See bitumen on Wiktionary
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "bitumenised"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "bitumen of Judea"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "bituminiferous"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "bituminous"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "bitumoid"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "crude bitumen"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "dilbit"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "modified bitumen"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "pyrobitumen"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "refined bitumen"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "bithumen"
},
"expansion": "Middle English bithumen",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "bitūmen"
},
"expansion": "Latin bitūmen",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "bitume"
},
"expansion": "Doublet of bitume",
"name": "doublet"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English bithumen, bitumen, from Latin bitūmen. Doublet of bitume.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "bitumina",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumens",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "~",
"2": "bitumina",
"3": "s"
},
"expansion": "bitumen (countable and uncountable, plural bitumina or bitumens)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "29 18 35 3 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "30 11 36 2 21",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Entries with translation boxes",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "30 19 32 5 14",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Ancient Greek translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "30 18 34 3 14",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Mandarin translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "29 23 29 2 17",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Natural resources",
"orig": "en:Natural resources",
"parents": [
"Matter",
"Chemistry",
"Nature",
"Sciences",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "38 19 24 7 11",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Petroleum",
"orig": "en:Petroleum",
"parents": [
"Fossil fuels",
"Liquids",
"Carbon",
"Energy",
"Natural resources",
"Matter",
"Carbon group elements",
"Nature",
"Chemistry",
"Chemical elements",
"All topics",
"Sciences",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "2014 August 24, Jeff Howell, “Home improvements: gravel paths and cutting heating bills [print version: Cold comfort in technology, 23 August 2014, p. P5]”, in The Daily Telegraph (Property):",
"text": "You need to excavate and remove the topsoil, line the subsoil with a geotextile, then lay and compact hardcore. Follow this with a layer of compacted \"hoggin\" – compacted clay, gravel and sand. This is then sprayed with hot bitumen, and has a layer of pea shingle rolled into it.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A sticky, black, highly viscous liquid or semi-solid form of petroleum, burning with a bright flame. It occurs as an abundant natural product in many places, as on the shores of the Dead and Caspian Seas. It is used in cements, in the construction of pavements, etc.; Mineral pitch."
],
"id": "en-bitumen-en-noun-d1bqo3g4",
"links": [
[
"Caspian Sea",
"Caspian Sea"
],
[
"cement",
"cement"
],
[
"pavement",
"pavement"
],
[
"pitch",
"pitch"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "Jew's pitch"
},
{
"_dis1": "60 35 4 2",
"sense": "mineral pitch",
"tags": [
"obsolete"
],
"word": "bitume"
},
{
"_dis1": "60 35 4 2",
"sense": "mineral pitch",
"word": "Jew’s lime"
},
{
"_dis1": "60 35 4 2",
"sense": "mineral pitch",
"word": "Jew’s pitch"
},
{
"_dis1": "60 35 4 2",
"sense": "mineral pitch",
"word": "Jew’s slime"
},
{
"_dis1": "60 35 4 2",
"sense": "mineral pitch",
"tags": [
"obsolete"
],
"word": "slime"
}
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "65 21 13 1",
"code": "sq",
"lang": "Albanian",
"sense": "Mineral pitch",
"word": "bitum"
},
{
"_dis1": "65 21 13 1",
"code": "bn",
"lang": "Bengali",
"roman": "śilajôtu",
"sense": "Mineral pitch",
"word": "শিলাজতু"
},
{
"_dis1": "65 21 13 1",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "bitum",
"sense": "Mineral pitch",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "битум"
},
{
"_dis1": "65 21 13 1",
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "Mineral pitch",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "betum"
},
{
"_dis1": "65 21 13 1",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "Mineral pitch",
"word": "瀝青"
},
{
"_dis1": "65 21 13 1",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "lìqīng",
"sense": "Mineral pitch",
"word": "沥青"
},
{
"_dis1": "65 21 13 1",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "Mineral pitch",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"neuter"
],
"word": "aardpek"
},
{
"_dis1": "65 21 13 1",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "Mineral pitch",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "bitumen"
},
{
"_dis1": "65 21 13 1",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "Mineral pitch",
"word": "bitumi"
},
{
"_dis1": "65 21 13 1",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "Mineral pitch",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "bitume"
},
{
"_dis1": "65 21 13 1",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "Mineral pitch",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "Bitumen"
},
{
"_dis1": "65 21 13 1",
"code": "grc",
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"roman": "ásphaltos",
"sense": "Mineral pitch",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "ἄσφαλτος"
},
{
"_dis1": "65 21 13 1",
"code": "he",
"lang": "Hebrew",
"roman": "kheimahr",
"sense": "Mineral pitch",
"word": "חמר"
},
{
"_dis1": "65 21 13 1",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "Mineral pitch",
"word": "bitume"
},
{
"_dis1": "65 21 13 1",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "Mineral pitch",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "asfalto"
},
{
"_dis1": "65 21 13 1",
"alt": "れきせい",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "rekisei",
"sense": "Mineral pitch",
"word": "歴青"
},
{
"_dis1": "65 21 13 1",
"alt": "れきせい",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "rekisei",
"sense": "Mineral pitch",
"word": "瀝青"
},
{
"_dis1": "65 21 13 1",
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "Mineral pitch",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "bitūmen"
},
{
"_dis1": "65 21 13 1",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "Mineral pitch",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "bitum"
},
{
"_dis1": "65 21 13 1",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "Mineral pitch",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "bitumin"
},
{
"_dis1": "65 21 13 1",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "Mineral pitch",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "bitumen"
},
{
"_dis1": "65 21 13 1",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "Mineral pitch",
"word": "betume"
},
{
"_dis1": "65 21 13 1",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "Mineral pitch",
"word": "bitum"
},
{
"_dis1": "65 21 13 1",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "bítum",
"sense": "Mineral pitch",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "би́тум"
},
{
"_dis1": "65 21 13 1",
"code": "gd",
"lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
"sense": "Mineral pitch",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "bìth"
},
{
"_dis1": "65 21 13 1",
"code": "gd",
"lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
"sense": "Mineral pitch",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "teàrr"
},
{
"_dis1": "65 21 13 1",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "Mineral pitch",
"word": "brea"
},
{
"_dis1": "65 21 13 1",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "Mineral pitch",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "bitumen"
},
{
"_dis1": "65 21 13 1",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "Mineral pitch",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "bitumen"
},
{
"_dis1": "65 21 13 1",
"code": "th",
"lang": "Thai",
"roman": "yaang-má-dtɔi",
"sense": "Mineral pitch",
"word": "ยางมะตอย"
},
{
"_dis1": "65 21 13 1",
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "Mineral pitch",
"word": "bitüm"
},
{
"_dis1": "65 21 13 1",
"code": "yi",
"lang": "Yiddish",
"roman": "bitumen",
"sense": "Mineral pitch",
"word": "ביטומען"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "29 18 35 3 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "30 11 36 2 21",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Entries with translation boxes",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "30 19 32 5 14",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Ancient Greek translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "30 18 34 3 14",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Mandarin translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "29 23 29 2 17",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Natural resources",
"orig": "en:Natural resources",
"parents": [
"Matter",
"Chemistry",
"Nature",
"Sciences",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Any one of the natural hydrocarbons, including the hard, solid, brittle varieties called asphalt, the semisolid maltha and mineral tars, the oily petrolea, and even the light, volatile naphthas."
],
"id": "en-bitumen-en-noun-HON3dLAV",
"links": [
[
"hydrocarbon",
"hydrocarbon"
],
[
"brittle",
"brittle"
],
[
"asphalt",
"asphalt"
],
[
"maltha",
"maltha"
],
[
"tar",
"tar"
],
[
"petrolea",
"petrolea"
],
[
"naphtha",
"naphtha"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(by extension) Any one of the natural hydrocarbons, including the hard, solid, brittle varieties called asphalt, the semisolid maltha and mineral tars, the oily petrolea, and even the light, volatile naphthas."
],
"tags": [
"broadly",
"countable",
"uncountable"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Australian English",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "29 18 35 3 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "30 11 36 2 21",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Entries with translation boxes",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "26 17 37 3 18",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 8 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "26 17 38 2 18",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "28 15 38 4 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Albanian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "30 19 32 5 14",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Ancient Greek translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "27 16 37 4 17",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Bengali translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "25 16 38 4 18",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Bulgarian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "25 15 39 4 17",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Catalan translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "25 15 37 4 19",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Dutch translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "27 14 39 4 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Finnish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "25 15 37 4 20",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with French translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "25 15 38 4 18",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with German translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "27 18 35 4 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Hebrew translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "24 14 38 3 21",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Italian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "24 14 42 3 18",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Japanese translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "25 15 39 3 19",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Latin translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "30 18 34 3 14",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Mandarin translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "27 15 34 4 20",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Polish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "27 15 39 3 15",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Portuguese translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "24 15 41 4 17",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Romanian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "27 13 40 3 17",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Russian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "25 15 39 4 17",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Scottish Gaelic translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "25 17 38 3 18",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Spanish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "25 15 40 3 17",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Swedish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "27 16 37 4 17",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Thai translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "25 15 40 3 17",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Turkish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "28 15 38 3 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Yiddish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "29 23 29 2 17",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Natural resources",
"orig": "en:Natural resources",
"parents": [
"Matter",
"Chemistry",
"Nature",
"Sciences",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Roads sealed with bitumen, as opposed to dirt roads."
],
"id": "en-bitumen-en-noun-Gn3~Njqb",
"raw_glosses": [
"(Australia, colloquial) Roads sealed with bitumen, as opposed to dirt roads."
],
"tags": [
"Australia",
"colloquial",
"countable",
"uncountable"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Canadian English",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Canadian deposits of extremely heavy crude oil."
],
"id": "en-bitumen-en-noun-~p-MuUwl",
"raw_glosses": [
"(Canada) Canadian deposits of extremely heavy crude oil."
],
"tags": [
"Canada",
"countable",
"uncountable"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈbɪt.jʊ.mɪn/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈbɪt͡ʃ.ʊ.mɪn/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈbɪt͡ʃ.ʊ.mɪn/",
"tags": [
"Canada"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈbɪt.jʊ.mɪn/",
"tags": [
"Canada"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/bɪˈtumən/",
"tags": [
"US"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/bɪˈtjumən/",
"tags": [
"US"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/baɪˈtumən/",
"tags": [
"US"
]
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Mélange a trois-bitumen.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b7/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-M%C3%A9lange_a_trois-bitumen.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-M%C3%A9lange_a_trois-bitumen.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b7/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-M%C3%A9lange_a_trois-bitumen.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-M%C3%A9lange_a_trois-bitumen.wav.ogg"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"bitumen"
],
"word": "bitumen"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "bithumen"
},
"expansion": "Middle English bithumen",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "bitūmen"
},
"expansion": "Latin bitūmen",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "bitume"
},
"expansion": "Doublet of bitume",
"name": "doublet"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English bithumen, bitumen, from Latin bitūmen. Doublet of bitume.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "bitumens",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumening",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumened",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumened",
"tags": [
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "bitumen (third-person singular simple present bitumens, present participle bitumening, simple past and past participle bitumened)",
"name": "en-verb"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "29 18 35 3 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "30 11 36 2 21",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Entries with translation boxes",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "30 19 32 5 14",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Ancient Greek translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "30 18 34 3 14",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Mandarin translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "29 23 29 2 17",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Natural resources",
"orig": "en:Natural resources",
"parents": [
"Matter",
"Chemistry",
"Nature",
"Sciences",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1926, Rudyard Kipling, “The Prophet and the Country”, in Debits and Credits, →OCLC, page 155:",
"text": "another star reflected itself in the glassy black of the bitumened road",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1937, Lady Ethel Stefana Drower, Mandaeans of Iraq and Iran, Brill Archive, →LCCN, page 122:",
"text": "The Litlata community have now built a mandi set in a pleasant garden, and to ensure the cleanliness of their yardna have bricked and bitumened the pool into which the water flows",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1984, Dennis Hancock, Wheels of Progress: History of the Road Transport Industry in Western Australia, 1829-1983, Access Press, →ISBN, page 145:",
"text": "Work is already under way to complete the bitumening of Western Australia's last unsurfaced stretch of Highway One, between Fitzroy Crossing and Hall's Creek.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2013, Janice Cooper, Crossing the Divide: A History of Alpha and Jericho Districts, Boolarong Press, →ISBN, page 176:",
"text": "The development of water reticulation occurred in parallel with street work — forming, kerbing, channelling and bitumening.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To cover or fill with bitumen."
],
"id": "en-bitumen-en-verb-OPoz9dkf",
"links": [
[
"cover",
"cover"
]
],
"related": [
{
"word": "asphalt"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "bituminize"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈbɪt.jʊ.mɪn/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈbɪt͡ʃ.ʊ.mɪn/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈbɪt͡ʃ.ʊ.mɪn/",
"tags": [
"Canada"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈbɪt.jʊ.mɪn/",
"tags": [
"Canada"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/bɪˈtumən/",
"tags": [
"US"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/bɪˈtjumən/",
"tags": [
"US"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/baɪˈtumən/",
"tags": [
"US"
]
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Mélange a trois-bitumen.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b7/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-M%C3%A9lange_a_trois-bitumen.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-M%C3%A9lange_a_trois-bitumen.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b7/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-M%C3%A9lange_a_trois-bitumen.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-M%C3%A9lange_a_trois-bitumen.wav.ogg"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"bitumen"
],
"word": "bitumen"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "dum",
"3": "bitume"
},
"expansion": "Middle Dutch bitume",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "la",
"3": "bitūmen"
},
"expansion": "Latin bitūmen",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle Dutch bitume, from Latin bitūmen, which later influenced the spelling.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "bitumina",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "n",
"2": "bitumina",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "bitumen n (plural bitumina)",
"name": "nl-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"bi‧tu‧men"
],
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Dutch entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Dutch nouns with Latin plurals",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 8 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"bitumen, mineral pitch"
],
"id": "en-bitumen-nl-noun-NVOR17Cv",
"links": [
[
"bitumen",
"bitumen#English"
],
[
"pitch",
"pitch"
]
],
"related": [
{
"word": "beton"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "aardhars"
},
{
"word": "aardpek"
},
{
"word": "bergteer"
},
{
"word": "jodenlijm"
}
],
"tags": [
"neuter"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˌbiˈty.mə(n)/"
},
{
"audio": "Nl-bitumen.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9f/Nl-bitumen.ogg/Nl-bitumen.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Nl-bitumen.ogg"
}
],
"word": "bitumen"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "id",
"2": "nl",
"3": "bitumen"
},
"expansion": "Dutch bitumen",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "id",
"2": "dum",
"3": "bitume"
},
"expansion": "Middle Dutch bitume",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "id",
"2": "la",
"3": "bitūmen"
},
"expansion": "Latin bitūmen",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Dutch bitumen, from Middle Dutch bitume, from Latin bitūmen.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "bitumèn",
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumenku",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"possessive"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumenmu",
"tags": [
"possessive",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumennya",
"tags": [
"possessive",
"third-person"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"head": "bitumèn",
"pl": "-"
},
"expansion": "bitumèn (first-person possessive bitumenku, second-person possessive bitumenmu, third-person possessive bitumennya)",
"name": "id-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"bi‧tu‧mèn"
],
"lang": "Indonesian",
"lang_code": "id",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Indonesian entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Indonesian terms with redundant script codes",
"parents": [
"Terms with redundant script codes",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 8 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"bitumen"
],
"id": "en-bitumen-id-noun-FOQs2Djh",
"links": [
[
"bitumen",
"bitumen#English"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"english": "Standard Malay",
"word": "bitumén"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"id:bitumen"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[biˈtumɛn]"
},
{
"rhymes": "-men"
},
{
"rhymes": "-en"
},
{
"rhymes": "-n"
}
],
"word": "bitumen"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "roa-oca",
"2": "betum",
"3": "bitum"
},
"expansion": "Old Catalan: betum, bitum",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Catalan: betum, bitum"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ca",
"2": "betum"
},
"expansion": "Catalan: betum\n→? Portuguese: betume\n→ Spanish: betún",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Catalan: betum\n→? Portuguese: betume\n→ Spanish: betún"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "osp",
"2": "betume",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Old Spanish: betume",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Old Spanish: betume"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gl",
"2": "betume"
},
"expansion": "Galician: betume",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Galician: betume"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "frp",
"2": "bèton",
"3": "blèton",
"4": "bleton"
},
"expansion": "Franco-Provençal: bèton, blèton, bleton",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Franco-Provençal: bèton, blèton, bleton"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "oc",
"2": "betum"
},
"expansion": "Occitan: betum",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Occitan: betum"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "betun"
},
"expansion": "Old French: betun",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old French: betun"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "béton"
},
"expansion": "French: béton",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "French: béton (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 0,
"templates": [],
"text": ""
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "Bitumen",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ German: Bitumen",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ German: Bitumen"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "he",
"2": "בִּיטוּמֵן",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Hebrew: בִּיטוּמֵן",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Hebrew: בִּיטוּמֵן"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "it",
"2": "bitume",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Italian: bitume",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Italian: bitume"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "bethyn",
"3": ";",
"4": "bithumen",
"5": "bitumen",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Middle English: bethyn; bithumen, bitumen",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Middle English: bethyn; bithumen, bitumen"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "bitumen"
},
"expansion": "English: bitumen",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "English: bitumen"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "frm",
"2": "bitume",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Middle French: bitume",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Middle French: bitume"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "bitume"
},
"expansion": "French: bitume",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "French: bitume"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "bitume",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ English: bitume",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ English: bitume"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ru",
"2": "би́тум",
"bor": "1",
"g": "m"
},
"expansion": "→ Russian: би́тум m (bítum)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Russian: би́тум m (bítum)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "yi",
"2": "ביטומען",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Yiddish: ביטומען (bitumen)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Yiddish: ביטומען (bitumen)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "*bitū",
"3": "men"
},
"expansion": "*bitū + -men",
"name": "suffix"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*gʷétu",
"t": "resin, gum"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *gʷétu (“resin, gum”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "itc-sbl"
},
"expansion": "Osco-Umbrian",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "cel",
"nocat": "1"
},
"expansion": "Celtic",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "betulla"
},
"expansion": "Latin betulla",
"name": "m+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gd",
"2": "bìth",
"t": "resin, gum"
},
"expansion": "Scottish Gaelic bìth (“resin, gum”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "cud"
},
"expansion": "English cud",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "जतु",
"t": "lac, gum"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit जतु (jatu, “lac, gum”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From *bitū + -men, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷétu (“resin, gum”), borrowed from an Osco-Umbrian language, though there exists the possiblity of a Celtic borrowing (compare Latin betulla, which is a Celtic borrowing from the same ultimate origin), where the shift of *gʷ > *b is regular. The raising of the first vowel might come from the Osco-Umbrian variety, or have been developed in Latin, as occasionally happens after labials; compare firmus, vitulus. Cognate with Scottish Gaelic bìth (“resin, gum”), English cud, Sanskrit जतु (jatu, “lac, gum”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "bitūmen",
"tags": [
"canonical",
"neuter"
]
},
{
"form": "bitūminis",
"tags": [
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "la-ndecl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "bitūmen",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bitūmina",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bitūminis",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bitūminum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bitūminī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bitūminibus",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bitūmen",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bitūmina",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bitūmine",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bitūminibus",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bitūmen",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "bitūmina",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "bitūmen<3>"
},
"expansion": "bitūmen n (genitive bitūminis); third declension",
"name": "la-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "bitūmen<3>"
},
"name": "la-ndecl"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin neuter nouns in the third declension",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin terms suffixed with -men",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 8 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"mineral pitch, bitumen"
],
"id": "en-bitumen-la-noun-5fKzvHYz",
"links": [
[
"pitch",
"pitch"
],
[
"bitumen",
"#English"
]
],
"related": [
{
"word": "bitūmineus"
},
{
"word": "bitūminō"
},
{
"word": "bitūminōsus"
}
],
"tags": [
"declension-3"
],
"wikipedia": [
"Brill Publishers"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/biˈtuː.men/",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[bɪˈt̪uːmɛn]",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/biˈtu.men/",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
},
{
"ipa": "[biˈt̪uːmen]",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
}
],
"word": "bitumen"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "la",
"3": "bitūmen"
},
"expansion": "Learned borrowing from Latin bitūmen",
"name": "lbor"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Learned borrowing from Latin bitūmen.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "pl-decl-noun-m-in",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumen",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumeny",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumenu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumenów",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumenowi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumenom",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumen",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumeny",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumenem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumenami",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumenie",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumenach",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumenie",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumeny",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "m-in"
},
"expansion": "bitumen m inan",
"name": "pl-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"bi‧tu‧men"
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "pl-decl-noun-m-in"
}
],
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 8 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish links with manual fragments",
"parents": [
"Links with manual fragments",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish links with redundant alt parameters",
"parents": [
"Links with redundant alt parameters",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish links with redundant wikilinks",
"parents": [
"Links with redundant wikilinks",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "pl",
"name": "Building materials",
"orig": "pl:Building materials",
"parents": [
"Construction",
"Materials",
"Architecture",
"Engineering",
"Manufacturing",
"Applied sciences",
"Art",
"Technology",
"Human activity",
"Sciences",
"Culture",
"All topics",
"Human behaviour",
"Society",
"Fundamental",
"Human"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"bitumen, blacktop"
],
"id": "en-bitumen-pl-noun-njTPiqQz",
"links": [
[
"bitumen",
"bitumen#English"
],
[
"blacktop",
"blacktop"
]
],
"related": [
{
"word": "bitumiczny"
},
{
"word": "bitumowy"
},
{
"word": "bitum"
},
{
"word": "bitumiczność"
},
{
"word": "bitumin"
},
{
"word": "bitumizacja"
},
{
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "bitumować"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "bitum"
},
{
"word": "bitumin"
}
],
"tags": [
"inanimate",
"masculine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/biˈtu.mɛn/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-umɛn"
}
],
"word": "bitumen"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ro",
"2": "de",
"3": "Bitumen"
},
"expansion": "Borrowed from German Bitumen",
"name": "bor+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ro",
"2": "la",
"3": "bitumen"
},
"expansion": "Latin bitumen",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from German Bitumen, from Latin bitumen.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ro-noun-n",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumen",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"indefinite",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumenul",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"definite",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumen",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"indefinite"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumenului",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumenule",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "n",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "bitumen n (uncountable)",
"name": "ro-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"g": "n",
"gpd": "bitumenelor",
"gpi": "bitumene",
"gsd": "bitumenului",
"gsi": "bitumen",
"n": "sg",
"npd": "bitumenele",
"npi": "bitumene",
"nsd": "bitumenul",
"nsi": "bitumen",
"vp": "bitumenelor",
"vs": "bitumenule"
},
"name": "ro-decl-noun-single"
}
],
"lang": "Romanian",
"lang_code": "ro",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 8 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Romanian entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"bitumen"
],
"id": "en-bitumen-ro-noun-FOQs2Djh",
"links": [
[
"bitumen",
"bitumen#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"neuter",
"uncountable"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/biˈtu.men/"
},
{
"ipa": "/bi.tuˈmen/"
}
],
"word": "bitumen"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "es",
"2": "la",
"3": "bitūmen"
},
"expansion": "Learned borrowing from Latin bitūmen",
"name": "lbor"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Learned borrowing from Latin bitūmen.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "bitúmenes",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "m"
},
"expansion": "bitumen m (plural bitúmenes)",
"name": "es-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"bi‧tu‧men"
],
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 8 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Spanish entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"bitumen"
],
"id": "en-bitumen-es-noun-FOQs2Djh",
"links": [
[
"bitumen",
"bitumen#English"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "betún"
}
],
"tags": [
"masculine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/biˈtumen/"
},
{
"ipa": "[biˈt̪u.mẽn]"
},
{
"rhymes": "-umen"
}
],
"word": "bitumen"
}
{
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "l",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumen",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"indefinite",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "nouns",
"3": "",
"g": "n",
"g2": "",
"head": "",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "bitumen n",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "n"
},
"expansion": "bitumen n",
"name": "sv-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 8 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Swedish entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"bitumen"
],
"id": "en-bitumen-sv-noun-FOQs2Djh",
"links": [
[
"bitumen",
"bitumen#English"
]
],
"related": [
{
"word": "asfalt"
},
{
"word": "petroleum"
}
],
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"wikipedia": [
"sv:bitumen"
]
}
],
"word": "bitumen"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "dum",
"3": "bitume"
},
"expansion": "Middle Dutch bitume",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "la",
"3": "bitūmen"
},
"expansion": "Latin bitūmen",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle Dutch bitume, from Latin bitūmen, which later influenced the spelling.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "bitumina",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "n",
"2": "bitumina",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "bitumen n (plural bitumina)",
"name": "nl-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"bi‧tu‧men"
],
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"word": "beton"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Dutch entries with incorrect language header",
"Dutch lemmas",
"Dutch neuter nouns",
"Dutch nouns",
"Dutch nouns with Latin plurals",
"Dutch terms derived from Latin",
"Dutch terms derived from Middle Dutch",
"Dutch terms inherited from Middle Dutch",
"Pages with 8 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"glosses": [
"bitumen, mineral pitch"
],
"links": [
[
"bitumen",
"bitumen#English"
],
[
"pitch",
"pitch"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "aardhars"
},
{
"word": "aardpek"
},
{
"word": "bergteer"
},
{
"word": "jodenlijm"
}
],
"tags": [
"neuter"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˌbiˈty.mə(n)/"
},
{
"audio": "Nl-bitumen.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9f/Nl-bitumen.ogg/Nl-bitumen.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Nl-bitumen.ogg"
}
],
"word": "bitumen"
}
{
"categories": [
"English countable nouns",
"English doublets",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English nouns with irregular plurals",
"English terms derived from Latin",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English uncountable nouns",
"English verbs",
"Entries with translation boxes",
"Pages with 8 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Terms with Albanian translations",
"Terms with Ancient Greek translations",
"Terms with Bengali translations",
"Terms with Bulgarian translations",
"Terms with Catalan translations",
"Terms with Dutch translations",
"Terms with Finnish translations",
"Terms with French translations",
"Terms with German translations",
"Terms with Hebrew translations",
"Terms with Italian translations",
"Terms with Japanese translations",
"Terms with Latin translations",
"Terms with Mandarin translations",
"Terms with Polish translations",
"Terms with Portuguese translations",
"Terms with Romanian translations",
"Terms with Russian translations",
"Terms with Scottish Gaelic translations",
"Terms with Spanish translations",
"Terms with Swedish translations",
"Terms with Thai translations",
"Terms with Turkish translations",
"Terms with Yiddish translations",
"en:Natural resources",
"en:Petroleum"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "bitumenised"
},
{
"word": "bitumen of Judea"
},
{
"word": "bituminiferous"
},
{
"word": "bituminous"
},
{
"word": "bitumoid"
},
{
"word": "crude bitumen"
},
{
"word": "dilbit"
},
{
"word": "modified bitumen"
},
{
"word": "pyrobitumen"
},
{
"word": "refined bitumen"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "bithumen"
},
"expansion": "Middle English bithumen",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "bitūmen"
},
"expansion": "Latin bitūmen",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "bitume"
},
"expansion": "Doublet of bitume",
"name": "doublet"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English bithumen, bitumen, from Latin bitūmen. Doublet of bitume.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "bitumina",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumens",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "~",
"2": "bitumina",
"3": "s"
},
"expansion": "bitumen (countable and uncountable, plural bitumina or bitumens)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "2014 August 24, Jeff Howell, “Home improvements: gravel paths and cutting heating bills [print version: Cold comfort in technology, 23 August 2014, p. P5]”, in The Daily Telegraph (Property):",
"text": "You need to excavate and remove the topsoil, line the subsoil with a geotextile, then lay and compact hardcore. Follow this with a layer of compacted \"hoggin\" – compacted clay, gravel and sand. This is then sprayed with hot bitumen, and has a layer of pea shingle rolled into it.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A sticky, black, highly viscous liquid or semi-solid form of petroleum, burning with a bright flame. It occurs as an abundant natural product in many places, as on the shores of the Dead and Caspian Seas. It is used in cements, in the construction of pavements, etc.; Mineral pitch."
],
"links": [
[
"Caspian Sea",
"Caspian Sea"
],
[
"cement",
"cement"
],
[
"pavement",
"pavement"
],
[
"pitch",
"pitch"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "Jew's pitch"
}
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Any one of the natural hydrocarbons, including the hard, solid, brittle varieties called asphalt, the semisolid maltha and mineral tars, the oily petrolea, and even the light, volatile naphthas."
],
"links": [
[
"hydrocarbon",
"hydrocarbon"
],
[
"brittle",
"brittle"
],
[
"asphalt",
"asphalt"
],
[
"maltha",
"maltha"
],
[
"tar",
"tar"
],
[
"petrolea",
"petrolea"
],
[
"naphtha",
"naphtha"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(by extension) Any one of the natural hydrocarbons, including the hard, solid, brittle varieties called asphalt, the semisolid maltha and mineral tars, the oily petrolea, and even the light, volatile naphthas."
],
"tags": [
"broadly",
"countable",
"uncountable"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Australian English",
"English colloquialisms"
],
"glosses": [
"Roads sealed with bitumen, as opposed to dirt roads."
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Australia, colloquial) Roads sealed with bitumen, as opposed to dirt roads."
],
"tags": [
"Australia",
"colloquial",
"countable",
"uncountable"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Canadian English"
],
"glosses": [
"Canadian deposits of extremely heavy crude oil."
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Canada) Canadian deposits of extremely heavy crude oil."
],
"tags": [
"Canada",
"countable",
"uncountable"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈbɪt.jʊ.mɪn/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈbɪt͡ʃ.ʊ.mɪn/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈbɪt͡ʃ.ʊ.mɪn/",
"tags": [
"Canada"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈbɪt.jʊ.mɪn/",
"tags": [
"Canada"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/bɪˈtumən/",
"tags": [
"US"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/bɪˈtjumən/",
"tags": [
"US"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/baɪˈtumən/",
"tags": [
"US"
]
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Mélange a trois-bitumen.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b7/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-M%C3%A9lange_a_trois-bitumen.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-M%C3%A9lange_a_trois-bitumen.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b7/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-M%C3%A9lange_a_trois-bitumen.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-M%C3%A9lange_a_trois-bitumen.wav.ogg"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"sense": "mineral pitch",
"tags": [
"obsolete"
],
"word": "bitume"
},
{
"sense": "mineral pitch",
"word": "Jew’s lime"
},
{
"sense": "mineral pitch",
"word": "Jew’s pitch"
},
{
"sense": "mineral pitch",
"word": "Jew’s slime"
},
{
"sense": "mineral pitch",
"tags": [
"obsolete"
],
"word": "slime"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "sq",
"lang": "Albanian",
"sense": "Mineral pitch",
"word": "bitum"
},
{
"code": "bn",
"lang": "Bengali",
"roman": "śilajôtu",
"sense": "Mineral pitch",
"word": "শিলাজতু"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "bitum",
"sense": "Mineral pitch",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "битум"
},
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "Mineral pitch",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "betum"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "Mineral pitch",
"word": "瀝青"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "lìqīng",
"sense": "Mineral pitch",
"word": "沥青"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "Mineral pitch",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"neuter"
],
"word": "aardpek"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "Mineral pitch",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "bitumen"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "Mineral pitch",
"word": "bitumi"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "Mineral pitch",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "bitume"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "Mineral pitch",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "Bitumen"
},
{
"code": "grc",
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"roman": "ásphaltos",
"sense": "Mineral pitch",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "ἄσφαλτος"
},
{
"code": "he",
"lang": "Hebrew",
"roman": "kheimahr",
"sense": "Mineral pitch",
"word": "חמר"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "Mineral pitch",
"word": "bitume"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "Mineral pitch",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "asfalto"
},
{
"alt": "れきせい",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "rekisei",
"sense": "Mineral pitch",
"word": "歴青"
},
{
"alt": "れきせい",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "rekisei",
"sense": "Mineral pitch",
"word": "瀝青"
},
{
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "Mineral pitch",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "bitūmen"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "Mineral pitch",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "bitum"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "Mineral pitch",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "bitumin"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "Mineral pitch",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "bitumen"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "Mineral pitch",
"word": "betume"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "Mineral pitch",
"word": "bitum"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "bítum",
"sense": "Mineral pitch",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "би́тум"
},
{
"code": "gd",
"lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
"sense": "Mineral pitch",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "bìth"
},
{
"code": "gd",
"lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
"sense": "Mineral pitch",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "teàrr"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "Mineral pitch",
"word": "brea"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "Mineral pitch",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "bitumen"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "Mineral pitch",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "bitumen"
},
{
"code": "th",
"lang": "Thai",
"roman": "yaang-má-dtɔi",
"sense": "Mineral pitch",
"word": "ยางมะตอย"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "Mineral pitch",
"word": "bitüm"
},
{
"code": "yi",
"lang": "Yiddish",
"roman": "bitumen",
"sense": "Mineral pitch",
"word": "ביטומען"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"bitumen"
],
"word": "bitumen"
}
{
"categories": [
"English countable nouns",
"English doublets",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English nouns with irregular plurals",
"English terms derived from Latin",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English uncountable nouns",
"English verbs",
"Entries with translation boxes",
"Pages with 8 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Terms with Albanian translations",
"Terms with Ancient Greek translations",
"Terms with Bengali translations",
"Terms with Bulgarian translations",
"Terms with Catalan translations",
"Terms with Dutch translations",
"Terms with Finnish translations",
"Terms with French translations",
"Terms with German translations",
"Terms with Hebrew translations",
"Terms with Italian translations",
"Terms with Japanese translations",
"Terms with Latin translations",
"Terms with Mandarin translations",
"Terms with Polish translations",
"Terms with Portuguese translations",
"Terms with Romanian translations",
"Terms with Russian translations",
"Terms with Scottish Gaelic translations",
"Terms with Spanish translations",
"Terms with Swedish translations",
"Terms with Thai translations",
"Terms with Turkish translations",
"Terms with Yiddish translations",
"en:Natural resources",
"en:Petroleum"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "bithumen"
},
"expansion": "Middle English bithumen",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "bitūmen"
},
"expansion": "Latin bitūmen",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "bitume"
},
"expansion": "Doublet of bitume",
"name": "doublet"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English bithumen, bitumen, from Latin bitūmen. Doublet of bitume.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "bitumens",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumening",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumened",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumened",
"tags": [
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "bitumen (third-person singular simple present bitumens, present participle bitumening, simple past and past participle bitumened)",
"name": "en-verb"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"related": [
{
"word": "asphalt"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1926, Rudyard Kipling, “The Prophet and the Country”, in Debits and Credits, →OCLC, page 155:",
"text": "another star reflected itself in the glassy black of the bitumened road",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1937, Lady Ethel Stefana Drower, Mandaeans of Iraq and Iran, Brill Archive, →LCCN, page 122:",
"text": "The Litlata community have now built a mandi set in a pleasant garden, and to ensure the cleanliness of their yardna have bricked and bitumened the pool into which the water flows",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1984, Dennis Hancock, Wheels of Progress: History of the Road Transport Industry in Western Australia, 1829-1983, Access Press, →ISBN, page 145:",
"text": "Work is already under way to complete the bitumening of Western Australia's last unsurfaced stretch of Highway One, between Fitzroy Crossing and Hall's Creek.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2013, Janice Cooper, Crossing the Divide: A History of Alpha and Jericho Districts, Boolarong Press, →ISBN, page 176:",
"text": "The development of water reticulation occurred in parallel with street work — forming, kerbing, channelling and bitumening.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To cover or fill with bitumen."
],
"links": [
[
"cover",
"cover"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "bituminize"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈbɪt.jʊ.mɪn/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈbɪt͡ʃ.ʊ.mɪn/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈbɪt͡ʃ.ʊ.mɪn/",
"tags": [
"Canada"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈbɪt.jʊ.mɪn/",
"tags": [
"Canada"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/bɪˈtumən/",
"tags": [
"US"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/bɪˈtjumən/",
"tags": [
"US"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/baɪˈtumən/",
"tags": [
"US"
]
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Mélange a trois-bitumen.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b7/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-M%C3%A9lange_a_trois-bitumen.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-M%C3%A9lange_a_trois-bitumen.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b7/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-M%C3%A9lange_a_trois-bitumen.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-M%C3%A9lange_a_trois-bitumen.wav.ogg"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"bitumen"
],
"word": "bitumen"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "id",
"2": "nl",
"3": "bitumen"
},
"expansion": "Dutch bitumen",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "id",
"2": "dum",
"3": "bitume"
},
"expansion": "Middle Dutch bitume",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "id",
"2": "la",
"3": "bitūmen"
},
"expansion": "Latin bitūmen",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Dutch bitumen, from Middle Dutch bitume, from Latin bitūmen.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "bitumèn",
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumenku",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"possessive"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumenmu",
"tags": [
"possessive",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumennya",
"tags": [
"possessive",
"third-person"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"head": "bitumèn",
"pl": "-"
},
"expansion": "bitumèn (first-person possessive bitumenku, second-person possessive bitumenmu, third-person possessive bitumennya)",
"name": "id-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"bi‧tu‧mèn"
],
"lang": "Indonesian",
"lang_code": "id",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Indonesian entries with incorrect language header",
"Indonesian lemmas",
"Indonesian nouns",
"Indonesian terms borrowed from Dutch",
"Indonesian terms derived from Dutch",
"Indonesian terms derived from Latin",
"Indonesian terms derived from Middle Dutch",
"Indonesian terms with redundant script codes",
"Indonesian uncountable nouns",
"Pages with 8 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Rhymes:Indonesian/en",
"Rhymes:Indonesian/en/3 syllables",
"Rhymes:Indonesian/men",
"Rhymes:Indonesian/men/3 syllables",
"Rhymes:Indonesian/n",
"Rhymes:Indonesian/n/3 syllables"
],
"glosses": [
"bitumen"
],
"links": [
[
"bitumen",
"bitumen#English"
]
],
"wikipedia": [
"id:bitumen"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[biˈtumɛn]"
},
{
"rhymes": "-men"
},
{
"rhymes": "-en"
},
{
"rhymes": "-n"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"english": "Standard Malay",
"word": "bitumén"
}
],
"word": "bitumen"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "roa-oca",
"2": "betum",
"3": "bitum"
},
"expansion": "Old Catalan: betum, bitum",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Catalan: betum, bitum"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ca",
"2": "betum"
},
"expansion": "Catalan: betum\n→? Portuguese: betume\n→ Spanish: betún",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Catalan: betum\n→? Portuguese: betume\n→ Spanish: betún"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "osp",
"2": "betume",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Old Spanish: betume",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Old Spanish: betume"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gl",
"2": "betume"
},
"expansion": "Galician: betume",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Galician: betume"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "frp",
"2": "bèton",
"3": "blèton",
"4": "bleton"
},
"expansion": "Franco-Provençal: bèton, blèton, bleton",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Franco-Provençal: bèton, blèton, bleton"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "oc",
"2": "betum"
},
"expansion": "Occitan: betum",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Occitan: betum"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "betun"
},
"expansion": "Old French: betun",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old French: betun"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "béton"
},
"expansion": "French: béton",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "French: béton (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 0,
"templates": [],
"text": ""
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "Bitumen",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ German: Bitumen",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ German: Bitumen"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "he",
"2": "בִּיטוּמֵן",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Hebrew: בִּיטוּמֵן",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Hebrew: בִּיטוּמֵן"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "it",
"2": "bitume",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Italian: bitume",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Italian: bitume"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "bethyn",
"3": ";",
"4": "bithumen",
"5": "bitumen",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Middle English: bethyn; bithumen, bitumen",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Middle English: bethyn; bithumen, bitumen"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "bitumen"
},
"expansion": "English: bitumen",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "English: bitumen"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "frm",
"2": "bitume",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Middle French: bitume",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Middle French: bitume"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "bitume"
},
"expansion": "French: bitume",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "French: bitume"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "bitume",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ English: bitume",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ English: bitume"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ru",
"2": "би́тум",
"bor": "1",
"g": "m"
},
"expansion": "→ Russian: би́тум m (bítum)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Russian: би́тум m (bítum)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "yi",
"2": "ביטומען",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Yiddish: ביטומען (bitumen)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Yiddish: ביטומען (bitumen)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "*bitū",
"3": "men"
},
"expansion": "*bitū + -men",
"name": "suffix"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*gʷétu",
"t": "resin, gum"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *gʷétu (“resin, gum”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "itc-sbl"
},
"expansion": "Osco-Umbrian",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "cel",
"nocat": "1"
},
"expansion": "Celtic",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "betulla"
},
"expansion": "Latin betulla",
"name": "m+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gd",
"2": "bìth",
"t": "resin, gum"
},
"expansion": "Scottish Gaelic bìth (“resin, gum”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "cud"
},
"expansion": "English cud",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "जतु",
"t": "lac, gum"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit जतु (jatu, “lac, gum”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From *bitū + -men, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷétu (“resin, gum”), borrowed from an Osco-Umbrian language, though there exists the possiblity of a Celtic borrowing (compare Latin betulla, which is a Celtic borrowing from the same ultimate origin), where the shift of *gʷ > *b is regular. The raising of the first vowel might come from the Osco-Umbrian variety, or have been developed in Latin, as occasionally happens after labials; compare firmus, vitulus. Cognate with Scottish Gaelic bìth (“resin, gum”), English cud, Sanskrit जतु (jatu, “lac, gum”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "bitūmen",
"tags": [
"canonical",
"neuter"
]
},
{
"form": "bitūminis",
"tags": [
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "la-ndecl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "bitūmen",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bitūmina",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bitūminis",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bitūminum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bitūminī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bitūminibus",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bitūmen",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bitūmina",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bitūmine",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bitūminibus",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bitūmen",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "bitūmina",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "bitūmen<3>"
},
"expansion": "bitūmen n (genitive bitūminis); third declension",
"name": "la-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "bitūmen<3>"
},
"name": "la-ndecl"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"word": "bitūmineus"
},
{
"word": "bitūminō"
},
{
"word": "bitūminōsus"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Latin 3-syllable words",
"Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"Latin lemmas",
"Latin neuter nouns",
"Latin neuter nouns in the third declension",
"Latin nouns",
"Latin terms borrowed from Osco-Umbrian languages",
"Latin terms derived from Osco-Umbrian languages",
"Latin terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Latin terms suffixed with -men",
"Latin terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Latin third declension nouns",
"Pages with 8 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"glosses": [
"mineral pitch, bitumen"
],
"links": [
[
"pitch",
"pitch"
],
[
"bitumen",
"#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"declension-3"
],
"wikipedia": [
"Brill Publishers"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/biˈtuː.men/",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[bɪˈt̪uːmɛn]",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/biˈtu.men/",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
},
{
"ipa": "[biˈt̪uːmen]",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
}
],
"word": "bitumen"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "la",
"3": "bitūmen"
},
"expansion": "Learned borrowing from Latin bitūmen",
"name": "lbor"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Learned borrowing from Latin bitūmen.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "pl-decl-noun-m-in",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumen",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumeny",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumenu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumenów",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumenowi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumenom",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumen",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumeny",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumenem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumenami",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumenie",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumenach",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumenie",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumeny",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "m-in"
},
"expansion": "bitumen m inan",
"name": "pl-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"bi‧tu‧men"
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "pl-decl-noun-m-in"
}
],
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"word": "bitumiczny"
},
{
"word": "bitumowy"
},
{
"word": "bitum"
},
{
"word": "bitumiczność"
},
{
"word": "bitumin"
},
{
"word": "bitumizacja"
},
{
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "bitumować"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 8 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Polish 3-syllable words",
"Polish entries with incorrect language header",
"Polish inanimate nouns",
"Polish learned borrowings from Latin",
"Polish lemmas",
"Polish links with manual fragments",
"Polish links with redundant alt parameters",
"Polish links with redundant wikilinks",
"Polish masculine nouns",
"Polish nouns",
"Polish terms borrowed from Latin",
"Polish terms derived from Latin",
"Polish terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Rhymes:Polish/umɛn",
"Rhymes:Polish/umɛn/3 syllables",
"pl:Building materials"
],
"glosses": [
"bitumen, blacktop"
],
"links": [
[
"bitumen",
"bitumen#English"
],
[
"blacktop",
"blacktop"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "bitum"
},
{
"word": "bitumin"
}
],
"tags": [
"inanimate",
"masculine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/biˈtu.mɛn/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-umɛn"
}
],
"word": "bitumen"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ro",
"2": "de",
"3": "Bitumen"
},
"expansion": "Borrowed from German Bitumen",
"name": "bor+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ro",
"2": "la",
"3": "bitumen"
},
"expansion": "Latin bitumen",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from German Bitumen, from Latin bitumen.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ro-noun-n",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumen",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"indefinite",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumenul",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"definite",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumen",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"indefinite"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumenului",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumenule",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "n",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "bitumen n (uncountable)",
"name": "ro-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"g": "n",
"gpd": "bitumenelor",
"gpi": "bitumene",
"gsd": "bitumenului",
"gsi": "bitumen",
"n": "sg",
"npd": "bitumenele",
"npi": "bitumene",
"nsd": "bitumenul",
"nsi": "bitumen",
"vp": "bitumenelor",
"vs": "bitumenule"
},
"name": "ro-decl-noun-single"
}
],
"lang": "Romanian",
"lang_code": "ro",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 8 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Romanian entries with incorrect language header",
"Romanian lemmas",
"Romanian neuter nouns",
"Romanian nouns",
"Romanian terms borrowed from German",
"Romanian terms derived from German",
"Romanian terms derived from Latin",
"Romanian uncountable nouns"
],
"glosses": [
"bitumen"
],
"links": [
[
"bitumen",
"bitumen#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"neuter",
"uncountable"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/biˈtu.men/"
},
{
"ipa": "/bi.tuˈmen/"
}
],
"word": "bitumen"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "es",
"2": "la",
"3": "bitūmen"
},
"expansion": "Learned borrowing from Latin bitūmen",
"name": "lbor"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Learned borrowing from Latin bitūmen.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "bitúmenes",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "m"
},
"expansion": "bitumen m (plural bitúmenes)",
"name": "es-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"bi‧tu‧men"
],
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 8 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Rhymes:Spanish/umen",
"Rhymes:Spanish/umen/3 syllables",
"Spanish 3-syllable words",
"Spanish countable nouns",
"Spanish entries with incorrect language header",
"Spanish learned borrowings from Latin",
"Spanish lemmas",
"Spanish masculine nouns",
"Spanish nouns",
"Spanish terms borrowed from Latin",
"Spanish terms derived from Latin",
"Spanish terms with IPA pronunciation"
],
"glosses": [
"bitumen"
],
"links": [
[
"bitumen",
"bitumen#English"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "betún"
}
],
"tags": [
"masculine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/biˈtumen/"
},
{
"ipa": "[biˈt̪u.mẽn]"
},
{
"rhymes": "-umen"
}
],
"word": "bitumen"
}
{
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "l",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumen",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"indefinite",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "nouns",
"3": "",
"g": "n",
"g2": "",
"head": "",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "bitumen n",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "n"
},
"expansion": "bitumen n",
"name": "sv-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"word": "asfalt"
},
{
"word": "petroleum"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 8 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Swedish entries with incorrect language header",
"Swedish lemmas",
"Swedish neuter nouns",
"Swedish nouns"
],
"glosses": [
"bitumen"
],
"links": [
[
"bitumen",
"bitumen#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"wikipedia": [
"sv:bitumen"
]
}
],
"word": "bitumen"
}
Download raw JSONL data for bitumen meaning in All languages combined (30.3kB)
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'genitive-dative'",
"path": [
"bitumen"
],
"section": "Romanian",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "bitumen",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "parser/328",
"msg": "TABLE not properly closed",
"path": [
"bitumen"
],
"section": "Swedish",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "bitumen",
"trace": "started on line 4, detected on line 34"
}
{
"called_from": "parser/304",
"msg": "HTML tag <div> not properly closed",
"path": [
"bitumen"
],
"section": "Swedish",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "bitumen",
"trace": "started on line 2, detected on line 34"
}
{
"called_from": "parser/1336",
"msg": "no corresponding start tag found for </div>",
"path": [
"bitumen"
],
"section": "Swedish",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "bitumen",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-12-21 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-12-04 using wiktextract (d8cb2f3 and 4e554ae). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.