See cad on Wiktionary
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mul",
"10": "",
"2": "symbol",
"3": "",
"4": "",
"5": "or",
"6": "",
"7": "or",
"8": "",
"9": "or",
"cat2": "",
"f1lang": "en",
"f1nolink": "",
"f2lang": "en",
"f2nolink": "",
"f3lang": "en",
"f3nolink": "",
"f4lang": "en",
"f4nolink": "",
"head": "",
"head2": "",
"head3": "",
"head4": "",
"nolinkhead": "",
"sc": "Latn",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "cad",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "cad",
"name": "mul-symbol"
}
],
"lang": "Translingual",
"lang_code": "mul",
"pos": "symbol",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "ISO 639-2",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "ISO 639-3",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 7 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Translingual entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Translingual terms with redundant script codes",
"parents": [
"Terms with redundant script codes",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "16 4 6 4 1 4 8 14 19 21 0 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 7 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "13 5 8 5 1 5 11 18 16 17 0 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"ISO 639-2 & ISO 639-3 language code for Caddo."
],
"id": "en-cad-mul-symbol-QLV0w5yb",
"links": [
[
"language code",
"language code"
]
],
"qualifier": "international standards",
"raw_glosses": [
"(international standards) ISO 639-2 & ISO 639-3 language code for Caddo."
]
}
],
"word": "cad"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "caddess"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "caddish"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "caddism"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*kap-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*kap-",
"id1": "head"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "sco",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Scots",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fr",
"3": "cadet"
},
"expansion": "French cadet",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "capitellum"
},
"expansion": "Latin capitellum",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Short for caddie, from Scots, from French cadet, from dialectal capdet (“chief, captain”), from Latin capitellum, diminutive of caput (“head”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "cads",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "cad (plural cads)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "no way to treat a lady"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "43 40 18",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Entries with translation boxes",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "34 38 29",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Bulgarian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "37 42 22",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Czech translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "32 39 29",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Polish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "50 26 25",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "People",
"orig": "en:People",
"parents": [
"Human",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1921, Ben Travers, chapter 5, in A Cuckoo in the Nest, Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, Page & Company, published 1925, →OCLC:",
"text": "The most rapid and most seductive transition in all human nature is that which attends the palliation of a ravenous appetite.[…]Can those harmless but refined fellow-diners be the selfish cads whose gluttony and personal appearance so raised your contemptuous wrath on your arrival?",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A low-bred, presuming person; a mean, vulgar fellow, especially one that cannot be trusted with a lady."
],
"id": "en-cad-en-noun-T3rtyOdh",
"links": [
[
"low-bred",
"low-bred"
],
[
"presuming",
"presume"
],
[
"mean",
"mean"
],
[
"vulgar",
"vulgar"
],
[
"fellow",
"fellow"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "villain"
},
{
"word": "dog"
},
{
"word": "rascal"
},
{
"word": "bounder"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "100 0 0",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "prostak",
"sense": "mean fellow",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "простак"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0 0",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "grubijan",
"sense": "mean fellow",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "грубиян"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0 0",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "mean fellow",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "nevychovanec"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0 0",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "mean fellow",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "hulvát"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0 0",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "mean fellow",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "sprosťák"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0 0",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "mean fellow",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "vlerk"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0 0",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "mean fellow",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "łajdak"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0 0",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "grubiján",
"sense": "mean fellow",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "грубия́н"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0 0",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "pošljak",
"sense": "mean fellow",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "пошляк"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0 0",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "xam",
"sense": "mean fellow",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "хам"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0 0",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "mean fellow",
"word": "villano"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "31 41 28",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "43 40 18",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Entries with translation boxes",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "34 38 29",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Bulgarian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "37 42 22",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Czech translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "31 50 19",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Dutch translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "32 39 29",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Polish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "30 50 20",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Russian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "29 51 21",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Spanish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "c. 1835, Charles Dickens, \"Omnibuses\" (in Sketches by Boz)",
"text": "We will back the machine in which we make our daily peregrination from the top of Oxford-street to the city, against any buss on the road, whether it be for the gaudiness of its exterior, the perfect simplicity of its interior, or the native coolness of its cad."
}
],
"glosses": [
"A person who stands at the door of an omnibus to open and shut it, and to receive fares; a bus conductor."
],
"id": "en-cad-en-noun-GGv6a72O",
"links": [
[
"omnibus",
"omnibus"
],
[
"receive",
"receive"
],
[
"fare",
"fare"
],
[
"bus conductor",
"bus conductor"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(archaic) A person who stands at the door of an omnibus to open and shut it, and to receive fares; a bus conductor."
],
"tags": [
"archaic"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "31 62 7",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "person who stands at door",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "kaartjesverkoper"
},
{
"_dis1": "31 62 7",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "person who stands at door",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "kaartjesknipper"
},
{
"_dis1": "31 62 7",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "person who stands at door",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "controleur"
},
{
"_dis1": "31 62 7",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "person who stands at door",
"word": "konduktor (omnibusu)"
},
{
"_dis1": "31 62 7",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "person who stands at door",
"word": "boletero"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "British English",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Irish English",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "43 40 18",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Entries with translation boxes",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "34 38 29",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Bulgarian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "37 42 22",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Czech translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "32 39 29",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Polish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"An idle hanger-on about innyards."
],
"id": "en-cad-en-noun-p591811Z",
"links": [
[
"idle",
"idle"
],
[
"hanger-on",
"hanger-on"
],
[
"innyard",
"innyard"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(UK, Ireland, obsolete, slang) An idle hanger-on about innyards."
],
"tags": [
"Ireland",
"UK",
"obsolete",
"slang"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/kæd/"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-cad.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/22/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-cad.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-cad.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/22/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-cad.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-cad.wav.ogg"
},
{
"rhymes": "-æd"
}
],
"word": "cad"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "rup",
"2": "LL.",
"3": "cadeo",
"4": "cadeō, cadēre"
},
"expansion": "Late Latin cadeō, cadēre",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "rup",
"2": "la",
"3": "cado",
"4": "cadō, cadĕre"
},
"expansion": "Latin cadō, cadĕre",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ro",
"2": "cădea",
"3": "cad, cădea"
},
"expansion": "Romanian cad, cădea",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Late Latin cadeō, cadēre, from Latin cadō, cadĕre. Compare Daco-Romanian cad, cădea.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "cad first-singular present indicative",
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "cadi",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "cade",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "cãdzutã",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"pp": "cãdzutã",
"pres3s": "cadi",
"pres3s2": "cade"
},
"expansion": "cad first-singular present indicative (third-person singular present indicative cadi or cade, past participle cãdzutã)",
"name": "rup-verb"
}
],
"lang": "Aromanian",
"lang_code": "rup",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Aromanian entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 7 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "16 4 6 4 1 4 8 14 19 21 0 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 7 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "13 5 8 5 1 5 11 18 16 17 0 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to fall"
],
"id": "en-cad-rup-verb-DuIlsxVc",
"links": [
[
"fall",
"fall"
]
],
"related": [
{
"word": "cãdeari"
},
{
"word": "cãdeare"
},
{
"word": "cãderi"
},
{
"word": "cãdzut"
},
{
"word": "cãdzui"
},
{
"word": "scad"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "cadu"
}
]
}
],
"word": "cad"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"english": "where are you from?",
"word": "cad as duit?"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"english": "why",
"word": "cad chuige"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"english": "why",
"word": "cad ina thaobh"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ga"
},
"expansion": "Clipping",
"name": "clipping"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ga",
"2": "sga",
"3": "cote",
"t": "what is the nature of? of what kind is?"
},
"expansion": "Old Irish cote (“what is the nature of? of what kind is?”)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Clipping of cad é, from early modern caidhe (“what is?”) from Old Irish cote (“what is the nature of? of what kind is?”), due to analogy with copular phrases like is é, an é.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ga",
"2": "pronoun",
"3": "",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"cat2": "interrogative pronouns",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "cad",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"type": "interrogative"
},
"expansion": "cad",
"name": "ga-pron"
}
],
"lang": "Irish",
"lang_code": "ga",
"pos": "pron",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"what"
],
"id": "en-cad-ga-pron-dJqywNBs",
"links": [
[
"what",
"what"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(interrogative) what"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "cad é"
},
{
"word": "céard"
}
],
"tags": [
"interrogative"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Munster Irish",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "0 100",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Irish entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "9 91",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Irish interrogative pronouns",
"parents": [
"Interrogative pronouns",
"Interrogative pro-forms",
"Pronouns",
"Pro-forms",
"Lemmas",
"Terms by semantic function"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "17 83",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Irish pronouns",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "Where are you from?",
"text": "Cad as duit?",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"(interrogative) where"
],
"id": "en-cad-ga-pron-Qdd~b6se",
"links": [
[
"where",
"where"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Munster) (interrogative) where"
],
"tags": [
"Munster"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/kad̪ˠ/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kəd̪ˠ/"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "gad"
}
],
"word": "cad"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ro",
"2": "verb form"
},
"expansion": "cad",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Romanian",
"lang_code": "ro",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "13 5 8 5 1 5 11 18 16 17 0 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"form_of": [
{
"word": "cădea"
}
],
"glosses": [
"inflection of cădea:",
"first-person singular present indicative/subjunctive"
],
"id": "en-cad-ro-verb-Kj7PPPHI",
"links": [
[
"cădea",
"cădea#Romanian"
]
],
"tags": [
"first-person",
"form-of",
"indicative",
"present",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "16 4 6 4 1 4 8 14 19 21 0 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 7 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "13 5 8 5 1 5 11 18 16 17 0 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "39 61",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Romanian entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"form_of": [
{
"word": "cădea"
}
],
"glosses": [
"inflection of cădea:",
"third-person plural present indicative"
],
"id": "en-cad-ro-verb-4YJFJttQ",
"links": [
[
"cădea",
"cădea#Romanian"
]
],
"tags": [
"form-of",
"indicative",
"plural",
"present",
"third-person"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/kad/"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q7913 (ron)-Andreea Teodoraa-cad.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ee/LL-Q7913_%28ron%29-Andreea_Teodoraa-cad.wav/LL-Q7913_%28ron%29-Andreea_Teodoraa-cad.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ee/LL-Q7913_%28ron%29-Andreea_Teodoraa-cad.wav/LL-Q7913_%28ron%29-Andreea_Teodoraa-cad.wav.ogg"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ad"
}
],
"word": "cad"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "so",
"2": "cus-pro",
"3": "*ʕad-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Cushitic *ʕad-",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Cushitic *ʕad-.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "so",
"2": "noun",
"g": "?",
"head": "",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "cad ?",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "cad ?",
"name": "so-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Somali",
"lang_code": "so",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 7 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Somali entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "16 4 6 4 1 4 8 14 19 21 0 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 7 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "13 5 8 5 1 5 11 18 16 17 0 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"white"
],
"id": "en-cad-so-noun-AY-pakRx",
"links": [
[
"white",
"white"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"other": "/ʕad̪/"
}
],
"word": "cad"
}
{
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*keh₃-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "wlm",
"3": "kad",
"4": "kad, kat"
},
"expansion": "Middle Welsh kad, kat",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "owl",
"3": "cat"
},
"expansion": "Old Welsh cat",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "cel-bry-pro",
"3": "*kad",
"t": "battle"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Brythonic *kad (“battle”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "cel-pro",
"3": "*katus"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic *katus",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sga",
"2": "cath"
},
"expansion": "Old Irish cath",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*kéh₃tus",
"4": "",
"5": "fight"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *kéh₃tus (“fight”)",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle Welsh kad, kat, from Old Welsh cat, from Proto-Brythonic *kad (“battle”), from Proto-Celtic *katus (compare Old Irish cath), from Proto-Indo-European *kéh₃tus (“fight”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "cadau",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "cadoedd",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "f",
"2": "cadau",
"pl2": "cadoedd"
},
"expansion": "cad f (plural cadau or cadoedd)",
"name": "cy-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Welsh",
"lang_code": "cy",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "100 0",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "cy",
"name": "Military",
"orig": "cy:Military",
"parents": [
"Society",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "Cadan"
},
{
"english": "ceasefire",
"word": "cadoediad"
}
],
"glosses": [
"battle, army"
],
"id": "en-cad-cy-noun-i56MIkNP",
"links": [
[
"battle",
"battle"
],
[
"army",
"army"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/kaːd/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-aːd"
}
],
"word": "cad"
}
{
"etymology_number": 2,
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "mutation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "cy-mut",
"source": "mutation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "cad",
"source": "mutation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "gad",
"source": "mutation",
"tags": [
"soft"
]
},
{
"form": "nghad",
"source": "mutation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "chad",
"source": "mutation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "cad",
"name": "cy-verb form"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "cy-mut"
}
],
"lang": "Welsh",
"lang_code": "cy",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "10 90",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Welsh entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"form_of": [
{
"word": "cael"
}
],
"glosses": [
"impersonal preterite of cael"
],
"id": "en-cad-cy-verb-TFKysot-",
"links": [
[
"cael",
"cael#Welsh"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "caed"
},
{
"word": "cafwyd"
}
],
"tags": [
"form-of",
"impersonal",
"preterite"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/kaːd/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-aːd"
}
],
"word": "cad"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 7 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"cy:Military"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "rup",
"2": "LL.",
"3": "cadeo",
"4": "cadeō, cadēre"
},
"expansion": "Late Latin cadeō, cadēre",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "rup",
"2": "la",
"3": "cado",
"4": "cadō, cadĕre"
},
"expansion": "Latin cadō, cadĕre",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ro",
"2": "cădea",
"3": "cad, cădea"
},
"expansion": "Romanian cad, cădea",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Late Latin cadeō, cadēre, from Latin cadō, cadĕre. Compare Daco-Romanian cad, cădea.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "cad first-singular present indicative",
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "cadi",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "cade",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "cãdzutã",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"pp": "cãdzutã",
"pres3s": "cadi",
"pres3s2": "cade"
},
"expansion": "cad first-singular present indicative (third-person singular present indicative cadi or cade, past participle cãdzutã)",
"name": "rup-verb"
}
],
"lang": "Aromanian",
"lang_code": "rup",
"pos": "verb",
"related": [
{
"word": "cãdeari"
},
{
"word": "cãdeare"
},
{
"word": "cãderi"
},
{
"word": "cãdzut"
},
{
"word": "cãdzui"
},
{
"word": "scad"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Aromanian entries with incorrect language header",
"Aromanian lemmas",
"Aromanian terms derived from Late Latin",
"Aromanian terms derived from Latin",
"Aromanian terms inherited from Late Latin",
"Aromanian terms inherited from Latin",
"Aromanian verbs",
"Pages with 7 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"glosses": [
"to fall"
],
"links": [
[
"fall",
"fall"
]
]
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "cadu"
}
],
"word": "cad"
}
{
"categories": [
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms derived from French",
"English terms derived from Latin",
"English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"English terms derived from Scots",
"English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *kap-",
"English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *kap- (head)",
"Entries with translation boxes",
"Pages with 7 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Rhymes:English/æd",
"Rhymes:English/æd/1 syllable",
"Terms with Bulgarian translations",
"Terms with Czech translations",
"Terms with Dutch translations",
"Terms with Polish translations",
"Terms with Russian translations",
"Terms with Spanish translations",
"cy:Military",
"en:People"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "caddess"
},
{
"word": "caddish"
},
{
"word": "caddism"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*kap-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*kap-",
"id1": "head"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "sco",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Scots",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fr",
"3": "cadet"
},
"expansion": "French cadet",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "capitellum"
},
"expansion": "Latin capitellum",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Short for caddie, from Scots, from French cadet, from dialectal capdet (“chief, captain”), from Latin capitellum, diminutive of caput (“head”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "cads",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "cad (plural cads)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"word": "no way to treat a lady"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1921, Ben Travers, chapter 5, in A Cuckoo in the Nest, Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, Page & Company, published 1925, →OCLC:",
"text": "The most rapid and most seductive transition in all human nature is that which attends the palliation of a ravenous appetite.[…]Can those harmless but refined fellow-diners be the selfish cads whose gluttony and personal appearance so raised your contemptuous wrath on your arrival?",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A low-bred, presuming person; a mean, vulgar fellow, especially one that cannot be trusted with a lady."
],
"links": [
[
"low-bred",
"low-bred"
],
[
"presuming",
"presume"
],
[
"mean",
"mean"
],
[
"vulgar",
"vulgar"
],
[
"fellow",
"fellow"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "villain"
},
{
"word": "dog"
},
{
"word": "rascal"
},
{
"word": "bounder"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with archaic senses"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "c. 1835, Charles Dickens, \"Omnibuses\" (in Sketches by Boz)",
"text": "We will back the machine in which we make our daily peregrination from the top of Oxford-street to the city, against any buss on the road, whether it be for the gaudiness of its exterior, the perfect simplicity of its interior, or the native coolness of its cad."
}
],
"glosses": [
"A person who stands at the door of an omnibus to open and shut it, and to receive fares; a bus conductor."
],
"links": [
[
"omnibus",
"omnibus"
],
[
"receive",
"receive"
],
[
"fare",
"fare"
],
[
"bus conductor",
"bus conductor"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(archaic) A person who stands at the door of an omnibus to open and shut it, and to receive fares; a bus conductor."
],
"tags": [
"archaic"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"British English",
"English slang",
"English terms with obsolete senses",
"Irish English"
],
"glosses": [
"An idle hanger-on about innyards."
],
"links": [
[
"idle",
"idle"
],
[
"hanger-on",
"hanger-on"
],
[
"innyard",
"innyard"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(UK, Ireland, obsolete, slang) An idle hanger-on about innyards."
],
"tags": [
"Ireland",
"UK",
"obsolete",
"slang"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/kæd/"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-cad.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/22/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-cad.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-cad.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/22/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-cad.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-cad.wav.ogg"
},
{
"rhymes": "-æd"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "person who stands at door",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "kaartjesverkoper"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "person who stands at door",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "kaartjesknipper"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "person who stands at door",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "controleur"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "person who stands at door",
"word": "konduktor (omnibusu)"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "person who stands at door",
"word": "boletero"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "prostak",
"sense": "mean fellow",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "простак"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "grubijan",
"sense": "mean fellow",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "грубиян"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "mean fellow",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "nevychovanec"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "mean fellow",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "hulvát"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "mean fellow",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "sprosťák"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "mean fellow",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "vlerk"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "mean fellow",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "łajdak"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "grubiján",
"sense": "mean fellow",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "грубия́н"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "pošljak",
"sense": "mean fellow",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "пошляк"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "xam",
"sense": "mean fellow",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "хам"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "mean fellow",
"word": "villano"
}
],
"word": "cad"
}
{
"categories": [
"Irish clippings",
"Irish entries with incorrect language header",
"Irish interrogative pronouns",
"Irish lemmas",
"Irish pronouns",
"Irish terms derived from Old Irish",
"Pages with 7 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"cy:Military"
],
"derived": [
{
"english": "where are you from?",
"word": "cad as duit?"
},
{
"english": "why",
"word": "cad chuige"
},
{
"english": "why",
"word": "cad ina thaobh"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ga"
},
"expansion": "Clipping",
"name": "clipping"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ga",
"2": "sga",
"3": "cote",
"t": "what is the nature of? of what kind is?"
},
"expansion": "Old Irish cote (“what is the nature of? of what kind is?”)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Clipping of cad é, from early modern caidhe (“what is?”) from Old Irish cote (“what is the nature of? of what kind is?”), due to analogy with copular phrases like is é, an é.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ga",
"2": "pronoun",
"3": "",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"cat2": "interrogative pronouns",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "cad",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"type": "interrogative"
},
"expansion": "cad",
"name": "ga-pron"
}
],
"lang": "Irish",
"lang_code": "ga",
"pos": "pron",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"what"
],
"links": [
[
"what",
"what"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(interrogative) what"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "cad é"
},
{
"word": "céard"
}
],
"tags": [
"interrogative"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Irish terms with usage examples",
"Munster Irish"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "Where are you from?",
"text": "Cad as duit?",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"(interrogative) where"
],
"links": [
[
"where",
"where"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Munster) (interrogative) where"
],
"tags": [
"Munster"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/kad̪ˠ/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kəd̪ˠ/"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "gad"
}
],
"word": "cad"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 7 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Rhymes:Romanian/ad",
"Rhymes:Romanian/ad/1 syllable",
"Romanian entries with incorrect language header",
"Romanian non-lemma forms",
"Romanian verb forms",
"cy:Military"
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ro",
"2": "verb form"
},
"expansion": "cad",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Romanian",
"lang_code": "ro",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"form_of": [
{
"word": "cădea"
}
],
"glosses": [
"inflection of cădea:",
"first-person singular present indicative/subjunctive"
],
"links": [
[
"cădea",
"cădea#Romanian"
]
],
"tags": [
"first-person",
"form-of",
"indicative",
"present",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form_of": [
{
"word": "cădea"
}
],
"glosses": [
"inflection of cădea:",
"third-person plural present indicative"
],
"links": [
[
"cădea",
"cădea#Romanian"
]
],
"tags": [
"form-of",
"indicative",
"plural",
"present",
"third-person"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/kad/"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q7913 (ron)-Andreea Teodoraa-cad.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ee/LL-Q7913_%28ron%29-Andreea_Teodoraa-cad.wav/LL-Q7913_%28ron%29-Andreea_Teodoraa-cad.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ee/LL-Q7913_%28ron%29-Andreea_Teodoraa-cad.wav/LL-Q7913_%28ron%29-Andreea_Teodoraa-cad.wav.ogg"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ad"
}
],
"word": "cad"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 7 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"cy:Military"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "so",
"2": "cus-pro",
"3": "*ʕad-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Cushitic *ʕad-",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Cushitic *ʕad-.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "so",
"2": "noun",
"g": "?",
"head": "",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "cad ?",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "cad ?",
"name": "so-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Somali",
"lang_code": "so",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 7 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Requests for gender in Somali entries",
"Somali entries with incorrect language header",
"Somali lemmas",
"Somali nouns",
"Somali terms derived from Proto-Cushitic",
"Somali terms inherited from Proto-Cushitic",
"Somali terms with IPA pronunciation"
],
"glosses": [
"white"
],
"links": [
[
"white",
"white"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"other": "/ʕad̪/"
}
],
"word": "cad"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 7 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"cy:Military"
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mul",
"10": "",
"2": "symbol",
"3": "",
"4": "",
"5": "or",
"6": "",
"7": "or",
"8": "",
"9": "or",
"cat2": "",
"f1lang": "en",
"f1nolink": "",
"f2lang": "en",
"f2nolink": "",
"f3lang": "en",
"f3nolink": "",
"f4lang": "en",
"f4nolink": "",
"head": "",
"head2": "",
"head3": "",
"head4": "",
"nolinkhead": "",
"sc": "Latn",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "cad",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "cad",
"name": "mul-symbol"
}
],
"lang": "Translingual",
"lang_code": "mul",
"pos": "symbol",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"ISO 639-2",
"ISO 639-3",
"Pages with 7 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Translingual entries with incorrect language header",
"Translingual lemmas",
"Translingual symbols",
"Translingual terms with redundant script codes"
],
"glosses": [
"ISO 639-2 & ISO 639-3 language code for Caddo."
],
"links": [
[
"language code",
"language code"
]
],
"qualifier": "international standards",
"raw_glosses": [
"(international standards) ISO 639-2 & ISO 639-3 language code for Caddo."
]
}
],
"word": "cad"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 7 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Rhymes:Welsh/aːd",
"Rhymes:Welsh/aːd/1 syllable",
"Welsh countable nouns",
"Welsh entries with incorrect language header",
"Welsh feminine nouns",
"Welsh lemmas",
"Welsh non-lemma forms",
"Welsh nouns",
"Welsh terms derived from Middle Welsh",
"Welsh terms derived from Old Welsh",
"Welsh terms derived from Proto-Brythonic",
"Welsh terms derived from Proto-Celtic",
"Welsh terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Welsh terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *keh₃-",
"Welsh terms inherited from Middle Welsh",
"Welsh terms inherited from Old Welsh",
"Welsh terms inherited from Proto-Brythonic",
"Welsh terms inherited from Proto-Celtic",
"Welsh terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European",
"Welsh verb forms",
"cy:Military"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "Cadan"
},
{
"english": "ceasefire",
"word": "cadoediad"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*keh₃-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "wlm",
"3": "kad",
"4": "kad, kat"
},
"expansion": "Middle Welsh kad, kat",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "owl",
"3": "cat"
},
"expansion": "Old Welsh cat",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "cel-bry-pro",
"3": "*kad",
"t": "battle"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Brythonic *kad (“battle”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "cel-pro",
"3": "*katus"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic *katus",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sga",
"2": "cath"
},
"expansion": "Old Irish cath",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*kéh₃tus",
"4": "",
"5": "fight"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *kéh₃tus (“fight”)",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle Welsh kad, kat, from Old Welsh cat, from Proto-Brythonic *kad (“battle”), from Proto-Celtic *katus (compare Old Irish cath), from Proto-Indo-European *kéh₃tus (“fight”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "cadau",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "cadoedd",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "f",
"2": "cadau",
"pl2": "cadoedd"
},
"expansion": "cad f (plural cadau or cadoedd)",
"name": "cy-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Welsh",
"lang_code": "cy",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"battle, army"
],
"links": [
[
"battle",
"battle"
],
[
"army",
"army"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/kaːd/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-aːd"
}
],
"word": "cad"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 7 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Rhymes:Welsh/aːd",
"Rhymes:Welsh/aːd/1 syllable",
"Welsh entries with incorrect language header",
"Welsh non-lemma forms",
"Welsh verb forms",
"cy:Military"
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "mutation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "cy-mut",
"source": "mutation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "cad",
"source": "mutation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "gad",
"source": "mutation",
"tags": [
"soft"
]
},
{
"form": "nghad",
"source": "mutation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "chad",
"source": "mutation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "cad",
"name": "cy-verb form"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "cy-mut"
}
],
"lang": "Welsh",
"lang_code": "cy",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"form_of": [
{
"word": "cael"
}
],
"glosses": [
"impersonal preterite of cael"
],
"links": [
[
"cael",
"cael#Welsh"
]
],
"tags": [
"form-of",
"impersonal",
"preterite"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/kaːd/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-aːd"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "caed"
},
{
"word": "cafwyd"
}
],
"word": "cad"
}
Download raw JSONL data for cad meaning in All languages combined (16.1kB)
{
"called_from": "inflection/865",
"msg": "inflection table: IF WITHOUT ELSE EVALS False: cad/Welsh 'radical' base_tags=set()",
"path": [
"cad"
],
"section": "Welsh",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "cad",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/865",
"msg": "inflection table: IF WITHOUT ELSE EVALS False: cad/Welsh 'nasal' base_tags={'soft', 'error-unrecognized-form'}",
"path": [
"cad"
],
"section": "Welsh",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "cad",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/865",
"msg": "inflection table: IF WITHOUT ELSE EVALS False: cad/Welsh 'aspirate' base_tags={'soft', 'error-unrecognized-form'}",
"path": [
"cad"
],
"section": "Welsh",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "cad",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-01-31 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-01-20 using wiktextract (bcd5c38 and 9dbd323). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.