See sweren on Wiktionary
Download JSON data for sweren meaning in All languages combined (16.5kB)
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "zweren"
},
"expansion": "Dutch: zweren\nAfrikaans: sweer\nNegerhollands: sweer",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Dutch: zweren\nAfrikaans: sweer\nNegerhollands: sweer"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "li",
"2": "zwaere"
},
"expansion": "Limburgish: zwaere",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Limburgish: zwaere"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dum",
"2": "odt",
"3": "sweren"
},
"expansion": "Old Dutch sweren",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "dum",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*swarjan"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *swarjan",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "dum",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*swarjaną"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *swarjaną",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "dum",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*swer-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *swer-",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old Dutch sweren, from Proto-West Germanic *swarjan, from Proto-Germanic *swarjaną, from Proto-Indo-European *swer-.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "swēren",
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dum",
"2": "verb",
"head": "swēren",
"head2": ""
},
"expansion": "swēren",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"head": "swēren"
},
"expansion": "swēren",
"name": "dum-verb"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Dutch",
"lang_code": "dum",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "81 8 11",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle Dutch entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to swear, to declare solemnly"
],
"id": "en-sweren-dum-verb-wiebK3Cd",
"links": [
[
"swear",
"swear"
],
[
"declare",
"declare"
],
[
"solemnly",
"solemnly"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"to swear, to curse"
],
"id": "en-sweren-dum-verb-lU1TeLMk",
"links": [
[
"swear",
"swear"
],
[
"curse",
"curse"
]
]
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "swerren"
}
],
"word": "sweren"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "zweren"
},
"expansion": "zweren",
"name": "l"
}
],
"text": "Dutch: zweren"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dum",
"2": "odt",
"3": "*sweran"
},
"expansion": "Old Dutch *sweran",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "dum",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*sweraną"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *sweraną",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old Dutch *sweran, from Proto-Germanic *sweraną.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "swēren",
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dum",
"2": "verb",
"head": "swēren",
"head2": ""
},
"expansion": "swēren",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"head": "swēren"
},
"expansion": "swēren",
"name": "dum-verb"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Dutch",
"lang_code": "dum",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"to hurt, to be painful"
],
"id": "en-sweren-dum-verb-nF5e1fdL",
"links": [
[
"hurt",
"hurt"
],
[
"painful",
"painful"
]
]
}
],
"word": "sweren"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "swear"
},
"expansion": "English: swear",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "English: swear"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "swer",
"3": "swere",
"4": "sweir"
},
"expansion": "Scots: swer, swere, sweir",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Scots: swer, swere, sweir"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "swerian"
},
"expansion": "Old English swerian",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*swarjan"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *swarjan",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*swarjaną"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *swarjaną",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gml",
"2": "sweren"
},
"expansion": "Middle Low German sweren",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmq-osw",
"2": "sværia"
},
"expansion": "Old Swedish sværia",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmq-oda",
"2": "swæriæ"
},
"expansion": "Old Danish swæriæ",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "dum",
"2": "swēren"
},
"expansion": "Middle Dutch swēren",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmh",
"2": "swern"
},
"expansion": "Middle High German swern",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old English swerian, from Proto-West Germanic *swarjan, from Proto-Germanic *swarjaną; a cognate of Middle Low German sweren, Old Swedish sværia, Old Danish swæriæ, Middle Dutch swēren, and Middle High German swern.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "strong",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "enm-conj-st",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "6/4",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "sweren",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "to sweren",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "swere",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "swere",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "swor",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "swar",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "swerest",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "swore",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "sware",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "swor",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "swar",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "swereth",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "swor",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "swar",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "swere",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "swore",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "sware",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "swere",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "sweren",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "swere",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "sworen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "swore",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "swaren",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "sware",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "swereth",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "swere",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "swerynge",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "swerende",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "sworen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "swore",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "sworn",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "ysworen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "yswore",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "ysworn",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "verb"
},
"expansion": "sweren",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "swer",
"2": "swor",
"2a": "swar",
"3": "swor",
"3a": "swar",
"4": "swor",
"c": "6",
"c2": "4",
"p_part3": "sworn",
"y": "2"
},
"name": "enm-conj-st"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "verb",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "forsweren"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "swerer"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "sweryng"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "26 5 15 3 4 6 15 5 11 5 2 2",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "24 7 15 3 4 7 13 5 11 6 2 2",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"parents": [
"Entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "26 3 12 3 3 4 26 2 12 4 2 1",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Directives",
"orig": "enm:Directives",
"parents": [
"Communication",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "14 24 1 10 2 20 2 5 7 4 5 5",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Law",
"orig": "enm:Law",
"parents": [
"Justice",
"Society",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "18 10 10 8 4 9 11 4 10 5 5 4",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Talking",
"orig": "enm:Talking",
"parents": [
"Human behaviour",
"Language",
"Human",
"Communication",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To swear to do something; to make an oral binding statement.",
"To swear while laying hands on something as confirmation."
],
"id": "en-sweren-enm-verb-BTfimxKU",
"links": [
[
"swear",
"swear"
],
[
"confirmation",
"confirmation"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "14 24 1 10 2 20 2 5 7 4 5 5",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Law",
"orig": "enm:Law",
"parents": [
"Justice",
"Society",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To swear to do something; to make an oral binding statement.",
"To swear by using a deity or divinity as witness."
],
"id": "en-sweren-enm-verb-dtU8MDfc",
"links": [
[
"swear",
"swear"
],
[
"deity",
"deity"
],
[
"divinity",
"divinity"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "26 3 12 3 3 4 26 2 12 4 2 1",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Directives",
"orig": "enm:Directives",
"parents": [
"Communication",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To swear to do something; to make an oral binding statement.",
"To swear to remain truthful, honest and trustworthy."
],
"id": "en-sweren-enm-verb-NihT72IB",
"links": [
[
"swear",
"swear"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "14 24 1 10 2 20 2 5 7 4 5 5",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Law",
"orig": "enm:Law",
"parents": [
"Justice",
"Society",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To swear to do something; to make an oral binding statement.",
"To swear to adhere or remain faithful to a given person."
],
"id": "en-sweren-enm-verb-sLoqKHX6",
"links": [
[
"swear",
"swear"
],
[
"adhere",
"adhere"
],
[
"faithful",
"faithful"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"To swear to do something; to make an oral binding statement.",
"To give approval or permission by swearing."
],
"id": "en-sweren-enm-verb-GmtYwkCr",
"links": [
[
"swear",
"swear"
],
[
"approval",
"approval"
],
[
"permission",
"permission"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"To swear to do something; to make an oral binding statement.",
"(rare) To give approval or permission by swearing."
],
"tags": [
"rare"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "14 24 1 10 2 20 2 5 7 4 5 5",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Law",
"orig": "enm:Law",
"parents": [
"Justice",
"Society",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To give witness in a legal or judicial context."
],
"id": "en-sweren-enm-verb-EeiwX4ac",
"links": [
[
"witness",
"witness"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "26 3 12 3 3 4 26 2 12 4 2 1",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Directives",
"orig": "enm:Directives",
"parents": [
"Communication",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To curse; to utter swearwords (especially as part of a promise)"
],
"id": "en-sweren-enm-verb-V7INqhRP",
"links": [
[
"swearwords",
"swearwords"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"To approve or affirm an oral binding statement."
],
"id": "en-sweren-enm-verb-vQDLKmk6"
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "26 3 12 3 3 4 26 2 12 4 2 1",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Directives",
"orig": "enm:Directives",
"parents": [
"Communication",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To form a conspiracy or secret pact; to effect covertly."
],
"id": "en-sweren-enm-verb-tzJ0uRBB",
"links": [
[
"conspiracy",
"conspiracy"
],
[
"pact",
"pact"
],
[
"covertly",
"covertly"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"To make a decisive and important statement or claim."
],
"id": "en-sweren-enm-verb-VWLvkn9O",
"links": [
[
"decisive",
"decisive"
],
[
"important",
"important"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"To claim or exclaim; to state."
],
"id": "en-sweren-enm-verb-2KR9qLhG",
"links": [
[
"claim",
"claim"
],
[
"exclaim",
"exclaim"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(rare) To claim or exclaim; to state."
],
"tags": [
"rare"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"To lay the foundation for a religion."
],
"id": "en-sweren-enm-verb-4uJoGBGL",
"links": [
[
"religion",
"religion"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(rare) To lay the foundation for a religion."
],
"tags": [
"rare"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈswɛːrən/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈswɛːriən/"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "swerien"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "swerie"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "swern"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "sweryn"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "zuerie"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "sweriȝen"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "swerye"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "swere"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "sueren"
}
],
"word": "sweren"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dum",
"2": "swēren"
},
"expansion": "Middle Dutch: swēren, swerren\nDutch: zweren\nAfrikaans: sweer\nNegerhollands: sweer\nLimburgish: zwaere",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Middle Dutch: swēren, swerren\nDutch: zweren\nAfrikaans: sweer\nNegerhollands: sweer\nLimburgish: zwaere"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "odt",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*swarjan"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *swarjan",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "odt",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*swarjaną"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *swarjaną",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-West Germanic *swarjan, from Proto-Germanic *swarjaną.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "odt",
"2": "verb"
},
"expansion": "sweren",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Old Dutch",
"lang_code": "odt",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Old Dutch entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "bisweren"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to swear (an oath)"
],
"id": "en-sweren-odt-verb-DOHJI88-",
"links": [
[
"swear",
"swear"
],
[
"oath",
"oath"
]
]
}
],
"word": "sweren"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmh",
"2": "swern"
},
"expansion": "Middle High German: swern\nAlemannic German: schwere\nGerman: schwören\nLuxembourgish: schwieren",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Middle High German: swern\nAlemannic German: schwere\nGerman: schwören\nLuxembourgish: schwieren"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*swer-",
"id": "swear"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*swarjan"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *swarjan",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*swarjaną"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *swarjaną",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "osx",
"2": "swerian"
},
"expansion": "Old Saxon swerian",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "swerian"
},
"expansion": "Old English swerian",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "sverja"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse sverja",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "got",
"2": "𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌽"
},
"expansion": "Gothic 𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌽 (swaran)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*swer-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *swer-",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-West Germanic *swarjan, from Proto-Germanic *swarjaną, whence also Old Saxon swerian, Old English swerian, Old Norse sverja, Gothic 𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌽 (swaran). Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *swer-.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "verbs"
},
"expansion": "sweren",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Old High German",
"lang_code": "goh",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Old High German entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to swear"
],
"id": "en-sweren-goh-verb-sDDo~Bho",
"links": [
[
"swear",
"swear"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "swerien"
},
{
"word": "swerren"
}
]
}
],
"word": "sweren"
}
{
"categories": [
"Middle Dutch class 6 strong verbs",
"Middle Dutch entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle Dutch lemmas",
"Middle Dutch strong verbs",
"Middle Dutch terms derived from Old Dutch",
"Middle Dutch terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle Dutch terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Middle Dutch terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"Middle Dutch terms inherited from Old Dutch",
"Middle Dutch terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle Dutch terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"Middle Dutch verbs"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "zweren"
},
"expansion": "Dutch: zweren\nAfrikaans: sweer\nNegerhollands: sweer",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Dutch: zweren\nAfrikaans: sweer\nNegerhollands: sweer"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "li",
"2": "zwaere"
},
"expansion": "Limburgish: zwaere",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Limburgish: zwaere"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dum",
"2": "odt",
"3": "sweren"
},
"expansion": "Old Dutch sweren",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "dum",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*swarjan"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *swarjan",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "dum",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*swarjaną"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *swarjaną",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "dum",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*swer-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *swer-",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old Dutch sweren, from Proto-West Germanic *swarjan, from Proto-Germanic *swarjaną, from Proto-Indo-European *swer-.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "swēren",
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dum",
"2": "verb",
"head": "swēren",
"head2": ""
},
"expansion": "swēren",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"head": "swēren"
},
"expansion": "swēren",
"name": "dum-verb"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Dutch",
"lang_code": "dum",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"to swear, to declare solemnly"
],
"links": [
[
"swear",
"swear"
],
[
"declare",
"declare"
],
[
"solemnly",
"solemnly"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"to swear, to curse"
],
"links": [
[
"swear",
"swear"
],
[
"curse",
"curse"
]
]
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "swerren"
}
],
"word": "sweren"
}
{
"categories": [
"Middle Dutch entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle Dutch lemmas",
"Middle Dutch strong verbs",
"Middle Dutch terms derived from Old Dutch",
"Middle Dutch terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle Dutch terms inherited from Old Dutch",
"Middle Dutch terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle Dutch verbs"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "zweren"
},
"expansion": "zweren",
"name": "l"
}
],
"text": "Dutch: zweren"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dum",
"2": "odt",
"3": "*sweran"
},
"expansion": "Old Dutch *sweran",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "dum",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*sweraną"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *sweraną",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old Dutch *sweran, from Proto-Germanic *sweraną.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "swēren",
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dum",
"2": "verb",
"head": "swēren",
"head2": ""
},
"expansion": "swēren",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"head": "swēren"
},
"expansion": "swēren",
"name": "dum-verb"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Dutch",
"lang_code": "dum",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"to hurt, to be painful"
],
"links": [
[
"hurt",
"hurt"
],
[
"painful",
"painful"
]
]
}
],
"word": "sweren"
}
{
"categories": [
"Middle English class 4 strong verbs",
"Middle English class 6 strong verbs",
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"Middle English lemmas",
"Middle English terms derived from Old English",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"Middle English terms inherited from Old English",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"Middle English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Middle English verbs",
"enm:Directives",
"enm:Law",
"enm:Talking"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "swear"
},
"expansion": "English: swear",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "English: swear"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "swer",
"3": "swere",
"4": "sweir"
},
"expansion": "Scots: swer, swere, sweir",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Scots: swer, swere, sweir"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "swerian"
},
"expansion": "Old English swerian",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*swarjan"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *swarjan",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*swarjaną"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *swarjaną",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gml",
"2": "sweren"
},
"expansion": "Middle Low German sweren",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmq-osw",
"2": "sværia"
},
"expansion": "Old Swedish sværia",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmq-oda",
"2": "swæriæ"
},
"expansion": "Old Danish swæriæ",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "dum",
"2": "swēren"
},
"expansion": "Middle Dutch swēren",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmh",
"2": "swern"
},
"expansion": "Middle High German swern",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old English swerian, from Proto-West Germanic *swarjan, from Proto-Germanic *swarjaną; a cognate of Middle Low German sweren, Old Swedish sværia, Old Danish swæriæ, Middle Dutch swēren, and Middle High German swern.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "strong",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "enm-conj-st",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "6/4",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "sweren",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "to sweren",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "swere",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "swere",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "swor",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "swar",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "swerest",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "swore",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "sware",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "swor",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "swar",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "swereth",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "swor",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "swar",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "swere",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "swore",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "sware",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "swere",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "sweren",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "swere",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "sworen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "swore",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "swaren",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "sware",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "swereth",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "swere",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "swerynge",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "swerende",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "sworen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "swore",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "sworn",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "ysworen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "yswore",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "ysworn",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "verb"
},
"expansion": "sweren",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "swer",
"2": "swor",
"2a": "swar",
"3": "swor",
"3a": "swar",
"4": "swor",
"c": "6",
"c2": "4",
"p_part3": "sworn",
"y": "2"
},
"name": "enm-conj-st"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "verb",
"related": [
{
"word": "forsweren"
},
{
"word": "swerer"
},
{
"word": "sweryng"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"To swear to do something; to make an oral binding statement.",
"To swear while laying hands on something as confirmation."
],
"links": [
[
"swear",
"swear"
],
[
"confirmation",
"confirmation"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"To swear to do something; to make an oral binding statement.",
"To swear by using a deity or divinity as witness."
],
"links": [
[
"swear",
"swear"
],
[
"deity",
"deity"
],
[
"divinity",
"divinity"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"To swear to do something; to make an oral binding statement.",
"To swear to remain truthful, honest and trustworthy."
],
"links": [
[
"swear",
"swear"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"To swear to do something; to make an oral binding statement.",
"To swear to adhere or remain faithful to a given person."
],
"links": [
[
"swear",
"swear"
],
[
"adhere",
"adhere"
],
[
"faithful",
"faithful"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Middle English terms with rare senses"
],
"glosses": [
"To swear to do something; to make an oral binding statement.",
"To give approval or permission by swearing."
],
"links": [
[
"swear",
"swear"
],
[
"approval",
"approval"
],
[
"permission",
"permission"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"To swear to do something; to make an oral binding statement.",
"(rare) To give approval or permission by swearing."
],
"tags": [
"rare"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"To give witness in a legal or judicial context."
],
"links": [
[
"witness",
"witness"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"To curse; to utter swearwords (especially as part of a promise)"
],
"links": [
[
"swearwords",
"swearwords"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"To approve or affirm an oral binding statement."
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"To form a conspiracy or secret pact; to effect covertly."
],
"links": [
[
"conspiracy",
"conspiracy"
],
[
"pact",
"pact"
],
[
"covertly",
"covertly"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"To make a decisive and important statement or claim."
],
"links": [
[
"decisive",
"decisive"
],
[
"important",
"important"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Middle English terms with rare senses"
],
"glosses": [
"To claim or exclaim; to state."
],
"links": [
[
"claim",
"claim"
],
[
"exclaim",
"exclaim"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(rare) To claim or exclaim; to state."
],
"tags": [
"rare"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Middle English terms with rare senses"
],
"glosses": [
"To lay the foundation for a religion."
],
"links": [
[
"religion",
"religion"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(rare) To lay the foundation for a religion."
],
"tags": [
"rare"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈswɛːrən/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈswɛːriən/"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "swerien"
},
{
"word": "swerie"
},
{
"word": "swern"
},
{
"word": "sweryn"
},
{
"word": "zuerie"
},
{
"word": "sweriȝen"
},
{
"word": "swerye"
},
{
"word": "swere"
},
{
"word": "sueren"
}
],
"word": "sweren"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"word": "bisweren"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dum",
"2": "swēren"
},
"expansion": "Middle Dutch: swēren, swerren\nDutch: zweren\nAfrikaans: sweer\nNegerhollands: sweer\nLimburgish: zwaere",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Middle Dutch: swēren, swerren\nDutch: zweren\nAfrikaans: sweer\nNegerhollands: sweer\nLimburgish: zwaere"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "odt",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*swarjan"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *swarjan",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "odt",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*swarjaną"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *swarjaną",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-West Germanic *swarjan, from Proto-Germanic *swarjaną.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "odt",
"2": "verb"
},
"expansion": "sweren",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Old Dutch",
"lang_code": "odt",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Old Dutch class 6 strong verbs",
"Old Dutch entries with incorrect language header",
"Old Dutch lemmas",
"Old Dutch terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Old Dutch terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"Old Dutch terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Old Dutch terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"Old Dutch verbs"
],
"glosses": [
"to swear (an oath)"
],
"links": [
[
"swear",
"swear"
],
[
"oath",
"oath"
]
]
}
],
"word": "sweren"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmh",
"2": "swern"
},
"expansion": "Middle High German: swern\nAlemannic German: schwere\nGerman: schwören\nLuxembourgish: schwieren",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Middle High German: swern\nAlemannic German: schwere\nGerman: schwören\nLuxembourgish: schwieren"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*swer-",
"id": "swear"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*swarjan"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *swarjan",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*swarjaną"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *swarjaną",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "osx",
"2": "swerian"
},
"expansion": "Old Saxon swerian",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "swerian"
},
"expansion": "Old English swerian",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "sverja"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse sverja",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "got",
"2": "𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌽"
},
"expansion": "Gothic 𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌽 (swaran)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*swer-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *swer-",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-West Germanic *swarjan, from Proto-Germanic *swarjaną, whence also Old Saxon swerian, Old English swerian, Old Norse sverja, Gothic 𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌽 (swaran). Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *swer-.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "verbs"
},
"expansion": "sweren",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Old High German",
"lang_code": "goh",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Old High German entries with incorrect language header",
"Old High German lemmas",
"Old High German terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Old High German terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Old High German terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"Old High German terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *swer- (swear)",
"Old High German terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Old High German terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"Old High German verbs"
],
"glosses": [
"to swear"
],
"links": [
[
"swear",
"swear"
]
]
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "swerien"
},
{
"word": "swerren"
}
],
"word": "sweren"
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-05-03 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-05-02 using wiktextract (f4fd8c9 and c9440ce). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.