See bitumen on Wiktionary
Download JSON data for bitumen meaning in All languages combined (33.4kB)
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "bitumen of Judea"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "bituminous"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "bitumoid"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "crude bitumen"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "modified bitumen"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "pyrobitumen"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "refined bitumen"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "bitūmen"
},
"expansion": "Latin bitūmen",
"name": "bor"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Latin bitūmen.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "bitumina",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumens",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "~",
"2": "bitumina",
"3": "s"
},
"expansion": "bitumen (countable and uncountable, plural bitumina or bitumens)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "24 11 29 28 8",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"parents": [
"Entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "27 22 17 21 13",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Natural resources",
"orig": "en:Natural resources",
"parents": [
"Matter",
"Chemistry",
"Nature",
"Sciences",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "35 16 15 28 6",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Petroleum",
"orig": "en:Petroleum",
"parents": [
"Fossil fuels",
"Liquids",
"Carbon",
"Energy",
"Natural resources",
"Matter",
"Carbon group elements",
"Nature",
"Chemistry",
"Chemical elements",
"All topics",
"Sciences",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "2014 August 24, Jeff Howell, “Home improvements: gravel paths and cutting heating bills [print version: Cold comfort in technology, 23 August 2014, p. P5]”, in The Daily Telegraph (Property)",
"text": "You need to excavate and remove the topsoil, line the subsoil with a geotextile, then lay and compact hardcore. Follow this with a layer of compacted \"hoggin\" – compacted clay, gravel and sand. This is then sprayed with hot bitumen, and has a layer of pea shingle rolled into it.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A sticky, black, highly viscous liquid or semi-solid form of petroleum, burning with a bright flame. It occurs as an abundant natural product in many places, as on the shores of the Dead and Caspian Seas. It is used in cements, in the construction of pavements, etc.; Mineral pitch."
],
"id": "en-bitumen-en-noun-d1bqo3g4",
"links": [
[
"Caspian Sea",
"Caspian Sea"
],
[
"cement",
"cement"
],
[
"pavement",
"pavement"
],
[
"pitch",
"pitch"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "Jew's pitch"
},
{
"_dis1": "59 34 3 4",
"sense": "mineral pitch",
"word": "Jew’s lime"
},
{
"_dis1": "59 34 3 4",
"sense": "mineral pitch",
"word": "Jew’s pitch"
},
{
"_dis1": "59 34 3 4",
"sense": "mineral pitch",
"word": "Jew’s slime"
},
{
"_dis1": "59 34 3 4",
"sense": "mineral pitch",
"tags": [
"obsolete"
],
"word": "slime"
}
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "60 19 10 10",
"code": "sq",
"lang": "Albanian",
"sense": "Mineral pitch",
"word": "bitum"
},
{
"_dis1": "60 19 10 10",
"code": "bn",
"lang": "Bengali",
"roman": "śilajôtu",
"sense": "Mineral pitch",
"word": "শিলাজতু"
},
{
"_dis1": "60 19 10 10",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "bitum",
"sense": "Mineral pitch",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "битум"
},
{
"_dis1": "60 19 10 10",
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "Mineral pitch",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "betum"
},
{
"_dis1": "60 19 10 10",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "Mineral pitch",
"word": "瀝青"
},
{
"_dis1": "60 19 10 10",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "lìqīng",
"sense": "Mineral pitch",
"word": "沥青"
},
{
"_dis1": "60 19 10 10",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "Mineral pitch",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"neuter"
],
"word": "aardpek"
},
{
"_dis1": "60 19 10 10",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "Mineral pitch",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "bitumen"
},
{
"_dis1": "60 19 10 10",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "Mineral pitch",
"word": "bitumi"
},
{
"_dis1": "60 19 10 10",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "Mineral pitch",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "bitume"
},
{
"_dis1": "60 19 10 10",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "Mineral pitch",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "Bitumen"
},
{
"_dis1": "60 19 10 10",
"code": "grc",
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"roman": "ásphaltos",
"sense": "Mineral pitch",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "ἄσφαλτος"
},
{
"_dis1": "60 19 10 10",
"code": "he",
"lang": "Hebrew",
"roman": "kheimahr",
"sense": "Mineral pitch",
"word": "חמר"
},
{
"_dis1": "60 19 10 10",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "Mineral pitch",
"word": "bitume"
},
{
"_dis1": "60 19 10 10",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "Mineral pitch",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "asfalto"
},
{
"_dis1": "60 19 10 10",
"alt": "れきせい",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "rekisei",
"sense": "Mineral pitch",
"word": "歴青"
},
{
"_dis1": "60 19 10 10",
"alt": "れきせい",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "rekisei",
"sense": "Mineral pitch",
"word": "瀝青"
},
{
"_dis1": "60 19 10 10",
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "Mineral pitch",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "bitūmen"
},
{
"_dis1": "60 19 10 10",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "Mineral pitch",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "bitum"
},
{
"_dis1": "60 19 10 10",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "Mineral pitch",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "bitumin"
},
{
"_dis1": "60 19 10 10",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "Mineral pitch",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "bitumen"
},
{
"_dis1": "60 19 10 10",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "Mineral pitch",
"word": "betume"
},
{
"_dis1": "60 19 10 10",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "Mineral pitch",
"word": "bitum"
},
{
"_dis1": "60 19 10 10",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "bítum",
"sense": "Mineral pitch",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "би́тум"
},
{
"_dis1": "60 19 10 10",
"code": "gd",
"lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
"sense": "Mineral pitch",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "bìth"
},
{
"_dis1": "60 19 10 10",
"code": "gd",
"lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
"sense": "Mineral pitch",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "teàrr"
},
{
"_dis1": "60 19 10 10",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "Mineral pitch",
"word": "brea"
},
{
"_dis1": "60 19 10 10",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "Mineral pitch",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "bitumen"
},
{
"_dis1": "60 19 10 10",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "Mineral pitch",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "bitumen"
},
{
"_dis1": "60 19 10 10",
"code": "th",
"lang": "Thai",
"roman": "yaang-má-dtɔi",
"sense": "Mineral pitch",
"word": "ยางมะตอย"
},
{
"_dis1": "60 19 10 10",
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "Mineral pitch",
"word": "bitüm"
},
{
"_dis1": "60 19 10 10",
"code": "yi",
"lang": "Yiddish",
"roman": "bitumen",
"sense": "Mineral pitch",
"word": "ביטומען"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "24 11 29 28 8",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"parents": [
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"Entry maintenance"
],
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},
{
"_dis": "27 22 17 21 13",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Natural resources",
"orig": "en:Natural resources",
"parents": [
"Matter",
"Chemistry",
"Nature",
"Sciences",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "35 16 15 28 6",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Petroleum",
"orig": "en:Petroleum",
"parents": [
"Fossil fuels",
"Liquids",
"Carbon",
"Energy",
"Natural resources",
"Matter",
"Carbon group elements",
"Nature",
"Chemistry",
"Chemical elements",
"All topics",
"Sciences",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Any one of the natural hydrocarbons, including the hard, solid, brittle varieties called asphalt, the semisolid maltha and mineral tars, the oily petrolea, and even the light, volatile naphthas."
],
"id": "en-bitumen-en-noun-HON3dLAV",
"links": [
[
"hydrocarbon",
"hydrocarbon"
],
[
"brittle",
"brittle"
],
[
"asphalt",
"asphalt"
],
[
"maltha",
"maltha"
],
[
"tar",
"tar"
],
[
"petrolea",
"petrolea"
],
[
"naphtha",
"naphtha"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(by extension) Any one of the natural hydrocarbons, including the hard, solid, brittle varieties called asphalt, the semisolid maltha and mineral tars, the oily petrolea, and even the light, volatile naphthas."
],
"tags": [
"broadly",
"countable",
"uncountable"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Australian English",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "24 11 29 28 8",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"parents": [
"Entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "27 22 17 21 13",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Natural resources",
"orig": "en:Natural resources",
"parents": [
"Matter",
"Chemistry",
"Nature",
"Sciences",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "35 16 15 28 6",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Petroleum",
"orig": "en:Petroleum",
"parents": [
"Fossil fuels",
"Liquids",
"Carbon",
"Energy",
"Natural resources",
"Matter",
"Carbon group elements",
"Nature",
"Chemistry",
"Chemical elements",
"All topics",
"Sciences",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Roads sealed with bitumen, as opposed to dirt roads."
],
"id": "en-bitumen-en-noun-Gn3~Njqb",
"raw_glosses": [
"(Australia, colloquial) Roads sealed with bitumen, as opposed to dirt roads."
],
"tags": [
"Australia",
"colloquial",
"countable",
"uncountable"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Canadian English",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "21 13 24 31 11",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
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"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "24 11 29 28 8",
"kind": "other",
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{
"_dis": "27 22 17 21 13",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Natural resources",
"orig": "en:Natural resources",
"parents": [
"Matter",
"Chemistry",
"Nature",
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"All topics",
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],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "35 16 15 28 6",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Petroleum",
"orig": "en:Petroleum",
"parents": [
"Fossil fuels",
"Liquids",
"Carbon",
"Energy",
"Natural resources",
"Matter",
"Carbon group elements",
"Nature",
"Chemistry",
"Chemical elements",
"All topics",
"Sciences",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Canadian deposits of extremely heavy crude oil."
],
"id": "en-bitumen-en-noun-~p-MuUwl",
"raw_glosses": [
"(Canada) Canadian deposits of extremely heavy crude oil."
],
"tags": [
"Canada",
"countable",
"uncountable"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈbɪt.jʊ.mɪn/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈbɪt͡ʃ.ʊ.mɪn/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈbɪt͡ʃ.ʊ.mɪn/",
"tags": [
"Canada"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈbɪt.jʊ.mɪn/",
"tags": [
"Canada"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/bɪˈtumən/",
"tags": [
"US"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/bɪˈtjumən/",
"tags": [
"US"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/baɪˈtumən/",
"tags": [
"US"
]
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Mélange a trois-bitumen.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b7/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-M%C3%A9lange_a_trois-bitumen.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-M%C3%A9lange_a_trois-bitumen.wav.mp3",
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"tags": [
"UK"
],
"text": "Audio (UK)"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"bitumen"
],
"word": "bitumen"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "bitūmen"
},
"expansion": "Latin bitūmen",
"name": "bor"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Latin bitūmen.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "bitumens",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumening",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumened",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumened",
"tags": [
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "bitumen (third-person singular simple present bitumens, present participle bitumening, simple past and past participle bitumened)",
"name": "en-verb"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "27 22 17 21 13",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Natural resources",
"orig": "en:Natural resources",
"parents": [
"Matter",
"Chemistry",
"Nature",
"Sciences",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1926, Rudyard Kipling, “The Prophet and the Country”, in Debits and Credits, →OCLC, page 155",
"text": "another star reflected itself in the glassy black of the bitumened road",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1937, Lady Ethel Stefana Drower, Mandaeans of Iraq and Iran, Brill Archive, →LCCN, page 122",
"text": "The Litlata community have now built a mandi set in a pleasant garden, and to ensure the cleanliness of their yardna have bricked and bitumened the pool into which the water flows",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1984, Dennis Hancock, Wheels of Progress: History of the Road Transport Industry in Western Australia, 1829-1983, Access Press, page 145",
"text": "Work is already under way to complete the bitumening of Western Australia's last unsurfaced stretch of Highway One, between Fitzroy Crossing and Hall's Creek.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2013, Janice Cooper, Crossing the Divide: A History of Alpha and Jericho Districts, Boolarong Press, page 176",
"text": "The development of water reticulation occurred in parallel with street work — forming, kerbing, channelling and bitumening.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To cover or fill with bitumen."
],
"id": "en-bitumen-en-verb-OPoz9dkf",
"links": [
[
"cover",
"cover"
]
],
"related": [
{
"word": "asphalt"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "bituminize"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈbɪt.jʊ.mɪn/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈbɪt͡ʃ.ʊ.mɪn/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈbɪt͡ʃ.ʊ.mɪn/",
"tags": [
"Canada"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈbɪt.jʊ.mɪn/",
"tags": [
"Canada"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/bɪˈtumən/",
"tags": [
"US"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/bɪˈtjumən/",
"tags": [
"US"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/baɪˈtumən/",
"tags": [
"US"
]
},
{
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"tags": [
"UK"
],
"text": "Audio (UK)"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"bitumen"
],
"word": "bitumen"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "dum",
"3": "bitume"
},
"expansion": "Middle Dutch bitume",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "la",
"3": "bitūmen"
},
"expansion": "Latin bitūmen",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle Dutch bitume, from Latin bitūmen, which later influenced the spelling.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "bitumina",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "n",
"2": "bitumina",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "bitumen n (plural bitumina)",
"name": "nl-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"bi‧tu‧men"
],
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Dutch entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Dutch nouns with Latin plurals",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"bitumen, mineral pitch"
],
"id": "en-bitumen-nl-noun-NVOR17Cv",
"links": [
[
"bitumen",
"bitumen#English"
],
[
"pitch",
"pitch"
]
],
"related": [
{
"word": "beton"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "aardhars"
},
{
"word": "aardpek"
},
{
"word": "bergteer"
},
{
"word": "jodenlijm"
}
],
"tags": [
"neuter"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˌbiˈty.mə(n)/"
},
{
"audio": "Nl-bitumen.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9f/Nl-bitumen.ogg/Nl-bitumen.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Nl-bitumen.ogg",
"text": "Audio"
}
],
"word": "bitumen"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "id",
"2": "nl",
"3": "bitumen"
},
"expansion": "Dutch bitumen",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "id",
"2": "dum",
"3": "bitume"
},
"expansion": "Middle Dutch bitume",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "id",
"2": "la",
"3": "bitūmen"
},
"expansion": "Latin bitūmen",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Dutch bitumen, from Middle Dutch bitume, from Latin bitūmen.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "bitumèn",
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumenku",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"possessive"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumenmu",
"tags": [
"possessive",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumennya",
"tags": [
"possessive",
"third-person"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"head": "bitumèn",
"pl": "-"
},
"expansion": "bitumèn (first-person possessive bitumenku, second-person possessive bitumenmu, third-person possessive bitumennya)",
"name": "id-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"bi‧tu‧mèn"
],
"lang": "Indonesian",
"lang_code": "id",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Indonesian entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Indonesian terms with redundant script codes",
"parents": [
"Terms with redundant script codes",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"bitumen"
],
"id": "en-bitumen-id-noun-FOQs2Djh",
"links": [
[
"bitumen",
"bitumen#English"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"english": "Standard Malay",
"word": "bitumén"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"id:bitumen"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[biˈtumɛn]"
},
{
"rhymes": "-men"
},
{
"rhymes": "-en"
},
{
"rhymes": "-n"
}
],
"word": "bitumen"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "roa-oca",
"2": "betum",
"3": "bitum"
},
"expansion": "Old Catalan: betum, bitum",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Catalan: betum, bitum"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ca",
"2": "betum"
},
"expansion": "Catalan: betum\n→? Portuguese: betume\n→ Spanish: betún",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Catalan: betum\n→? Portuguese: betume\n→ Spanish: betún"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "osp",
"2": "betume",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Old Spanish: betume",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Old Spanish: betume"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "frp",
"2": "bèton",
"3": "blèton",
"4": "bleton"
},
"expansion": "Franco-Provençal: bèton, blèton, bleton",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Franco-Provençal: bèton, blèton, bleton"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "oc",
"2": "betum"
},
"expansion": "Occitan: betum",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Occitan: betum"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "betun"
},
"expansion": "Old French: betun",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old French: betun"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "béton"
},
"expansion": "French: béton",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "French: béton (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 0,
"templates": [],
"text": ""
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "bitumen",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ English: bitumen",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ English: bitumen"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "bitume",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ French: bitume",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ French: bitume"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "bitume",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ English: bitume",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ English: bitume"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "it",
"2": "bitume",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Italian: bitume",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Italian: bitume"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "Bitumen",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ German: Bitumen",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ German: Bitumen"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "he",
"2": "בִּיטוּמֵן",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Hebrew: בִּיטוּמֵן",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Hebrew: בִּיטוּמֵן"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ru",
"2": "би́тум",
"bor": "1",
"g": "m"
},
"expansion": "→ Russian: би́тум m (bítum)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Russian: би́тум m (bítum)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "yi",
"2": "ביטומען",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Yiddish: ביטומען (bitumen)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Yiddish: ביטומען (bitumen)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "",
"3": "-men",
"alt1": "*bitu"
},
"expansion": "*bitu + -men",
"name": "af"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*gʷétu",
"t": "resin, gum"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *gʷétu (“resin, gum”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "itc-sbl"
},
"expansion": "Osco-Umbrian",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "cel",
"nocat": "1"
},
"expansion": "Celtic",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "betulla"
},
"expansion": "Latin betulla",
"name": "m+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "firmus"
},
"expansion": "firmus",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "vitulus"
},
"expansion": "vitulus",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gd",
"2": "bìth",
"t": "resin, gum"
},
"expansion": "Scottish Gaelic bìth (“resin, gum”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "cud"
},
"expansion": "English cud",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "जतु",
"t": "lac, gum"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit जतु (jatu, “lac, gum”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From *bitu + -men, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷétu (“resin, gum”), borrowed from an Osco-Umbrian language, traditionally assumed to be a Celtic one (compare Latin betulla), where the shift of *gʷ to b is regular. The raising of the first vowel might come from the Osco-Umbrian variety, or have been developed in Latin, as occasionally happens after labials; compare firmus, vitulus. Cognate with Scottish Gaelic bìth (“resin, gum”), English cud, Sanskrit जतु (jatu, “lac, gum”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "bitūmen",
"tags": [
"canonical",
"neuter"
]
},
{
"form": "bitūminis",
"tags": [
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "la-ndecl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "bitūmen",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bitūmina",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bitūminis",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bitūminum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bitūminī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bitūminibus",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bitūmen",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bitūmina",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bitūmine",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bitūminibus",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bitūmen",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "bitūmina",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "bitūmen<3>"
},
"expansion": "bitūmen n (genitive bitūminis); third declension",
"name": "la-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "bitūmen<3>"
},
"name": "la-ndecl"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin neuter nouns in the third declension",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin terms suffixed with -men",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"mineral pitch, bitumen"
],
"id": "en-bitumen-la-noun-5fKzvHYz",
"links": [
[
"pitch",
"pitch"
],
[
"bitumen",
"#English"
]
],
"related": [
{
"word": "bitūmineus"
},
{
"word": "bitūminō"
},
{
"word": "bitūminōsus"
}
],
"tags": [
"declension-3"
],
"wikipedia": [
"Brill Publishers"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/biˈtuː.men/",
"tags": [
"Classical"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[bɪˈt̪uːmɛn]",
"tags": [
"Classical"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/biˈtu.men/",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
},
{
"ipa": "[biˈt̪uːmen]",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
}
],
"word": "bitumen"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "loanword",
"2": "Borrowed"
},
"expansion": "Borrowed",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "la",
"3": "bitūmen",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Latin bitūmen",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "la",
"3": "bitūmen"
},
"expansion": "Borrowed from Latin bitūmen",
"name": "bor+"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from Latin bitūmen.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "pl-decl-noun-m-in",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumen",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumeny",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumenu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumenów",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumenowi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumenom",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumen",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumeny",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumenem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumenami",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumenie",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumenach",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumenie",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumeny",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "m-in"
},
"expansion": "bitumen m inan",
"name": "pl-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"bi‧tu‧men"
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "pl-decl-noun-m-in"
}
],
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish links with manual fragments",
"parents": [
"Links with manual fragments",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish links with redundant alt parameters",
"parents": [
"Links with redundant alt parameters",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish links with redundant wikilinks",
"parents": [
"Links with redundant wikilinks",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "pl",
"name": "Building materials",
"orig": "pl:Building materials",
"parents": [
"Construction",
"Materials",
"Architecture",
"Engineering",
"Manufacturing",
"Applied sciences",
"Art",
"Technology",
"Human activity",
"Sciences",
"Culture",
"All topics",
"Human behaviour",
"Society",
"Fundamental",
"Human"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"bitumen, blacktop"
],
"id": "en-bitumen-pl-noun-njTPiqQz",
"links": [
[
"bitumen",
"bitumen#English"
],
[
"blacktop",
"blacktop"
]
],
"related": [
{
"word": "bitumiczny"
},
{
"word": "bitumowy"
},
{
"word": "bitum"
},
{
"word": "bitumiczność"
},
{
"word": "bitumin"
},
{
"word": "bitumizacja"
},
{
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "bitumować"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "bitum"
},
{
"word": "bitumin"
}
],
"tags": [
"inanimate",
"masculine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/biˈtu.mɛn/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-umɛn"
}
],
"word": "bitumen"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "loanword",
"2": "Borrowed"
},
"expansion": "Borrowed",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ro",
"2": "de",
"3": "Bitumen",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "German Bitumen",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ro",
"2": "de",
"3": "Bitumen"
},
"expansion": "Borrowed from German Bitumen",
"name": "bor+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ro",
"2": "la",
"3": "bitumen"
},
"expansion": "Latin bitumen",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from German Bitumen, from Latin bitumen.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ro-noun-n",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumen",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"indefinite",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "un bitumen",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"indefinite",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumenul",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"definite",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumen",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"genitive",
"indefinite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "unui bitumen",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"genitive",
"indefinite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumenului",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"definite",
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumenule",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "n",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "bitumen n (uncountable)",
"name": "ro-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"g": "n",
"gpd": "bitumenelor",
"gpi": "bitumene",
"gsd": "bitumenului",
"gsi": "bitumen",
"n": "sg",
"npd": "bitumenele",
"npi": "bitumene",
"nsd": "bitumenul",
"nsi": "bitumen",
"vp": "bitumenelor",
"vs": "bitumenule"
},
"name": "ro-decl-noun-single"
}
],
"lang": "Romanian",
"lang_code": "ro",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Romanian entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"bitumen"
],
"id": "en-bitumen-ro-noun-FOQs2Djh",
"links": [
[
"bitumen",
"bitumen#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"neuter",
"uncountable"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/biˈtu.men/"
},
{
"ipa": "/bi.tuˈmen/"
}
],
"word": "bitumen"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "es",
"2": "la",
"3": "bitūmen"
},
"expansion": "Learned borrowing from Latin bitūmen",
"name": "lbor"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Learned borrowing from Latin bitūmen.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "bitúmenes",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "m"
},
"expansion": "bitumen m (plural bitúmenes)",
"name": "es-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"bi‧tu‧men"
],
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Spanish entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"bitumen"
],
"id": "en-bitumen-es-noun-FOQs2Djh",
"links": [
[
"bitumen",
"bitumen#English"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "betún"
}
],
"tags": [
"masculine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/biˈtumen/"
},
{
"ipa": "[biˈt̪u.mẽn]"
},
{
"rhymes": "-umen"
}
],
"word": "bitumen"
}
{
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "sv-decl-noun",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumen",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"indefinite",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumen",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumenet",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bituminet",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumen",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"indefinite",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumenen",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumens",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"indefinite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumens",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumenets",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bituminets",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumens",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"indefinite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumenens",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"genitive",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "nouns",
"3": "",
"g": "n",
"g2": "",
"head": "",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "bitumen n",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "n"
},
"expansion": "bitumen n",
"name": "sv-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "bitumen",
"2": "bitumen, bitumenet, bituminet",
"3": "bitumen",
"4": "bitumenen",
"5": "bitumens",
"6": "bitumens, bitumenets, bituminets",
"7": "bitumens",
"8": "bitumenens"
},
"name": "sv-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Swedish entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"bitumen"
],
"id": "en-bitumen-sv-noun-FOQs2Djh",
"links": [
[
"bitumen",
"bitumen#English"
]
],
"related": [
{
"word": "asfalt"
},
{
"word": "petroleum"
}
],
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"wikipedia": [
"sv:bitumen"
]
}
],
"word": "bitumen"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "dum",
"3": "bitume"
},
"expansion": "Middle Dutch bitume",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "la",
"3": "bitūmen"
},
"expansion": "Latin bitūmen",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle Dutch bitume, from Latin bitūmen, which later influenced the spelling.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "bitumina",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "n",
"2": "bitumina",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "bitumen n (plural bitumina)",
"name": "nl-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"bi‧tu‧men"
],
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"word": "beton"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Dutch entries with incorrect language header",
"Dutch lemmas",
"Dutch neuter nouns",
"Dutch nouns",
"Dutch nouns with Latin plurals",
"Dutch terms derived from Latin",
"Dutch terms derived from Middle Dutch",
"Dutch terms inherited from Middle Dutch",
"Dutch terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Dutch terms with audio links"
],
"glosses": [
"bitumen, mineral pitch"
],
"links": [
[
"bitumen",
"bitumen#English"
],
[
"pitch",
"pitch"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "aardhars"
},
{
"word": "aardpek"
},
{
"word": "bergteer"
},
{
"word": "jodenlijm"
}
],
"tags": [
"neuter"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˌbiˈty.mə(n)/"
},
{
"audio": "Nl-bitumen.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9f/Nl-bitumen.ogg/Nl-bitumen.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Nl-bitumen.ogg",
"text": "Audio"
}
],
"word": "bitumen"
}
{
"categories": [
"English 3-syllable words",
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English nouns with irregular plurals",
"English terms borrowed from Latin",
"English terms derived from Latin",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"English terms with audio links",
"English uncountable nouns",
"English verbs",
"en:Natural resources",
"en:Petroleum"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "bitumen of Judea"
},
{
"word": "bituminous"
},
{
"word": "bitumoid"
},
{
"word": "crude bitumen"
},
{
"word": "modified bitumen"
},
{
"word": "pyrobitumen"
},
{
"word": "refined bitumen"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "bitūmen"
},
"expansion": "Latin bitūmen",
"name": "bor"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Latin bitūmen.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "bitumina",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumens",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "~",
"2": "bitumina",
"3": "s"
},
"expansion": "bitumen (countable and uncountable, plural bitumina or bitumens)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "2014 August 24, Jeff Howell, “Home improvements: gravel paths and cutting heating bills [print version: Cold comfort in technology, 23 August 2014, p. P5]”, in The Daily Telegraph (Property)",
"text": "You need to excavate and remove the topsoil, line the subsoil with a geotextile, then lay and compact hardcore. Follow this with a layer of compacted \"hoggin\" – compacted clay, gravel and sand. This is then sprayed with hot bitumen, and has a layer of pea shingle rolled into it.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A sticky, black, highly viscous liquid or semi-solid form of petroleum, burning with a bright flame. It occurs as an abundant natural product in many places, as on the shores of the Dead and Caspian Seas. It is used in cements, in the construction of pavements, etc.; Mineral pitch."
],
"links": [
[
"Caspian Sea",
"Caspian Sea"
],
[
"cement",
"cement"
],
[
"pavement",
"pavement"
],
[
"pitch",
"pitch"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "Jew's pitch"
}
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Any one of the natural hydrocarbons, including the hard, solid, brittle varieties called asphalt, the semisolid maltha and mineral tars, the oily petrolea, and even the light, volatile naphthas."
],
"links": [
[
"hydrocarbon",
"hydrocarbon"
],
[
"brittle",
"brittle"
],
[
"asphalt",
"asphalt"
],
[
"maltha",
"maltha"
],
[
"tar",
"tar"
],
[
"petrolea",
"petrolea"
],
[
"naphtha",
"naphtha"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(by extension) Any one of the natural hydrocarbons, including the hard, solid, brittle varieties called asphalt, the semisolid maltha and mineral tars, the oily petrolea, and even the light, volatile naphthas."
],
"tags": [
"broadly",
"countable",
"uncountable"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Australian English",
"English colloquialisms"
],
"glosses": [
"Roads sealed with bitumen, as opposed to dirt roads."
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Australia, colloquial) Roads sealed with bitumen, as opposed to dirt roads."
],
"tags": [
"Australia",
"colloquial",
"countable",
"uncountable"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Canadian English"
],
"glosses": [
"Canadian deposits of extremely heavy crude oil."
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Canada) Canadian deposits of extremely heavy crude oil."
],
"tags": [
"Canada",
"countable",
"uncountable"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈbɪt.jʊ.mɪn/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈbɪt͡ʃ.ʊ.mɪn/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈbɪt͡ʃ.ʊ.mɪn/",
"tags": [
"Canada"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈbɪt.jʊ.mɪn/",
"tags": [
"Canada"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/bɪˈtumən/",
"tags": [
"US"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/bɪˈtjumən/",
"tags": [
"US"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/baɪˈtumən/",
"tags": [
"US"
]
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Mélange a trois-bitumen.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b7/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-M%C3%A9lange_a_trois-bitumen.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-M%C3%A9lange_a_trois-bitumen.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b7/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-M%C3%A9lange_a_trois-bitumen.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-M%C3%A9lange_a_trois-bitumen.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"UK"
],
"text": "Audio (UK)"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"sense": "mineral pitch",
"word": "Jew’s lime"
},
{
"sense": "mineral pitch",
"word": "Jew’s pitch"
},
{
"sense": "mineral pitch",
"word": "Jew’s slime"
},
{
"sense": "mineral pitch",
"tags": [
"obsolete"
],
"word": "slime"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "sq",
"lang": "Albanian",
"sense": "Mineral pitch",
"word": "bitum"
},
{
"code": "bn",
"lang": "Bengali",
"roman": "śilajôtu",
"sense": "Mineral pitch",
"word": "শিলাজতু"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "bitum",
"sense": "Mineral pitch",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "битум"
},
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "Mineral pitch",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "betum"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "Mineral pitch",
"word": "瀝青"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "lìqīng",
"sense": "Mineral pitch",
"word": "沥青"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "Mineral pitch",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"neuter"
],
"word": "aardpek"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "Mineral pitch",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "bitumen"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "Mineral pitch",
"word": "bitumi"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "Mineral pitch",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "bitume"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "Mineral pitch",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "Bitumen"
},
{
"code": "grc",
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"roman": "ásphaltos",
"sense": "Mineral pitch",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "ἄσφαλτος"
},
{
"code": "he",
"lang": "Hebrew",
"roman": "kheimahr",
"sense": "Mineral pitch",
"word": "חמר"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "Mineral pitch",
"word": "bitume"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "Mineral pitch",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "asfalto"
},
{
"alt": "れきせい",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "rekisei",
"sense": "Mineral pitch",
"word": "歴青"
},
{
"alt": "れきせい",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "rekisei",
"sense": "Mineral pitch",
"word": "瀝青"
},
{
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "Mineral pitch",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "bitūmen"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "Mineral pitch",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "bitum"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "Mineral pitch",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "bitumin"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "Mineral pitch",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "bitumen"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "Mineral pitch",
"word": "betume"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "Mineral pitch",
"word": "bitum"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "bítum",
"sense": "Mineral pitch",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "би́тум"
},
{
"code": "gd",
"lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
"sense": "Mineral pitch",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "bìth"
},
{
"code": "gd",
"lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
"sense": "Mineral pitch",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "teàrr"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "Mineral pitch",
"word": "brea"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "Mineral pitch",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "bitumen"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "Mineral pitch",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "bitumen"
},
{
"code": "th",
"lang": "Thai",
"roman": "yaang-má-dtɔi",
"sense": "Mineral pitch",
"word": "ยางมะตอย"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "Mineral pitch",
"word": "bitüm"
},
{
"code": "yi",
"lang": "Yiddish",
"roman": "bitumen",
"sense": "Mineral pitch",
"word": "ביטומען"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"bitumen"
],
"word": "bitumen"
}
{
"categories": [
"English 3-syllable words",
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English nouns with irregular plurals",
"English terms borrowed from Latin",
"English terms derived from Latin",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"English terms with audio links",
"English uncountable nouns",
"English verbs",
"en:Natural resources",
"en:Petroleum"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "bitūmen"
},
"expansion": "Latin bitūmen",
"name": "bor"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Latin bitūmen.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "bitumens",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumening",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumened",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumened",
"tags": [
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "bitumen (third-person singular simple present bitumens, present participle bitumening, simple past and past participle bitumened)",
"name": "en-verb"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"related": [
{
"word": "asphalt"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1926, Rudyard Kipling, “The Prophet and the Country”, in Debits and Credits, →OCLC, page 155",
"text": "another star reflected itself in the glassy black of the bitumened road",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1937, Lady Ethel Stefana Drower, Mandaeans of Iraq and Iran, Brill Archive, →LCCN, page 122",
"text": "The Litlata community have now built a mandi set in a pleasant garden, and to ensure the cleanliness of their yardna have bricked and bitumened the pool into which the water flows",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1984, Dennis Hancock, Wheels of Progress: History of the Road Transport Industry in Western Australia, 1829-1983, Access Press, page 145",
"text": "Work is already under way to complete the bitumening of Western Australia's last unsurfaced stretch of Highway One, between Fitzroy Crossing and Hall's Creek.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2013, Janice Cooper, Crossing the Divide: A History of Alpha and Jericho Districts, Boolarong Press, page 176",
"text": "The development of water reticulation occurred in parallel with street work — forming, kerbing, channelling and bitumening.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To cover or fill with bitumen."
],
"links": [
[
"cover",
"cover"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "bituminize"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈbɪt.jʊ.mɪn/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈbɪt͡ʃ.ʊ.mɪn/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈbɪt͡ʃ.ʊ.mɪn/",
"tags": [
"Canada"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈbɪt.jʊ.mɪn/",
"tags": [
"Canada"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/bɪˈtumən/",
"tags": [
"US"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/bɪˈtjumən/",
"tags": [
"US"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/baɪˈtumən/",
"tags": [
"US"
]
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Mélange a trois-bitumen.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b7/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-M%C3%A9lange_a_trois-bitumen.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-M%C3%A9lange_a_trois-bitumen.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b7/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-M%C3%A9lange_a_trois-bitumen.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-M%C3%A9lange_a_trois-bitumen.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"UK"
],
"text": "Audio (UK)"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"bitumen"
],
"word": "bitumen"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "id",
"2": "nl",
"3": "bitumen"
},
"expansion": "Dutch bitumen",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "id",
"2": "dum",
"3": "bitume"
},
"expansion": "Middle Dutch bitume",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "id",
"2": "la",
"3": "bitūmen"
},
"expansion": "Latin bitūmen",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Dutch bitumen, from Middle Dutch bitume, from Latin bitūmen.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "bitumèn",
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumenku",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"possessive"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumenmu",
"tags": [
"possessive",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumennya",
"tags": [
"possessive",
"third-person"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"head": "bitumèn",
"pl": "-"
},
"expansion": "bitumèn (first-person possessive bitumenku, second-person possessive bitumenmu, third-person possessive bitumennya)",
"name": "id-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"bi‧tu‧mèn"
],
"lang": "Indonesian",
"lang_code": "id",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Indonesian entries with incorrect language header",
"Indonesian lemmas",
"Indonesian nouns",
"Indonesian terms borrowed from Dutch",
"Indonesian terms derived from Dutch",
"Indonesian terms derived from Latin",
"Indonesian terms derived from Middle Dutch",
"Indonesian terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Indonesian terms with redundant script codes",
"Indonesian uncountable nouns",
"Rhymes:Indonesian/en",
"Rhymes:Indonesian/en/3 syllables",
"Rhymes:Indonesian/men",
"Rhymes:Indonesian/men/3 syllables",
"Rhymes:Indonesian/n",
"Rhymes:Indonesian/n/3 syllables"
],
"glosses": [
"bitumen"
],
"links": [
[
"bitumen",
"bitumen#English"
]
],
"wikipedia": [
"id:bitumen"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[biˈtumɛn]"
},
{
"rhymes": "-men"
},
{
"rhymes": "-en"
},
{
"rhymes": "-n"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"english": "Standard Malay",
"word": "bitumén"
}
],
"word": "bitumen"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "roa-oca",
"2": "betum",
"3": "bitum"
},
"expansion": "Old Catalan: betum, bitum",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Catalan: betum, bitum"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ca",
"2": "betum"
},
"expansion": "Catalan: betum\n→? Portuguese: betume\n→ Spanish: betún",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Catalan: betum\n→? Portuguese: betume\n→ Spanish: betún"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "osp",
"2": "betume",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Old Spanish: betume",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Old Spanish: betume"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "frp",
"2": "bèton",
"3": "blèton",
"4": "bleton"
},
"expansion": "Franco-Provençal: bèton, blèton, bleton",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Franco-Provençal: bèton, blèton, bleton"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "oc",
"2": "betum"
},
"expansion": "Occitan: betum",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Occitan: betum"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "betun"
},
"expansion": "Old French: betun",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old French: betun"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "béton"
},
"expansion": "French: béton",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "French: béton (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 0,
"templates": [],
"text": ""
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "bitumen",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ English: bitumen",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ English: bitumen"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "bitume",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ French: bitume",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ French: bitume"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "bitume",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ English: bitume",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ English: bitume"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "it",
"2": "bitume",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Italian: bitume",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Italian: bitume"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "Bitumen",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ German: Bitumen",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ German: Bitumen"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "he",
"2": "בִּיטוּמֵן",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Hebrew: בִּיטוּמֵן",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Hebrew: בִּיטוּמֵן"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ru",
"2": "би́тум",
"bor": "1",
"g": "m"
},
"expansion": "→ Russian: би́тум m (bítum)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Russian: би́тум m (bítum)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "yi",
"2": "ביטומען",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Yiddish: ביטומען (bitumen)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Yiddish: ביטומען (bitumen)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "",
"3": "-men",
"alt1": "*bitu"
},
"expansion": "*bitu + -men",
"name": "af"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*gʷétu",
"t": "resin, gum"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *gʷétu (“resin, gum”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "itc-sbl"
},
"expansion": "Osco-Umbrian",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "cel",
"nocat": "1"
},
"expansion": "Celtic",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "betulla"
},
"expansion": "Latin betulla",
"name": "m+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "firmus"
},
"expansion": "firmus",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "vitulus"
},
"expansion": "vitulus",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gd",
"2": "bìth",
"t": "resin, gum"
},
"expansion": "Scottish Gaelic bìth (“resin, gum”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "cud"
},
"expansion": "English cud",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "जतु",
"t": "lac, gum"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit जतु (jatu, “lac, gum”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From *bitu + -men, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷétu (“resin, gum”), borrowed from an Osco-Umbrian language, traditionally assumed to be a Celtic one (compare Latin betulla), where the shift of *gʷ to b is regular. The raising of the first vowel might come from the Osco-Umbrian variety, or have been developed in Latin, as occasionally happens after labials; compare firmus, vitulus. Cognate with Scottish Gaelic bìth (“resin, gum”), English cud, Sanskrit जतु (jatu, “lac, gum”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "bitūmen",
"tags": [
"canonical",
"neuter"
]
},
{
"form": "bitūminis",
"tags": [
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "la-ndecl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "bitūmen",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bitūmina",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bitūminis",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bitūminum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bitūminī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bitūminibus",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bitūmen",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bitūmina",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bitūmine",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bitūminibus",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bitūmen",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "bitūmina",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "bitūmen<3>"
},
"expansion": "bitūmen n (genitive bitūminis); third declension",
"name": "la-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "bitūmen<3>"
},
"name": "la-ndecl"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"word": "bitūmineus"
},
{
"word": "bitūminō"
},
{
"word": "bitūminōsus"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Latin 3-syllable words",
"Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"Latin lemmas",
"Latin neuter nouns",
"Latin neuter nouns in the third declension",
"Latin nouns",
"Latin terms borrowed from Osco-Umbrian languages",
"Latin terms derived from Osco-Umbrian languages",
"Latin terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Latin terms suffixed with -men",
"Latin terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Latin third declension nouns"
],
"glosses": [
"mineral pitch, bitumen"
],
"links": [
[
"pitch",
"pitch"
],
[
"bitumen",
"#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"declension-3"
],
"wikipedia": [
"Brill Publishers"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/biˈtuː.men/",
"tags": [
"Classical"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[bɪˈt̪uːmɛn]",
"tags": [
"Classical"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/biˈtu.men/",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
},
{
"ipa": "[biˈt̪uːmen]",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
}
],
"word": "bitumen"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "loanword",
"2": "Borrowed"
},
"expansion": "Borrowed",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "la",
"3": "bitūmen",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Latin bitūmen",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "la",
"3": "bitūmen"
},
"expansion": "Borrowed from Latin bitūmen",
"name": "bor+"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from Latin bitūmen.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "pl-decl-noun-m-in",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumen",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumeny",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumenu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumenów",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumenowi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumenom",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumen",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumeny",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumenem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumenami",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumenie",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumenach",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumenie",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumeny",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "m-in"
},
"expansion": "bitumen m inan",
"name": "pl-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"bi‧tu‧men"
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "pl-decl-noun-m-in"
}
],
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"word": "bitumiczny"
},
{
"word": "bitumowy"
},
{
"word": "bitum"
},
{
"word": "bitumiczność"
},
{
"word": "bitumin"
},
{
"word": "bitumizacja"
},
{
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "bitumować"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Polish 3-syllable words",
"Polish entries with incorrect language header",
"Polish inanimate nouns",
"Polish lemmas",
"Polish links with manual fragments",
"Polish links with redundant alt parameters",
"Polish links with redundant wikilinks",
"Polish masculine nouns",
"Polish nouns",
"Polish terms borrowed from Latin",
"Polish terms derived from Latin",
"Polish terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Rhymes:Polish/umɛn",
"Rhymes:Polish/umɛn/3 syllables",
"pl:Building materials"
],
"glosses": [
"bitumen, blacktop"
],
"links": [
[
"bitumen",
"bitumen#English"
],
[
"blacktop",
"blacktop"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "bitum"
},
{
"word": "bitumin"
}
],
"tags": [
"inanimate",
"masculine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/biˈtu.mɛn/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-umɛn"
}
],
"word": "bitumen"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "loanword",
"2": "Borrowed"
},
"expansion": "Borrowed",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ro",
"2": "de",
"3": "Bitumen",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "German Bitumen",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ro",
"2": "de",
"3": "Bitumen"
},
"expansion": "Borrowed from German Bitumen",
"name": "bor+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ro",
"2": "la",
"3": "bitumen"
},
"expansion": "Latin bitumen",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from German Bitumen, from Latin bitumen.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ro-noun-n",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumen",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"indefinite",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "un bitumen",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"indefinite",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumenul",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"definite",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumen",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"genitive",
"indefinite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "unui bitumen",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"genitive",
"indefinite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumenului",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"definite",
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumenule",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "n",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "bitumen n (uncountable)",
"name": "ro-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"g": "n",
"gpd": "bitumenelor",
"gpi": "bitumene",
"gsd": "bitumenului",
"gsi": "bitumen",
"n": "sg",
"npd": "bitumenele",
"npi": "bitumene",
"nsd": "bitumenul",
"nsi": "bitumen",
"vp": "bitumenelor",
"vs": "bitumenule"
},
"name": "ro-decl-noun-single"
}
],
"lang": "Romanian",
"lang_code": "ro",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Romanian entries with incorrect language header",
"Romanian lemmas",
"Romanian neuter nouns",
"Romanian nouns",
"Romanian terms borrowed from German",
"Romanian terms derived from German",
"Romanian terms derived from Latin",
"Romanian terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Romanian uncountable nouns"
],
"glosses": [
"bitumen"
],
"links": [
[
"bitumen",
"bitumen#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"neuter",
"uncountable"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/biˈtu.men/"
},
{
"ipa": "/bi.tuˈmen/"
}
],
"word": "bitumen"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "es",
"2": "la",
"3": "bitūmen"
},
"expansion": "Learned borrowing from Latin bitūmen",
"name": "lbor"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Learned borrowing from Latin bitūmen.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "bitúmenes",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "m"
},
"expansion": "bitumen m (plural bitúmenes)",
"name": "es-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"bi‧tu‧men"
],
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Rhymes:Spanish/umen",
"Rhymes:Spanish/umen/3 syllables",
"Spanish 3-syllable words",
"Spanish countable nouns",
"Spanish entries with incorrect language header",
"Spanish learned borrowings from Latin",
"Spanish lemmas",
"Spanish masculine nouns",
"Spanish nouns",
"Spanish terms borrowed from Latin",
"Spanish terms derived from Latin",
"Spanish terms with IPA pronunciation"
],
"glosses": [
"bitumen"
],
"links": [
[
"bitumen",
"bitumen#English"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "betún"
}
],
"tags": [
"masculine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/biˈtumen/"
},
{
"ipa": "[biˈt̪u.mẽn]"
},
{
"rhymes": "-umen"
}
],
"word": "bitumen"
}
{
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "sv-decl-noun",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumen",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"indefinite",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumen",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumenet",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bituminet",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumen",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"indefinite",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumenen",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumens",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"indefinite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumens",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumenets",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bituminets",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumens",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"indefinite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bitumenens",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"genitive",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "nouns",
"3": "",
"g": "n",
"g2": "",
"head": "",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "bitumen n",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "n"
},
"expansion": "bitumen n",
"name": "sv-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "bitumen",
"2": "bitumen, bitumenet, bituminet",
"3": "bitumen",
"4": "bitumenen",
"5": "bitumens",
"6": "bitumens, bitumenets, bituminets",
"7": "bitumens",
"8": "bitumenens"
},
"name": "sv-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"word": "asfalt"
},
{
"word": "petroleum"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Swedish entries with incorrect language header",
"Swedish lemmas",
"Swedish neuter nouns",
"Swedish nouns"
],
"glosses": [
"bitumen"
],
"links": [
[
"bitumen",
"bitumen#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"wikipedia": [
"sv:bitumen"
]
}
],
"word": "bitumen"
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/2466",
"msg": "accepted heuristic header: table cell identified as header and given candidate status, AND the cleaned text is in LANGUAGES_WITH_CELLS_AS_HEADERS[Romanian]; cleaned text: n gender",
"path": [
"bitumen"
],
"section": "Romanian",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "bitumen",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-05-01 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-04-21 using wiktextract (f4fd8c9 and c9440ce). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.