See bulwark on Wiktionary
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*werǵ-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "bulwerk"
},
"expansion": "Middle English bulwerk",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "dum",
"3": "bolwerk"
},
"expansion": "Middle Dutch bolwerk",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gml",
"3": "bolwerk"
},
"expansion": "Middle Low German bolwerk",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "bole",
"3": "work",
"gloss1": "tree trunk",
"nocat": "1"
},
"expansion": "bole (“tree trunk”) + work",
"name": "affix"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "Bollwerk"
},
"expansion": "German Bollwerk",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "bolværk"
},
"expansion": "Danish bolværk",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "bålverk"
},
"expansion": "Swedish bålverk",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "bolwerk"
},
"expansion": "Dutch bolwerk",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "boulevard"
},
"expansion": "Doublet of boulevard",
"name": "doublet"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "boulevard"
},
"expansion": "French boulevard",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pt",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Portuguese",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "es",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Spanish",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "it",
"2": "baluardo"
},
"expansion": "Italian baluardo",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English bulwerk, from Middle Dutch bolwerk, bolwerc and Middle Low German bolwerk, equivalent to bole (“tree trunk”) + work. Cognate with German Bollwerk, Danish bolværk, Swedish bålverk, Dutch bolwerk. Doublet of boulevard (from French boulevard, from Dutch); cognate with Portuguese and Spanish baluarte and Italian baluardo.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "bulwarks",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "bulwark (plural bulwarks)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "c. 1587–1588, [Christopher Marlowe], Tamburlaine the Great. […] The First Part […], 2nd edition, part 1, London: […] [R. Robinson for] Richard Iones, […], published 1592, →OCLC; reprinted as Tamburlaine the Great (A Scolar Press Facsimile), Menston, Yorkshire, London: Scolar Press, 1973, →ISBN, Act III, scene iii:",
"text": "Let thouſands die, their ſlaughtered Carkaſſes\nShal ſerue for walles and bulwarkes to the reſt:",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A defensive wall or rampart."
],
"id": "en-bulwark-en-noun-oxG0IV7x",
"links": [
[
"defensive",
"defensive"
],
[
"wall",
"wall"
],
[
"rampart",
"rampart"
]
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "93 3 0 2 2",
"code": "ar",
"lang": "Arabic",
"roman": "ḥiṣn",
"sense": "defensive wall or rampart",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "حِصْن"
},
{
"_dis1": "93 3 0 2 2",
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"roman": "hoġapatneš",
"sense": "defensive wall or rampart",
"word": "հողապատնեշ"
},
{
"_dis1": "93 3 0 2 2",
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"roman": "bastion",
"sense": "defensive wall or rampart",
"word": "բաստիոն"
},
{
"_dis1": "93 3 0 2 2",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "redút",
"sense": "defensive wall or rampart",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "реду́т"
},
{
"_dis1": "93 3 0 2 2",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "bastión",
"sense": "defensive wall or rampart",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "бастио́н"
},
{
"_dis1": "93 3 0 2 2",
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "defensive wall or rampart",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "baluard"
},
{
"_dis1": "93 3 0 2 2",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "defensive wall or rampart",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "val"
},
{
"_dis1": "93 3 0 2 2",
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "defensive wall or rampart",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "bolværk"
},
{
"_dis1": "93 3 0 2 2",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "defensive wall or rampart",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "bolwerk"
},
{
"_dis1": "93 3 0 2 2",
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "defensive wall or rampart",
"word": "remparo"
},
{
"_dis1": "93 3 0 2 2",
"code": "et",
"lang": "Estonian",
"sense": "defensive wall or rampart",
"word": "kaitsevall"
},
{
"_dis1": "93 3 0 2 2",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "defensive wall or rampart",
"word": "paaluvarustus"
},
{
"_dis1": "93 3 0 2 2",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "defensive wall or rampart",
"word": "suojamuuri"
},
{
"_dis1": "93 3 0 2 2",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "defensive wall or rampart",
"word": "suojavalli"
},
{
"_dis1": "93 3 0 2 2",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "defensive wall or rampart",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "rempart"
},
{
"_dis1": "93 3 0 2 2",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "defensive wall or rampart",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "Bollwerk"
},
{
"_dis1": "93 3 0 2 2",
"code": "got",
"lang": "Gothic",
"roman": "tulgiþa",
"sense": "defensive wall or rampart",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "𐍄𐌿𐌻𐌲𐌹𐌸𐌰"
},
{
"_dis1": "93 3 0 2 2",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "defensive wall or rampart",
"word": "bástya"
},
{
"_dis1": "93 3 0 2 2",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "defensive wall or rampart",
"word": "védfal"
},
{
"_dis1": "93 3 0 2 2",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "defensive wall or rampart",
"word": "védőfal"
},
{
"_dis1": "93 3 0 2 2",
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "defensive wall or rampart",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "bolvirki"
},
{
"_dis1": "93 3 0 2 2",
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "defensive wall or rampart",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "bolverk"
},
{
"_dis1": "93 3 0 2 2",
"code": "io",
"lang": "Ido",
"sense": "defensive wall or rampart",
"word": "remparo"
},
{
"_dis1": "93 3 0 2 2",
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "defensive wall or rampart",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "bábhún"
},
{
"_dis1": "93 3 0 2 2",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "defensive wall or rampart",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "baluardo"
},
{
"_dis1": "93 3 0 2 2",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "hourui",
"sense": "defensive wall or rampart",
"word": "堡塁"
},
{
"_dis1": "93 3 0 2 2",
"code": "km",
"lang": "Khmer",
"roman": "kɑmpɛɛng",
"sense": "defensive wall or rampart",
"word": "កំពែង"
},
{
"_dis1": "93 3 0 2 2",
"code": "ckb",
"lang": "Central Kurdish",
"roman": "senger",
"sense": "defensive wall or rampart",
"word": "سەنگەر"
},
{
"_dis1": "93 3 0 2 2",
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "defensive wall or rampart",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "agger"
},
{
"_dis1": "93 3 0 2 2",
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"roman": "bédem",
"sense": "defensive wall or rampart",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "бе́дем"
},
{
"_dis1": "93 3 0 2 2",
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"roman": "násip",
"sense": "defensive wall or rampart",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "на́сип"
},
{
"_dis1": "93 3 0 2 2",
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"roman": "bastión",
"sense": "defensive wall or rampart",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "бастио́н"
},
{
"_dis1": "93 3 0 2 2",
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "defensive wall or rampart",
"word": "papatū"
},
{
"_dis1": "93 3 0 2 2",
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "defensive wall or rampart",
"word": "pākai"
},
{
"_dis1": "93 3 0 2 2",
"code": "non",
"lang": "Old Norse",
"sense": "defensive wall or rampart",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "bolvirki"
},
{
"_dis1": "93 3 0 2 2",
"code": "ota",
"lang": "Ottoman Turkish",
"roman": "kalʼe duvarı",
"sense": "defensive wall or rampart",
"word": "قلعه دیواری حصار"
},
{
"_dis1": "93 3 0 2 2",
"code": "fa",
"lang": "Persian",
"roman": "bâru",
"sense": "defensive wall or rampart",
"word": "بارو"
},
{
"_dis1": "93 3 0 2 2",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "defensive wall or rampart",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "wał"
},
{
"_dis1": "93 3 0 2 2",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "defensive wall or rampart",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "szaniec"
},
{
"_dis1": "93 3 0 2 2",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "defensive wall or rampart",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "baluarte"
},
{
"_dis1": "93 3 0 2 2",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "val",
"sense": "defensive wall or rampart",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "вал"
},
{
"_dis1": "93 3 0 2 2",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "bastión",
"sense": "defensive wall or rampart",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "бастио́н"
},
{
"_dis1": "93 3 0 2 2",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "redút",
"sense": "defensive wall or rampart",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "реду́т"
},
{
"_dis1": "93 3 0 2 2",
"code": "gd",
"lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
"sense": "defensive wall or rampart",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "bàbhan"
},
{
"_dis1": "93 3 0 2 2",
"code": "gd",
"lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
"sense": "defensive wall or rampart",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "mùr"
},
{
"_dis1": "93 3 0 2 2",
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "defensive wall or rampart",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "grudobran"
},
{
"_dis1": "93 3 0 2 2",
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "defensive wall or rampart",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "branik"
},
{
"_dis1": "93 3 0 2 2",
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "defensive wall or rampart",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "bastion"
},
{
"_dis1": "93 3 0 2 2",
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "defensive wall or rampart",
"word": "bedem"
},
{
"_dis1": "93 3 0 2 2",
"code": "sl",
"lang": "Slovene",
"sense": "defensive wall or rampart",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "branik"
},
{
"_dis1": "93 3 0 2 2",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "defensive wall or rampart",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "baluarte"
},
{
"_dis1": "93 3 0 2 2",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "defensive wall or rampart",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "bålverk"
},
{
"_dis1": "93 3 0 2 2",
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "val",
"sense": "defensive wall or rampart",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "вал"
},
{
"_dis1": "93 3 0 2 2",
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "bastion",
"sense": "defensive wall or rampart",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "бастіон"
},
{
"_dis1": "93 3 0 2 2",
"code": "yi",
"lang": "Yiddish",
"roman": "val",
"sense": "defensive wall or rampart",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "וואַל"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "5 11 2 36 30 6 10",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Ido translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1765–1769, William Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of England, (please specify |book=I to IV), Oxford, Oxfordshire: […] Clarendon Press, →OCLC:",
"text": "The royal navy of England hath ever been its greatest defence, […] the floating bulwark of the island.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A defense or safeguard."
],
"id": "en-bulwark-en-noun-uyPk1ff7",
"links": [
[
"defense",
"defense"
],
[
"safeguard",
"safeguard"
]
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "3 90 0 3 4",
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"roman": "patvar",
"sense": "defense or safeguard",
"word": "պատվար"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 90 0 3 4",
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"roman": "paštpanutʻyun",
"sense": "defense or safeguard",
"word": "պաշտպանություն"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 90 0 3 4",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "opóra",
"sense": "defense or safeguard",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "опо́ра"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 90 0 3 4",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "zaštíta",
"sense": "defense or safeguard",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "защи́та"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 90 0 3 4",
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "defense or safeguard",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "baluard"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 90 0 3 4",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "defense or safeguard",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "záštita"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 90 0 3 4",
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "defense or safeguard",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "bolværk"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 90 0 3 4",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "defense or safeguard",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "verschansing"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 90 0 3 4",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "defense or safeguard",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine"
],
"word": "schans"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 90 0 3 4",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "defense or safeguard",
"word": "suojamuuri"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 90 0 3 4",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "defense or safeguard",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "bastion"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 90 0 3 4",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "defense or safeguard",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "rempart"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 90 0 3 4",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "defense or safeguard",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "Bollwerk"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 90 0 3 4",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "defense or safeguard",
"word": "védelem"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 90 0 3 4",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "hanpei",
"sense": "defense or safeguard",
"word": "藩屛"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 90 0 3 4",
"code": "km",
"lang": "Khmer",
"roman": "kaa kaa pie",
"sense": "defense or safeguard",
"word": "ការការពារ"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 90 0 3 4",
"code": "ckb",
"lang": "Central Kurdish",
"roman": "senger",
"sense": "defense or safeguard",
"word": "سەنگەر"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 90 0 3 4",
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "defense or safeguard",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "arx"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 90 0 3 4",
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"roman": "záštita",
"sense": "defense or safeguard",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "за́штита"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 90 0 3 4",
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"roman": "ódbrana",
"sense": "defense or safeguard",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "о́дбрана"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 90 0 3 4",
"code": "fa",
"lang": "Persian",
"roman": "sangar",
"sense": "defense or safeguard",
"word": "سنگر"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 90 0 3 4",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "defense or safeguard",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "baluarte"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 90 0 3 4",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "oplót",
"sense": "defense or safeguard",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "опло́т"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 90 0 3 4",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "zaščíta",
"sense": "defense or safeguard",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "защи́та"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 90 0 3 4",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "opóra",
"sense": "defense or safeguard",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "опо́ра"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 90 0 3 4",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "defense or safeguard",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "baluarte"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 90 0 3 4",
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "opora",
"sense": "defense or safeguard",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "опора"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 90 0 3 4",
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "oplot",
"sense": "defense or safeguard",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "оплот"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 90 0 3 4",
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "zaxyst",
"sense": "defense or safeguard",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "захист"
}
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"A breakwater."
],
"id": "en-bulwark-en-noun-6JiHu6H-",
"links": [
[
"breakwater",
"breakwater"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Nautical",
"orig": "en:Nautical",
"parents": [
"Transport",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "6 14 2 45 20 3 10",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 11 3 38 18 10 11",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Entries with translation boxes",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 10 4 52 13 5 9",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "4 7 2 50 26 5 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 12 3 34 26 7 11",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Arabic translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 14 3 37 18 7 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Armenian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "12 15 3 35 16 6 13",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Bulgarian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "9 13 3 39 19 7 11",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Catalan translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "3 7 1 64 17 2 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Central Kurdish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 12 12 37 15 6 10",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Czech translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "6 12 2 46 19 5 10",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Danish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "9 14 3 33 18 10 13",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Dutch translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 13 3 38 20 8 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Esperanto translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 14 3 37 18 7 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Estonian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "9 12 3 39 19 7 11",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Finnish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "9 14 2 33 17 10 14",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with French translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "9 13 3 37 19 8 11",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with German translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "5 15 14 36 13 4 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Gothic translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 13 6 40 17 6 11",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Hungarian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "9 12 3 39 19 7 11",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Icelandic translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "5 11 2 36 30 6 10",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Ido translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 21 3 34 16 6 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Irish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 13 3 38 20 8 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Italian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 13 3 38 20 8 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Japanese translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "9 12 3 39 19 7 11",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Khmer translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 13 3 38 20 8 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Latin translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 14 3 37 18 7 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Macedonian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "9 12 3 39 19 7 11",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Maori translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 13 8 39 16 6 11",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Norman translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "9 13 3 36 19 8 11",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Old Norse translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 11 12 38 14 6 9",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Ottoman Turkish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 14 6 38 17 7 11",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Persian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 13 3 35 17 10 13",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Polish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 18 3 36 16 6 15",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Portuguese translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 13 3 38 20 8 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Russian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 13 3 41 18 7 10",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Scottish Gaelic translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 14 3 37 18 7 12",
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"name": "Terms with Serbo-Croatian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 14 3 37 18 7 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Slovene translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 12 2 42 18 8 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Spanish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 12 3 40 19 7 11",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Swedish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "9 12 3 39 19 7 11",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Ukrainian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 11 13 37 16 6 10",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Yiddish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1851 November 14, Herman Melville, chapter 3, in Moby-Dick; or, The Whale, 1st American edition, New York, N.Y.: Harper & Brothers; London: Richard Bentley, →OCLC, page 11:",
"text": "Entering that gable-ended Spouter-Inn, you found yourself in a wide, low, straggling entry with old-fashioned wainscots, reminding one of the bulwarks of some condemned old craft.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"The planking or plating along the sides of a nautical vessel above her gunwale that reduces the likelihood of seas washing over the gunwales and people being washed overboard."
],
"id": "en-bulwark-en-noun-dxKTQOv3",
"links": [
[
"nautical",
"nautical"
],
[
"planking",
"planking"
],
[
"plating",
"plating"
],
[
"gunwale",
"gunwale"
],
[
"sea",
"sea"
],
[
"washing",
"washing"
],
[
"overboard",
"overboard"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(nautical) The planking or plating along the sides of a nautical vessel above her gunwale that reduces the likelihood of seas washing over the gunwales and people being washed overboard."
],
"topics": [
"nautical",
"transport"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "2 3 5 88 2",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "falšbórd",
"sense": "nautical: planking or plating along the sides of a nautical vessel above her gunwale",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "фалшбо́рд"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 3 5 88 2",
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "nautical: planking or plating along the sides of a nautical vessel above her gunwale",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "murada"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 3 5 88 2",
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "nautical: planking or plating along the sides of a nautical vessel above her gunwale",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "orla"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 3 5 88 2",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "nautical: planking or plating along the sides of a nautical vessel above her gunwale",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "hrazení"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 3 5 88 2",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "nautical: planking or plating along the sides of a nautical vessel above her gunwale",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "verschansing"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 3 5 88 2",
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "nautical: planking or plating along the sides of a nautical vessel above her gunwale",
"word": "pavezo"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 3 5 88 2",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "nautical: planking or plating along the sides of a nautical vessel above her gunwale",
"word": "lisälaita"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 3 5 88 2",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "nautical: planking or plating along the sides of a nautical vessel above her gunwale",
"word": "varalaita"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 3 5 88 2",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "nautical: planking or plating along the sides of a nautical vessel above her gunwale",
"word": "varpe"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 3 5 88 2",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "nautical: planking or plating along the sides of a nautical vessel above her gunwale",
"word": "bastingage"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 3 5 88 2",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "nautical: planking or plating along the sides of a nautical vessel above her gunwale",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "pavois"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 3 5 88 2",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "nautical: planking or plating along the sides of a nautical vessel above her gunwale",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "Schanzkleid"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 3 5 88 2",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "nautical: planking or plating along the sides of a nautical vessel above her gunwale",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "impavesata"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 3 5 88 2",
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "nautical: planking or plating along the sides of a nautical vessel above her gunwale",
"word": "rauawa"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 3 5 88 2",
"code": "nrf",
"lang": "Norman",
"sense": "nautical: planking or plating along the sides of a nautical vessel above her gunwale",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "boulevard"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 3 5 88 2",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "nautical: planking or plating along the sides of a nautical vessel above her gunwale",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "amurada"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 3 5 88 2",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "falʹšbórt",
"sense": "nautical: planking or plating along the sides of a nautical vessel above her gunwale",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "фальшбо́рт"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 3 5 88 2",
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "nautical: planking or plating along the sides of a nautical vessel above her gunwale",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "razma"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 3 5 88 2",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "nautical: planking or plating along the sides of a nautical vessel above her gunwale",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "amurada"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 3 5 88 2",
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "falʹšbort",
"sense": "nautical: planking or plating along the sides of a nautical vessel above her gunwale",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "фальшборт"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "5 11 2 36 30 6 10",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Ido translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "The party stalwarts constitute the bulwark that ensures the president's term of office.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Any means of defence or security."
],
"id": "en-bulwark-en-noun-tPF3JJxQ",
"raw_glosses": [
"(figurative) Any means of defence or security."
],
"tags": [
"figuratively"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈbʊl.wək/",
"tags": [
"General-Australian",
"UK"
]
},
{
"enpr": "bo͝ol'wərk",
"tags": [
"US"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈbʊl.wɚk/",
"tags": [
"US"
]
},
{
"audio": "en-us-bulwark.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/13/En-us-bulwark.ogg/En-us-bulwark.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/13/En-us-bulwark.ogg"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"bulwark"
],
"word": "bulwark"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*werǵ-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "bulwerk"
},
"expansion": "Middle English bulwerk",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "dum",
"3": "bolwerk"
},
"expansion": "Middle Dutch bolwerk",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gml",
"3": "bolwerk"
},
"expansion": "Middle Low German bolwerk",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "bole",
"3": "work",
"gloss1": "tree trunk",
"nocat": "1"
},
"expansion": "bole (“tree trunk”) + work",
"name": "affix"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "Bollwerk"
},
"expansion": "German Bollwerk",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "bolværk"
},
"expansion": "Danish bolværk",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "bålverk"
},
"expansion": "Swedish bålverk",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "bolwerk"
},
"expansion": "Dutch bolwerk",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "boulevard"
},
"expansion": "Doublet of boulevard",
"name": "doublet"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "boulevard"
},
"expansion": "French boulevard",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pt",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Portuguese",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "es",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Spanish",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "it",
"2": "baluardo"
},
"expansion": "Italian baluardo",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English bulwerk, from Middle Dutch bolwerk, bolwerc and Middle Low German bolwerk, equivalent to bole (“tree trunk”) + work. Cognate with German Bollwerk, Danish bolværk, Swedish bålverk, Dutch bolwerk. Doublet of boulevard (from French boulevard, from Dutch); cognate with Portuguese and Spanish baluarte and Italian baluardo.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "bulwarks",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "bulwarking",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "bulwarked",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "bulwarked",
"tags": [
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "bulwark (third-person singular simple present bulwarks, present participle bulwarking, simple past and past participle bulwarked)",
"name": "en-verb"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"To fortify something with a wall or rampart."
],
"id": "en-bulwark-en-verb-rpybAyZl",
"links": [
[
"fortify",
"fortify"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) To fortify something with a wall or rampart."
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"To provide protection of defense for something."
],
"id": "en-bulwark-en-verb-ngcLRcj8",
"links": [
[
"provide",
"provide"
],
[
"protection",
"protection"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) To provide protection of defense for something."
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈbʊl.wək/",
"tags": [
"General-Australian",
"UK"
]
},
{
"enpr": "bo͝ol'wərk",
"tags": [
"US"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈbʊl.wɚk/",
"tags": [
"US"
]
},
{
"audio": "en-us-bulwark.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/13/En-us-bulwark.ogg/En-us-bulwark.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/13/En-us-bulwark.ogg"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"bulwark"
],
"word": "bulwark"
}
{
"categories": [
"English countable nouns",
"English doublets",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms derived from Middle Dutch",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Middle Low German",
"English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *werǵ-",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English verbs",
"Entries with translation boxes",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Terms with Arabic translations",
"Terms with Armenian translations",
"Terms with Bulgarian translations",
"Terms with Catalan translations",
"Terms with Central Kurdish translations",
"Terms with Czech translations",
"Terms with Danish translations",
"Terms with Dutch translations",
"Terms with Esperanto translations",
"Terms with Estonian translations",
"Terms with Finnish translations",
"Terms with French translations",
"Terms with German translations",
"Terms with Gothic translations",
"Terms with Hungarian translations",
"Terms with Icelandic translations",
"Terms with Ido translations",
"Terms with Irish translations",
"Terms with Italian translations",
"Terms with Japanese translations",
"Terms with Khmer translations",
"Terms with Latin translations",
"Terms with Macedonian translations",
"Terms with Maori translations",
"Terms with Norman translations",
"Terms with Old Norse translations",
"Terms with Ottoman Turkish translations",
"Terms with Persian translations",
"Terms with Polish translations",
"Terms with Portuguese translations",
"Terms with Russian translations",
"Terms with Scottish Gaelic translations",
"Terms with Serbo-Croatian translations",
"Terms with Slovene translations",
"Terms with Spanish translations",
"Terms with Swedish translations",
"Terms with Ukrainian translations",
"Terms with Yiddish translations"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*werǵ-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "bulwerk"
},
"expansion": "Middle English bulwerk",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "dum",
"3": "bolwerk"
},
"expansion": "Middle Dutch bolwerk",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gml",
"3": "bolwerk"
},
"expansion": "Middle Low German bolwerk",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "bole",
"3": "work",
"gloss1": "tree trunk",
"nocat": "1"
},
"expansion": "bole (“tree trunk”) + work",
"name": "affix"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "Bollwerk"
},
"expansion": "German Bollwerk",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "bolværk"
},
"expansion": "Danish bolværk",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "bålverk"
},
"expansion": "Swedish bålverk",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "bolwerk"
},
"expansion": "Dutch bolwerk",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "boulevard"
},
"expansion": "Doublet of boulevard",
"name": "doublet"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "boulevard"
},
"expansion": "French boulevard",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pt",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Portuguese",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "es",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Spanish",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "it",
"2": "baluardo"
},
"expansion": "Italian baluardo",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English bulwerk, from Middle Dutch bolwerk, bolwerc and Middle Low German bolwerk, equivalent to bole (“tree trunk”) + work. Cognate with German Bollwerk, Danish bolværk, Swedish bålverk, Dutch bolwerk. Doublet of boulevard (from French boulevard, from Dutch); cognate with Portuguese and Spanish baluarte and Italian baluardo.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "bulwarks",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "bulwark (plural bulwarks)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "c. 1587–1588, [Christopher Marlowe], Tamburlaine the Great. […] The First Part […], 2nd edition, part 1, London: […] [R. Robinson for] Richard Iones, […], published 1592, →OCLC; reprinted as Tamburlaine the Great (A Scolar Press Facsimile), Menston, Yorkshire, London: Scolar Press, 1973, →ISBN, Act III, scene iii:",
"text": "Let thouſands die, their ſlaughtered Carkaſſes\nShal ſerue for walles and bulwarkes to the reſt:",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A defensive wall or rampart."
],
"links": [
[
"defensive",
"defensive"
],
[
"wall",
"wall"
],
[
"rampart",
"rampart"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1765–1769, William Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of England, (please specify |book=I to IV), Oxford, Oxfordshire: […] Clarendon Press, →OCLC:",
"text": "The royal navy of England hath ever been its greatest defence, […] the floating bulwark of the island.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A defense or safeguard."
],
"links": [
[
"defense",
"defense"
],
[
"safeguard",
"safeguard"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"A breakwater."
],
"links": [
[
"breakwater",
"breakwater"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"en:Nautical"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1851 November 14, Herman Melville, chapter 3, in Moby-Dick; or, The Whale, 1st American edition, New York, N.Y.: Harper & Brothers; London: Richard Bentley, →OCLC, page 11:",
"text": "Entering that gable-ended Spouter-Inn, you found yourself in a wide, low, straggling entry with old-fashioned wainscots, reminding one of the bulwarks of some condemned old craft.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"The planking or plating along the sides of a nautical vessel above her gunwale that reduces the likelihood of seas washing over the gunwales and people being washed overboard."
],
"links": [
[
"nautical",
"nautical"
],
[
"planking",
"planking"
],
[
"plating",
"plating"
],
[
"gunwale",
"gunwale"
],
[
"sea",
"sea"
],
[
"washing",
"washing"
],
[
"overboard",
"overboard"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(nautical) The planking or plating along the sides of a nautical vessel above her gunwale that reduces the likelihood of seas washing over the gunwales and people being washed overboard."
],
"topics": [
"nautical",
"transport"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "The party stalwarts constitute the bulwark that ensures the president's term of office.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Any means of defence or security."
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(figurative) Any means of defence or security."
],
"tags": [
"figuratively"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈbʊl.wək/",
"tags": [
"General-Australian",
"UK"
]
},
{
"enpr": "bo͝ol'wərk",
"tags": [
"US"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈbʊl.wɚk/",
"tags": [
"US"
]
},
{
"audio": "en-us-bulwark.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/13/En-us-bulwark.ogg/En-us-bulwark.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/13/En-us-bulwark.ogg"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "ar",
"lang": "Arabic",
"roman": "ḥiṣn",
"sense": "defensive wall or rampart",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "حِصْن"
},
{
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"roman": "hoġapatneš",
"sense": "defensive wall or rampart",
"word": "հողապատնեշ"
},
{
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"roman": "bastion",
"sense": "defensive wall or rampart",
"word": "բաստիոն"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "redút",
"sense": "defensive wall or rampart",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "реду́т"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "bastión",
"sense": "defensive wall or rampart",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "бастио́н"
},
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "defensive wall or rampart",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "baluard"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "defensive wall or rampart",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "val"
},
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "defensive wall or rampart",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "bolværk"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "defensive wall or rampart",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "bolwerk"
},
{
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "defensive wall or rampart",
"word": "remparo"
},
{
"code": "et",
"lang": "Estonian",
"sense": "defensive wall or rampart",
"word": "kaitsevall"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "defensive wall or rampart",
"word": "paaluvarustus"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "defensive wall or rampart",
"word": "suojamuuri"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "defensive wall or rampart",
"word": "suojavalli"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "defensive wall or rampart",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "rempart"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "defensive wall or rampart",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "Bollwerk"
},
{
"code": "got",
"lang": "Gothic",
"roman": "tulgiþa",
"sense": "defensive wall or rampart",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "𐍄𐌿𐌻𐌲𐌹𐌸𐌰"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "defensive wall or rampart",
"word": "bástya"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "defensive wall or rampart",
"word": "védfal"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "defensive wall or rampart",
"word": "védőfal"
},
{
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "defensive wall or rampart",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "bolvirki"
},
{
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "defensive wall or rampart",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "bolverk"
},
{
"code": "io",
"lang": "Ido",
"sense": "defensive wall or rampart",
"word": "remparo"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "defensive wall or rampart",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "bábhún"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "defensive wall or rampart",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "baluardo"
},
{
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "hourui",
"sense": "defensive wall or rampart",
"word": "堡塁"
},
{
"code": "km",
"lang": "Khmer",
"roman": "kɑmpɛɛng",
"sense": "defensive wall or rampart",
"word": "កំពែង"
},
{
"code": "ckb",
"lang": "Central Kurdish",
"roman": "senger",
"sense": "defensive wall or rampart",
"word": "سەنگەر"
},
{
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "defensive wall or rampart",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "agger"
},
{
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"roman": "bédem",
"sense": "defensive wall or rampart",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "бе́дем"
},
{
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"roman": "násip",
"sense": "defensive wall or rampart",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "на́сип"
},
{
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"roman": "bastión",
"sense": "defensive wall or rampart",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "бастио́н"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "defensive wall or rampart",
"word": "papatū"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "defensive wall or rampart",
"word": "pākai"
},
{
"code": "non",
"lang": "Old Norse",
"sense": "defensive wall or rampart",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "bolvirki"
},
{
"code": "ota",
"lang": "Ottoman Turkish",
"roman": "kalʼe duvarı",
"sense": "defensive wall or rampart",
"word": "قلعه دیواری حصار"
},
{
"code": "fa",
"lang": "Persian",
"roman": "bâru",
"sense": "defensive wall or rampart",
"word": "بارو"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "defensive wall or rampart",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "wał"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "defensive wall or rampart",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "szaniec"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "defensive wall or rampart",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "baluarte"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "val",
"sense": "defensive wall or rampart",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "вал"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "bastión",
"sense": "defensive wall or rampart",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "бастио́н"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "redút",
"sense": "defensive wall or rampart",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "реду́т"
},
{
"code": "gd",
"lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
"sense": "defensive wall or rampart",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "bàbhan"
},
{
"code": "gd",
"lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
"sense": "defensive wall or rampart",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "mùr"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "defensive wall or rampart",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "grudobran"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "defensive wall or rampart",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "branik"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "defensive wall or rampart",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "bastion"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "defensive wall or rampart",
"word": "bedem"
},
{
"code": "sl",
"lang": "Slovene",
"sense": "defensive wall or rampart",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "branik"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "defensive wall or rampart",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "baluarte"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "defensive wall or rampart",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "bålverk"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "val",
"sense": "defensive wall or rampart",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "вал"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "bastion",
"sense": "defensive wall or rampart",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "бастіон"
},
{
"code": "yi",
"lang": "Yiddish",
"roman": "val",
"sense": "defensive wall or rampart",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "וואַל"
},
{
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"roman": "patvar",
"sense": "defense or safeguard",
"word": "պատվար"
},
{
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"roman": "paštpanutʻyun",
"sense": "defense or safeguard",
"word": "պաշտպանություն"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "opóra",
"sense": "defense or safeguard",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "опо́ра"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "zaštíta",
"sense": "defense or safeguard",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "защи́та"
},
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "defense or safeguard",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "baluard"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "defense or safeguard",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "záštita"
},
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "defense or safeguard",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "bolværk"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "defense or safeguard",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "verschansing"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "defense or safeguard",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine"
],
"word": "schans"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "defense or safeguard",
"word": "suojamuuri"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "defense or safeguard",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "bastion"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "defense or safeguard",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "rempart"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "defense or safeguard",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "Bollwerk"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "defense or safeguard",
"word": "védelem"
},
{
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "hanpei",
"sense": "defense or safeguard",
"word": "藩屛"
},
{
"code": "km",
"lang": "Khmer",
"roman": "kaa kaa pie",
"sense": "defense or safeguard",
"word": "ការការពារ"
},
{
"code": "ckb",
"lang": "Central Kurdish",
"roman": "senger",
"sense": "defense or safeguard",
"word": "سەنگەر"
},
{
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "defense or safeguard",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "arx"
},
{
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"roman": "záštita",
"sense": "defense or safeguard",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "за́штита"
},
{
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"roman": "ódbrana",
"sense": "defense or safeguard",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "о́дбрана"
},
{
"code": "fa",
"lang": "Persian",
"roman": "sangar",
"sense": "defense or safeguard",
"word": "سنگر"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "defense or safeguard",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "baluarte"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "oplót",
"sense": "defense or safeguard",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "опло́т"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "zaščíta",
"sense": "defense or safeguard",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "защи́та"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "opóra",
"sense": "defense or safeguard",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "опо́ра"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "defense or safeguard",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "baluarte"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "opora",
"sense": "defense or safeguard",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "опора"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "oplot",
"sense": "defense or safeguard",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "оплот"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "zaxyst",
"sense": "defense or safeguard",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "захист"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "falšbórd",
"sense": "nautical: planking or plating along the sides of a nautical vessel above her gunwale",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "фалшбо́рд"
},
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "nautical: planking or plating along the sides of a nautical vessel above her gunwale",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "murada"
},
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "nautical: planking or plating along the sides of a nautical vessel above her gunwale",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "orla"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "nautical: planking or plating along the sides of a nautical vessel above her gunwale",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "hrazení"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "nautical: planking or plating along the sides of a nautical vessel above her gunwale",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "verschansing"
},
{
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "nautical: planking or plating along the sides of a nautical vessel above her gunwale",
"word": "pavezo"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "nautical: planking or plating along the sides of a nautical vessel above her gunwale",
"word": "lisälaita"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "nautical: planking or plating along the sides of a nautical vessel above her gunwale",
"word": "varalaita"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "nautical: planking or plating along the sides of a nautical vessel above her gunwale",
"word": "varpe"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "nautical: planking or plating along the sides of a nautical vessel above her gunwale",
"word": "bastingage"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "nautical: planking or plating along the sides of a nautical vessel above her gunwale",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "pavois"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "nautical: planking or plating along the sides of a nautical vessel above her gunwale",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "Schanzkleid"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "nautical: planking or plating along the sides of a nautical vessel above her gunwale",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "impavesata"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "nautical: planking or plating along the sides of a nautical vessel above her gunwale",
"word": "rauawa"
},
{
"code": "nrf",
"lang": "Norman",
"sense": "nautical: planking or plating along the sides of a nautical vessel above her gunwale",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "boulevard"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "nautical: planking or plating along the sides of a nautical vessel above her gunwale",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "amurada"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "falʹšbórt",
"sense": "nautical: planking or plating along the sides of a nautical vessel above her gunwale",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "фальшбо́рт"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "nautical: planking or plating along the sides of a nautical vessel above her gunwale",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "razma"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "nautical: planking or plating along the sides of a nautical vessel above her gunwale",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "amurada"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "falʹšbort",
"sense": "nautical: planking or plating along the sides of a nautical vessel above her gunwale",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "фальшборт"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"bulwark"
],
"word": "bulwark"
}
{
"categories": [
"English countable nouns",
"English doublets",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms derived from Middle Dutch",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Middle Low German",
"English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *werǵ-",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English verbs",
"Entries with translation boxes",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Terms with Arabic translations",
"Terms with Armenian translations",
"Terms with Bulgarian translations",
"Terms with Catalan translations",
"Terms with Central Kurdish translations",
"Terms with Czech translations",
"Terms with Danish translations",
"Terms with Dutch translations",
"Terms with Esperanto translations",
"Terms with Estonian translations",
"Terms with Finnish translations",
"Terms with French translations",
"Terms with German translations",
"Terms with Gothic translations",
"Terms with Hungarian translations",
"Terms with Icelandic translations",
"Terms with Ido translations",
"Terms with Irish translations",
"Terms with Italian translations",
"Terms with Japanese translations",
"Terms with Khmer translations",
"Terms with Latin translations",
"Terms with Macedonian translations",
"Terms with Maori translations",
"Terms with Norman translations",
"Terms with Old Norse translations",
"Terms with Ottoman Turkish translations",
"Terms with Persian translations",
"Terms with Polish translations",
"Terms with Portuguese translations",
"Terms with Russian translations",
"Terms with Scottish Gaelic translations",
"Terms with Serbo-Croatian translations",
"Terms with Slovene translations",
"Terms with Spanish translations",
"Terms with Swedish translations",
"Terms with Ukrainian translations",
"Terms with Yiddish translations"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*werǵ-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "bulwerk"
},
"expansion": "Middle English bulwerk",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "dum",
"3": "bolwerk"
},
"expansion": "Middle Dutch bolwerk",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gml",
"3": "bolwerk"
},
"expansion": "Middle Low German bolwerk",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "bole",
"3": "work",
"gloss1": "tree trunk",
"nocat": "1"
},
"expansion": "bole (“tree trunk”) + work",
"name": "affix"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "Bollwerk"
},
"expansion": "German Bollwerk",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "bolværk"
},
"expansion": "Danish bolværk",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "bålverk"
},
"expansion": "Swedish bålverk",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "bolwerk"
},
"expansion": "Dutch bolwerk",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "boulevard"
},
"expansion": "Doublet of boulevard",
"name": "doublet"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "boulevard"
},
"expansion": "French boulevard",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pt",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Portuguese",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "es",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Spanish",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "it",
"2": "baluardo"
},
"expansion": "Italian baluardo",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English bulwerk, from Middle Dutch bolwerk, bolwerc and Middle Low German bolwerk, equivalent to bole (“tree trunk”) + work. Cognate with German Bollwerk, Danish bolværk, Swedish bålverk, Dutch bolwerk. Doublet of boulevard (from French boulevard, from Dutch); cognate with Portuguese and Spanish baluarte and Italian baluardo.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "bulwarks",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "bulwarking",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "bulwarked",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "bulwarked",
"tags": [
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "bulwark (third-person singular simple present bulwarks, present participle bulwarking, simple past and past participle bulwarked)",
"name": "en-verb"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English transitive verbs"
],
"glosses": [
"To fortify something with a wall or rampart."
],
"links": [
[
"fortify",
"fortify"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) To fortify something with a wall or rampart."
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English transitive verbs"
],
"glosses": [
"To provide protection of defense for something."
],
"links": [
[
"provide",
"provide"
],
[
"protection",
"protection"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) To provide protection of defense for something."
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈbʊl.wək/",
"tags": [
"General-Australian",
"UK"
]
},
{
"enpr": "bo͝ol'wərk",
"tags": [
"US"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈbʊl.wɚk/",
"tags": [
"US"
]
},
{
"audio": "en-us-bulwark.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/13/En-us-bulwark.ogg/En-us-bulwark.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/13/En-us-bulwark.ogg"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"bulwark"
],
"word": "bulwark"
}
Download raw JSONL data for bulwark meaning in All languages combined (24.8kB)
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/2013",
"msg": "more than one value in \"roman\": hisar vs. kalʼe duvarı",
"path": [
"bulwark"
],
"section": "English",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "bulwark",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-12-01 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-11-21 using wiktextract (95d2be1 and 64224ec). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.