See sweren in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "swear"
},
"expansion": "English: swear",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "English: swear"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "swer",
"3": "swere",
"4": "sweir"
},
"expansion": "Scots: swer, swere, sweir",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Scots: swer, swere, sweir"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "swerian"
},
"expansion": "Old English swerian",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*swarjan"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *swarjan",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*swarjaną"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *swarjaną",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gml",
"2": "sweren"
},
"expansion": "Middle Low German sweren",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmq-osw",
"2": "sværia"
},
"expansion": "Old Swedish sværia",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmq-oda",
"2": "swæriæ"
},
"expansion": "Old Danish swæriæ",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "dum",
"2": "swēren"
},
"expansion": "Middle Dutch swēren",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmh",
"2": "swern"
},
"expansion": "Middle High German swern",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old English swerian, from Proto-West Germanic *swarjan, from Proto-Germanic *swarjaną; a cognate of Middle Low German sweren, Old Swedish sværia, Old Danish swæriæ, Middle Dutch swēren, and Middle High German swern.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "strong",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "enm-conj-st",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "6/4",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "sweren",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "to sweren",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "swere",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "swere",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "swor",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "swar",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "swerest",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "swore",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "sware",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "swor",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "swar",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "swereth",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "swor",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "swar",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "swere",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "swore",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "sware",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "swere",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "sweren",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "swere",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "sworen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "swore",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "swaren",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "sware",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "swereth",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "swere",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "swerynge",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "swerende",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "sworen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "swore",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "sworn",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "ysworen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "yswore",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "ysworn",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "verb"
},
"expansion": "sweren",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "swer",
"2": "swor",
"2a": "swar",
"3": "swor",
"3a": "swar",
"4": "swor",
"c": "6",
"c2": "4",
"p_part3": "sworn",
"y": "2"
},
"name": "enm-conj-st"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "verb",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "forsweren"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "swerer"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "sweryng"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "15 3 3 23 5 4 3 3 4 13 4 10 4 3 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 4 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "17 2 2 28 3 3 2 2 3 16 3 12 3 2 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "27 5 5 4 4 7 15 8 11 6 3 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "34 3 4 3 2 4 27 4 13 3 2 1",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Directives",
"orig": "enm:Directives",
"parents": [
"Communication",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "13 24 2 10 2 20 4 5 7 4 5 5",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Law",
"orig": "enm:Law",
"parents": [
"Justice",
"Society",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "21 10 8 8 4 9 12 5 11 5 4 4",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Talking",
"orig": "enm:Talking",
"parents": [
"Human behaviour",
"Language",
"Human",
"Communication",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To swear to do something; to make an oral binding statement.",
"To swear while laying hands on something as confirmation."
],
"id": "en-sweren-enm-verb-BTfimxKU",
"links": [
[
"swear",
"swear"
],
[
"confirmation",
"confirmation"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "13 24 2 10 2 20 4 5 7 4 5 5",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Law",
"orig": "enm:Law",
"parents": [
"Justice",
"Society",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To swear to do something; to make an oral binding statement.",
"To swear by using a deity or divinity as witness."
],
"id": "en-sweren-enm-verb-dtU8MDfc",
"links": [
[
"swear",
"swear"
],
[
"deity",
"deity"
],
[
"divinity",
"divinity"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"To swear to do something; to make an oral binding statement.",
"To swear to remain truthful, honest and trustworthy."
],
"id": "en-sweren-enm-verb-NihT72IB",
"links": [
[
"swear",
"swear"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"To swear to do something; to make an oral binding statement.",
"To swear to adhere or remain faithful to a given person."
],
"id": "en-sweren-enm-verb-sLoqKHX6",
"links": [
[
"swear",
"swear"
],
[
"adhere",
"adhere"
],
[
"faithful",
"faithful"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"To swear to do something; to make an oral binding statement.",
"To give approval or permission by swearing."
],
"id": "en-sweren-enm-verb-GmtYwkCr",
"links": [
[
"swear",
"swear"
],
[
"approval",
"approval"
],
[
"permission",
"permission"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"To swear to do something; to make an oral binding statement.",
"(rare) To give approval or permission by swearing."
],
"tags": [
"rare"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "13 24 2 10 2 20 4 5 7 4 5 5",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Law",
"orig": "enm:Law",
"parents": [
"Justice",
"Society",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To give witness in a legal or judicial context."
],
"id": "en-sweren-enm-verb-EeiwX4ac",
"links": [
[
"witness",
"witness"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"To curse; to utter swearwords (especially as part of a promise)"
],
"id": "en-sweren-enm-verb-V7INqhRP",
"links": [
[
"swearwords",
"swearwords"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"To approve or affirm an oral binding statement."
],
"id": "en-sweren-enm-verb-vQDLKmk6"
},
{
"glosses": [
"To form a conspiracy or secret pact; to effect covertly."
],
"id": "en-sweren-enm-verb-tzJ0uRBB",
"links": [
[
"conspiracy",
"conspiracy"
],
[
"pact",
"pact"
],
[
"covertly",
"covertly"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"To make a decisive and important statement or claim."
],
"id": "en-sweren-enm-verb-VWLvkn9O",
"links": [
[
"decisive",
"decisive"
],
[
"important",
"important"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"To claim or exclaim; to state."
],
"id": "en-sweren-enm-verb-2KR9qLhG",
"links": [
[
"claim",
"claim"
],
[
"exclaim",
"exclaim"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(rare) To claim or exclaim; to state."
],
"tags": [
"rare"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"To lay the foundation for a religion."
],
"id": "en-sweren-enm-verb-4uJoGBGL",
"links": [
[
"religion",
"religion"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(rare) To lay the foundation for a religion."
],
"tags": [
"rare"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈswɛːrən/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈswɛːriən/"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "swerien"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "swerie"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "swern"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "sweryn"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "zuerie"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "sweriȝen"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "swerye"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "swere"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "sueren"
}
],
"word": "sweren"
}
{
"categories": [
"Middle English class 4 strong verbs",
"Middle English class 6 strong verbs",
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle English lemmas",
"Middle English terms derived from Old English",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"Middle English terms inherited from Old English",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"Middle English verbs",
"Pages with 4 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"enm:Directives",
"enm:Law",
"enm:Talking"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "swear"
},
"expansion": "English: swear",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "English: swear"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "swer",
"3": "swere",
"4": "sweir"
},
"expansion": "Scots: swer, swere, sweir",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Scots: swer, swere, sweir"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "swerian"
},
"expansion": "Old English swerian",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*swarjan"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *swarjan",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*swarjaną"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *swarjaną",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gml",
"2": "sweren"
},
"expansion": "Middle Low German sweren",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmq-osw",
"2": "sværia"
},
"expansion": "Old Swedish sværia",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmq-oda",
"2": "swæriæ"
},
"expansion": "Old Danish swæriæ",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "dum",
"2": "swēren"
},
"expansion": "Middle Dutch swēren",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmh",
"2": "swern"
},
"expansion": "Middle High German swern",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old English swerian, from Proto-West Germanic *swarjan, from Proto-Germanic *swarjaną; a cognate of Middle Low German sweren, Old Swedish sværia, Old Danish swæriæ, Middle Dutch swēren, and Middle High German swern.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "strong",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "enm-conj-st",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "6/4",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "sweren",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "to sweren",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "swere",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "swere",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "swor",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "swar",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "swerest",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "swore",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "sware",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "swor",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "swar",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "swereth",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "swor",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "swar",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "swere",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "swore",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "sware",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "swere",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "sweren",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "swere",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "sworen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "swore",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "swaren",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "sware",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "swereth",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "swere",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "swerynge",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "swerende",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "sworen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "swore",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "sworn",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "ysworen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "yswore",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "ysworn",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "verb"
},
"expansion": "sweren",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "swer",
"2": "swor",
"2a": "swar",
"3": "swor",
"3a": "swar",
"4": "swor",
"c": "6",
"c2": "4",
"p_part3": "sworn",
"y": "2"
},
"name": "enm-conj-st"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "verb",
"related": [
{
"word": "forsweren"
},
{
"word": "swerer"
},
{
"word": "sweryng"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"To swear to do something; to make an oral binding statement.",
"To swear while laying hands on something as confirmation."
],
"links": [
[
"swear",
"swear"
],
[
"confirmation",
"confirmation"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"To swear to do something; to make an oral binding statement.",
"To swear by using a deity or divinity as witness."
],
"links": [
[
"swear",
"swear"
],
[
"deity",
"deity"
],
[
"divinity",
"divinity"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"To swear to do something; to make an oral binding statement.",
"To swear to remain truthful, honest and trustworthy."
],
"links": [
[
"swear",
"swear"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"To swear to do something; to make an oral binding statement.",
"To swear to adhere or remain faithful to a given person."
],
"links": [
[
"swear",
"swear"
],
[
"adhere",
"adhere"
],
[
"faithful",
"faithful"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Middle English terms with rare senses"
],
"glosses": [
"To swear to do something; to make an oral binding statement.",
"To give approval or permission by swearing."
],
"links": [
[
"swear",
"swear"
],
[
"approval",
"approval"
],
[
"permission",
"permission"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"To swear to do something; to make an oral binding statement.",
"(rare) To give approval or permission by swearing."
],
"tags": [
"rare"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"To give witness in a legal or judicial context."
],
"links": [
[
"witness",
"witness"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"To curse; to utter swearwords (especially as part of a promise)"
],
"links": [
[
"swearwords",
"swearwords"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"To approve or affirm an oral binding statement."
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"To form a conspiracy or secret pact; to effect covertly."
],
"links": [
[
"conspiracy",
"conspiracy"
],
[
"pact",
"pact"
],
[
"covertly",
"covertly"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"To make a decisive and important statement or claim."
],
"links": [
[
"decisive",
"decisive"
],
[
"important",
"important"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Middle English terms with rare senses"
],
"glosses": [
"To claim or exclaim; to state."
],
"links": [
[
"claim",
"claim"
],
[
"exclaim",
"exclaim"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(rare) To claim or exclaim; to state."
],
"tags": [
"rare"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Middle English terms with rare senses"
],
"glosses": [
"To lay the foundation for a religion."
],
"links": [
[
"religion",
"religion"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(rare) To lay the foundation for a religion."
],
"tags": [
"rare"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈswɛːrən/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈswɛːriən/"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "swerien"
},
{
"word": "swerie"
},
{
"word": "swern"
},
{
"word": "sweryn"
},
{
"word": "zuerie"
},
{
"word": "sweriȝen"
},
{
"word": "swerye"
},
{
"word": "swere"
},
{
"word": "sueren"
}
],
"word": "sweren"
}
Download raw JSONL data for sweren meaning in Middle English (8.0kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Middle English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-11-06 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-10-02 using wiktextract (fbeafe8 and 7f03c9b). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.