\"], \"zh-pron\": \"vɛj\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/weɪ̯²¹⁴/\", \"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"Sinological-IPA\"]}, {\"tags\": [\"Hanyu-Pinyin\", \"Mandarin\"], \"zh-pron\": \"wèi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"Tongyong-Pinyin\"], \"zh-pron\": \"wèi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"Wade-Giles\"], \"zh-pron\": \"wei⁴\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"Yale\"], \"zh-pron\": \"wèi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Gwoyeu-Romatsyh\", \"Mandarin\"], \"zh-pron\": \"wey\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/weɪ̯⁵¹/\", \"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"Sinological-IPA\"]}, {\"tags\": [\"Cantonese\", \"Guangzhou\", \"Hong-Kong\", \"Jyutping\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngai⁶\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Cantonese\", \"Guangzhou\", \"Hong-Kong\", \"Yale\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngaih\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Cantonese\", \"Guangzhou\", \"Hong-Kong\", \"Pinyin\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngai⁶\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Cantonese\", \"Guangdong-Romanization\", \"Guangzhou\", \"Hong-Kong\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngei⁶\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ŋɐi̯²²/\", \"tags\": [\"Cantonese\", \"Guangzhou\", \"Hong-Kong\", \"Sinological-IPA\"]}, {\"tags\": [\"Hakka\", \"Phak-fa-su\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngúi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Hakka\", \"Hakka-Romanization-System\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngui^ˋ\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Hagfa-Pinyim\", \"Hakka\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngui³\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ŋu̯i³¹/\", \"tags\": [\"Hakka\", \"Sinological-IPA\"]}, {\"ipa\": \"/ŋuɪ³¹/\", \"tags\": [\"Hakka\", \"Meixian\", \"Sinological-IPA\"]}, {\"tags\": [\"Foochow-Romanized\", \"Fuzhou\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngôi\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ŋui²⁴²/\", \"tags\": [\"Fuzhou\", \"Sinological-IPA\"]}, {\"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"Tai-lo\"], \"zh-pron\": \"guī\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"Phofsit-Daibuun\"], \"zh-pron\": \"gui\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ɡui²²/\", \"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"Xiamen\", \"Zhangzhou\"]}, {\"ipa\": \"/ɡui³³/\", \"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"Kaohsiung\", \"Taipei\"]}, {\"ipa\": \"/ɡui⁴¹/\", \"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"Quanzhou\"]}, {\"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"Tai-lo\"], \"zh-pron\": \"uī\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"Phofsit-Daibuun\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ui\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ui²²/\", \"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"Xiamen\", \"Zhangzhou\"]}, {\"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"Tai-lo\"], \"zh-pron\": \"uî\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"Phofsit-Daibuun\"], \"zh-pron\": \"uii\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ui²⁴/\", \"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"Jinjiang\", \"Quanzhou\"]}, {\"tags\": [\"POJ\", \"Teochew\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngŭi\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ŋui³⁵/\", \"tags\": [\"Sinological-IPA\", \"Teochew\"]}, {\"tags\": [\"Northern\", \"Wu\"], \"zh-pron\": \"⁶we\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Northern\", \"Wu\"], \"zh-pron\": \"we^去\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Northern\", \"Wu\"], \"zh-pron\": \"³hhue\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Northern\", \"Wu\"], \"zh-pron\": \"/ɦue²³/\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Middle-Chinese\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngjweH\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Baxter-Sagart\", \"Old-Chinese\"], \"zh-pron\": \"/*N-ɢʷ(r)aj-s/\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Baxter-Sagart\", \"Old-Chinese\"], \"zh-pron\": \"/*m-ɢʷ(r)aj-s/\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Old-Chinese\", \"Zhengzhang\"], \"zh-pron\": \"/*ŋʷrals/\"}, {\"other\": \"/ ūi /\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/weɪ̯²¹⁴/\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/weɪ̯⁵¹/\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ŋɐi̯²²/\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ŋu̯i³¹/\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ŋuɪ³¹/\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ŋui²⁴²/\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ɡui²²/\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ɡui³³/\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ɡui⁴¹/\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ui²²/\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ui²⁴/\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ŋui³⁵/\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ɦue²³/\"}, {\"other\": \"/*N-ɢʷ(r)aj-s/\"}, {\"other\": \"/*m-ɢʷ(r)aj-s/\"}, {\"other\": \"/*ŋʷrals/\"}], \"word\": \"偽\"}",
"path": [],
"section": "Chinese",
"subsection": "character",
"title": "偽",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "wiktionary/179/20240425uppercase_tags",
"msg": "偽/Chinese/character: invalid uppercase tag Middle-Chinese not in or uppercase_tags: {\"categories\": [\"CJKV simplified characters\", \"Chinese adjectives\", \"Chinese entries with incorrect language header\", \"Chinese hanzi\", \"Chinese lemmas\", \"Chinese nouns\", \"Chinese terms spelled with 偽\", \"Chinese terms with IPA pronunciation\", \"Eastern Min adjectives\", \"Eastern Min hanzi\", \"Eastern Min lemmas\", \"Eastern Min nouns\", \"Middle Chinese adjectives\", \"Middle Chinese hanzi\", \"Middle Chinese lemmas\", \"Middle Chinese nouns\", \"Old Chinese adjectives\", \"Old Chinese hanzi\", \"Old Chinese lemmas\", \"Old Chinese nouns\", \"Pages with 5 entries\", \"Pages with entries\"], \"derived\": [{\"word\": \"世偽\"}, {\"word\": \"世伪\"}, {\"word\": \"乖偽\"}, {\"word\": \"乖伪\"}, {\"word\": \"乘偽行詐\"}, {\"word\": \"乘伪行诈\"}, {\"word\": \"以偽亂真\"}, {\"word\": \"以伪乱真\"}, {\"roman\": \"zuòwěi\", \"word\": \"作偽\"}, {\"roman\": \"zuòwěi\", \"word\": \"作伪\"}, {\"word\": \"侈偽\"}, {\"word\": \"侈伪\"}, {\"word\": \"偽人\"}, {\"word\": \"伪人\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěizuò\", \"word\": \"偽作\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěizuò\", \"word\": \"伪作\"}, {\"word\": \"偽俗\"}, {\"word\": \"伪俗\"}, {\"word\": \"假偽\"}, {\"word\": \"假伪\"}, {\"word\": \"偽傳\"}, {\"word\": \"伪传\"}, {\"word\": \"偽冒\"}, {\"word\": \"伪冒\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěiliè\", \"word\": \"偽劣\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěiliè\", \"word\": \"伪劣\"}, {\"word\": \"偽化\"}, {\"word\": \"伪化\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěishǐ\", \"word\": \"偽史\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěishǐ\", \"word\": \"伪史\"}, {\"word\": \"偽名\"}, {\"word\": \"伪名\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěijūnzǐ\", \"word\": \"偽君子\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěijūnzǐ\", \"word\": \"伪君子\"}, {\"word\": \"偽命\"}, {\"word\": \"伪命\"}, {\"word\": \"偽品\"}, {\"word\": \"伪品\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěishàn\", \"word\": \"偽善\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěishàn\", \"word\": \"伪善\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěiguó\", \"word\": \"偽國\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěiguó\", \"word\": \"伪国\"}, {\"word\": \"偽塗\"}, {\"word\": \"伪涂\"}, {\"word\": \"偽夫\"}, {\"word\": \"伪夫\"}, {\"word\": \"偽妄\"}, {\"word\": \"伪妄\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěiniáng\", \"word\": \"偽娘\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěiniáng\", \"word\": \"伪娘\"}, {\"word\": \"偽媮\"}, {\"word\": \"伪偷\"}, {\"word\": \"偽孔\"}, {\"word\": \"伪孔\"}, {\"word\": \"偽孔傳\"}, {\"word\": \"伪孔传\"}, {\"word\": \"偽字\"}, {\"word\": \"伪字\"}, {\"word\": \"偽學\"}, {\"word\": \"伪学\"}, {\"word\": \"偽定\"}, {\"word\": \"伪定\"}, {\"word\": \"偽客\"}, {\"word\": \"伪客\"}, {\"word\": \"偽局\"}, {\"word\": \"伪局\"}, {\"word\": \"偽巧\"}, {\"word\": \"伪巧\"}, {\"word\": \"偽師\"}, {\"word\": \"伪师\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěibì\", \"word\": \"偽幣\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěibì\", \"word\": \"伪币\"}, {\"word\": \"偽庭\"}, {\"word\": \"伪庭\"}, {\"word\": \"偽廉\"}, {\"word\": \"伪廉\"}, {\"word\": \"偽廷\"}, {\"word\": \"伪廷\"}, {\"word\": \"偽從\"}, {\"word\": \"伪从\"}, {\"word\": \"偽心\"}, {\"word\": \"伪心\"}, {\"word\": \"偽怠\"}, {\"word\": \"伪怠\"}, {\"word\": \"偽惑\"}, {\"word\": \"伪惑\"}, {\"word\": \"偽情\"}, {\"word\": \"伪情\"}, {\"word\": \"偽意\"}, {\"word\": \"伪意\"}, {\"word\": \"偽態\"}, {\"word\": \"伪态\"}, {\"word\": \"偽戾\"}, {\"word\": \"伪戾\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěituō\", \"word\": \"偽托\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěituō\", \"word\": \"伪托\"}, {\"word\": \"偽撰\"}, {\"word\": \"偽政府\"}, {\"word\": \"伪政府\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěizhèngquán\", \"word\": \"偽政權\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěizhèngquán\", \"word\": \"伪政权\"}, {\"word\": \"偽方\"}, {\"word\": \"伪方\"}, {\"word\": \"偽易\"}, {\"word\": \"伪易\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěishū\", \"word\": \"偽書\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěishū\", \"word\": \"伪书\"}, {\"word\": \"偽服\"}, {\"word\": \"伪服\"}, {\"word\": \"偽朝\"}, {\"word\": \"伪朝\"}, {\"word\": \"偽本\"}, {\"word\": \"伪本\"}, {\"word\": \"偽民\"}, {\"word\": \"伪民\"}, {\"roman\": \"Wěimǎn\", \"word\": \"偽滿\"}, {\"roman\": \"Wěimǎn\", \"word\": \"伪满\"}, {\"roman\": \"Wěi-Mǎnzhōuguó\", \"word\": \"偽滿洲國\"}, {\"roman\": \"Wěi-Mǎnzhōuguó\", \"word\": \"伪满洲国\"}, {\"word\": \"偽物\"}, {\"word\": \"伪物\"}, {\"word\": \"偽百合\"}, {\"word\": \"伪百合\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěihuáng\", \"word\": \"偽皇\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěihuáng\", \"word\": \"伪皇\"}, {\"word\": \"偽真\"}, {\"word\": \"伪真\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěikēxué\", \"word\": \"偽科學\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěikēxué\", \"word\": \"伪科学\"}, {\"word\": \"偽端\"}, {\"word\": \"伪端\"}, {\"word\": \"偽筍\"}, {\"word\": \"伪笋\"}, {\"word\": \"偽組織\"}, {\"word\": \"伪组织\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěijīng\", \"word\": \"偽經\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěijīng\", \"word\": \"伪经\"}, {\"word\": \"偽繆\"}, {\"word\": \"伪缪\"}, {\"word\": \"偽臣\"}, {\"word\": \"伪臣\"}, {\"word\": \"偽荊卿\"}, {\"word\": \"伪荆卿\"}, {\"word\": \"偽蔽\"}, {\"word\": \"伪蔽\"}, {\"word\": \"偽薄\"}, {\"word\": \"伪薄\"}, {\"word\": \"偽藥\"}, {\"word\": \"伪药\"}, {\"word\": \"偽蠶\"}, {\"word\": \"伪蚕\"}, {\"word\": \"偽行\"}, {\"word\": \"伪行\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěizhuāng\", \"word\": \"偽裝\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěizhuāng\", \"word\": \"伪装\"}, {\"word\": \"偽裝滲透\"}, {\"word\": \"伪装渗透\"}, {\"word\": \"偽言\"}, {\"word\": \"伪言\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěituō\", \"word\": \"偽託\"}, {\"word\": \"偽詐\"}, {\"word\": \"伪诈\"}, {\"word\": \"偽說\"}, {\"word\": \"伪说\"}, {\"word\": \"偽論\"}, {\"word\": \"伪论\"}, {\"word\": \"偽謬\"}, {\"word\": \"伪谬\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěizhèng\", \"word\": \"偽證\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěizhèng\", \"word\": \"伪证\"}, {\"word\": \"偽譔\"}, {\"word\": \"伪撰\"}, {\"word\": \"偽議\"}, {\"word\": \"伪议\"}, {\"word\": \"偽讓\"}, {\"word\": \"伪让\"}, {\"word\": \"偽貌\"}, {\"word\": \"伪貌\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěizú\", \"word\": \"偽足\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěizú\", \"word\": \"伪足\"}, {\"word\": \"偽跡\"}, {\"word\": \"伪迹\"}, {\"word\": \"偽蹟\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěijūn\", \"word\": \"偽軍\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěijūn\", \"word\": \"伪军\"}, {\"word\": \"偽辭\"}, {\"word\": \"伪辞\"}, {\"word\": \"偽辯\"}, {\"word\": \"伪辩\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěizào\", \"word\": \"偽造\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěizào\", \"word\": \"伪造\"}, {\"word\": \"偽造文書\"}, {\"word\": \"伪造文书\"}, {\"word\": \"偽道\"}, {\"word\": \"伪道\"}, {\"word\": \"偽金錢\"}, {\"word\": \"伪金钱\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěichāo\", \"word\": \"偽鈔\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěichāo\", \"word\": \"伪钞\"}, {\"word\": \"偽錢\"}, {\"word\": \"伪钱\"}, {\"word\": \"偽飾\"}, {\"word\": \"伪饰\"}, {\"word\": \"偽體\"}, {\"word\": \"伪体\"}, {\"word\": \"偽鳳\"}, {\"word\": \"伪凤\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěimáhuángjiǎn\", \"word\": \"偽麻黃鹼\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěimáhuángjiǎn\", \"word\": \"伪麻黄碱\"}, {\"word\": \"偽黨\"}, {\"word\": \"伪党\"}, {\"word\": \"僭偽\"}, {\"word\": \"僭伪\"}, {\"word\": \"凶偽\"}, {\"word\": \"別裁偽體\"}, {\"word\": \"别裁伪体\"}, {\"word\": \"化性起偽\"}, {\"word\": \"化性起伪\"}, {\"word\": \"南偽\"}, {\"word\": \"南伪\"}, {\"word\": \"厭偽\"}, {\"word\": \"厌伪\"}, {\"roman\": \"qùwěicúnzhēn\", \"word\": \"去偽存真\"}, {\"roman\": \"qùwěicúnzhēn\", \"word\": \"去伪存真\"}, {\"word\": \"妖偽\"}, {\"word\": \"妖伪\"}, {\"word\": \"姦偽\"}, {\"word\": \"奸伪\"}, {\"word\": \"巧偽\"}, {\"word\": \"巧伪\"}, {\"word\": \"幻偽\"}, {\"word\": \"幻伪\"}, {\"word\": \"彫偽\"}, {\"word\": \"雕伪\"}, {\"word\": \"情偽\"}, {\"word\": \"情伪\"}, {\"word\": \"慝偽\"}, {\"word\": \"慝伪\"}, {\"roman\": \"díwěi\", \"word\": \"敵偽\"}, {\"roman\": \"díwěi\", \"word\": \"敌伪\"}, {\"word\": \"晦偽\"}, {\"word\": \"晦伪\"}, {\"word\": \"智偽\"}, {\"word\": \"智伪\"}, {\"word\": \"棄偽從真\"}, {\"word\": \"弃伪从真\"}, {\"word\": \"機偽\"}, {\"word\": \"机伪\"}, {\"word\": \"樹偽\"}, {\"word\": \"树伪\"}, {\"word\": \"欺偽\"}, {\"word\": \"欺伪\"}, {\"word\": \"汙偽\"}, {\"word\": \"污伪\"}, {\"word\": \"浮偽\"}, {\"word\": \"浮伪\"}, {\"word\": \"淺偽\"}, {\"word\": \"浅伪\"}, {\"word\": \"淫偽\"}, {\"word\": \"淫伪\"}, {\"word\": \"澆偽\"}, {\"word\": \"浇伪\"}, {\"word\": \"濫偽\"}, {\"word\": \"滥伪\"}, {\"word\": \"煩偽\"}, {\"word\": \"烦伪\"}, {\"word\": \"狡偽\"}, {\"word\": \"狡伪\"}, {\"word\": \"猾偽\"}, {\"word\": \"猾伪\"}, {\"word\": \"番偽\"}, {\"word\": \"番伪\"}, {\"word\": \"百偽\"}, {\"word\": \"百伪\"}, {\"roman\": \"zhēnwěi\", \"word\": \"真偽\"}, {\"roman\": \"zhēnwěi\", \"word\": \"真伪\"}, {\"word\": \"真偽莫辨\"}, {\"word\": \"真伪莫辨\"}, {\"word\": \"眾偽\"}, {\"word\": \"众伪\"}, {\"word\": \"矜偽\"}, {\"word\": \"矜伪\"}, {\"word\": \"矯偽\"}, {\"word\": \"矫伪\"}, {\"word\": \"矯言偽行\"}, {\"word\": \"矫言伪行\"}, {\"word\": \"矯飾偽行\"}, {\"word\": \"矫饰伪行\"}, {\"word\": \"祅偽\"}, {\"word\": \"祅伪\"}, {\"word\": \"積偽\"}, {\"word\": \"积伪\"}, {\"word\": \"空偽\"}, {\"word\": \"空伪\"}, {\"word\": \"篡偽\"}, {\"word\": \"篡伪\"}, {\"word\": \"苦偽\"}, {\"word\": \"苦伪\"}, {\"word\": \"華偽\"}, {\"word\": \"华伪\"}, {\"roman\": \"xūwěi\", \"word\": \"虛偽\"}, {\"roman\": \"xūwěi\", \"word\": \"虚伪\"}, {\"word\": \"蠱偽\"}, {\"word\": \"蛊伪\"}, {\"word\": \"行偽\"}, {\"word\": \"行伪\"}, {\"word\": \"託偽\"}, {\"word\": \"托伪\"}, {\"word\": \"訛偽\"}, {\"word\": \"讹伪\"}, {\"word\": \"詐偽\"}, {\"word\": \"诈伪\"}, {\"word\": \"詭偽\"}, {\"word\": \"诡伪\"}, {\"roman\": \"chéngwěi\", \"word\": \"誠偽\"}, {\"roman\": \"chéngwěi\", \"word\": \"诚伪\"}, {\"word\": \"詿偽\"}, {\"word\": \"诖伪\"}, {\"word\": \"誣偽\"}, {\"word\": \"诬伪\"}, {\"word\": \"請偽\"}, {\"word\": \"请伪\"}, {\"word\": \"諂偽\"}, {\"word\": \"谄伪\"}, {\"word\": \"讎偽\"}, {\"word\": \"雠伪\"}, {\"word\": \"輕偽\"}, {\"word\": \"轻伪\"}, {\"word\": \"遂偽\"}, {\"word\": \"遂伪\"}, {\"word\": \"邀偽\"}, {\"word\": \"邀伪\"}, {\"word\": \"邪偽\"}, {\"word\": \"邪伪\"}, {\"word\": \"酢偽\"}, {\"word\": \"酢伪\"}, {\"word\": \"闇偽\"}, {\"word\": \"暗伪\"}, {\"word\": \"隱偽\"}, {\"word\": \"隐伪\"}, {\"word\": \"雕偽\"}, {\"word\": \"雜偽\"}, {\"word\": \"杂伪\"}, {\"word\": \"飾偽\"}, {\"word\": \"饰伪\"}], \"etymology_templates\": [{\"args\": {\"1\": \"僞\", \"f\": \"爲\", \"t\": \"為\"}, \"expansion\": \"Simplified from 僞 (爲 → 為)\", \"name\": \"Han simp\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"zh\", \"2\": \"Han phono-semantic compounds\"}, \"expansion\": \"\", \"name\": \"categorize\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"psc\", \"adj\": \"\", \"nocap\": \"\", \"pron\": \"OC *ŋʷrals\"}, \"expansion\": \"Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋʷrals)\", \"name\": \"liushu\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"人\", \"2\": \"為\", \"alt1\": \"亻\", \"c1\": \"s\", \"c2\": \"p\", \"ls\": \"psc\", \"t1\": \"man\", \"t2\": \"to make\"}, \"expansion\": \"Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋʷrals): semantic 亻 (“man”) + phonetic 為 (OC *ɢʷal, *ɢʷals, “to make”)\", \"name\": \"Han compound\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"為\", \"2\": \"to act as\", \"id\": \"1\"}, \"expansion\": \"為 (OC *ɢʷal, “to act as”)\", \"name\": \"och-l\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"Karlgren, 1956\"}, \"expansion\": \"Karlgren, 1956\", \"name\": \"zh-ref\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"Wang, 1982\"}, \"expansion\": \"Wang, 1982\", \"name\": \"zh-ref\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"Baxter and Sagart, 2014\"}, \"expansion\": \"Baxter and Sagart, 2014\", \"name\": \"zh-ref\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"訛\", \"2\": \"erroneous\"}, \"expansion\": \"訛 (OC *ŋʷaːl, “erroneous”)\", \"name\": \"och-l\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"Schuessler, 2007\"}, \"expansion\": \"Schuessler, 2007\", \"name\": \"zh-ref\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"bo\", \"2\": \"རྔོད\", \"3\": \"\", \"4\": \"to deceive\"}, \"expansion\": \"Tibetan རྔོད (rngod, “to deceive”)\", \"name\": \"cog\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"Gong, 1995\"}, \"expansion\": \"Gong, 1995\", \"name\": \"zh-ref\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"Schuessler, 2007\"}, \"expansion\": \"Schuessler, 2007\", \"name\": \"zh-ref\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"Hill, 2014\"}, \"expansion\": \"Hill, 2014\", \"name\": \"zh-ref\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"Jacques (2022, 2023)\"}, \"expansion\": \"Jacques (2022, 2023)\", \"name\": \"zh-ref\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"ltc\", \"2\": \"-\"}, \"expansion\": \"Middle Chinese\", \"name\": \"cog\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"偽\"}, \"expansion\": \"偽 (MC ngjweH)\", \"name\": \"ltc-l\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"訛\"}, \"expansion\": \"訛 (MC ngwa)\", \"name\": \"ltc-l\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"zh\", \"2\": \"偽\"}, \"expansion\": \"偽\", \"name\": \"lang\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"為\", \"tr\": \"waj\"}, \"expansion\": \"為 (OC waj)\", \"name\": \"och-l\"}], \"etymology_text\": \"Simplified from 僞 (爲 → 為). Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋʷrals): semantic 亻 (“man”) + phonetic 為 (OC *ɢʷal, *ɢʷals, “to make”), originally “artificial”.\\nOften thought to be derived from 為 (OC *ɢʷal, “to act as”) (Karlgren, 1956; Wang, 1982; Baxter and Sagart, 2014).\\nAlternatively, it may be cognate to 訛 (OC *ŋʷaːl, “erroneous”) (Schuessler, 2007); this may be compared to Tibetan རྔོད (rngod, “to deceive”), though the -d in Tibetan is unexplained (Gong, 1995; Schuessler, 2007; Hill, 2014).\\nJacques (2022, 2023) seems to attempt to unify the two etymologies above. He argues the Middle Chinese initial ng- in both 偽 (MC ngjweH) and 訛 (MC ngwa) come from a middle voice/intransitivizing prefix *ŋ-. 偽, reconstructed as *ŋ-waj-s, would be derived from 為 (OC waj) as the root.\", \"forms\": [{\"form\": \"伪\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Simplified Chinese\"]}, {\"form\": \"僞\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Traditional Chinese\"]}], \"head_templates\": [{\"args\": {\"1\": \"zh\", \"2\": \"hanzi\"}, \"expansion\": \"偽\", \"name\": \"head\"}], \"lang\": \"Chinese\", \"lang_code\": \"zh\", \"pos\": \"character\", \"senses\": [{\"categories\": [\"Literary Chinese terms with quotations\", \"Mandarin terms with usage examples\"], \"examples\": [{\"english\": \"hypocritical; hypocrisy\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Traditional Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"xūwěi\", \"text\": \"虛偽\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"hypocritical; hypocrisy\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Simplified Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"xūwěi\", \"text\": \"虚伪\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"to forge; to counterfeit\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Traditional Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"wěizào\", \"text\": \"偽造\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"to forge; to counterfeit\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Simplified Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"wěizào\", \"text\": \"伪造\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"counterfeit banknote\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Traditional Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"wěichāo\", \"text\": \"偽鈔\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"counterfeit banknote\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Simplified Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"wěichāo\", \"text\": \"伪钞\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"pseudoephedrine\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Traditional Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"wěimáhuángjiǎn\", \"text\": \"偽麻黃鹼\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"pseudoephedrine\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Simplified Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"wěimáhuángjiǎn\", \"text\": \"伪麻黄碱\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"Man's nature is bad; his goodness is artificial.\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Classical Chinese\", \"Traditional Chinese\"], \"ref\": \" Xunzi, c. 3ʳᵈ century BCE\", \"roman\": \"Rén zhī xìng è, qí shàn zhě wěi yě.\", \"tags\": [\"Pinyin\"], \"text\": \"人之性惡，其善者偽也。\", \"type\": \"quote\"}, {\"english\": \"Man's nature is bad; his goodness is artificial.\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Classical Chinese\", \"Simplified Chinese\"], \"ref\": \" Xunzi, c. 3ʳᵈ century BCE\", \"roman\": \"Rén zhī xìng è, qí shàn zhě wěi yě.\", \"tags\": [\"Pinyin\"], \"text\": \"人之性恶，其善者伪也。\", \"type\": \"quote\"}], \"glosses\": [\"false; counterfeit; bogus; fake; pseudo-; artificial\"], \"links\": [[\"false\", \"false\"], [\"counterfeit\", \"counterfeit\"], [\"bogus\", \"bogus\"], [\"fake\", \"fake\"], [\"pseudo-\", \"pseudo-\"], [\"artificial\", \"artificial\"]]}, {\"glosses\": [\"falsehood; untruthfulness\"], \"links\": [[\"falsehood\", \"falsehood\"], [\"untruthfulness\", \"untruthfulness\"]]}, {\"categories\": [\"Mandarin terms with usage examples\"], \"examples\": [{\"english\": \"puppet government\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Traditional Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"wěizhèngquán\", \"text\": \"偽政權\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"puppet government\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Simplified Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"wěizhèngquán\", \"text\": \"伪政权\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"Manchukuo\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Traditional Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"Wěi-Mǎnzhōuguó\", \"text\": \"偽滿洲國\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"Manchukuo\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Simplified Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"Wěi-Mǎnzhōuguó\", \"text\": \"伪满洲国\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"the Peking University under the control of Chinese puppet state of the Empire of Japan\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Traditional Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"Wěi Běijīng Dàxué\", \"text\": \"偽北京大學\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"the Peking University under the control of Chinese puppet state of the Empire of Japan\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Simplified Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"Wěi Běijīng Dàxué\", \"text\": \"伪北京大学\", \"type\": \"example\"}], \"glosses\": [\"illegal; illegitimate\"], \"links\": [[\"illegal\", \"illegal\"], [\"illegitimate\", \"illegitimate\"]]}], \"sounds\": [{\"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"Pinyin\"], \"zh-pron\": \"wěi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"Pinyin\"], \"zh-pron\": \"wèi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"bopomofo\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ㄨㄟˇ\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"bopomofo\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ㄨㄟˋ\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Cantonese\", \"Jyutping\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngai⁶\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Hakka\", \"PFS\", \"Sixian\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngúi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Guangdong\", \"Hakka\", \"Meixian\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngui³\"}, {\"zh-pron\": \"ngôi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"POJ\"], \"zh-pron\": \"gūi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"POJ\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ūi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"POJ\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ûi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Peng'im\", \"Teochew\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngui⁶\"}, {\"zh-pron\": \"⁶we\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Hanyu-Pinyin\", \"Mandarin\"], \"zh-pron\": \"wěi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"Tongyong-Pinyin\"], \"zh-pron\": \"wěi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"Wade-Giles\"], \"zh-pron\": \"wei³\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"Yale\"], \"zh-pron\": \"wěi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Gwoyeu-Romatsyh\", \"Mandarin\"], \"zh-pron\": \"woei\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"Palladius\"], \"zh-pron\": \"вэй\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"Palladius\"], \"zh-pron\": \"vɛj\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/weɪ̯²¹⁴/\", \"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"Sinological-IPA\"]}, {\"tags\": [\"Hanyu-Pinyin\", \"Mandarin\"], \"zh-pron\": \"wèi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"Tongyong-Pinyin\"], \"zh-pron\": \"wèi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"Wade-Giles\"], \"zh-pron\": \"wei⁴\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"Yale\"], \"zh-pron\": \"wèi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Gwoyeu-Romatsyh\", \"Mandarin\"], \"zh-pron\": \"wey\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/weɪ̯⁵¹/\", \"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"Sinological-IPA\"]}, {\"tags\": [\"Cantonese\", \"Guangzhou\", \"Hong-Kong\", \"Jyutping\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngai⁶\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Cantonese\", \"Guangzhou\", \"Hong-Kong\", \"Yale\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngaih\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Cantonese\", \"Guangzhou\", \"Hong-Kong\", \"Pinyin\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngai⁶\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Cantonese\", \"Guangdong-Romanization\", \"Guangzhou\", \"Hong-Kong\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngei⁶\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ŋɐi̯²²/\", \"tags\": [\"Cantonese\", \"Guangzhou\", \"Hong-Kong\", \"Sinological-IPA\"]}, {\"tags\": [\"Hakka\", \"Phak-fa-su\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngúi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Hakka\", \"Hakka-Romanization-System\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngui^ˋ\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Hagfa-Pinyim\", \"Hakka\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngui³\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ŋu̯i³¹/\", \"tags\": [\"Hakka\", \"Sinological-IPA\"]}, {\"ipa\": \"/ŋuɪ³¹/\", \"tags\": [\"Hakka\", \"Meixian\", \"Sinological-IPA\"]}, {\"tags\": [\"Foochow-Romanized\", \"Fuzhou\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngôi\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ŋui²⁴²/\", \"tags\": [\"Fuzhou\", \"Sinological-IPA\"]}, {\"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"Tai-lo\"], \"zh-pron\": \"guī\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"Phofsit-Daibuun\"], \"zh-pron\": \"gui\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ɡui²²/\", \"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"Xiamen\", \"Zhangzhou\"]}, {\"ipa\": \"/ɡui³³/\", \"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"Kaohsiung\", \"Taipei\"]}, {\"ipa\": \"/ɡui⁴¹/\", \"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"Quanzhou\"]}, {\"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"Tai-lo\"], \"zh-pron\": \"uī\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"Phofsit-Daibuun\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ui\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ui²²/\", \"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"Xiamen\", \"Zhangzhou\"]}, {\"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"Tai-lo\"], \"zh-pron\": \"uî\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"Phofsit-Daibuun\"], \"zh-pron\": \"uii\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ui²⁴/\", \"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"Jinjiang\", \"Quanzhou\"]}, {\"tags\": [\"POJ\", \"Teochew\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngŭi\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ŋui³⁵/\", \"tags\": [\"Sinological-IPA\", \"Teochew\"]}, {\"tags\": [\"Northern\", \"Wu\"], \"zh-pron\": \"⁶we\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Northern\", \"Wu\"], \"zh-pron\": \"we^去\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Northern\", \"Wu\"], \"zh-pron\": \"³hhue\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Northern\", \"Wu\"], \"zh-pron\": \"/ɦue²³/\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Middle-Chinese\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngjweH\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Baxter-Sagart\", \"Old-Chinese\"], \"zh-pron\": \"/*N-ɢʷ(r)aj-s/\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Baxter-Sagart\", \"Old-Chinese\"], \"zh-pron\": \"/*m-ɢʷ(r)aj-s/\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Old-Chinese\", \"Zhengzhang\"], \"zh-pron\": \"/*ŋʷrals/\"}, {\"other\": \"/ ūi /\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/weɪ̯²¹⁴/\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/weɪ̯⁵¹/\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ŋɐi̯²²/\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ŋu̯i³¹/\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ŋuɪ³¹/\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ŋui²⁴²/\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ɡui²²/\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ɡui³³/\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ɡui⁴¹/\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ui²²/\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ui²⁴/\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ŋui³⁵/\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ɦue²³/\"}, {\"other\": \"/*N-ɢʷ(r)aj-s/\"}, {\"other\": \"/*m-ɢʷ(r)aj-s/\"}, {\"other\": \"/*ŋʷrals/\"}], \"word\": \"偽\"}",
"path": [],
"section": "Chinese",
"subsection": "character",
"title": "偽",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "wiktionary/179/20240425uppercase_tags",
"msg": "偽/Chinese/character: invalid uppercase tag Baxter-Sagart not in or uppercase_tags: {\"categories\": [\"CJKV simplified characters\", \"Chinese adjectives\", \"Chinese entries with incorrect language header\", \"Chinese hanzi\", \"Chinese lemmas\", \"Chinese nouns\", \"Chinese terms spelled with 偽\", \"Chinese terms with IPA pronunciation\", \"Eastern Min adjectives\", \"Eastern Min hanzi\", \"Eastern Min lemmas\", \"Eastern Min nouns\", \"Middle Chinese adjectives\", \"Middle Chinese hanzi\", \"Middle Chinese lemmas\", \"Middle Chinese nouns\", \"Old Chinese adjectives\", \"Old Chinese hanzi\", \"Old Chinese lemmas\", \"Old Chinese nouns\", \"Pages with 5 entries\", \"Pages with entries\"], \"derived\": [{\"word\": \"世偽\"}, {\"word\": \"世伪\"}, {\"word\": \"乖偽\"}, {\"word\": \"乖伪\"}, {\"word\": \"乘偽行詐\"}, {\"word\": \"乘伪行诈\"}, {\"word\": \"以偽亂真\"}, {\"word\": \"以伪乱真\"}, {\"roman\": \"zuòwěi\", \"word\": \"作偽\"}, {\"roman\": \"zuòwěi\", \"word\": \"作伪\"}, {\"word\": \"侈偽\"}, {\"word\": \"侈伪\"}, {\"word\": \"偽人\"}, {\"word\": \"伪人\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěizuò\", \"word\": \"偽作\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěizuò\", \"word\": \"伪作\"}, {\"word\": \"偽俗\"}, {\"word\": \"伪俗\"}, {\"word\": \"假偽\"}, {\"word\": \"假伪\"}, {\"word\": \"偽傳\"}, {\"word\": \"伪传\"}, {\"word\": \"偽冒\"}, {\"word\": \"伪冒\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěiliè\", \"word\": \"偽劣\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěiliè\", \"word\": \"伪劣\"}, {\"word\": \"偽化\"}, {\"word\": \"伪化\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěishǐ\", \"word\": \"偽史\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěishǐ\", \"word\": \"伪史\"}, {\"word\": \"偽名\"}, {\"word\": \"伪名\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěijūnzǐ\", \"word\": \"偽君子\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěijūnzǐ\", \"word\": \"伪君子\"}, {\"word\": \"偽命\"}, {\"word\": \"伪命\"}, {\"word\": \"偽品\"}, {\"word\": \"伪品\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěishàn\", \"word\": \"偽善\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěishàn\", \"word\": \"伪善\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěiguó\", \"word\": \"偽國\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěiguó\", \"word\": \"伪国\"}, {\"word\": \"偽塗\"}, {\"word\": \"伪涂\"}, {\"word\": \"偽夫\"}, {\"word\": \"伪夫\"}, {\"word\": \"偽妄\"}, {\"word\": \"伪妄\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěiniáng\", \"word\": \"偽娘\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěiniáng\", \"word\": \"伪娘\"}, {\"word\": \"偽媮\"}, {\"word\": \"伪偷\"}, {\"word\": \"偽孔\"}, {\"word\": \"伪孔\"}, {\"word\": \"偽孔傳\"}, {\"word\": \"伪孔传\"}, {\"word\": \"偽字\"}, {\"word\": \"伪字\"}, {\"word\": \"偽學\"}, {\"word\": \"伪学\"}, {\"word\": \"偽定\"}, {\"word\": \"伪定\"}, {\"word\": \"偽客\"}, {\"word\": \"伪客\"}, {\"word\": \"偽局\"}, {\"word\": \"伪局\"}, {\"word\": \"偽巧\"}, {\"word\": \"伪巧\"}, {\"word\": \"偽師\"}, {\"word\": \"伪师\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěibì\", \"word\": \"偽幣\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěibì\", \"word\": \"伪币\"}, {\"word\": \"偽庭\"}, {\"word\": \"伪庭\"}, {\"word\": \"偽廉\"}, {\"word\": \"伪廉\"}, {\"word\": \"偽廷\"}, {\"word\": \"伪廷\"}, {\"word\": \"偽從\"}, {\"word\": \"伪从\"}, {\"word\": \"偽心\"}, {\"word\": \"伪心\"}, {\"word\": \"偽怠\"}, {\"word\": \"伪怠\"}, {\"word\": \"偽惑\"}, {\"word\": \"伪惑\"}, {\"word\": \"偽情\"}, {\"word\": \"伪情\"}, {\"word\": \"偽意\"}, {\"word\": \"伪意\"}, {\"word\": \"偽態\"}, {\"word\": \"伪态\"}, {\"word\": \"偽戾\"}, {\"word\": \"伪戾\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěituō\", \"word\": \"偽托\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěituō\", \"word\": \"伪托\"}, {\"word\": \"偽撰\"}, {\"word\": \"偽政府\"}, {\"word\": \"伪政府\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěizhèngquán\", \"word\": \"偽政權\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěizhèngquán\", \"word\": \"伪政权\"}, {\"word\": \"偽方\"}, {\"word\": \"伪方\"}, {\"word\": \"偽易\"}, {\"word\": \"伪易\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěishū\", \"word\": \"偽書\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěishū\", \"word\": \"伪书\"}, {\"word\": \"偽服\"}, {\"word\": \"伪服\"}, {\"word\": \"偽朝\"}, {\"word\": \"伪朝\"}, {\"word\": \"偽本\"}, {\"word\": \"伪本\"}, {\"word\": \"偽民\"}, {\"word\": \"伪民\"}, {\"roman\": \"Wěimǎn\", \"word\": \"偽滿\"}, {\"roman\": \"Wěimǎn\", \"word\": \"伪满\"}, {\"roman\": \"Wěi-Mǎnzhōuguó\", \"word\": \"偽滿洲國\"}, {\"roman\": \"Wěi-Mǎnzhōuguó\", \"word\": \"伪满洲国\"}, {\"word\": \"偽物\"}, {\"word\": \"伪物\"}, {\"word\": \"偽百合\"}, {\"word\": \"伪百合\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěihuáng\", \"word\": \"偽皇\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěihuáng\", \"word\": \"伪皇\"}, {\"word\": \"偽真\"}, {\"word\": \"伪真\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěikēxué\", \"word\": \"偽科學\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěikēxué\", \"word\": \"伪科学\"}, {\"word\": \"偽端\"}, {\"word\": \"伪端\"}, {\"word\": \"偽筍\"}, {\"word\": \"伪笋\"}, {\"word\": \"偽組織\"}, {\"word\": \"伪组织\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěijīng\", \"word\": \"偽經\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěijīng\", \"word\": \"伪经\"}, {\"word\": \"偽繆\"}, {\"word\": \"伪缪\"}, {\"word\": \"偽臣\"}, {\"word\": \"伪臣\"}, {\"word\": \"偽荊卿\"}, {\"word\": \"伪荆卿\"}, {\"word\": \"偽蔽\"}, {\"word\": \"伪蔽\"}, {\"word\": \"偽薄\"}, {\"word\": \"伪薄\"}, {\"word\": \"偽藥\"}, {\"word\": \"伪药\"}, {\"word\": \"偽蠶\"}, {\"word\": \"伪蚕\"}, {\"word\": \"偽行\"}, {\"word\": \"伪行\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěizhuāng\", \"word\": \"偽裝\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěizhuāng\", \"word\": \"伪装\"}, {\"word\": \"偽裝滲透\"}, {\"word\": \"伪装渗透\"}, {\"word\": \"偽言\"}, {\"word\": \"伪言\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěituō\", \"word\": \"偽託\"}, {\"word\": \"偽詐\"}, {\"word\": \"伪诈\"}, {\"word\": \"偽說\"}, {\"word\": \"伪说\"}, {\"word\": \"偽論\"}, {\"word\": \"伪论\"}, {\"word\": \"偽謬\"}, {\"word\": \"伪谬\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěizhèng\", \"word\": \"偽證\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěizhèng\", \"word\": \"伪证\"}, {\"word\": \"偽譔\"}, {\"word\": \"伪撰\"}, {\"word\": \"偽議\"}, {\"word\": \"伪议\"}, {\"word\": \"偽讓\"}, {\"word\": \"伪让\"}, {\"word\": \"偽貌\"}, {\"word\": \"伪貌\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěizú\", \"word\": \"偽足\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěizú\", \"word\": \"伪足\"}, {\"word\": \"偽跡\"}, {\"word\": \"伪迹\"}, {\"word\": \"偽蹟\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěijūn\", \"word\": \"偽軍\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěijūn\", \"word\": \"伪军\"}, {\"word\": \"偽辭\"}, {\"word\": \"伪辞\"}, {\"word\": \"偽辯\"}, {\"word\": \"伪辩\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěizào\", \"word\": \"偽造\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěizào\", \"word\": \"伪造\"}, {\"word\": \"偽造文書\"}, {\"word\": \"伪造文书\"}, {\"word\": \"偽道\"}, {\"word\": \"伪道\"}, {\"word\": \"偽金錢\"}, {\"word\": \"伪金钱\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěichāo\", \"word\": \"偽鈔\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěichāo\", \"word\": \"伪钞\"}, {\"word\": \"偽錢\"}, {\"word\": \"伪钱\"}, {\"word\": \"偽飾\"}, {\"word\": \"伪饰\"}, {\"word\": \"偽體\"}, {\"word\": \"伪体\"}, {\"word\": \"偽鳳\"}, {\"word\": \"伪凤\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěimáhuángjiǎn\", \"word\": \"偽麻黃鹼\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěimáhuángjiǎn\", \"word\": \"伪麻黄碱\"}, {\"word\": \"偽黨\"}, {\"word\": \"伪党\"}, {\"word\": \"僭偽\"}, {\"word\": \"僭伪\"}, {\"word\": \"凶偽\"}, {\"word\": \"別裁偽體\"}, {\"word\": \"别裁伪体\"}, {\"word\": \"化性起偽\"}, {\"word\": \"化性起伪\"}, {\"word\": \"南偽\"}, {\"word\": \"南伪\"}, {\"word\": \"厭偽\"}, {\"word\": \"厌伪\"}, {\"roman\": \"qùwěicúnzhēn\", \"word\": \"去偽存真\"}, {\"roman\": \"qùwěicúnzhēn\", \"word\": \"去伪存真\"}, {\"word\": \"妖偽\"}, {\"word\": \"妖伪\"}, {\"word\": \"姦偽\"}, {\"word\": \"奸伪\"}, {\"word\": \"巧偽\"}, {\"word\": \"巧伪\"}, {\"word\": \"幻偽\"}, {\"word\": \"幻伪\"}, {\"word\": \"彫偽\"}, {\"word\": \"雕伪\"}, {\"word\": \"情偽\"}, {\"word\": \"情伪\"}, {\"word\": \"慝偽\"}, {\"word\": \"慝伪\"}, {\"roman\": \"díwěi\", \"word\": \"敵偽\"}, {\"roman\": \"díwěi\", \"word\": \"敌伪\"}, {\"word\": \"晦偽\"}, {\"word\": \"晦伪\"}, {\"word\": \"智偽\"}, {\"word\": \"智伪\"}, {\"word\": \"棄偽從真\"}, {\"word\": \"弃伪从真\"}, {\"word\": \"機偽\"}, {\"word\": \"机伪\"}, {\"word\": \"樹偽\"}, {\"word\": \"树伪\"}, {\"word\": \"欺偽\"}, {\"word\": \"欺伪\"}, {\"word\": \"汙偽\"}, {\"word\": \"污伪\"}, {\"word\": \"浮偽\"}, {\"word\": \"浮伪\"}, {\"word\": \"淺偽\"}, {\"word\": \"浅伪\"}, {\"word\": \"淫偽\"}, {\"word\": \"淫伪\"}, {\"word\": \"澆偽\"}, {\"word\": \"浇伪\"}, {\"word\": \"濫偽\"}, {\"word\": \"滥伪\"}, {\"word\": \"煩偽\"}, {\"word\": \"烦伪\"}, {\"word\": \"狡偽\"}, {\"word\": \"狡伪\"}, {\"word\": \"猾偽\"}, {\"word\": \"猾伪\"}, {\"word\": \"番偽\"}, {\"word\": \"番伪\"}, {\"word\": \"百偽\"}, {\"word\": \"百伪\"}, {\"roman\": \"zhēnwěi\", \"word\": \"真偽\"}, {\"roman\": \"zhēnwěi\", \"word\": \"真伪\"}, {\"word\": \"真偽莫辨\"}, {\"word\": \"真伪莫辨\"}, {\"word\": \"眾偽\"}, {\"word\": \"众伪\"}, {\"word\": \"矜偽\"}, {\"word\": \"矜伪\"}, {\"word\": \"矯偽\"}, {\"word\": \"矫伪\"}, {\"word\": \"矯言偽行\"}, {\"word\": \"矫言伪行\"}, {\"word\": \"矯飾偽行\"}, {\"word\": \"矫饰伪行\"}, {\"word\": \"祅偽\"}, {\"word\": \"祅伪\"}, {\"word\": \"積偽\"}, {\"word\": \"积伪\"}, {\"word\": \"空偽\"}, {\"word\": \"空伪\"}, {\"word\": \"篡偽\"}, {\"word\": \"篡伪\"}, {\"word\": \"苦偽\"}, {\"word\": \"苦伪\"}, {\"word\": \"華偽\"}, {\"word\": \"华伪\"}, {\"roman\": \"xūwěi\", \"word\": \"虛偽\"}, {\"roman\": \"xūwěi\", \"word\": \"虚伪\"}, {\"word\": \"蠱偽\"}, {\"word\": \"蛊伪\"}, {\"word\": \"行偽\"}, {\"word\": \"行伪\"}, {\"word\": \"託偽\"}, {\"word\": \"托伪\"}, {\"word\": \"訛偽\"}, {\"word\": \"讹伪\"}, {\"word\": \"詐偽\"}, {\"word\": \"诈伪\"}, {\"word\": \"詭偽\"}, {\"word\": \"诡伪\"}, {\"roman\": \"chéngwěi\", \"word\": \"誠偽\"}, {\"roman\": \"chéngwěi\", \"word\": \"诚伪\"}, {\"word\": \"詿偽\"}, {\"word\": \"诖伪\"}, {\"word\": \"誣偽\"}, {\"word\": \"诬伪\"}, {\"word\": \"請偽\"}, {\"word\": \"请伪\"}, {\"word\": \"諂偽\"}, {\"word\": \"谄伪\"}, {\"word\": \"讎偽\"}, {\"word\": \"雠伪\"}, {\"word\": \"輕偽\"}, {\"word\": \"轻伪\"}, {\"word\": \"遂偽\"}, {\"word\": \"遂伪\"}, {\"word\": \"邀偽\"}, {\"word\": \"邀伪\"}, {\"word\": \"邪偽\"}, {\"word\": \"邪伪\"}, {\"word\": \"酢偽\"}, {\"word\": \"酢伪\"}, {\"word\": \"闇偽\"}, {\"word\": \"暗伪\"}, {\"word\": \"隱偽\"}, {\"word\": \"隐伪\"}, {\"word\": \"雕偽\"}, {\"word\": \"雜偽\"}, {\"word\": \"杂伪\"}, {\"word\": \"飾偽\"}, {\"word\": \"饰伪\"}], \"etymology_templates\": [{\"args\": {\"1\": \"僞\", \"f\": \"爲\", \"t\": \"為\"}, \"expansion\": \"Simplified from 僞 (爲 → 為)\", \"name\": \"Han simp\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"zh\", \"2\": \"Han phono-semantic compounds\"}, \"expansion\": \"\", \"name\": \"categorize\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"psc\", \"adj\": \"\", \"nocap\": \"\", \"pron\": \"OC *ŋʷrals\"}, \"expansion\": \"Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋʷrals)\", \"name\": \"liushu\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"人\", \"2\": \"為\", \"alt1\": \"亻\", \"c1\": \"s\", \"c2\": \"p\", \"ls\": \"psc\", \"t1\": \"man\", \"t2\": \"to make\"}, \"expansion\": \"Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋʷrals): semantic 亻 (“man”) + phonetic 為 (OC *ɢʷal, *ɢʷals, “to make”)\", \"name\": \"Han compound\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"為\", \"2\": \"to act as\", \"id\": \"1\"}, \"expansion\": \"為 (OC *ɢʷal, “to act as”)\", \"name\": \"och-l\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"Karlgren, 1956\"}, \"expansion\": \"Karlgren, 1956\", \"name\": \"zh-ref\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"Wang, 1982\"}, \"expansion\": \"Wang, 1982\", \"name\": \"zh-ref\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"Baxter and Sagart, 2014\"}, \"expansion\": \"Baxter and Sagart, 2014\", \"name\": \"zh-ref\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"訛\", \"2\": \"erroneous\"}, \"expansion\": \"訛 (OC *ŋʷaːl, “erroneous”)\", \"name\": \"och-l\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"Schuessler, 2007\"}, \"expansion\": \"Schuessler, 2007\", \"name\": \"zh-ref\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"bo\", \"2\": \"རྔོད\", \"3\": \"\", \"4\": \"to deceive\"}, \"expansion\": \"Tibetan རྔོད (rngod, “to deceive”)\", \"name\": \"cog\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"Gong, 1995\"}, \"expansion\": \"Gong, 1995\", \"name\": \"zh-ref\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"Schuessler, 2007\"}, \"expansion\": \"Schuessler, 2007\", \"name\": \"zh-ref\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"Hill, 2014\"}, \"expansion\": \"Hill, 2014\", \"name\": \"zh-ref\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"Jacques (2022, 2023)\"}, \"expansion\": \"Jacques (2022, 2023)\", \"name\": \"zh-ref\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"ltc\", \"2\": \"-\"}, \"expansion\": \"Middle Chinese\", \"name\": \"cog\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"偽\"}, \"expansion\": \"偽 (MC ngjweH)\", \"name\": \"ltc-l\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"訛\"}, \"expansion\": \"訛 (MC ngwa)\", \"name\": \"ltc-l\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"zh\", \"2\": \"偽\"}, \"expansion\": \"偽\", \"name\": \"lang\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"為\", \"tr\": \"waj\"}, \"expansion\": \"為 (OC waj)\", \"name\": \"och-l\"}], \"etymology_text\": \"Simplified from 僞 (爲 → 為). Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋʷrals): semantic 亻 (“man”) + phonetic 為 (OC *ɢʷal, *ɢʷals, “to make”), originally “artificial”.\\nOften thought to be derived from 為 (OC *ɢʷal, “to act as”) (Karlgren, 1956; Wang, 1982; Baxter and Sagart, 2014).\\nAlternatively, it may be cognate to 訛 (OC *ŋʷaːl, “erroneous”) (Schuessler, 2007); this may be compared to Tibetan རྔོད (rngod, “to deceive”), though the -d in Tibetan is unexplained (Gong, 1995; Schuessler, 2007; Hill, 2014).\\nJacques (2022, 2023) seems to attempt to unify the two etymologies above. He argues the Middle Chinese initial ng- in both 偽 (MC ngjweH) and 訛 (MC ngwa) come from a middle voice/intransitivizing prefix *ŋ-. 偽, reconstructed as *ŋ-waj-s, would be derived from 為 (OC waj) as the root.\", \"forms\": [{\"form\": \"伪\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Simplified Chinese\"]}, {\"form\": \"僞\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Traditional Chinese\"]}], \"head_templates\": [{\"args\": {\"1\": \"zh\", \"2\": \"hanzi\"}, \"expansion\": \"偽\", \"name\": \"head\"}], \"lang\": \"Chinese\", \"lang_code\": \"zh\", \"pos\": \"character\", \"senses\": [{\"categories\": [\"Literary Chinese terms with quotations\", \"Mandarin terms with usage examples\"], \"examples\": [{\"english\": \"hypocritical; hypocrisy\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Traditional Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"xūwěi\", \"text\": \"虛偽\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"hypocritical; hypocrisy\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Simplified Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"xūwěi\", \"text\": \"虚伪\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"to forge; to counterfeit\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Traditional Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"wěizào\", \"text\": \"偽造\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"to forge; to counterfeit\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Simplified Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"wěizào\", \"text\": \"伪造\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"counterfeit banknote\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Traditional Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"wěichāo\", \"text\": \"偽鈔\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"counterfeit banknote\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Simplified Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"wěichāo\", \"text\": \"伪钞\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"pseudoephedrine\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Traditional Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"wěimáhuángjiǎn\", \"text\": \"偽麻黃鹼\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"pseudoephedrine\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Simplified Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"wěimáhuángjiǎn\", \"text\": \"伪麻黄碱\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"Man's nature is bad; his goodness is artificial.\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Classical Chinese\", \"Traditional Chinese\"], \"ref\": \" Xunzi, c. 3ʳᵈ century BCE\", \"roman\": \"Rén zhī xìng è, qí shàn zhě wěi yě.\", \"tags\": [\"Pinyin\"], \"text\": \"人之性惡，其善者偽也。\", \"type\": \"quote\"}, {\"english\": \"Man's nature is bad; his goodness is artificial.\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Classical Chinese\", \"Simplified Chinese\"], \"ref\": \" Xunzi, c. 3ʳᵈ century BCE\", \"roman\": \"Rén zhī xìng è, qí shàn zhě wěi yě.\", \"tags\": [\"Pinyin\"], \"text\": \"人之性恶，其善者伪也。\", \"type\": \"quote\"}], \"glosses\": [\"false; counterfeit; bogus; fake; pseudo-; artificial\"], \"links\": [[\"false\", \"false\"], [\"counterfeit\", \"counterfeit\"], [\"bogus\", \"bogus\"], [\"fake\", \"fake\"], [\"pseudo-\", \"pseudo-\"], [\"artificial\", \"artificial\"]]}, {\"glosses\": [\"falsehood; untruthfulness\"], \"links\": [[\"falsehood\", \"falsehood\"], [\"untruthfulness\", \"untruthfulness\"]]}, {\"categories\": [\"Mandarin terms with usage examples\"], \"examples\": [{\"english\": \"puppet government\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Traditional Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"wěizhèngquán\", \"text\": \"偽政權\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"puppet government\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Simplified Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"wěizhèngquán\", \"text\": \"伪政权\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"Manchukuo\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Traditional Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"Wěi-Mǎnzhōuguó\", \"text\": \"偽滿洲國\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"Manchukuo\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Simplified Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"Wěi-Mǎnzhōuguó\", \"text\": \"伪满洲国\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"the Peking University under the control of Chinese puppet state of the Empire of Japan\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Traditional Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"Wěi Běijīng Dàxué\", \"text\": \"偽北京大學\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"the Peking University under the control of Chinese puppet state of the Empire of Japan\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Simplified Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"Wěi Běijīng Dàxué\", \"text\": \"伪北京大学\", \"type\": \"example\"}], \"glosses\": [\"illegal; illegitimate\"], \"links\": [[\"illegal\", \"illegal\"], [\"illegitimate\", \"illegitimate\"]]}], \"sounds\": [{\"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"Pinyin\"], \"zh-pron\": \"wěi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"Pinyin\"], \"zh-pron\": \"wèi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"bopomofo\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ㄨㄟˇ\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"bopomofo\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ㄨㄟˋ\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Cantonese\", \"Jyutping\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngai⁶\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Hakka\", \"PFS\", \"Sixian\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngúi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Guangdong\", \"Hakka\", \"Meixian\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngui³\"}, {\"zh-pron\": \"ngôi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"POJ\"], \"zh-pron\": \"gūi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"POJ\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ūi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"POJ\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ûi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Peng'im\", \"Teochew\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngui⁶\"}, {\"zh-pron\": \"⁶we\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Hanyu-Pinyin\", \"Mandarin\"], \"zh-pron\": \"wěi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"Tongyong-Pinyin\"], \"zh-pron\": \"wěi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"Wade-Giles\"], \"zh-pron\": \"wei³\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"Yale\"], \"zh-pron\": \"wěi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Gwoyeu-Romatsyh\", \"Mandarin\"], \"zh-pron\": \"woei\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"Palladius\"], \"zh-pron\": \"вэй\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"Palladius\"], \"zh-pron\": \"vɛj\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/weɪ̯²¹⁴/\", \"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"Sinological-IPA\"]}, {\"tags\": [\"Hanyu-Pinyin\", \"Mandarin\"], \"zh-pron\": \"wèi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"Tongyong-Pinyin\"], \"zh-pron\": \"wèi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"Wade-Giles\"], \"zh-pron\": \"wei⁴\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"Yale\"], \"zh-pron\": \"wèi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Gwoyeu-Romatsyh\", \"Mandarin\"], \"zh-pron\": \"wey\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/weɪ̯⁵¹/\", \"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"Sinological-IPA\"]}, {\"tags\": [\"Cantonese\", \"Guangzhou\", \"Hong-Kong\", \"Jyutping\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngai⁶\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Cantonese\", \"Guangzhou\", \"Hong-Kong\", \"Yale\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngaih\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Cantonese\", \"Guangzhou\", \"Hong-Kong\", \"Pinyin\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngai⁶\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Cantonese\", \"Guangdong-Romanization\", \"Guangzhou\", \"Hong-Kong\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngei⁶\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ŋɐi̯²²/\", \"tags\": [\"Cantonese\", \"Guangzhou\", \"Hong-Kong\", \"Sinological-IPA\"]}, {\"tags\": [\"Hakka\", \"Phak-fa-su\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngúi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Hakka\", \"Hakka-Romanization-System\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngui^ˋ\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Hagfa-Pinyim\", \"Hakka\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngui³\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ŋu̯i³¹/\", \"tags\": [\"Hakka\", \"Sinological-IPA\"]}, {\"ipa\": \"/ŋuɪ³¹/\", \"tags\": [\"Hakka\", \"Meixian\", \"Sinological-IPA\"]}, {\"tags\": [\"Foochow-Romanized\", \"Fuzhou\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngôi\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ŋui²⁴²/\", \"tags\": [\"Fuzhou\", \"Sinological-IPA\"]}, {\"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"Tai-lo\"], \"zh-pron\": \"guī\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"Phofsit-Daibuun\"], \"zh-pron\": \"gui\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ɡui²²/\", \"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"Xiamen\", \"Zhangzhou\"]}, {\"ipa\": \"/ɡui³³/\", \"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"Kaohsiung\", \"Taipei\"]}, {\"ipa\": \"/ɡui⁴¹/\", \"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"Quanzhou\"]}, {\"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"Tai-lo\"], \"zh-pron\": \"uī\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"Phofsit-Daibuun\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ui\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ui²²/\", \"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"Xiamen\", \"Zhangzhou\"]}, {\"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"Tai-lo\"], \"zh-pron\": \"uî\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"Phofsit-Daibuun\"], \"zh-pron\": \"uii\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ui²⁴/\", \"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"Jinjiang\", \"Quanzhou\"]}, {\"tags\": [\"POJ\", \"Teochew\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngŭi\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ŋui³⁵/\", \"tags\": [\"Sinological-IPA\", \"Teochew\"]}, {\"tags\": [\"Northern\", \"Wu\"], \"zh-pron\": \"⁶we\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Northern\", \"Wu\"], \"zh-pron\": \"we^去\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Northern\", \"Wu\"], \"zh-pron\": \"³hhue\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Northern\", \"Wu\"], \"zh-pron\": \"/ɦue²³/\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Middle-Chinese\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngjweH\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Baxter-Sagart\", \"Old-Chinese\"], \"zh-pron\": \"/*N-ɢʷ(r)aj-s/\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Baxter-Sagart\", \"Old-Chinese\"], \"zh-pron\": \"/*m-ɢʷ(r)aj-s/\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Old-Chinese\", \"Zhengzhang\"], \"zh-pron\": \"/*ŋʷrals/\"}, {\"other\": \"/ ūi /\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/weɪ̯²¹⁴/\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/weɪ̯⁵¹/\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ŋɐi̯²²/\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ŋu̯i³¹/\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ŋuɪ³¹/\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ŋui²⁴²/\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ɡui²²/\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ɡui³³/\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ɡui⁴¹/\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ui²²/\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ui²⁴/\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ŋui³⁵/\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ɦue²³/\"}, {\"other\": \"/*N-ɢʷ(r)aj-s/\"}, {\"other\": \"/*m-ɢʷ(r)aj-s/\"}, {\"other\": \"/*ŋʷrals/\"}], \"word\": \"偽\"}",
"path": [],
"section": "Chinese",
"subsection": "character",
"title": "偽",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "wiktionary/179/20240425uppercase_tags",
"msg": "偽/Chinese/character: invalid uppercase tag Old-Chinese not in or uppercase_tags: {\"categories\": [\"CJKV simplified characters\", \"Chinese adjectives\", \"Chinese entries with incorrect language header\", \"Chinese hanzi\", \"Chinese lemmas\", \"Chinese nouns\", \"Chinese terms spelled with 偽\", \"Chinese terms with IPA pronunciation\", \"Eastern Min adjectives\", \"Eastern Min hanzi\", \"Eastern Min lemmas\", \"Eastern Min nouns\", \"Middle Chinese adjectives\", \"Middle Chinese hanzi\", \"Middle Chinese lemmas\", \"Middle Chinese nouns\", \"Old Chinese adjectives\", \"Old Chinese hanzi\", \"Old Chinese lemmas\", \"Old Chinese nouns\", \"Pages with 5 entries\", \"Pages with entries\"], \"derived\": [{\"word\": \"世偽\"}, {\"word\": \"世伪\"}, {\"word\": \"乖偽\"}, {\"word\": \"乖伪\"}, {\"word\": \"乘偽行詐\"}, {\"word\": \"乘伪行诈\"}, {\"word\": \"以偽亂真\"}, {\"word\": \"以伪乱真\"}, {\"roman\": \"zuòwěi\", \"word\": \"作偽\"}, {\"roman\": \"zuòwěi\", \"word\": \"作伪\"}, {\"word\": \"侈偽\"}, {\"word\": \"侈伪\"}, {\"word\": \"偽人\"}, {\"word\": \"伪人\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěizuò\", \"word\": \"偽作\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěizuò\", \"word\": \"伪作\"}, {\"word\": \"偽俗\"}, {\"word\": \"伪俗\"}, {\"word\": \"假偽\"}, {\"word\": \"假伪\"}, {\"word\": \"偽傳\"}, {\"word\": \"伪传\"}, {\"word\": \"偽冒\"}, {\"word\": \"伪冒\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěiliè\", \"word\": \"偽劣\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěiliè\", \"word\": \"伪劣\"}, {\"word\": \"偽化\"}, {\"word\": \"伪化\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěishǐ\", \"word\": \"偽史\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěishǐ\", \"word\": \"伪史\"}, {\"word\": \"偽名\"}, {\"word\": \"伪名\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěijūnzǐ\", \"word\": \"偽君子\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěijūnzǐ\", \"word\": \"伪君子\"}, {\"word\": \"偽命\"}, {\"word\": \"伪命\"}, {\"word\": \"偽品\"}, {\"word\": \"伪品\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěishàn\", \"word\": \"偽善\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěishàn\", \"word\": \"伪善\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěiguó\", \"word\": \"偽國\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěiguó\", \"word\": \"伪国\"}, {\"word\": \"偽塗\"}, {\"word\": \"伪涂\"}, {\"word\": \"偽夫\"}, {\"word\": \"伪夫\"}, {\"word\": \"偽妄\"}, {\"word\": \"伪妄\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěiniáng\", \"word\": \"偽娘\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěiniáng\", \"word\": \"伪娘\"}, {\"word\": \"偽媮\"}, {\"word\": \"伪偷\"}, {\"word\": \"偽孔\"}, {\"word\": \"伪孔\"}, {\"word\": \"偽孔傳\"}, {\"word\": \"伪孔传\"}, {\"word\": \"偽字\"}, {\"word\": \"伪字\"}, {\"word\": \"偽學\"}, {\"word\": \"伪学\"}, {\"word\": \"偽定\"}, {\"word\": \"伪定\"}, {\"word\": \"偽客\"}, {\"word\": \"伪客\"}, {\"word\": \"偽局\"}, {\"word\": \"伪局\"}, {\"word\": \"偽巧\"}, {\"word\": \"伪巧\"}, {\"word\": \"偽師\"}, {\"word\": \"伪师\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěibì\", \"word\": \"偽幣\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěibì\", \"word\": \"伪币\"}, {\"word\": \"偽庭\"}, {\"word\": \"伪庭\"}, {\"word\": \"偽廉\"}, {\"word\": \"伪廉\"}, {\"word\": \"偽廷\"}, {\"word\": \"伪廷\"}, {\"word\": \"偽從\"}, {\"word\": \"伪从\"}, {\"word\": \"偽心\"}, {\"word\": \"伪心\"}, {\"word\": \"偽怠\"}, {\"word\": \"伪怠\"}, {\"word\": \"偽惑\"}, {\"word\": \"伪惑\"}, {\"word\": \"偽情\"}, {\"word\": \"伪情\"}, {\"word\": \"偽意\"}, {\"word\": \"伪意\"}, {\"word\": \"偽態\"}, {\"word\": \"伪态\"}, {\"word\": \"偽戾\"}, {\"word\": \"伪戾\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěituō\", \"word\": \"偽托\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěituō\", \"word\": \"伪托\"}, {\"word\": \"偽撰\"}, {\"word\": \"偽政府\"}, {\"word\": \"伪政府\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěizhèngquán\", \"word\": \"偽政權\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěizhèngquán\", \"word\": \"伪政权\"}, {\"word\": \"偽方\"}, {\"word\": \"伪方\"}, {\"word\": \"偽易\"}, {\"word\": \"伪易\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěishū\", \"word\": \"偽書\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěishū\", \"word\": \"伪书\"}, {\"word\": \"偽服\"}, {\"word\": \"伪服\"}, {\"word\": \"偽朝\"}, {\"word\": \"伪朝\"}, {\"word\": \"偽本\"}, {\"word\": \"伪本\"}, {\"word\": \"偽民\"}, {\"word\": \"伪民\"}, {\"roman\": \"Wěimǎn\", \"word\": \"偽滿\"}, {\"roman\": \"Wěimǎn\", \"word\": \"伪满\"}, {\"roman\": \"Wěi-Mǎnzhōuguó\", \"word\": \"偽滿洲國\"}, {\"roman\": \"Wěi-Mǎnzhōuguó\", \"word\": \"伪满洲国\"}, {\"word\": \"偽物\"}, {\"word\": \"伪物\"}, {\"word\": \"偽百合\"}, {\"word\": \"伪百合\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěihuáng\", \"word\": \"偽皇\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěihuáng\", \"word\": \"伪皇\"}, {\"word\": \"偽真\"}, {\"word\": \"伪真\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěikēxué\", \"word\": \"偽科學\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěikēxué\", \"word\": \"伪科学\"}, {\"word\": \"偽端\"}, {\"word\": \"伪端\"}, {\"word\": \"偽筍\"}, {\"word\": \"伪笋\"}, {\"word\": \"偽組織\"}, {\"word\": \"伪组织\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěijīng\", \"word\": \"偽經\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěijīng\", \"word\": \"伪经\"}, {\"word\": \"偽繆\"}, {\"word\": \"伪缪\"}, {\"word\": \"偽臣\"}, {\"word\": \"伪臣\"}, {\"word\": \"偽荊卿\"}, {\"word\": \"伪荆卿\"}, {\"word\": \"偽蔽\"}, {\"word\": \"伪蔽\"}, {\"word\": \"偽薄\"}, {\"word\": \"伪薄\"}, {\"word\": \"偽藥\"}, {\"word\": \"伪药\"}, {\"word\": \"偽蠶\"}, {\"word\": \"伪蚕\"}, {\"word\": \"偽行\"}, {\"word\": \"伪行\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěizhuāng\", \"word\": \"偽裝\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěizhuāng\", \"word\": \"伪装\"}, {\"word\": \"偽裝滲透\"}, {\"word\": \"伪装渗透\"}, {\"word\": \"偽言\"}, {\"word\": \"伪言\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěituō\", \"word\": \"偽託\"}, {\"word\": \"偽詐\"}, {\"word\": \"伪诈\"}, {\"word\": \"偽說\"}, {\"word\": \"伪说\"}, {\"word\": \"偽論\"}, {\"word\": \"伪论\"}, {\"word\": \"偽謬\"}, {\"word\": \"伪谬\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěizhèng\", \"word\": \"偽證\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěizhèng\", \"word\": \"伪证\"}, {\"word\": \"偽譔\"}, {\"word\": \"伪撰\"}, {\"word\": \"偽議\"}, {\"word\": \"伪议\"}, {\"word\": \"偽讓\"}, {\"word\": \"伪让\"}, {\"word\": \"偽貌\"}, {\"word\": \"伪貌\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěizú\", \"word\": \"偽足\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěizú\", \"word\": \"伪足\"}, {\"word\": \"偽跡\"}, {\"word\": \"伪迹\"}, {\"word\": \"偽蹟\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěijūn\", \"word\": \"偽軍\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěijūn\", \"word\": \"伪军\"}, {\"word\": \"偽辭\"}, {\"word\": \"伪辞\"}, {\"word\": \"偽辯\"}, {\"word\": \"伪辩\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěizào\", \"word\": \"偽造\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěizào\", \"word\": \"伪造\"}, {\"word\": \"偽造文書\"}, {\"word\": \"伪造文书\"}, {\"word\": \"偽道\"}, {\"word\": \"伪道\"}, {\"word\": \"偽金錢\"}, {\"word\": \"伪金钱\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěichāo\", \"word\": \"偽鈔\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěichāo\", \"word\": \"伪钞\"}, {\"word\": \"偽錢\"}, {\"word\": \"伪钱\"}, {\"word\": \"偽飾\"}, {\"word\": \"伪饰\"}, {\"word\": \"偽體\"}, {\"word\": \"伪体\"}, {\"word\": \"偽鳳\"}, {\"word\": \"伪凤\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěimáhuángjiǎn\", \"word\": \"偽麻黃鹼\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěimáhuángjiǎn\", \"word\": \"伪麻黄碱\"}, {\"word\": \"偽黨\"}, {\"word\": \"伪党\"}, {\"word\": \"僭偽\"}, {\"word\": \"僭伪\"}, {\"word\": \"凶偽\"}, {\"word\": \"別裁偽體\"}, {\"word\": \"别裁伪体\"}, {\"word\": \"化性起偽\"}, {\"word\": \"化性起伪\"}, {\"word\": \"南偽\"}, {\"word\": \"南伪\"}, {\"word\": \"厭偽\"}, {\"word\": \"厌伪\"}, {\"roman\": \"qùwěicúnzhēn\", \"word\": \"去偽存真\"}, {\"roman\": \"qùwěicúnzhēn\", \"word\": \"去伪存真\"}, {\"word\": \"妖偽\"}, {\"word\": \"妖伪\"}, {\"word\": \"姦偽\"}, {\"word\": \"奸伪\"}, {\"word\": \"巧偽\"}, {\"word\": \"巧伪\"}, {\"word\": \"幻偽\"}, {\"word\": \"幻伪\"}, {\"word\": \"彫偽\"}, {\"word\": \"雕伪\"}, {\"word\": \"情偽\"}, {\"word\": \"情伪\"}, {\"word\": \"慝偽\"}, {\"word\": \"慝伪\"}, {\"roman\": \"díwěi\", \"word\": \"敵偽\"}, {\"roman\": \"díwěi\", \"word\": \"敌伪\"}, {\"word\": \"晦偽\"}, {\"word\": \"晦伪\"}, {\"word\": \"智偽\"}, {\"word\": \"智伪\"}, {\"word\": \"棄偽從真\"}, {\"word\": \"弃伪从真\"}, {\"word\": \"機偽\"}, {\"word\": \"机伪\"}, {\"word\": \"樹偽\"}, {\"word\": \"树伪\"}, {\"word\": \"欺偽\"}, {\"word\": \"欺伪\"}, {\"word\": \"汙偽\"}, {\"word\": \"污伪\"}, {\"word\": \"浮偽\"}, {\"word\": \"浮伪\"}, {\"word\": \"淺偽\"}, {\"word\": \"浅伪\"}, {\"word\": \"淫偽\"}, {\"word\": \"淫伪\"}, {\"word\": \"澆偽\"}, {\"word\": \"浇伪\"}, {\"word\": \"濫偽\"}, {\"word\": \"滥伪\"}, {\"word\": \"煩偽\"}, {\"word\": \"烦伪\"}, {\"word\": \"狡偽\"}, {\"word\": \"狡伪\"}, {\"word\": \"猾偽\"}, {\"word\": \"猾伪\"}, {\"word\": \"番偽\"}, {\"word\": \"番伪\"}, {\"word\": \"百偽\"}, {\"word\": \"百伪\"}, {\"roman\": \"zhēnwěi\", \"word\": \"真偽\"}, {\"roman\": \"zhēnwěi\", \"word\": \"真伪\"}, {\"word\": \"真偽莫辨\"}, {\"word\": \"真伪莫辨\"}, {\"word\": \"眾偽\"}, {\"word\": \"众伪\"}, {\"word\": \"矜偽\"}, {\"word\": \"矜伪\"}, {\"word\": \"矯偽\"}, {\"word\": \"矫伪\"}, {\"word\": \"矯言偽行\"}, {\"word\": \"矫言伪行\"}, {\"word\": \"矯飾偽行\"}, {\"word\": \"矫饰伪行\"}, {\"word\": \"祅偽\"}, {\"word\": \"祅伪\"}, {\"word\": \"積偽\"}, {\"word\": \"积伪\"}, {\"word\": \"空偽\"}, {\"word\": \"空伪\"}, {\"word\": \"篡偽\"}, {\"word\": \"篡伪\"}, {\"word\": \"苦偽\"}, {\"word\": \"苦伪\"}, {\"word\": \"華偽\"}, {\"word\": \"华伪\"}, {\"roman\": \"xūwěi\", \"word\": \"虛偽\"}, {\"roman\": \"xūwěi\", \"word\": \"虚伪\"}, {\"word\": \"蠱偽\"}, {\"word\": \"蛊伪\"}, {\"word\": \"行偽\"}, {\"word\": \"行伪\"}, {\"word\": \"託偽\"}, {\"word\": \"托伪\"}, {\"word\": \"訛偽\"}, {\"word\": \"讹伪\"}, {\"word\": \"詐偽\"}, {\"word\": \"诈伪\"}, {\"word\": \"詭偽\"}, {\"word\": \"诡伪\"}, {\"roman\": \"chéngwěi\", \"word\": \"誠偽\"}, {\"roman\": \"chéngwěi\", \"word\": \"诚伪\"}, {\"word\": \"詿偽\"}, {\"word\": \"诖伪\"}, {\"word\": \"誣偽\"}, {\"word\": \"诬伪\"}, {\"word\": \"請偽\"}, {\"word\": \"请伪\"}, {\"word\": \"諂偽\"}, {\"word\": \"谄伪\"}, {\"word\": \"讎偽\"}, {\"word\": \"雠伪\"}, {\"word\": \"輕偽\"}, {\"word\": \"轻伪\"}, {\"word\": \"遂偽\"}, {\"word\": \"遂伪\"}, {\"word\": \"邀偽\"}, {\"word\": \"邀伪\"}, {\"word\": \"邪偽\"}, {\"word\": \"邪伪\"}, {\"word\": \"酢偽\"}, {\"word\": \"酢伪\"}, {\"word\": \"闇偽\"}, {\"word\": \"暗伪\"}, {\"word\": \"隱偽\"}, {\"word\": \"隐伪\"}, {\"word\": \"雕偽\"}, {\"word\": \"雜偽\"}, {\"word\": \"杂伪\"}, {\"word\": \"飾偽\"}, {\"word\": \"饰伪\"}], \"etymology_templates\": [{\"args\": {\"1\": \"僞\", \"f\": \"爲\", \"t\": \"為\"}, \"expansion\": \"Simplified from 僞 (爲 → 為)\", \"name\": \"Han simp\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"zh\", \"2\": \"Han phono-semantic compounds\"}, \"expansion\": \"\", \"name\": \"categorize\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"psc\", \"adj\": \"\", \"nocap\": \"\", \"pron\": \"OC *ŋʷrals\"}, \"expansion\": \"Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋʷrals)\", \"name\": \"liushu\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"人\", \"2\": \"為\", \"alt1\": \"亻\", \"c1\": \"s\", \"c2\": \"p\", \"ls\": \"psc\", \"t1\": \"man\", \"t2\": \"to make\"}, \"expansion\": \"Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋʷrals): semantic 亻 (“man”) + phonetic 為 (OC *ɢʷal, *ɢʷals, “to make”)\", \"name\": \"Han compound\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"為\", \"2\": \"to act as\", \"id\": \"1\"}, \"expansion\": \"為 (OC *ɢʷal, “to act as”)\", \"name\": \"och-l\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"Karlgren, 1956\"}, \"expansion\": \"Karlgren, 1956\", \"name\": \"zh-ref\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"Wang, 1982\"}, \"expansion\": \"Wang, 1982\", \"name\": \"zh-ref\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"Baxter and Sagart, 2014\"}, \"expansion\": \"Baxter and Sagart, 2014\", \"name\": \"zh-ref\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"訛\", \"2\": \"erroneous\"}, \"expansion\": \"訛 (OC *ŋʷaːl, “erroneous”)\", \"name\": \"och-l\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"Schuessler, 2007\"}, \"expansion\": \"Schuessler, 2007\", \"name\": \"zh-ref\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"bo\", \"2\": \"རྔོད\", \"3\": \"\", \"4\": \"to deceive\"}, \"expansion\": \"Tibetan རྔོད (rngod, “to deceive”)\", \"name\": \"cog\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"Gong, 1995\"}, \"expansion\": \"Gong, 1995\", \"name\": \"zh-ref\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"Schuessler, 2007\"}, \"expansion\": \"Schuessler, 2007\", \"name\": \"zh-ref\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"Hill, 2014\"}, \"expansion\": \"Hill, 2014\", \"name\": \"zh-ref\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"Jacques (2022, 2023)\"}, \"expansion\": \"Jacques (2022, 2023)\", \"name\": \"zh-ref\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"ltc\", \"2\": \"-\"}, \"expansion\": \"Middle Chinese\", \"name\": \"cog\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"偽\"}, \"expansion\": \"偽 (MC ngjweH)\", \"name\": \"ltc-l\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"訛\"}, \"expansion\": \"訛 (MC ngwa)\", \"name\": \"ltc-l\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"zh\", \"2\": \"偽\"}, \"expansion\": \"偽\", \"name\": \"lang\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"為\", \"tr\": \"waj\"}, \"expansion\": \"為 (OC waj)\", \"name\": \"och-l\"}], \"etymology_text\": \"Simplified from 僞 (爲 → 為). Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋʷrals): semantic 亻 (“man”) + phonetic 為 (OC *ɢʷal, *ɢʷals, “to make”), originally “artificial”.\\nOften thought to be derived from 為 (OC *ɢʷal, “to act as”) (Karlgren, 1956; Wang, 1982; Baxter and Sagart, 2014).\\nAlternatively, it may be cognate to 訛 (OC *ŋʷaːl, “erroneous”) (Schuessler, 2007); this may be compared to Tibetan རྔོད (rngod, “to deceive”), though the -d in Tibetan is unexplained (Gong, 1995; Schuessler, 2007; Hill, 2014).\\nJacques (2022, 2023) seems to attempt to unify the two etymologies above. He argues the Middle Chinese initial ng- in both 偽 (MC ngjweH) and 訛 (MC ngwa) come from a middle voice/intransitivizing prefix *ŋ-. 偽, reconstructed as *ŋ-waj-s, would be derived from 為 (OC waj) as the root.\", \"forms\": [{\"form\": \"伪\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Simplified Chinese\"]}, {\"form\": \"僞\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Traditional Chinese\"]}], \"head_templates\": [{\"args\": {\"1\": \"zh\", \"2\": \"hanzi\"}, \"expansion\": \"偽\", \"name\": \"head\"}], \"lang\": \"Chinese\", \"lang_code\": \"zh\", \"pos\": \"character\", \"senses\": [{\"categories\": [\"Literary Chinese terms with quotations\", \"Mandarin terms with usage examples\"], \"examples\": [{\"english\": \"hypocritical; hypocrisy\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Traditional Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"xūwěi\", \"text\": \"虛偽\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"hypocritical; hypocrisy\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Simplified Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"xūwěi\", \"text\": \"虚伪\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"to forge; to counterfeit\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Traditional Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"wěizào\", \"text\": \"偽造\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"to forge; to counterfeit\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Simplified Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"wěizào\", \"text\": \"伪造\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"counterfeit banknote\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Traditional Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"wěichāo\", \"text\": \"偽鈔\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"counterfeit banknote\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Simplified Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"wěichāo\", \"text\": \"伪钞\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"pseudoephedrine\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Traditional Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"wěimáhuángjiǎn\", \"text\": \"偽麻黃鹼\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"pseudoephedrine\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Simplified Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"wěimáhuángjiǎn\", \"text\": \"伪麻黄碱\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"Man's nature is bad; his goodness is artificial.\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Classical Chinese\", \"Traditional Chinese\"], \"ref\": \" Xunzi, c. 3ʳᵈ century BCE\", \"roman\": \"Rén zhī xìng è, qí shàn zhě wěi yě.\", \"tags\": [\"Pinyin\"], \"text\": \"人之性惡，其善者偽也。\", \"type\": \"quote\"}, {\"english\": \"Man's nature is bad; his goodness is artificial.\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Classical Chinese\", \"Simplified Chinese\"], \"ref\": \" Xunzi, c. 3ʳᵈ century BCE\", \"roman\": \"Rén zhī xìng è, qí shàn zhě wěi yě.\", \"tags\": [\"Pinyin\"], \"text\": \"人之性恶，其善者伪也。\", \"type\": \"quote\"}], \"glosses\": [\"false; counterfeit; bogus; fake; pseudo-; artificial\"], \"links\": [[\"false\", \"false\"], [\"counterfeit\", \"counterfeit\"], [\"bogus\", \"bogus\"], [\"fake\", \"fake\"], [\"pseudo-\", \"pseudo-\"], [\"artificial\", \"artificial\"]]}, {\"glosses\": [\"falsehood; untruthfulness\"], \"links\": [[\"falsehood\", \"falsehood\"], [\"untruthfulness\", \"untruthfulness\"]]}, {\"categories\": [\"Mandarin terms with usage examples\"], \"examples\": [{\"english\": \"puppet government\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Traditional Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"wěizhèngquán\", \"text\": \"偽政權\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"puppet government\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Simplified Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"wěizhèngquán\", \"text\": \"伪政权\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"Manchukuo\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Traditional Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"Wěi-Mǎnzhōuguó\", \"text\": \"偽滿洲國\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"Manchukuo\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Simplified Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"Wěi-Mǎnzhōuguó\", \"text\": \"伪满洲国\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"the Peking University under the control of Chinese puppet state of the Empire of Japan\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Traditional Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"Wěi Běijīng Dàxué\", \"text\": \"偽北京大學\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"the Peking University under the control of Chinese puppet state of the Empire of Japan\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Simplified Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"Wěi Běijīng Dàxué\", \"text\": \"伪北京大学\", \"type\": \"example\"}], \"glosses\": [\"illegal; illegitimate\"], \"links\": [[\"illegal\", \"illegal\"], [\"illegitimate\", \"illegitimate\"]]}], \"sounds\": [{\"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"Pinyin\"], \"zh-pron\": \"wěi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"Pinyin\"], \"zh-pron\": \"wèi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"bopomofo\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ㄨㄟˇ\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"bopomofo\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ㄨㄟˋ\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Cantonese\", \"Jyutping\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngai⁶\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Hakka\", \"PFS\", \"Sixian\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngúi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Guangdong\", \"Hakka\", \"Meixian\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngui³\"}, {\"zh-pron\": \"ngôi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"POJ\"], \"zh-pron\": \"gūi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"POJ\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ūi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"POJ\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ûi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Peng'im\", \"Teochew\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngui⁶\"}, {\"zh-pron\": \"⁶we\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Hanyu-Pinyin\", \"Mandarin\"], \"zh-pron\": \"wěi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"Tongyong-Pinyin\"], \"zh-pron\": \"wěi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"Wade-Giles\"], \"zh-pron\": \"wei³\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"Yale\"], \"zh-pron\": \"wěi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Gwoyeu-Romatsyh\", \"Mandarin\"], \"zh-pron\": \"woei\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"Palladius\"], \"zh-pron\": \"вэй\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"Palladius\"], \"zh-pron\": \"vɛj\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/weɪ̯²¹⁴/\", \"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"Sinological-IPA\"]}, {\"tags\": [\"Hanyu-Pinyin\", \"Mandarin\"], \"zh-pron\": \"wèi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"Tongyong-Pinyin\"], \"zh-pron\": \"wèi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"Wade-Giles\"], \"zh-pron\": \"wei⁴\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"Yale\"], \"zh-pron\": \"wèi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Gwoyeu-Romatsyh\", \"Mandarin\"], \"zh-pron\": \"wey\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/weɪ̯⁵¹/\", \"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"Sinological-IPA\"]}, {\"tags\": [\"Cantonese\", \"Guangzhou\", \"Hong-Kong\", \"Jyutping\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngai⁶\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Cantonese\", \"Guangzhou\", \"Hong-Kong\", \"Yale\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngaih\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Cantonese\", \"Guangzhou\", \"Hong-Kong\", \"Pinyin\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngai⁶\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Cantonese\", \"Guangdong-Romanization\", \"Guangzhou\", \"Hong-Kong\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngei⁶\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ŋɐi̯²²/\", \"tags\": [\"Cantonese\", \"Guangzhou\", \"Hong-Kong\", \"Sinological-IPA\"]}, {\"tags\": [\"Hakka\", \"Phak-fa-su\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngúi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Hakka\", \"Hakka-Romanization-System\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngui^ˋ\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Hagfa-Pinyim\", \"Hakka\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngui³\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ŋu̯i³¹/\", \"tags\": [\"Hakka\", \"Sinological-IPA\"]}, {\"ipa\": \"/ŋuɪ³¹/\", \"tags\": [\"Hakka\", \"Meixian\", \"Sinological-IPA\"]}, {\"tags\": [\"Foochow-Romanized\", \"Fuzhou\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngôi\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ŋui²⁴²/\", \"tags\": [\"Fuzhou\", \"Sinological-IPA\"]}, {\"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"Tai-lo\"], \"zh-pron\": \"guī\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"Phofsit-Daibuun\"], \"zh-pron\": \"gui\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ɡui²²/\", \"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"Xiamen\", \"Zhangzhou\"]}, {\"ipa\": \"/ɡui³³/\", \"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"Kaohsiung\", \"Taipei\"]}, {\"ipa\": \"/ɡui⁴¹/\", \"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"Quanzhou\"]}, {\"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"Tai-lo\"], \"zh-pron\": \"uī\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"Phofsit-Daibuun\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ui\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ui²²/\", \"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"Xiamen\", \"Zhangzhou\"]}, {\"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"Tai-lo\"], \"zh-pron\": \"uî\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"Phofsit-Daibuun\"], \"zh-pron\": \"uii\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ui²⁴/\", \"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"Jinjiang\", \"Quanzhou\"]}, {\"tags\": [\"POJ\", \"Teochew\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngŭi\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ŋui³⁵/\", \"tags\": [\"Sinological-IPA\", \"Teochew\"]}, {\"tags\": [\"Northern\", \"Wu\"], \"zh-pron\": \"⁶we\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Northern\", \"Wu\"], \"zh-pron\": \"we^去\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Northern\", \"Wu\"], \"zh-pron\": \"³hhue\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Northern\", \"Wu\"], \"zh-pron\": \"/ɦue²³/\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Middle-Chinese\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngjweH\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Baxter-Sagart\", \"Old-Chinese\"], \"zh-pron\": \"/*N-ɢʷ(r)aj-s/\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Baxter-Sagart\", \"Old-Chinese\"], \"zh-pron\": \"/*m-ɢʷ(r)aj-s/\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Old-Chinese\", \"Zhengzhang\"], \"zh-pron\": \"/*ŋʷrals/\"}, {\"other\": \"/ ūi /\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/weɪ̯²¹⁴/\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/weɪ̯⁵¹/\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ŋɐi̯²²/\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ŋu̯i³¹/\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ŋuɪ³¹/\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ŋui²⁴²/\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ɡui²²/\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ɡui³³/\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ɡui⁴¹/\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ui²²/\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ui²⁴/\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ŋui³⁵/\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ɦue²³/\"}, {\"other\": \"/*N-ɢʷ(r)aj-s/\"}, {\"other\": \"/*m-ɢʷ(r)aj-s/\"}, {\"other\": \"/*ŋʷrals/\"}], \"word\": \"偽\"}",
"path": [],
"section": "Chinese",
"subsection": "character",
"title": "偽",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "wiktionary/179/20240425uppercase_tags",
"msg": "偽/Chinese/character: invalid uppercase tag Baxter-Sagart not in or uppercase_tags: {\"categories\": [\"CJKV simplified characters\", \"Chinese adjectives\", \"Chinese entries with incorrect language header\", \"Chinese hanzi\", \"Chinese lemmas\", \"Chinese nouns\", \"Chinese terms spelled with 偽\", \"Chinese terms with IPA pronunciation\", \"Eastern Min adjectives\", \"Eastern Min hanzi\", \"Eastern Min lemmas\", \"Eastern Min nouns\", \"Middle Chinese adjectives\", \"Middle Chinese hanzi\", \"Middle Chinese lemmas\", \"Middle Chinese nouns\", \"Old Chinese adjectives\", \"Old Chinese hanzi\", \"Old Chinese lemmas\", \"Old Chinese nouns\", \"Pages with 5 entries\", \"Pages with entries\"], \"derived\": [{\"word\": \"世偽\"}, {\"word\": \"世伪\"}, {\"word\": \"乖偽\"}, {\"word\": \"乖伪\"}, {\"word\": \"乘偽行詐\"}, {\"word\": \"乘伪行诈\"}, {\"word\": \"以偽亂真\"}, {\"word\": \"以伪乱真\"}, {\"roman\": \"zuòwěi\", \"word\": \"作偽\"}, {\"roman\": \"zuòwěi\", \"word\": \"作伪\"}, {\"word\": \"侈偽\"}, {\"word\": \"侈伪\"}, {\"word\": \"偽人\"}, {\"word\": \"伪人\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěizuò\", \"word\": \"偽作\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěizuò\", \"word\": \"伪作\"}, {\"word\": \"偽俗\"}, {\"word\": \"伪俗\"}, {\"word\": \"假偽\"}, {\"word\": \"假伪\"}, {\"word\": \"偽傳\"}, {\"word\": \"伪传\"}, {\"word\": \"偽冒\"}, {\"word\": \"伪冒\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěiliè\", \"word\": \"偽劣\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěiliè\", \"word\": \"伪劣\"}, {\"word\": \"偽化\"}, {\"word\": \"伪化\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěishǐ\", \"word\": \"偽史\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěishǐ\", \"word\": \"伪史\"}, {\"word\": \"偽名\"}, {\"word\": \"伪名\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěijūnzǐ\", \"word\": \"偽君子\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěijūnzǐ\", \"word\": \"伪君子\"}, {\"word\": \"偽命\"}, {\"word\": \"伪命\"}, {\"word\": \"偽品\"}, {\"word\": \"伪品\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěishàn\", \"word\": \"偽善\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěishàn\", \"word\": \"伪善\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěiguó\", \"word\": \"偽國\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěiguó\", \"word\": \"伪国\"}, {\"word\": \"偽塗\"}, {\"word\": \"伪涂\"}, {\"word\": \"偽夫\"}, {\"word\": \"伪夫\"}, {\"word\": \"偽妄\"}, {\"word\": \"伪妄\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěiniáng\", \"word\": \"偽娘\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěiniáng\", \"word\": \"伪娘\"}, {\"word\": \"偽媮\"}, {\"word\": \"伪偷\"}, {\"word\": \"偽孔\"}, {\"word\": \"伪孔\"}, {\"word\": \"偽孔傳\"}, {\"word\": \"伪孔传\"}, {\"word\": \"偽字\"}, {\"word\": \"伪字\"}, {\"word\": \"偽學\"}, {\"word\": \"伪学\"}, {\"word\": \"偽定\"}, {\"word\": \"伪定\"}, {\"word\": \"偽客\"}, {\"word\": \"伪客\"}, {\"word\": \"偽局\"}, {\"word\": \"伪局\"}, {\"word\": \"偽巧\"}, {\"word\": \"伪巧\"}, {\"word\": \"偽師\"}, {\"word\": \"伪师\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěibì\", \"word\": \"偽幣\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěibì\", \"word\": \"伪币\"}, {\"word\": \"偽庭\"}, {\"word\": \"伪庭\"}, {\"word\": \"偽廉\"}, {\"word\": \"伪廉\"}, {\"word\": \"偽廷\"}, {\"word\": \"伪廷\"}, {\"word\": \"偽從\"}, {\"word\": \"伪从\"}, {\"word\": \"偽心\"}, {\"word\": \"伪心\"}, {\"word\": \"偽怠\"}, {\"word\": \"伪怠\"}, {\"word\": \"偽惑\"}, {\"word\": \"伪惑\"}, {\"word\": \"偽情\"}, {\"word\": \"伪情\"}, {\"word\": \"偽意\"}, {\"word\": \"伪意\"}, {\"word\": \"偽態\"}, {\"word\": \"伪态\"}, {\"word\": \"偽戾\"}, {\"word\": \"伪戾\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěituō\", \"word\": \"偽托\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěituō\", \"word\": \"伪托\"}, {\"word\": \"偽撰\"}, {\"word\": \"偽政府\"}, {\"word\": \"伪政府\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěizhèngquán\", \"word\": \"偽政權\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěizhèngquán\", \"word\": \"伪政权\"}, {\"word\": \"偽方\"}, {\"word\": \"伪方\"}, {\"word\": \"偽易\"}, {\"word\": \"伪易\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěishū\", \"word\": \"偽書\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěishū\", \"word\": \"伪书\"}, {\"word\": \"偽服\"}, {\"word\": \"伪服\"}, {\"word\": \"偽朝\"}, {\"word\": \"伪朝\"}, {\"word\": \"偽本\"}, {\"word\": \"伪本\"}, {\"word\": \"偽民\"}, {\"word\": \"伪民\"}, {\"roman\": \"Wěimǎn\", \"word\": \"偽滿\"}, {\"roman\": \"Wěimǎn\", \"word\": \"伪满\"}, {\"roman\": \"Wěi-Mǎnzhōuguó\", \"word\": \"偽滿洲國\"}, {\"roman\": \"Wěi-Mǎnzhōuguó\", \"word\": \"伪满洲国\"}, {\"word\": \"偽物\"}, {\"word\": \"伪物\"}, {\"word\": \"偽百合\"}, {\"word\": \"伪百合\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěihuáng\", \"word\": \"偽皇\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěihuáng\", \"word\": \"伪皇\"}, {\"word\": \"偽真\"}, {\"word\": \"伪真\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěikēxué\", \"word\": \"偽科學\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěikēxué\", \"word\": \"伪科学\"}, {\"word\": \"偽端\"}, {\"word\": \"伪端\"}, {\"word\": \"偽筍\"}, {\"word\": \"伪笋\"}, {\"word\": \"偽組織\"}, {\"word\": \"伪组织\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěijīng\", \"word\": \"偽經\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěijīng\", \"word\": \"伪经\"}, {\"word\": \"偽繆\"}, {\"word\": \"伪缪\"}, {\"word\": \"偽臣\"}, {\"word\": \"伪臣\"}, {\"word\": \"偽荊卿\"}, {\"word\": \"伪荆卿\"}, {\"word\": \"偽蔽\"}, {\"word\": \"伪蔽\"}, {\"word\": \"偽薄\"}, {\"word\": \"伪薄\"}, {\"word\": \"偽藥\"}, {\"word\": \"伪药\"}, {\"word\": \"偽蠶\"}, {\"word\": \"伪蚕\"}, {\"word\": \"偽行\"}, {\"word\": \"伪行\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěizhuāng\", \"word\": \"偽裝\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěizhuāng\", \"word\": \"伪装\"}, {\"word\": \"偽裝滲透\"}, {\"word\": \"伪装渗透\"}, {\"word\": \"偽言\"}, {\"word\": \"伪言\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěituō\", \"word\": \"偽託\"}, {\"word\": \"偽詐\"}, {\"word\": \"伪诈\"}, {\"word\": \"偽說\"}, {\"word\": \"伪说\"}, {\"word\": \"偽論\"}, {\"word\": \"伪论\"}, {\"word\": \"偽謬\"}, {\"word\": \"伪谬\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěizhèng\", \"word\": \"偽證\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěizhèng\", \"word\": \"伪证\"}, {\"word\": \"偽譔\"}, {\"word\": \"伪撰\"}, {\"word\": \"偽議\"}, {\"word\": \"伪议\"}, {\"word\": \"偽讓\"}, {\"word\": \"伪让\"}, {\"word\": \"偽貌\"}, {\"word\": \"伪貌\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěizú\", \"word\": \"偽足\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěizú\", \"word\": \"伪足\"}, {\"word\": \"偽跡\"}, {\"word\": \"伪迹\"}, {\"word\": \"偽蹟\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěijūn\", \"word\": \"偽軍\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěijūn\", \"word\": \"伪军\"}, {\"word\": \"偽辭\"}, {\"word\": \"伪辞\"}, {\"word\": \"偽辯\"}, {\"word\": \"伪辩\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěizào\", \"word\": \"偽造\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěizào\", \"word\": \"伪造\"}, {\"word\": \"偽造文書\"}, {\"word\": \"伪造文书\"}, {\"word\": \"偽道\"}, {\"word\": \"伪道\"}, {\"word\": \"偽金錢\"}, {\"word\": \"伪金钱\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěichāo\", \"word\": \"偽鈔\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěichāo\", \"word\": \"伪钞\"}, {\"word\": \"偽錢\"}, {\"word\": \"伪钱\"}, {\"word\": \"偽飾\"}, {\"word\": \"伪饰\"}, {\"word\": \"偽體\"}, {\"word\": \"伪体\"}, {\"word\": \"偽鳳\"}, {\"word\": \"伪凤\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěimáhuángjiǎn\", \"word\": \"偽麻黃鹼\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěimáhuángjiǎn\", \"word\": \"伪麻黄碱\"}, {\"word\": \"偽黨\"}, {\"word\": \"伪党\"}, {\"word\": \"僭偽\"}, {\"word\": \"僭伪\"}, {\"word\": \"凶偽\"}, {\"word\": \"別裁偽體\"}, {\"word\": \"别裁伪体\"}, {\"word\": \"化性起偽\"}, {\"word\": \"化性起伪\"}, {\"word\": \"南偽\"}, {\"word\": \"南伪\"}, {\"word\": \"厭偽\"}, {\"word\": \"厌伪\"}, {\"roman\": \"qùwěicúnzhēn\", \"word\": \"去偽存真\"}, {\"roman\": \"qùwěicúnzhēn\", \"word\": \"去伪存真\"}, {\"word\": \"妖偽\"}, {\"word\": \"妖伪\"}, {\"word\": \"姦偽\"}, {\"word\": \"奸伪\"}, {\"word\": \"巧偽\"}, {\"word\": \"巧伪\"}, {\"word\": \"幻偽\"}, {\"word\": \"幻伪\"}, {\"word\": \"彫偽\"}, {\"word\": \"雕伪\"}, {\"word\": \"情偽\"}, {\"word\": \"情伪\"}, {\"word\": \"慝偽\"}, {\"word\": \"慝伪\"}, {\"roman\": \"díwěi\", \"word\": \"敵偽\"}, {\"roman\": \"díwěi\", \"word\": \"敌伪\"}, {\"word\": \"晦偽\"}, {\"word\": \"晦伪\"}, {\"word\": \"智偽\"}, {\"word\": \"智伪\"}, {\"word\": \"棄偽從真\"}, {\"word\": \"弃伪从真\"}, {\"word\": \"機偽\"}, {\"word\": \"机伪\"}, {\"word\": \"樹偽\"}, {\"word\": \"树伪\"}, {\"word\": \"欺偽\"}, {\"word\": \"欺伪\"}, {\"word\": \"汙偽\"}, {\"word\": \"污伪\"}, {\"word\": \"浮偽\"}, {\"word\": \"浮伪\"}, {\"word\": \"淺偽\"}, {\"word\": \"浅伪\"}, {\"word\": \"淫偽\"}, {\"word\": \"淫伪\"}, {\"word\": \"澆偽\"}, {\"word\": \"浇伪\"}, {\"word\": \"濫偽\"}, {\"word\": \"滥伪\"}, {\"word\": \"煩偽\"}, {\"word\": \"烦伪\"}, {\"word\": \"狡偽\"}, {\"word\": \"狡伪\"}, {\"word\": \"猾偽\"}, {\"word\": \"猾伪\"}, {\"word\": \"番偽\"}, {\"word\": \"番伪\"}, {\"word\": \"百偽\"}, {\"word\": \"百伪\"}, {\"roman\": \"zhēnwěi\", \"word\": \"真偽\"}, {\"roman\": \"zhēnwěi\", \"word\": \"真伪\"}, {\"word\": \"真偽莫辨\"}, {\"word\": \"真伪莫辨\"}, {\"word\": \"眾偽\"}, {\"word\": \"众伪\"}, {\"word\": \"矜偽\"}, {\"word\": \"矜伪\"}, {\"word\": \"矯偽\"}, {\"word\": \"矫伪\"}, {\"word\": \"矯言偽行\"}, {\"word\": \"矫言伪行\"}, {\"word\": \"矯飾偽行\"}, {\"word\": \"矫饰伪行\"}, {\"word\": \"祅偽\"}, {\"word\": \"祅伪\"}, {\"word\": \"積偽\"}, {\"word\": \"积伪\"}, {\"word\": \"空偽\"}, {\"word\": \"空伪\"}, {\"word\": \"篡偽\"}, {\"word\": \"篡伪\"}, {\"word\": \"苦偽\"}, {\"word\": \"苦伪\"}, {\"word\": \"華偽\"}, {\"word\": \"华伪\"}, {\"roman\": \"xūwěi\", \"word\": \"虛偽\"}, {\"roman\": \"xūwěi\", \"word\": \"虚伪\"}, {\"word\": \"蠱偽\"}, {\"word\": \"蛊伪\"}, {\"word\": \"行偽\"}, {\"word\": \"行伪\"}, {\"word\": \"託偽\"}, {\"word\": \"托伪\"}, {\"word\": \"訛偽\"}, {\"word\": \"讹伪\"}, {\"word\": \"詐偽\"}, {\"word\": \"诈伪\"}, {\"word\": \"詭偽\"}, {\"word\": \"诡伪\"}, {\"roman\": \"chéngwěi\", \"word\": \"誠偽\"}, {\"roman\": \"chéngwěi\", \"word\": \"诚伪\"}, {\"word\": \"詿偽\"}, {\"word\": \"诖伪\"}, {\"word\": \"誣偽\"}, {\"word\": \"诬伪\"}, {\"word\": \"請偽\"}, {\"word\": \"请伪\"}, {\"word\": \"諂偽\"}, {\"word\": \"谄伪\"}, {\"word\": \"讎偽\"}, {\"word\": \"雠伪\"}, {\"word\": \"輕偽\"}, {\"word\": \"轻伪\"}, {\"word\": \"遂偽\"}, {\"word\": \"遂伪\"}, {\"word\": \"邀偽\"}, {\"word\": \"邀伪\"}, {\"word\": \"邪偽\"}, {\"word\": \"邪伪\"}, {\"word\": \"酢偽\"}, {\"word\": \"酢伪\"}, {\"word\": \"闇偽\"}, {\"word\": \"暗伪\"}, {\"word\": \"隱偽\"}, {\"word\": \"隐伪\"}, {\"word\": \"雕偽\"}, {\"word\": \"雜偽\"}, {\"word\": \"杂伪\"}, {\"word\": \"飾偽\"}, {\"word\": \"饰伪\"}], \"etymology_templates\": [{\"args\": {\"1\": \"僞\", \"f\": \"爲\", \"t\": \"為\"}, \"expansion\": \"Simplified from 僞 (爲 → 為)\", \"name\": \"Han simp\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"zh\", \"2\": \"Han phono-semantic compounds\"}, \"expansion\": \"\", \"name\": \"categorize\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"psc\", \"adj\": \"\", \"nocap\": \"\", \"pron\": \"OC *ŋʷrals\"}, \"expansion\": \"Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋʷrals)\", \"name\": \"liushu\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"人\", \"2\": \"為\", \"alt1\": \"亻\", \"c1\": \"s\", \"c2\": \"p\", \"ls\": \"psc\", \"t1\": \"man\", \"t2\": \"to make\"}, \"expansion\": \"Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋʷrals): semantic 亻 (“man”) + phonetic 為 (OC *ɢʷal, *ɢʷals, “to make”)\", \"name\": \"Han compound\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"為\", \"2\": \"to act as\", \"id\": \"1\"}, \"expansion\": \"為 (OC *ɢʷal, “to act as”)\", \"name\": \"och-l\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"Karlgren, 1956\"}, \"expansion\": \"Karlgren, 1956\", \"name\": \"zh-ref\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"Wang, 1982\"}, \"expansion\": \"Wang, 1982\", \"name\": \"zh-ref\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"Baxter and Sagart, 2014\"}, \"expansion\": \"Baxter and Sagart, 2014\", \"name\": \"zh-ref\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"訛\", \"2\": \"erroneous\"}, \"expansion\": \"訛 (OC *ŋʷaːl, “erroneous”)\", \"name\": \"och-l\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"Schuessler, 2007\"}, \"expansion\": \"Schuessler, 2007\", \"name\": \"zh-ref\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"bo\", \"2\": \"རྔོད\", \"3\": \"\", \"4\": \"to deceive\"}, \"expansion\": \"Tibetan རྔོད (rngod, “to deceive”)\", \"name\": \"cog\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"Gong, 1995\"}, \"expansion\": \"Gong, 1995\", \"name\": \"zh-ref\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"Schuessler, 2007\"}, \"expansion\": \"Schuessler, 2007\", \"name\": \"zh-ref\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"Hill, 2014\"}, \"expansion\": \"Hill, 2014\", \"name\": \"zh-ref\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"Jacques (2022, 2023)\"}, \"expansion\": \"Jacques (2022, 2023)\", \"name\": \"zh-ref\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"ltc\", \"2\": \"-\"}, \"expansion\": \"Middle Chinese\", \"name\": \"cog\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"偽\"}, \"expansion\": \"偽 (MC ngjweH)\", \"name\": \"ltc-l\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"訛\"}, \"expansion\": \"訛 (MC ngwa)\", \"name\": \"ltc-l\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"zh\", \"2\": \"偽\"}, \"expansion\": \"偽\", \"name\": \"lang\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"為\", \"tr\": \"waj\"}, \"expansion\": \"為 (OC waj)\", \"name\": \"och-l\"}], \"etymology_text\": \"Simplified from 僞 (爲 → 為). Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋʷrals): semantic 亻 (“man”) + phonetic 為 (OC *ɢʷal, *ɢʷals, “to make”), originally “artificial”.\\nOften thought to be derived from 為 (OC *ɢʷal, “to act as”) (Karlgren, 1956; Wang, 1982; Baxter and Sagart, 2014).\\nAlternatively, it may be cognate to 訛 (OC *ŋʷaːl, “erroneous”) (Schuessler, 2007); this may be compared to Tibetan རྔོད (rngod, “to deceive”), though the -d in Tibetan is unexplained (Gong, 1995; Schuessler, 2007; Hill, 2014).\\nJacques (2022, 2023) seems to attempt to unify the two etymologies above. He argues the Middle Chinese initial ng- in both 偽 (MC ngjweH) and 訛 (MC ngwa) come from a middle voice/intransitivizing prefix *ŋ-. 偽, reconstructed as *ŋ-waj-s, would be derived from 為 (OC waj) as the root.\", \"forms\": [{\"form\": \"伪\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Simplified Chinese\"]}, {\"form\": \"僞\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Traditional Chinese\"]}], \"head_templates\": [{\"args\": {\"1\": \"zh\", \"2\": \"hanzi\"}, \"expansion\": \"偽\", \"name\": \"head\"}], \"lang\": \"Chinese\", \"lang_code\": \"zh\", \"pos\": \"character\", \"senses\": [{\"categories\": [\"Literary Chinese terms with quotations\", \"Mandarin terms with usage examples\"], \"examples\": [{\"english\": \"hypocritical; hypocrisy\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Traditional Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"xūwěi\", \"text\": \"虛偽\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"hypocritical; hypocrisy\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Simplified Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"xūwěi\", \"text\": \"虚伪\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"to forge; to counterfeit\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Traditional Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"wěizào\", \"text\": \"偽造\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"to forge; to counterfeit\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Simplified Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"wěizào\", \"text\": \"伪造\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"counterfeit banknote\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Traditional Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"wěichāo\", \"text\": \"偽鈔\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"counterfeit banknote\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Simplified Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"wěichāo\", \"text\": \"伪钞\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"pseudoephedrine\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Traditional Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"wěimáhuángjiǎn\", \"text\": \"偽麻黃鹼\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"pseudoephedrine\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Simplified Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"wěimáhuángjiǎn\", \"text\": \"伪麻黄碱\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"Man's nature is bad; his goodness is artificial.\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Classical Chinese\", \"Traditional Chinese\"], \"ref\": \" Xunzi, c. 3ʳᵈ century BCE\", \"roman\": \"Rén zhī xìng è, qí shàn zhě wěi yě.\", \"tags\": [\"Pinyin\"], \"text\": \"人之性惡，其善者偽也。\", \"type\": \"quote\"}, {\"english\": \"Man's nature is bad; his goodness is artificial.\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Classical Chinese\", \"Simplified Chinese\"], \"ref\": \" Xunzi, c. 3ʳᵈ century BCE\", \"roman\": \"Rén zhī xìng è, qí shàn zhě wěi yě.\", \"tags\": [\"Pinyin\"], \"text\": \"人之性恶，其善者伪也。\", \"type\": \"quote\"}], \"glosses\": [\"false; counterfeit; bogus; fake; pseudo-; artificial\"], \"links\": [[\"false\", \"false\"], [\"counterfeit\", \"counterfeit\"], [\"bogus\", \"bogus\"], [\"fake\", \"fake\"], [\"pseudo-\", \"pseudo-\"], [\"artificial\", \"artificial\"]]}, {\"glosses\": [\"falsehood; untruthfulness\"], \"links\": [[\"falsehood\", \"falsehood\"], [\"untruthfulness\", \"untruthfulness\"]]}, {\"categories\": [\"Mandarin terms with usage examples\"], \"examples\": [{\"english\": \"puppet government\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Traditional Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"wěizhèngquán\", \"text\": \"偽政權\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"puppet government\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Simplified Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"wěizhèngquán\", \"text\": \"伪政权\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"Manchukuo\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Traditional Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"Wěi-Mǎnzhōuguó\", \"text\": \"偽滿洲國\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"Manchukuo\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Simplified Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"Wěi-Mǎnzhōuguó\", \"text\": \"伪满洲国\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"the Peking University under the control of Chinese puppet state of the Empire of Japan\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Traditional Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"Wěi Běijīng Dàxué\", \"text\": \"偽北京大學\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"the Peking University under the control of Chinese puppet state of the Empire of Japan\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Simplified Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"Wěi Běijīng Dàxué\", \"text\": \"伪北京大学\", \"type\": \"example\"}], \"glosses\": [\"illegal; illegitimate\"], \"links\": [[\"illegal\", \"illegal\"], [\"illegitimate\", \"illegitimate\"]]}], \"sounds\": [{\"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"Pinyin\"], \"zh-pron\": \"wěi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"Pinyin\"], \"zh-pron\": \"wèi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"bopomofo\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ㄨㄟˇ\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"bopomofo\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ㄨㄟˋ\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Cantonese\", \"Jyutping\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngai⁶\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Hakka\", \"PFS\", \"Sixian\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngúi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Guangdong\", \"Hakka\", \"Meixian\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngui³\"}, {\"zh-pron\": \"ngôi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"POJ\"], \"zh-pron\": \"gūi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"POJ\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ūi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"POJ\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ûi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Peng'im\", \"Teochew\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngui⁶\"}, {\"zh-pron\": \"⁶we\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Hanyu-Pinyin\", \"Mandarin\"], \"zh-pron\": \"wěi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"Tongyong-Pinyin\"], \"zh-pron\": \"wěi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"Wade-Giles\"], \"zh-pron\": \"wei³\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"Yale\"], \"zh-pron\": \"wěi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Gwoyeu-Romatsyh\", \"Mandarin\"], \"zh-pron\": \"woei\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"Palladius\"], \"zh-pron\": \"вэй\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"Palladius\"], \"zh-pron\": \"vɛj\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/weɪ̯²¹⁴/\", \"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"Sinological-IPA\"]}, {\"tags\": [\"Hanyu-Pinyin\", \"Mandarin\"], \"zh-pron\": \"wèi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"Tongyong-Pinyin\"], \"zh-pron\": \"wèi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"Wade-Giles\"], \"zh-pron\": \"wei⁴\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"Yale\"], \"zh-pron\": \"wèi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Gwoyeu-Romatsyh\", \"Mandarin\"], \"zh-pron\": \"wey\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/weɪ̯⁵¹/\", \"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"Sinological-IPA\"]}, {\"tags\": [\"Cantonese\", \"Guangzhou\", \"Hong-Kong\", \"Jyutping\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngai⁶\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Cantonese\", \"Guangzhou\", \"Hong-Kong\", \"Yale\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngaih\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Cantonese\", \"Guangzhou\", \"Hong-Kong\", \"Pinyin\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngai⁶\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Cantonese\", \"Guangdong-Romanization\", \"Guangzhou\", \"Hong-Kong\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngei⁶\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ŋɐi̯²²/\", \"tags\": [\"Cantonese\", \"Guangzhou\", \"Hong-Kong\", \"Sinological-IPA\"]}, {\"tags\": [\"Hakka\", \"Phak-fa-su\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngúi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Hakka\", \"Hakka-Romanization-System\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngui^ˋ\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Hagfa-Pinyim\", \"Hakka\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngui³\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ŋu̯i³¹/\", \"tags\": [\"Hakka\", \"Sinological-IPA\"]}, {\"ipa\": \"/ŋuɪ³¹/\", \"tags\": [\"Hakka\", \"Meixian\", \"Sinological-IPA\"]}, {\"tags\": [\"Foochow-Romanized\", \"Fuzhou\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngôi\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ŋui²⁴²/\", \"tags\": [\"Fuzhou\", \"Sinological-IPA\"]}, {\"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"Tai-lo\"], \"zh-pron\": \"guī\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"Phofsit-Daibuun\"], \"zh-pron\": \"gui\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ɡui²²/\", \"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"Xiamen\", \"Zhangzhou\"]}, {\"ipa\": \"/ɡui³³/\", \"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"Kaohsiung\", \"Taipei\"]}, {\"ipa\": \"/ɡui⁴¹/\", \"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"Quanzhou\"]}, {\"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"Tai-lo\"], \"zh-pron\": \"uī\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"Phofsit-Daibuun\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ui\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ui²²/\", \"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"Xiamen\", \"Zhangzhou\"]}, {\"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"Tai-lo\"], \"zh-pron\": \"uî\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"Phofsit-Daibuun\"], \"zh-pron\": \"uii\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ui²⁴/\", \"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"Jinjiang\", \"Quanzhou\"]}, {\"tags\": [\"POJ\", \"Teochew\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngŭi\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ŋui³⁵/\", \"tags\": [\"Sinological-IPA\", \"Teochew\"]}, {\"tags\": [\"Northern\", \"Wu\"], \"zh-pron\": \"⁶we\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Northern\", \"Wu\"], \"zh-pron\": \"we^去\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Northern\", \"Wu\"], \"zh-pron\": \"³hhue\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Northern\", \"Wu\"], \"zh-pron\": \"/ɦue²³/\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Middle-Chinese\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngjweH\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Baxter-Sagart\", \"Old-Chinese\"], \"zh-pron\": \"/*N-ɢʷ(r)aj-s/\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Baxter-Sagart\", \"Old-Chinese\"], \"zh-pron\": \"/*m-ɢʷ(r)aj-s/\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Old-Chinese\", \"Zhengzhang\"], \"zh-pron\": \"/*ŋʷrals/\"}, {\"other\": \"/ ūi /\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/weɪ̯²¹⁴/\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/weɪ̯⁵¹/\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ŋɐi̯²²/\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ŋu̯i³¹/\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ŋuɪ³¹/\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ŋui²⁴²/\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ɡui²²/\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ɡui³³/\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ɡui⁴¹/\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ui²²/\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ui²⁴/\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ŋui³⁵/\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ɦue²³/\"}, {\"other\": \"/*N-ɢʷ(r)aj-s/\"}, {\"other\": \"/*m-ɢʷ(r)aj-s/\"}, {\"other\": \"/*ŋʷrals/\"}], \"word\": \"偽\"}",
"path": [],
"section": "Chinese",
"subsection": "character",
"title": "偽",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "wiktionary/179/20240425uppercase_tags",
"msg": "偽/Chinese/character: invalid uppercase tag Old-Chinese not in or uppercase_tags: {\"categories\": [\"CJKV simplified characters\", \"Chinese adjectives\", \"Chinese entries with incorrect language header\", \"Chinese hanzi\", \"Chinese lemmas\", \"Chinese nouns\", \"Chinese terms spelled with 偽\", \"Chinese terms with IPA pronunciation\", \"Eastern Min adjectives\", \"Eastern Min hanzi\", \"Eastern Min lemmas\", \"Eastern Min nouns\", \"Middle Chinese adjectives\", \"Middle Chinese hanzi\", \"Middle Chinese lemmas\", \"Middle Chinese nouns\", \"Old Chinese adjectives\", \"Old Chinese hanzi\", \"Old Chinese lemmas\", \"Old Chinese nouns\", \"Pages with 5 entries\", \"Pages with entries\"], \"derived\": [{\"word\": \"世偽\"}, {\"word\": \"世伪\"}, {\"word\": \"乖偽\"}, {\"word\": \"乖伪\"}, {\"word\": \"乘偽行詐\"}, {\"word\": \"乘伪行诈\"}, {\"word\": \"以偽亂真\"}, {\"word\": \"以伪乱真\"}, {\"roman\": \"zuòwěi\", \"word\": \"作偽\"}, {\"roman\": \"zuòwěi\", \"word\": \"作伪\"}, {\"word\": \"侈偽\"}, {\"word\": \"侈伪\"}, {\"word\": \"偽人\"}, {\"word\": \"伪人\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěizuò\", \"word\": \"偽作\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěizuò\", \"word\": \"伪作\"}, {\"word\": \"偽俗\"}, {\"word\": \"伪俗\"}, {\"word\": \"假偽\"}, {\"word\": \"假伪\"}, {\"word\": \"偽傳\"}, {\"word\": \"伪传\"}, {\"word\": \"偽冒\"}, {\"word\": \"伪冒\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěiliè\", \"word\": \"偽劣\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěiliè\", \"word\": \"伪劣\"}, {\"word\": \"偽化\"}, {\"word\": \"伪化\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěishǐ\", \"word\": \"偽史\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěishǐ\", \"word\": \"伪史\"}, {\"word\": \"偽名\"}, {\"word\": \"伪名\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěijūnzǐ\", \"word\": \"偽君子\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěijūnzǐ\", \"word\": \"伪君子\"}, {\"word\": \"偽命\"}, {\"word\": \"伪命\"}, {\"word\": \"偽品\"}, {\"word\": \"伪品\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěishàn\", \"word\": \"偽善\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěishàn\", \"word\": \"伪善\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěiguó\", \"word\": \"偽國\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěiguó\", \"word\": \"伪国\"}, {\"word\": \"偽塗\"}, {\"word\": \"伪涂\"}, {\"word\": \"偽夫\"}, {\"word\": \"伪夫\"}, {\"word\": \"偽妄\"}, {\"word\": \"伪妄\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěiniáng\", \"word\": \"偽娘\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěiniáng\", \"word\": \"伪娘\"}, {\"word\": \"偽媮\"}, {\"word\": \"伪偷\"}, {\"word\": \"偽孔\"}, {\"word\": \"伪孔\"}, {\"word\": \"偽孔傳\"}, {\"word\": \"伪孔传\"}, {\"word\": \"偽字\"}, {\"word\": \"伪字\"}, {\"word\": \"偽學\"}, {\"word\": \"伪学\"}, {\"word\": \"偽定\"}, {\"word\": \"伪定\"}, {\"word\": \"偽客\"}, {\"word\": \"伪客\"}, {\"word\": \"偽局\"}, {\"word\": \"伪局\"}, {\"word\": \"偽巧\"}, {\"word\": \"伪巧\"}, {\"word\": \"偽師\"}, {\"word\": \"伪师\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěibì\", \"word\": \"偽幣\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěibì\", \"word\": \"伪币\"}, {\"word\": \"偽庭\"}, {\"word\": \"伪庭\"}, {\"word\": \"偽廉\"}, {\"word\": \"伪廉\"}, {\"word\": \"偽廷\"}, {\"word\": \"伪廷\"}, {\"word\": \"偽從\"}, {\"word\": \"伪从\"}, {\"word\": \"偽心\"}, {\"word\": \"伪心\"}, {\"word\": \"偽怠\"}, {\"word\": \"伪怠\"}, {\"word\": \"偽惑\"}, {\"word\": \"伪惑\"}, {\"word\": \"偽情\"}, {\"word\": \"伪情\"}, {\"word\": \"偽意\"}, {\"word\": \"伪意\"}, {\"word\": \"偽態\"}, {\"word\": \"伪态\"}, {\"word\": \"偽戾\"}, {\"word\": \"伪戾\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěituō\", \"word\": \"偽托\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěituō\", \"word\": \"伪托\"}, {\"word\": \"偽撰\"}, {\"word\": \"偽政府\"}, {\"word\": \"伪政府\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěizhèngquán\", \"word\": \"偽政權\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěizhèngquán\", \"word\": \"伪政权\"}, {\"word\": \"偽方\"}, {\"word\": \"伪方\"}, {\"word\": \"偽易\"}, {\"word\": \"伪易\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěishū\", \"word\": \"偽書\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěishū\", \"word\": \"伪书\"}, {\"word\": \"偽服\"}, {\"word\": \"伪服\"}, {\"word\": \"偽朝\"}, {\"word\": \"伪朝\"}, {\"word\": \"偽本\"}, {\"word\": \"伪本\"}, {\"word\": \"偽民\"}, {\"word\": \"伪民\"}, {\"roman\": \"Wěimǎn\", \"word\": \"偽滿\"}, {\"roman\": \"Wěimǎn\", \"word\": \"伪满\"}, {\"roman\": \"Wěi-Mǎnzhōuguó\", \"word\": \"偽滿洲國\"}, {\"roman\": \"Wěi-Mǎnzhōuguó\", \"word\": \"伪满洲国\"}, {\"word\": \"偽物\"}, {\"word\": \"伪物\"}, {\"word\": \"偽百合\"}, {\"word\": \"伪百合\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěihuáng\", \"word\": \"偽皇\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěihuáng\", \"word\": \"伪皇\"}, {\"word\": \"偽真\"}, {\"word\": \"伪真\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěikēxué\", \"word\": \"偽科學\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěikēxué\", \"word\": \"伪科学\"}, {\"word\": \"偽端\"}, {\"word\": \"伪端\"}, {\"word\": \"偽筍\"}, {\"word\": \"伪笋\"}, {\"word\": \"偽組織\"}, {\"word\": \"伪组织\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěijīng\", \"word\": \"偽經\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěijīng\", \"word\": \"伪经\"}, {\"word\": \"偽繆\"}, {\"word\": \"伪缪\"}, {\"word\": \"偽臣\"}, {\"word\": \"伪臣\"}, {\"word\": \"偽荊卿\"}, {\"word\": \"伪荆卿\"}, {\"word\": \"偽蔽\"}, {\"word\": \"伪蔽\"}, {\"word\": \"偽薄\"}, {\"word\": \"伪薄\"}, {\"word\": \"偽藥\"}, {\"word\": \"伪药\"}, {\"word\": \"偽蠶\"}, {\"word\": \"伪蚕\"}, {\"word\": \"偽行\"}, {\"word\": \"伪行\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěizhuāng\", \"word\": \"偽裝\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěizhuāng\", \"word\": \"伪装\"}, {\"word\": \"偽裝滲透\"}, {\"word\": \"伪装渗透\"}, {\"word\": \"偽言\"}, {\"word\": \"伪言\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěituō\", \"word\": \"偽託\"}, {\"word\": \"偽詐\"}, {\"word\": \"伪诈\"}, {\"word\": \"偽說\"}, {\"word\": \"伪说\"}, {\"word\": \"偽論\"}, {\"word\": \"伪论\"}, {\"word\": \"偽謬\"}, {\"word\": \"伪谬\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěizhèng\", \"word\": \"偽證\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěizhèng\", \"word\": \"伪证\"}, {\"word\": \"偽譔\"}, {\"word\": \"伪撰\"}, {\"word\": \"偽議\"}, {\"word\": \"伪议\"}, {\"word\": \"偽讓\"}, {\"word\": \"伪让\"}, {\"word\": \"偽貌\"}, {\"word\": \"伪貌\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěizú\", \"word\": \"偽足\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěizú\", \"word\": \"伪足\"}, {\"word\": \"偽跡\"}, {\"word\": \"伪迹\"}, {\"word\": \"偽蹟\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěijūn\", \"word\": \"偽軍\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěijūn\", \"word\": \"伪军\"}, {\"word\": \"偽辭\"}, {\"word\": \"伪辞\"}, {\"word\": \"偽辯\"}, {\"word\": \"伪辩\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěizào\", \"word\": \"偽造\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěizào\", \"word\": \"伪造\"}, {\"word\": \"偽造文書\"}, {\"word\": \"伪造文书\"}, {\"word\": \"偽道\"}, {\"word\": \"伪道\"}, {\"word\": \"偽金錢\"}, {\"word\": \"伪金钱\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěichāo\", \"word\": \"偽鈔\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěichāo\", \"word\": \"伪钞\"}, {\"word\": \"偽錢\"}, {\"word\": \"伪钱\"}, {\"word\": \"偽飾\"}, {\"word\": \"伪饰\"}, {\"word\": \"偽體\"}, {\"word\": \"伪体\"}, {\"word\": \"偽鳳\"}, {\"word\": \"伪凤\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěimáhuángjiǎn\", \"word\": \"偽麻黃鹼\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěimáhuángjiǎn\", \"word\": \"伪麻黄碱\"}, {\"word\": \"偽黨\"}, {\"word\": \"伪党\"}, {\"word\": \"僭偽\"}, {\"word\": \"僭伪\"}, {\"word\": \"凶偽\"}, {\"word\": \"別裁偽體\"}, {\"word\": \"别裁伪体\"}, {\"word\": \"化性起偽\"}, {\"word\": \"化性起伪\"}, {\"word\": \"南偽\"}, {\"word\": \"南伪\"}, {\"word\": \"厭偽\"}, {\"word\": \"厌伪\"}, {\"roman\": \"qùwěicúnzhēn\", \"word\": \"去偽存真\"}, {\"roman\": \"qùwěicúnzhēn\", \"word\": \"去伪存真\"}, {\"word\": \"妖偽\"}, {\"word\": \"妖伪\"}, {\"word\": \"姦偽\"}, {\"word\": \"奸伪\"}, {\"word\": \"巧偽\"}, {\"word\": \"巧伪\"}, {\"word\": \"幻偽\"}, {\"word\": \"幻伪\"}, {\"word\": \"彫偽\"}, {\"word\": \"雕伪\"}, {\"word\": \"情偽\"}, {\"word\": \"情伪\"}, {\"word\": \"慝偽\"}, {\"word\": \"慝伪\"}, {\"roman\": \"díwěi\", \"word\": \"敵偽\"}, {\"roman\": \"díwěi\", \"word\": \"敌伪\"}, {\"word\": \"晦偽\"}, {\"word\": \"晦伪\"}, {\"word\": \"智偽\"}, {\"word\": \"智伪\"}, {\"word\": \"棄偽從真\"}, {\"word\": \"弃伪从真\"}, {\"word\": \"機偽\"}, {\"word\": \"机伪\"}, {\"word\": \"樹偽\"}, {\"word\": \"树伪\"}, {\"word\": \"欺偽\"}, {\"word\": \"欺伪\"}, {\"word\": \"汙偽\"}, {\"word\": \"污伪\"}, {\"word\": \"浮偽\"}, {\"word\": \"浮伪\"}, {\"word\": \"淺偽\"}, {\"word\": \"浅伪\"}, {\"word\": \"淫偽\"}, {\"word\": \"淫伪\"}, {\"word\": \"澆偽\"}, {\"word\": \"浇伪\"}, {\"word\": \"濫偽\"}, {\"word\": \"滥伪\"}, {\"word\": \"煩偽\"}, {\"word\": \"烦伪\"}, {\"word\": \"狡偽\"}, {\"word\": \"狡伪\"}, {\"word\": \"猾偽\"}, {\"word\": \"猾伪\"}, {\"word\": \"番偽\"}, {\"word\": \"番伪\"}, {\"word\": \"百偽\"}, {\"word\": \"百伪\"}, {\"roman\": \"zhēnwěi\", \"word\": \"真偽\"}, {\"roman\": \"zhēnwěi\", \"word\": \"真伪\"}, {\"word\": \"真偽莫辨\"}, {\"word\": \"真伪莫辨\"}, {\"word\": \"眾偽\"}, {\"word\": \"众伪\"}, {\"word\": \"矜偽\"}, {\"word\": \"矜伪\"}, {\"word\": \"矯偽\"}, {\"word\": \"矫伪\"}, {\"word\": \"矯言偽行\"}, {\"word\": \"矫言伪行\"}, {\"word\": \"矯飾偽行\"}, {\"word\": \"矫饰伪行\"}, {\"word\": \"祅偽\"}, {\"word\": \"祅伪\"}, {\"word\": \"積偽\"}, {\"word\": \"积伪\"}, {\"word\": \"空偽\"}, {\"word\": \"空伪\"}, {\"word\": \"篡偽\"}, {\"word\": \"篡伪\"}, {\"word\": \"苦偽\"}, {\"word\": \"苦伪\"}, {\"word\": \"華偽\"}, {\"word\": \"华伪\"}, {\"roman\": \"xūwěi\", \"word\": \"虛偽\"}, {\"roman\": \"xūwěi\", \"word\": \"虚伪\"}, {\"word\": \"蠱偽\"}, {\"word\": \"蛊伪\"}, {\"word\": \"行偽\"}, {\"word\": \"行伪\"}, {\"word\": \"託偽\"}, {\"word\": \"托伪\"}, {\"word\": \"訛偽\"}, {\"word\": \"讹伪\"}, {\"word\": \"詐偽\"}, {\"word\": \"诈伪\"}, {\"word\": \"詭偽\"}, {\"word\": \"诡伪\"}, {\"roman\": \"chéngwěi\", \"word\": \"誠偽\"}, {\"roman\": \"chéngwěi\", \"word\": \"诚伪\"}, {\"word\": \"詿偽\"}, {\"word\": \"诖伪\"}, {\"word\": \"誣偽\"}, {\"word\": \"诬伪\"}, {\"word\": \"請偽\"}, {\"word\": \"请伪\"}, {\"word\": \"諂偽\"}, {\"word\": \"谄伪\"}, {\"word\": \"讎偽\"}, {\"word\": \"雠伪\"}, {\"word\": \"輕偽\"}, {\"word\": \"轻伪\"}, {\"word\": \"遂偽\"}, {\"word\": \"遂伪\"}, {\"word\": \"邀偽\"}, {\"word\": \"邀伪\"}, {\"word\": \"邪偽\"}, {\"word\": \"邪伪\"}, {\"word\": \"酢偽\"}, {\"word\": \"酢伪\"}, {\"word\": \"闇偽\"}, {\"word\": \"暗伪\"}, {\"word\": \"隱偽\"}, {\"word\": \"隐伪\"}, {\"word\": \"雕偽\"}, {\"word\": \"雜偽\"}, {\"word\": \"杂伪\"}, {\"word\": \"飾偽\"}, {\"word\": \"饰伪\"}], \"etymology_templates\": [{\"args\": {\"1\": \"僞\", \"f\": \"爲\", \"t\": \"為\"}, \"expansion\": \"Simplified from 僞 (爲 → 為)\", \"name\": \"Han simp\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"zh\", \"2\": \"Han phono-semantic compounds\"}, \"expansion\": \"\", \"name\": \"categorize\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"psc\", \"adj\": \"\", \"nocap\": \"\", \"pron\": \"OC *ŋʷrals\"}, \"expansion\": \"Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋʷrals)\", \"name\": \"liushu\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"人\", \"2\": \"為\", \"alt1\": \"亻\", \"c1\": \"s\", \"c2\": \"p\", \"ls\": \"psc\", \"t1\": \"man\", \"t2\": \"to make\"}, \"expansion\": \"Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋʷrals): semantic 亻 (“man”) + phonetic 為 (OC *ɢʷal, *ɢʷals, “to make”)\", \"name\": \"Han compound\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"為\", \"2\": \"to act as\", \"id\": \"1\"}, \"expansion\": \"為 (OC *ɢʷal, “to act as”)\", \"name\": \"och-l\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"Karlgren, 1956\"}, \"expansion\": \"Karlgren, 1956\", \"name\": \"zh-ref\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"Wang, 1982\"}, \"expansion\": \"Wang, 1982\", \"name\": \"zh-ref\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"Baxter and Sagart, 2014\"}, \"expansion\": \"Baxter and Sagart, 2014\", \"name\": \"zh-ref\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"訛\", \"2\": \"erroneous\"}, \"expansion\": \"訛 (OC *ŋʷaːl, “erroneous”)\", \"name\": \"och-l\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"Schuessler, 2007\"}, \"expansion\": \"Schuessler, 2007\", \"name\": \"zh-ref\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"bo\", \"2\": \"རྔོད\", \"3\": \"\", \"4\": \"to deceive\"}, \"expansion\": \"Tibetan རྔོད (rngod, “to deceive”)\", \"name\": \"cog\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"Gong, 1995\"}, \"expansion\": \"Gong, 1995\", \"name\": \"zh-ref\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"Schuessler, 2007\"}, \"expansion\": \"Schuessler, 2007\", \"name\": \"zh-ref\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"Hill, 2014\"}, \"expansion\": \"Hill, 2014\", \"name\": \"zh-ref\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"Jacques (2022, 2023)\"}, \"expansion\": \"Jacques (2022, 2023)\", \"name\": \"zh-ref\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"ltc\", \"2\": \"-\"}, \"expansion\": \"Middle Chinese\", \"name\": \"cog\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"偽\"}, \"expansion\": \"偽 (MC ngjweH)\", \"name\": \"ltc-l\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"訛\"}, \"expansion\": \"訛 (MC ngwa)\", \"name\": \"ltc-l\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"zh\", \"2\": \"偽\"}, \"expansion\": \"偽\", \"name\": \"lang\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"為\", \"tr\": \"waj\"}, \"expansion\": \"為 (OC waj)\", \"name\": \"och-l\"}], \"etymology_text\": \"Simplified from 僞 (爲 → 為). Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋʷrals): semantic 亻 (“man”) + phonetic 為 (OC *ɢʷal, *ɢʷals, “to make”), originally “artificial”.\\nOften thought to be derived from 為 (OC *ɢʷal, “to act as”) (Karlgren, 1956; Wang, 1982; Baxter and Sagart, 2014).\\nAlternatively, it may be cognate to 訛 (OC *ŋʷaːl, “erroneous”) (Schuessler, 2007); this may be compared to Tibetan རྔོད (rngod, “to deceive”), though the -d in Tibetan is unexplained (Gong, 1995; Schuessler, 2007; Hill, 2014).\\nJacques (2022, 2023) seems to attempt to unify the two etymologies above. He argues the Middle Chinese initial ng- in both 偽 (MC ngjweH) and 訛 (MC ngwa) come from a middle voice/intransitivizing prefix *ŋ-. 偽, reconstructed as *ŋ-waj-s, would be derived from 為 (OC waj) as the root.\", \"forms\": [{\"form\": \"伪\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Simplified Chinese\"]}, {\"form\": \"僞\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Traditional Chinese\"]}], \"head_templates\": [{\"args\": {\"1\": \"zh\", \"2\": \"hanzi\"}, \"expansion\": \"偽\", \"name\": \"head\"}], \"lang\": \"Chinese\", \"lang_code\": \"zh\", \"pos\": \"character\", \"senses\": [{\"categories\": [\"Literary Chinese terms with quotations\", \"Mandarin terms with usage examples\"], \"examples\": [{\"english\": \"hypocritical; hypocrisy\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Traditional Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"xūwěi\", \"text\": \"虛偽\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"hypocritical; hypocrisy\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Simplified Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"xūwěi\", \"text\": \"虚伪\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"to forge; to counterfeit\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Traditional Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"wěizào\", \"text\": \"偽造\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"to forge; to counterfeit\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Simplified Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"wěizào\", \"text\": \"伪造\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"counterfeit banknote\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Traditional Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"wěichāo\", \"text\": \"偽鈔\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"counterfeit banknote\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Simplified Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"wěichāo\", \"text\": \"伪钞\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"pseudoephedrine\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Traditional Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"wěimáhuángjiǎn\", \"text\": \"偽麻黃鹼\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"pseudoephedrine\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Simplified Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"wěimáhuángjiǎn\", \"text\": \"伪麻黄碱\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"Man's nature is bad; his goodness is artificial.\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Classical Chinese\", \"Traditional Chinese\"], \"ref\": \" Xunzi, c. 3ʳᵈ century BCE\", \"roman\": \"Rén zhī xìng è, qí shàn zhě wěi yě.\", \"tags\": [\"Pinyin\"], \"text\": \"人之性惡，其善者偽也。\", \"type\": \"quote\"}, {\"english\": \"Man's nature is bad; his goodness is artificial.\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Classical Chinese\", \"Simplified Chinese\"], \"ref\": \" Xunzi, c. 3ʳᵈ century BCE\", \"roman\": \"Rén zhī xìng è, qí shàn zhě wěi yě.\", \"tags\": [\"Pinyin\"], \"text\": \"人之性恶，其善者伪也。\", \"type\": \"quote\"}], \"glosses\": [\"false; counterfeit; bogus; fake; pseudo-; artificial\"], \"links\": [[\"false\", \"false\"], [\"counterfeit\", \"counterfeit\"], [\"bogus\", \"bogus\"], [\"fake\", \"fake\"], [\"pseudo-\", \"pseudo-\"], [\"artificial\", \"artificial\"]]}, {\"glosses\": [\"falsehood; untruthfulness\"], \"links\": [[\"falsehood\", \"falsehood\"], [\"untruthfulness\", \"untruthfulness\"]]}, {\"categories\": [\"Mandarin terms with usage examples\"], \"examples\": [{\"english\": \"puppet government\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Traditional Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"wěizhèngquán\", \"text\": \"偽政權\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"puppet government\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Simplified Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"wěizhèngquán\", \"text\": \"伪政权\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"Manchukuo\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Traditional Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"Wěi-Mǎnzhōuguó\", \"text\": \"偽滿洲國\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"Manchukuo\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Simplified Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"Wěi-Mǎnzhōuguó\", \"text\": \"伪满洲国\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"the Peking University under the control of Chinese puppet state of the Empire of Japan\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Traditional Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"Wěi Běijīng Dàxué\", \"text\": \"偽北京大學\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"the Peking University under the control of Chinese puppet state of the Empire of Japan\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Simplified Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"Wěi Běijīng Dàxué\", \"text\": \"伪北京大学\", \"type\": \"example\"}], \"glosses\": [\"illegal; illegitimate\"], \"links\": [[\"illegal\", \"illegal\"], [\"illegitimate\", \"illegitimate\"]]}], \"sounds\": [{\"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"Pinyin\"], \"zh-pron\": \"wěi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"Pinyin\"], \"zh-pron\": \"wèi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"bopomofo\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ㄨㄟˇ\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"bopomofo\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ㄨㄟˋ\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Cantonese\", \"Jyutping\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngai⁶\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Hakka\", \"PFS\", \"Sixian\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngúi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Guangdong\", \"Hakka\", \"Meixian\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngui³\"}, {\"zh-pron\": \"ngôi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"POJ\"], \"zh-pron\": \"gūi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"POJ\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ūi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"POJ\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ûi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Peng'im\", \"Teochew\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngui⁶\"}, {\"zh-pron\": \"⁶we\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Hanyu-Pinyin\", \"Mandarin\"], \"zh-pron\": \"wěi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"Tongyong-Pinyin\"], \"zh-pron\": \"wěi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"Wade-Giles\"], \"zh-pron\": \"wei³\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"Yale\"], \"zh-pron\": \"wěi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Gwoyeu-Romatsyh\", \"Mandarin\"], \"zh-pron\": \"woei\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"Palladius\"], \"zh-pron\": \"вэй\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"Palladius\"], \"zh-pron\": \"vɛj\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/weɪ̯²¹⁴/\", \"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"Sinological-IPA\"]}, {\"tags\": [\"Hanyu-Pinyin\", \"Mandarin\"], \"zh-pron\": \"wèi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"Tongyong-Pinyin\"], \"zh-pron\": \"wèi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"Wade-Giles\"], \"zh-pron\": \"wei⁴\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"Yale\"], \"zh-pron\": \"wèi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Gwoyeu-Romatsyh\", \"Mandarin\"], \"zh-pron\": \"wey\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/weɪ̯⁵¹/\", \"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"Sinological-IPA\"]}, {\"tags\": [\"Cantonese\", \"Guangzhou\", \"Hong-Kong\", \"Jyutping\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngai⁶\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Cantonese\", \"Guangzhou\", \"Hong-Kong\", \"Yale\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngaih\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Cantonese\", \"Guangzhou\", \"Hong-Kong\", \"Pinyin\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngai⁶\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Cantonese\", \"Guangdong-Romanization\", \"Guangzhou\", \"Hong-Kong\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngei⁶\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ŋɐi̯²²/\", \"tags\": [\"Cantonese\", \"Guangzhou\", \"Hong-Kong\", \"Sinological-IPA\"]}, {\"tags\": [\"Hakka\", \"Phak-fa-su\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngúi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Hakka\", \"Hakka-Romanization-System\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngui^ˋ\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Hagfa-Pinyim\", \"Hakka\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngui³\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ŋu̯i³¹/\", \"tags\": [\"Hakka\", \"Sinological-IPA\"]}, {\"ipa\": \"/ŋuɪ³¹/\", \"tags\": [\"Hakka\", \"Meixian\", \"Sinological-IPA\"]}, {\"tags\": [\"Foochow-Romanized\", \"Fuzhou\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngôi\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ŋui²⁴²/\", \"tags\": [\"Fuzhou\", \"Sinological-IPA\"]}, {\"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"Tai-lo\"], \"zh-pron\": \"guī\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"Phofsit-Daibuun\"], \"zh-pron\": \"gui\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ɡui²²/\", \"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"Xiamen\", \"Zhangzhou\"]}, {\"ipa\": \"/ɡui³³/\", \"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"Kaohsiung\", \"Taipei\"]}, {\"ipa\": \"/ɡui⁴¹/\", \"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"Quanzhou\"]}, {\"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"Tai-lo\"], \"zh-pron\": \"uī\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"Phofsit-Daibuun\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ui\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ui²²/\", \"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"Xiamen\", \"Zhangzhou\"]}, {\"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"Tai-lo\"], \"zh-pron\": \"uî\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"Phofsit-Daibuun\"], \"zh-pron\": \"uii\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ui²⁴/\", \"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"Jinjiang\", \"Quanzhou\"]}, {\"tags\": [\"POJ\", \"Teochew\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngŭi\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ŋui³⁵/\", \"tags\": [\"Sinological-IPA\", \"Teochew\"]}, {\"tags\": [\"Northern\", \"Wu\"], \"zh-pron\": \"⁶we\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Northern\", \"Wu\"], \"zh-pron\": \"we^去\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Northern\", \"Wu\"], \"zh-pron\": \"³hhue\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Northern\", \"Wu\"], \"zh-pron\": \"/ɦue²³/\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Middle-Chinese\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngjweH\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Baxter-Sagart\", \"Old-Chinese\"], \"zh-pron\": \"/*N-ɢʷ(r)aj-s/\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Baxter-Sagart\", \"Old-Chinese\"], \"zh-pron\": \"/*m-ɢʷ(r)aj-s/\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Old-Chinese\", \"Zhengzhang\"], \"zh-pron\": \"/*ŋʷrals/\"}, {\"other\": \"/ ūi /\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/weɪ̯²¹⁴/\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/weɪ̯⁵¹/\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ŋɐi̯²²/\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ŋu̯i³¹/\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ŋuɪ³¹/\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ŋui²⁴²/\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ɡui²²/\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ɡui³³/\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ɡui⁴¹/\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ui²²/\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ui²⁴/\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ŋui³⁵/\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ɦue²³/\"}, {\"other\": \"/*N-ɢʷ(r)aj-s/\"}, {\"other\": \"/*m-ɢʷ(r)aj-s/\"}, {\"other\": \"/*ŋʷrals/\"}], \"word\": \"偽\"}",
"path": [],
"section": "Chinese",
"subsection": "character",
"title": "偽",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "wiktionary/179/20240425uppercase_tags",
"msg": "偽/Chinese/character: invalid uppercase tag Old-Chinese not in or uppercase_tags: {\"categories\": [\"CJKV simplified characters\", \"Chinese adjectives\", \"Chinese entries with incorrect language header\", \"Chinese hanzi\", \"Chinese lemmas\", \"Chinese nouns\", \"Chinese terms spelled with 偽\", \"Chinese terms with IPA pronunciation\", \"Eastern Min adjectives\", \"Eastern Min hanzi\", \"Eastern Min lemmas\", \"Eastern Min nouns\", \"Middle Chinese adjectives\", \"Middle Chinese hanzi\", \"Middle Chinese lemmas\", \"Middle Chinese nouns\", \"Old Chinese adjectives\", \"Old Chinese hanzi\", \"Old Chinese lemmas\", \"Old Chinese nouns\", \"Pages with 5 entries\", \"Pages with entries\"], \"derived\": [{\"word\": \"世偽\"}, {\"word\": \"世伪\"}, {\"word\": \"乖偽\"}, {\"word\": \"乖伪\"}, {\"word\": \"乘偽行詐\"}, {\"word\": \"乘伪行诈\"}, {\"word\": \"以偽亂真\"}, {\"word\": \"以伪乱真\"}, {\"roman\": \"zuòwěi\", \"word\": \"作偽\"}, {\"roman\": \"zuòwěi\", \"word\": \"作伪\"}, {\"word\": \"侈偽\"}, {\"word\": \"侈伪\"}, {\"word\": \"偽人\"}, {\"word\": \"伪人\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěizuò\", \"word\": \"偽作\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěizuò\", \"word\": \"伪作\"}, {\"word\": \"偽俗\"}, {\"word\": \"伪俗\"}, {\"word\": \"假偽\"}, {\"word\": \"假伪\"}, {\"word\": \"偽傳\"}, {\"word\": \"伪传\"}, {\"word\": \"偽冒\"}, {\"word\": \"伪冒\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěiliè\", \"word\": \"偽劣\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěiliè\", \"word\": \"伪劣\"}, {\"word\": \"偽化\"}, {\"word\": \"伪化\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěishǐ\", \"word\": \"偽史\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěishǐ\", \"word\": \"伪史\"}, {\"word\": \"偽名\"}, {\"word\": \"伪名\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěijūnzǐ\", \"word\": \"偽君子\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěijūnzǐ\", \"word\": \"伪君子\"}, {\"word\": \"偽命\"}, {\"word\": \"伪命\"}, {\"word\": \"偽品\"}, {\"word\": \"伪品\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěishàn\", \"word\": \"偽善\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěishàn\", \"word\": \"伪善\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěiguó\", \"word\": \"偽國\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěiguó\", \"word\": \"伪国\"}, {\"word\": \"偽塗\"}, {\"word\": \"伪涂\"}, {\"word\": \"偽夫\"}, {\"word\": \"伪夫\"}, {\"word\": \"偽妄\"}, {\"word\": \"伪妄\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěiniáng\", \"word\": \"偽娘\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěiniáng\", \"word\": \"伪娘\"}, {\"word\": \"偽媮\"}, {\"word\": \"伪偷\"}, {\"word\": \"偽孔\"}, {\"word\": \"伪孔\"}, {\"word\": \"偽孔傳\"}, {\"word\": \"伪孔传\"}, {\"word\": \"偽字\"}, {\"word\": \"伪字\"}, {\"word\": \"偽學\"}, {\"word\": \"伪学\"}, {\"word\": \"偽定\"}, {\"word\": \"伪定\"}, {\"word\": \"偽客\"}, {\"word\": \"伪客\"}, {\"word\": \"偽局\"}, {\"word\": \"伪局\"}, {\"word\": \"偽巧\"}, {\"word\": \"伪巧\"}, {\"word\": \"偽師\"}, {\"word\": \"伪师\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěibì\", \"word\": \"偽幣\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěibì\", \"word\": \"伪币\"}, {\"word\": \"偽庭\"}, {\"word\": \"伪庭\"}, {\"word\": \"偽廉\"}, {\"word\": \"伪廉\"}, {\"word\": \"偽廷\"}, {\"word\": \"伪廷\"}, {\"word\": \"偽從\"}, {\"word\": \"伪从\"}, {\"word\": \"偽心\"}, {\"word\": \"伪心\"}, {\"word\": \"偽怠\"}, {\"word\": \"伪怠\"}, {\"word\": \"偽惑\"}, {\"word\": \"伪惑\"}, {\"word\": \"偽情\"}, {\"word\": \"伪情\"}, {\"word\": \"偽意\"}, {\"word\": \"伪意\"}, {\"word\": \"偽態\"}, {\"word\": \"伪态\"}, {\"word\": \"偽戾\"}, {\"word\": \"伪戾\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěituō\", \"word\": \"偽托\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěituō\", \"word\": \"伪托\"}, {\"word\": \"偽撰\"}, {\"word\": \"偽政府\"}, {\"word\": \"伪政府\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěizhèngquán\", \"word\": \"偽政權\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěizhèngquán\", \"word\": \"伪政权\"}, {\"word\": \"偽方\"}, {\"word\": \"伪方\"}, {\"word\": \"偽易\"}, {\"word\": \"伪易\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěishū\", \"word\": \"偽書\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěishū\", \"word\": \"伪书\"}, {\"word\": \"偽服\"}, {\"word\": \"伪服\"}, {\"word\": \"偽朝\"}, {\"word\": \"伪朝\"}, {\"word\": \"偽本\"}, {\"word\": \"伪本\"}, {\"word\": \"偽民\"}, {\"word\": \"伪民\"}, {\"roman\": \"Wěimǎn\", \"word\": \"偽滿\"}, {\"roman\": \"Wěimǎn\", \"word\": \"伪满\"}, {\"roman\": \"Wěi-Mǎnzhōuguó\", \"word\": \"偽滿洲國\"}, {\"roman\": \"Wěi-Mǎnzhōuguó\", \"word\": \"伪满洲国\"}, {\"word\": \"偽物\"}, {\"word\": \"伪物\"}, {\"word\": \"偽百合\"}, {\"word\": \"伪百合\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěihuáng\", \"word\": \"偽皇\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěihuáng\", \"word\": \"伪皇\"}, {\"word\": \"偽真\"}, {\"word\": \"伪真\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěikēxué\", \"word\": \"偽科學\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěikēxué\", \"word\": \"伪科学\"}, {\"word\": \"偽端\"}, {\"word\": \"伪端\"}, {\"word\": \"偽筍\"}, {\"word\": \"伪笋\"}, {\"word\": \"偽組織\"}, {\"word\": \"伪组织\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěijīng\", \"word\": \"偽經\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěijīng\", \"word\": \"伪经\"}, {\"word\": \"偽繆\"}, {\"word\": \"伪缪\"}, {\"word\": \"偽臣\"}, {\"word\": \"伪臣\"}, {\"word\": \"偽荊卿\"}, {\"word\": \"伪荆卿\"}, {\"word\": \"偽蔽\"}, {\"word\": \"伪蔽\"}, {\"word\": \"偽薄\"}, {\"word\": \"伪薄\"}, {\"word\": \"偽藥\"}, {\"word\": \"伪药\"}, {\"word\": \"偽蠶\"}, {\"word\": \"伪蚕\"}, {\"word\": \"偽行\"}, {\"word\": \"伪行\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěizhuāng\", \"word\": \"偽裝\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěizhuāng\", \"word\": \"伪装\"}, {\"word\": \"偽裝滲透\"}, {\"word\": \"伪装渗透\"}, {\"word\": \"偽言\"}, {\"word\": \"伪言\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěituō\", \"word\": \"偽託\"}, {\"word\": \"偽詐\"}, {\"word\": \"伪诈\"}, {\"word\": \"偽說\"}, {\"word\": \"伪说\"}, {\"word\": \"偽論\"}, {\"word\": \"伪论\"}, {\"word\": \"偽謬\"}, {\"word\": \"伪谬\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěizhèng\", \"word\": \"偽證\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěizhèng\", \"word\": \"伪证\"}, {\"word\": \"偽譔\"}, {\"word\": \"伪撰\"}, {\"word\": \"偽議\"}, {\"word\": \"伪议\"}, {\"word\": \"偽讓\"}, {\"word\": \"伪让\"}, {\"word\": \"偽貌\"}, {\"word\": \"伪貌\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěizú\", \"word\": \"偽足\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěizú\", \"word\": \"伪足\"}, {\"word\": \"偽跡\"}, {\"word\": \"伪迹\"}, {\"word\": \"偽蹟\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěijūn\", \"word\": \"偽軍\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěijūn\", \"word\": \"伪军\"}, {\"word\": \"偽辭\"}, {\"word\": \"伪辞\"}, {\"word\": \"偽辯\"}, {\"word\": \"伪辩\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěizào\", \"word\": \"偽造\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěizào\", \"word\": \"伪造\"}, {\"word\": \"偽造文書\"}, {\"word\": \"伪造文书\"}, {\"word\": \"偽道\"}, {\"word\": \"伪道\"}, {\"word\": \"偽金錢\"}, {\"word\": \"伪金钱\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěichāo\", \"word\": \"偽鈔\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěichāo\", \"word\": \"伪钞\"}, {\"word\": \"偽錢\"}, {\"word\": \"伪钱\"}, {\"word\": \"偽飾\"}, {\"word\": \"伪饰\"}, {\"word\": \"偽體\"}, {\"word\": \"伪体\"}, {\"word\": \"偽鳳\"}, {\"word\": \"伪凤\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěimáhuángjiǎn\", \"word\": \"偽麻黃鹼\"}, {\"roman\": \"wěimáhuángjiǎn\", \"word\": \"伪麻黄碱\"}, {\"word\": \"偽黨\"}, {\"word\": \"伪党\"}, {\"word\": \"僭偽\"}, {\"word\": \"僭伪\"}, {\"word\": \"凶偽\"}, {\"word\": \"別裁偽體\"}, {\"word\": \"别裁伪体\"}, {\"word\": \"化性起偽\"}, {\"word\": \"化性起伪\"}, {\"word\": \"南偽\"}, {\"word\": \"南伪\"}, {\"word\": \"厭偽\"}, {\"word\": \"厌伪\"}, {\"roman\": \"qùwěicúnzhēn\", \"word\": \"去偽存真\"}, {\"roman\": \"qùwěicúnzhēn\", \"word\": \"去伪存真\"}, {\"word\": \"妖偽\"}, {\"word\": \"妖伪\"}, {\"word\": \"姦偽\"}, {\"word\": \"奸伪\"}, {\"word\": \"巧偽\"}, {\"word\": \"巧伪\"}, {\"word\": \"幻偽\"}, {\"word\": \"幻伪\"}, {\"word\": \"彫偽\"}, {\"word\": \"雕伪\"}, {\"word\": \"情偽\"}, {\"word\": \"情伪\"}, {\"word\": \"慝偽\"}, {\"word\": \"慝伪\"}, {\"roman\": \"díwěi\", \"word\": \"敵偽\"}, {\"roman\": \"díwěi\", \"word\": \"敌伪\"}, {\"word\": \"晦偽\"}, {\"word\": \"晦伪\"}, {\"word\": \"智偽\"}, {\"word\": \"智伪\"}, {\"word\": \"棄偽從真\"}, {\"word\": \"弃伪从真\"}, {\"word\": \"機偽\"}, {\"word\": \"机伪\"}, {\"word\": \"樹偽\"}, {\"word\": \"树伪\"}, {\"word\": \"欺偽\"}, {\"word\": \"欺伪\"}, {\"word\": \"汙偽\"}, {\"word\": \"污伪\"}, {\"word\": \"浮偽\"}, {\"word\": \"浮伪\"}, {\"word\": \"淺偽\"}, {\"word\": \"浅伪\"}, {\"word\": \"淫偽\"}, {\"word\": \"淫伪\"}, {\"word\": \"澆偽\"}, {\"word\": \"浇伪\"}, {\"word\": \"濫偽\"}, {\"word\": \"滥伪\"}, {\"word\": \"煩偽\"}, {\"word\": \"烦伪\"}, {\"word\": \"狡偽\"}, {\"word\": \"狡伪\"}, {\"word\": \"猾偽\"}, {\"word\": \"猾伪\"}, {\"word\": \"番偽\"}, {\"word\": \"番伪\"}, {\"word\": \"百偽\"}, {\"word\": \"百伪\"}, {\"roman\": \"zhēnwěi\", \"word\": \"真偽\"}, {\"roman\": \"zhēnwěi\", \"word\": \"真伪\"}, {\"word\": \"真偽莫辨\"}, {\"word\": \"真伪莫辨\"}, {\"word\": \"眾偽\"}, {\"word\": \"众伪\"}, {\"word\": \"矜偽\"}, {\"word\": \"矜伪\"}, {\"word\": \"矯偽\"}, {\"word\": \"矫伪\"}, {\"word\": \"矯言偽行\"}, {\"word\": \"矫言伪行\"}, {\"word\": \"矯飾偽行\"}, {\"word\": \"矫饰伪行\"}, {\"word\": \"祅偽\"}, {\"word\": \"祅伪\"}, {\"word\": \"積偽\"}, {\"word\": \"积伪\"}, {\"word\": \"空偽\"}, {\"word\": \"空伪\"}, {\"word\": \"篡偽\"}, {\"word\": \"篡伪\"}, {\"word\": \"苦偽\"}, {\"word\": \"苦伪\"}, {\"word\": \"華偽\"}, {\"word\": \"华伪\"}, {\"roman\": \"xūwěi\", \"word\": \"虛偽\"}, {\"roman\": \"xūwěi\", \"word\": \"虚伪\"}, {\"word\": \"蠱偽\"}, {\"word\": \"蛊伪\"}, {\"word\": \"行偽\"}, {\"word\": \"行伪\"}, {\"word\": \"託偽\"}, {\"word\": \"托伪\"}, {\"word\": \"訛偽\"}, {\"word\": \"讹伪\"}, {\"word\": \"詐偽\"}, {\"word\": \"诈伪\"}, {\"word\": \"詭偽\"}, {\"word\": \"诡伪\"}, {\"roman\": \"chéngwěi\", \"word\": \"誠偽\"}, {\"roman\": \"chéngwěi\", \"word\": \"诚伪\"}, {\"word\": \"詿偽\"}, {\"word\": \"诖伪\"}, {\"word\": \"誣偽\"}, {\"word\": \"诬伪\"}, {\"word\": \"請偽\"}, {\"word\": \"请伪\"}, {\"word\": \"諂偽\"}, {\"word\": \"谄伪\"}, {\"word\": \"讎偽\"}, {\"word\": \"雠伪\"}, {\"word\": \"輕偽\"}, {\"word\": \"轻伪\"}, {\"word\": \"遂偽\"}, {\"word\": \"遂伪\"}, {\"word\": \"邀偽\"}, {\"word\": \"邀伪\"}, {\"word\": \"邪偽\"}, {\"word\": \"邪伪\"}, {\"word\": \"酢偽\"}, {\"word\": \"酢伪\"}, {\"word\": \"闇偽\"}, {\"word\": \"暗伪\"}, {\"word\": \"隱偽\"}, {\"word\": \"隐伪\"}, {\"word\": \"雕偽\"}, {\"word\": \"雜偽\"}, {\"word\": \"杂伪\"}, {\"word\": \"飾偽\"}, {\"word\": \"饰伪\"}], \"etymology_templates\": [{\"args\": {\"1\": \"僞\", \"f\": \"爲\", \"t\": \"為\"}, \"expansion\": \"Simplified from 僞 (爲 → 為)\", \"name\": \"Han simp\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"zh\", \"2\": \"Han phono-semantic compounds\"}, \"expansion\": \"\", \"name\": \"categorize\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"psc\", \"adj\": \"\", \"nocap\": \"\", \"pron\": \"OC *ŋʷrals\"}, \"expansion\": \"Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋʷrals)\", \"name\": \"liushu\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"人\", \"2\": \"為\", \"alt1\": \"亻\", \"c1\": \"s\", \"c2\": \"p\", \"ls\": \"psc\", \"t1\": \"man\", \"t2\": \"to make\"}, \"expansion\": \"Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋʷrals): semantic 亻 (“man”) + phonetic 為 (OC *ɢʷal, *ɢʷals, “to make”)\", \"name\": \"Han compound\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"為\", \"2\": \"to act as\", \"id\": \"1\"}, \"expansion\": \"為 (OC *ɢʷal, “to act as”)\", \"name\": \"och-l\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"Karlgren, 1956\"}, \"expansion\": \"Karlgren, 1956\", \"name\": \"zh-ref\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"Wang, 1982\"}, \"expansion\": \"Wang, 1982\", \"name\": \"zh-ref\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"Baxter and Sagart, 2014\"}, \"expansion\": \"Baxter and Sagart, 2014\", \"name\": \"zh-ref\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"訛\", \"2\": \"erroneous\"}, \"expansion\": \"訛 (OC *ŋʷaːl, “erroneous”)\", \"name\": \"och-l\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"Schuessler, 2007\"}, \"expansion\": \"Schuessler, 2007\", \"name\": \"zh-ref\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"bo\", \"2\": \"རྔོད\", \"3\": \"\", \"4\": \"to deceive\"}, \"expansion\": \"Tibetan རྔོད (rngod, “to deceive”)\", \"name\": \"cog\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"Gong, 1995\"}, \"expansion\": \"Gong, 1995\", \"name\": \"zh-ref\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"Schuessler, 2007\"}, \"expansion\": \"Schuessler, 2007\", \"name\": \"zh-ref\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"Hill, 2014\"}, \"expansion\": \"Hill, 2014\", \"name\": \"zh-ref\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"Jacques (2022, 2023)\"}, \"expansion\": \"Jacques (2022, 2023)\", \"name\": \"zh-ref\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"ltc\", \"2\": \"-\"}, \"expansion\": \"Middle Chinese\", \"name\": \"cog\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"偽\"}, \"expansion\": \"偽 (MC ngjweH)\", \"name\": \"ltc-l\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"訛\"}, \"expansion\": \"訛 (MC ngwa)\", \"name\": \"ltc-l\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"zh\", \"2\": \"偽\"}, \"expansion\": \"偽\", \"name\": \"lang\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"為\", \"tr\": \"waj\"}, \"expansion\": \"為 (OC waj)\", \"name\": \"och-l\"}], \"etymology_text\": \"Simplified from 僞 (爲 → 為). Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋʷrals): semantic 亻 (“man”) + phonetic 為 (OC *ɢʷal, *ɢʷals, “to make”), originally “artificial”.\\nOften thought to be derived from 為 (OC *ɢʷal, “to act as”) (Karlgren, 1956; Wang, 1982; Baxter and Sagart, 2014).\\nAlternatively, it may be cognate to 訛 (OC *ŋʷaːl, “erroneous”) (Schuessler, 2007); this may be compared to Tibetan རྔོད (rngod, “to deceive”), though the -d in Tibetan is unexplained (Gong, 1995; Schuessler, 2007; Hill, 2014).\\nJacques (2022, 2023) seems to attempt to unify the two etymologies above. He argues the Middle Chinese initial ng- in both 偽 (MC ngjweH) and 訛 (MC ngwa) come from a middle voice/intransitivizing prefix *ŋ-. 偽, reconstructed as *ŋ-waj-s, would be derived from 為 (OC waj) as the root.\", \"forms\": [{\"form\": \"伪\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Simplified Chinese\"]}, {\"form\": \"僞\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Traditional Chinese\"]}], \"head_templates\": [{\"args\": {\"1\": \"zh\", \"2\": \"hanzi\"}, \"expansion\": \"偽\", \"name\": \"head\"}], \"lang\": \"Chinese\", \"lang_code\": \"zh\", \"pos\": \"character\", \"senses\": [{\"categories\": [\"Literary Chinese terms with quotations\", \"Mandarin terms with usage examples\"], \"examples\": [{\"english\": \"hypocritical; hypocrisy\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Traditional Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"xūwěi\", \"text\": \"虛偽\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"hypocritical; hypocrisy\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Simplified Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"xūwěi\", \"text\": \"虚伪\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"to forge; to counterfeit\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Traditional Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"wěizào\", \"text\": \"偽造\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"to forge; to counterfeit\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Simplified Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"wěizào\", \"text\": \"伪造\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"counterfeit banknote\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Traditional Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"wěichāo\", \"text\": \"偽鈔\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"counterfeit banknote\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Simplified Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"wěichāo\", \"text\": \"伪钞\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"pseudoephedrine\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Traditional Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"wěimáhuángjiǎn\", \"text\": \"偽麻黃鹼\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"pseudoephedrine\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Simplified Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"wěimáhuángjiǎn\", \"text\": \"伪麻黄碱\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"Man's nature is bad; his goodness is artificial.\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Classical Chinese\", \"Traditional Chinese\"], \"ref\": \" Xunzi, c. 3ʳᵈ century BCE\", \"roman\": \"Rén zhī xìng è, qí shàn zhě wěi yě.\", \"tags\": [\"Pinyin\"], \"text\": \"人之性惡，其善者偽也。\", \"type\": \"quote\"}, {\"english\": \"Man's nature is bad; his goodness is artificial.\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Classical Chinese\", \"Simplified Chinese\"], \"ref\": \" Xunzi, c. 3ʳᵈ century BCE\", \"roman\": \"Rén zhī xìng è, qí shàn zhě wěi yě.\", \"tags\": [\"Pinyin\"], \"text\": \"人之性恶，其善者伪也。\", \"type\": \"quote\"}], \"glosses\": [\"false; counterfeit; bogus; fake; pseudo-; artificial\"], \"links\": [[\"false\", \"false\"], [\"counterfeit\", \"counterfeit\"], [\"bogus\", \"bogus\"], [\"fake\", \"fake\"], [\"pseudo-\", \"pseudo-\"], [\"artificial\", \"artificial\"]]}, {\"glosses\": [\"falsehood; untruthfulness\"], \"links\": [[\"falsehood\", \"falsehood\"], [\"untruthfulness\", \"untruthfulness\"]]}, {\"categories\": [\"Mandarin terms with usage examples\"], \"examples\": [{\"english\": \"puppet government\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Traditional Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"wěizhèngquán\", \"text\": \"偽政權\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"puppet government\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Simplified Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"wěizhèngquán\", \"text\": \"伪政权\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"Manchukuo\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Traditional Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"Wěi-Mǎnzhōuguó\", \"text\": \"偽滿洲國\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"Manchukuo\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Simplified Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"Wěi-Mǎnzhōuguó\", \"text\": \"伪满洲国\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"the Peking University under the control of Chinese puppet state of the Empire of Japan\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Traditional Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"Wěi Běijīng Dàxué\", \"text\": \"偽北京大學\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"english\": \"the Peking University under the control of Chinese puppet state of the Empire of Japan\", \"raw_tags\": [\"Simplified Chinese\"], \"roman\": \"Wěi Běijīng Dàxué\", \"text\": \"伪北京大学\", \"type\": \"example\"}], \"glosses\": [\"illegal; illegitimate\"], \"links\": [[\"illegal\", \"illegal\"], [\"illegitimate\", \"illegitimate\"]]}], \"sounds\": [{\"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"Pinyin\"], \"zh-pron\": \"wěi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"Pinyin\"], \"zh-pron\": \"wèi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"bopomofo\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ㄨㄟˇ\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"bopomofo\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ㄨㄟˋ\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Cantonese\", \"Jyutping\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngai⁶\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Hakka\", \"PFS\", \"Sixian\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngúi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Guangdong\", \"Hakka\", \"Meixian\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngui³\"}, {\"zh-pron\": \"ngôi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"POJ\"], \"zh-pron\": \"gūi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"POJ\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ūi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"POJ\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ûi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Peng'im\", \"Teochew\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngui⁶\"}, {\"zh-pron\": \"⁶we\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Hanyu-Pinyin\", \"Mandarin\"], \"zh-pron\": \"wěi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"Tongyong-Pinyin\"], \"zh-pron\": \"wěi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"Wade-Giles\"], \"zh-pron\": \"wei³\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"Yale\"], \"zh-pron\": \"wěi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Gwoyeu-Romatsyh\", \"Mandarin\"], \"zh-pron\": \"woei\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"Palladius\"], \"zh-pron\": \"вэй\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"Palladius\"], \"zh-pron\": \"vɛj\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/weɪ̯²¹⁴/\", \"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"Sinological-IPA\"]}, {\"tags\": [\"Hanyu-Pinyin\", \"Mandarin\"], \"zh-pron\": \"wèi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"Tongyong-Pinyin\"], \"zh-pron\": \"wèi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"Wade-Giles\"], \"zh-pron\": \"wei⁴\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"Yale\"], \"zh-pron\": \"wèi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Gwoyeu-Romatsyh\", \"Mandarin\"], \"zh-pron\": \"wey\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/weɪ̯⁵¹/\", \"tags\": [\"Mandarin\", \"Sinological-IPA\"]}, {\"tags\": [\"Cantonese\", \"Guangzhou\", \"Hong-Kong\", \"Jyutping\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngai⁶\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Cantonese\", \"Guangzhou\", \"Hong-Kong\", \"Yale\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngaih\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Cantonese\", \"Guangzhou\", \"Hong-Kong\", \"Pinyin\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngai⁶\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Cantonese\", \"Guangdong-Romanization\", \"Guangzhou\", \"Hong-Kong\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngei⁶\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ŋɐi̯²²/\", \"tags\": [\"Cantonese\", \"Guangzhou\", \"Hong-Kong\", \"Sinological-IPA\"]}, {\"tags\": [\"Hakka\", \"Phak-fa-su\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngúi\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Hakka\", \"Hakka-Romanization-System\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngui^ˋ\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Hagfa-Pinyim\", \"Hakka\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngui³\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ŋu̯i³¹/\", \"tags\": [\"Hakka\", \"Sinological-IPA\"]}, {\"ipa\": \"/ŋuɪ³¹/\", \"tags\": [\"Hakka\", \"Meixian\", \"Sinological-IPA\"]}, {\"tags\": [\"Foochow-Romanized\", \"Fuzhou\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngôi\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ŋui²⁴²/\", \"tags\": [\"Fuzhou\", \"Sinological-IPA\"]}, {\"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"Tai-lo\"], \"zh-pron\": \"guī\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"Phofsit-Daibuun\"], \"zh-pron\": \"gui\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ɡui²²/\", \"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"Xiamen\", \"Zhangzhou\"]}, {\"ipa\": \"/ɡui³³/\", \"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"Kaohsiung\", \"Taipei\"]}, {\"ipa\": \"/ɡui⁴¹/\", \"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"Quanzhou\"]}, {\"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"Tai-lo\"], \"zh-pron\": \"uī\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"Phofsit-Daibuun\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ui\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ui²²/\", \"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"Xiamen\", \"Zhangzhou\"]}, {\"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"Tai-lo\"], \"zh-pron\": \"uî\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"Phofsit-Daibuun\"], \"zh-pron\": \"uii\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ui²⁴/\", \"tags\": [\"Hokkien\", \"Jinjiang\", \"Quanzhou\"]}, {\"tags\": [\"POJ\", \"Teochew\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngŭi\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ŋui³⁵/\", \"tags\": [\"Sinological-IPA\", \"Teochew\"]}, {\"tags\": [\"Northern\", \"Wu\"], \"zh-pron\": \"⁶we\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Northern\", \"Wu\"], \"zh-pron\": \"we^去\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Northern\", \"Wu\"], \"zh-pron\": \"³hhue\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Northern\", \"Wu\"], \"zh-pron\": \"/ɦue²³/\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Middle-Chinese\"], \"zh-pron\": \"ngjweH\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Baxter-Sagart\", \"Old-Chinese\"], \"zh-pron\": \"/*N-ɢʷ(r)aj-s/\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Baxter-Sagart\", \"Old-Chinese\"], \"zh-pron\": \"/*m-ɢʷ(r)aj-s/\"}, {\"tags\": [\"Old-Chinese\", \"Zhengzhang\"], \"zh-pron\": \"/*ŋʷrals/\"}, {\"other\": \"/ ūi /\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/weɪ̯²¹⁴/\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/weɪ̯⁵¹/\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ŋɐi̯²²/\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ŋu̯i³¹/\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ŋuɪ³¹/\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ŋui²⁴²/\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ɡui²²/\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ɡui³³/\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ɡui⁴¹/\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ui²²/\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ui²⁴/\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ŋui³⁵/\"}, {\"ipa\": \"/ɦue²³/\"}, {\"other\": \"/*N-ɢʷ(r)aj-s/\"}, {\"other\": \"/*m-ɢʷ(r)aj-s/\"}, {\"other\": \"/*ŋʷrals/\"}], \"word\": \"偽\"}",
"path": [],
"section": "Chinese",
"subsection": "character",
"title": "偽",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Chinese dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-12-21 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-12-04 using wiktextract (d8cb2f3 and 4e554ae). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.