See bitumen in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed",
"uncertain"
],
"word": "betume"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Tagalog",
"lang_code": "tl",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "betun"
}
],
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "betún"
}
],
"lang": "Catalan",
"lang_code": "ca",
"word": "betum"
},
{
"lang": "Old Spanish",
"lang_code": "osp",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "betume"
}
],
"lang": "Old Catalan",
"lang_code": "roa-oca",
"word": "betum"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed",
"uncertain"
],
"word": "betume"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Tagalog",
"lang_code": "tl",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "betun"
}
],
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "betún"
}
],
"lang": "Catalan",
"lang_code": "ca",
"word": "betum"
},
{
"lang": "Old Spanish",
"lang_code": "osp",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "betume"
}
],
"lang": "Old Catalan",
"lang_code": "roa-oca",
"word": "bitum"
},
{
"lang": "Galician",
"lang_code": "gl",
"word": "betume"
},
{
"lang": "Franco-Provençal",
"lang_code": "frp",
"word": "bèton"
},
{
"lang": "Franco-Provençal",
"lang_code": "frp",
"word": "blèton"
},
{
"lang": "Franco-Provençal",
"lang_code": "frp",
"word": "bleton"
},
{
"lang": "Occitan",
"lang_code": "oc",
"word": "betum"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"word": "béton"
}
],
"lang": "Old French",
"lang_code": "fro",
"word": "betun"
},
{
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "Bitumen"
},
{
"lang": "Hebrew",
"lang_code": "he",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "בִּיטוּמֵן"
},
{
"lang": "Italian",
"lang_code": "it",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "bitume"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "bitumen"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "bethyn"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "bitumen"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "bithumen"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "bitumen"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "bitumen"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"word": "bitume"
},
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "bitume"
}
],
"lang": "Middle French",
"lang_code": "frm",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "bitume"
},
{
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed",
"m"
],
"roman": "bítum",
"word": "би́тум"
},
{
"lang": "Yiddish",
"lang_code": "yi",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"roman": "bitumen",
"word": "ביטומען"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "*bitū",
"3": "men"
},
"expansion": "*bitū + -men",
"name": "suffix"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*gʷétu",
"t": "resin, gum"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *gʷétu (“resin, gum”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "itc-sbl"
},
"expansion": "Osco-Umbrian",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "cel",
"nocat": "1"
},
"expansion": "Celtic",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "betulla"
},
"expansion": "Latin betulla",
"name": "m+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gd",
"2": "bìth",
"t": "resin, gum"
},
"expansion": "Scottish Gaelic bìth (“resin, gum”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "cud"
},
"expansion": "English cud",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "जतु",
"t": "lac, gum"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit जतु (jatu, “lac, gum”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From *bitū + -men, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷétu (“resin, gum”), borrowed from an Osco-Umbrian language, though there exists the possibility of a Celtic borrowing (compare Latin betulla, which is a Celtic borrowing from the same ultimate origin), where the shift of *gʷ > *b is regular. The raising of the first vowel might come from the Osco-Umbrian variety, or have been developed in Latin, as occasionally happens after labials; compare firmus, vitulus. Cognate with Scottish Gaelic bìth (“resin, gum”), English cud, Sanskrit जतु (jatu, “lac, gum”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "bitūmen",
"tags": [
"canonical",
"neuter"
]
},
{
"form": "bitūminis",
"tags": [
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "la-ndecl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "bitūmen",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bitūmina",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bitūminis",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bitūminum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bitūminī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bitūminibus",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bitūmen",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bitūmina",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bitūmine",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bitūminibus",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bitūmen",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "bitūmina",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "bitūmen<3>"
},
"expansion": "bitūmen n (genitive bitūminis); third declension",
"name": "la-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "bitūmen<3>"
},
"name": "la-ndecl"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin neuter nouns in the third declension",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin terms suffixed with -men",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 8 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"mineral pitch, bitumen"
],
"id": "en-bitumen-la-noun-5fKzvHYz",
"links": [
[
"pitch",
"pitch"
],
[
"bitumen",
"#English"
]
],
"related": [
{
"word": "bitūmineus"
},
{
"word": "bitūminō"
},
{
"word": "bitūminōsus"
}
],
"tags": [
"declension-3"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[bɪˈtuː.mɛn]",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[biˈtuː.men]",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
}
],
"word": "bitumen"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed",
"uncertain"
],
"word": "betume"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Tagalog",
"lang_code": "tl",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "betun"
}
],
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "betún"
}
],
"lang": "Catalan",
"lang_code": "ca",
"word": "betum"
},
{
"lang": "Old Spanish",
"lang_code": "osp",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "betume"
}
],
"lang": "Old Catalan",
"lang_code": "roa-oca",
"word": "betum"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed",
"uncertain"
],
"word": "betume"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Tagalog",
"lang_code": "tl",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "betun"
}
],
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "betún"
}
],
"lang": "Catalan",
"lang_code": "ca",
"word": "betum"
},
{
"lang": "Old Spanish",
"lang_code": "osp",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "betume"
}
],
"lang": "Old Catalan",
"lang_code": "roa-oca",
"word": "bitum"
},
{
"lang": "Galician",
"lang_code": "gl",
"word": "betume"
},
{
"lang": "Franco-Provençal",
"lang_code": "frp",
"word": "bèton"
},
{
"lang": "Franco-Provençal",
"lang_code": "frp",
"word": "blèton"
},
{
"lang": "Franco-Provençal",
"lang_code": "frp",
"word": "bleton"
},
{
"lang": "Occitan",
"lang_code": "oc",
"word": "betum"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"word": "béton"
}
],
"lang": "Old French",
"lang_code": "fro",
"word": "betun"
},
{
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "Bitumen"
},
{
"lang": "Hebrew",
"lang_code": "he",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "בִּיטוּמֵן"
},
{
"lang": "Italian",
"lang_code": "it",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "bitume"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "bitumen"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "bethyn"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "bitumen"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "bithumen"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "bitumen"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "bitumen"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"word": "bitume"
},
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "bitume"
}
],
"lang": "Middle French",
"lang_code": "frm",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "bitume"
},
{
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed",
"m"
],
"roman": "bítum",
"word": "би́тум"
},
{
"lang": "Yiddish",
"lang_code": "yi",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"roman": "bitumen",
"word": "ביטומען"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "*bitū",
"3": "men"
},
"expansion": "*bitū + -men",
"name": "suffix"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*gʷétu",
"t": "resin, gum"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *gʷétu (“resin, gum”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "itc-sbl"
},
"expansion": "Osco-Umbrian",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "cel",
"nocat": "1"
},
"expansion": "Celtic",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "betulla"
},
"expansion": "Latin betulla",
"name": "m+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gd",
"2": "bìth",
"t": "resin, gum"
},
"expansion": "Scottish Gaelic bìth (“resin, gum”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "cud"
},
"expansion": "English cud",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "जतु",
"t": "lac, gum"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit जतु (jatu, “lac, gum”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From *bitū + -men, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷétu (“resin, gum”), borrowed from an Osco-Umbrian language, though there exists the possibility of a Celtic borrowing (compare Latin betulla, which is a Celtic borrowing from the same ultimate origin), where the shift of *gʷ > *b is regular. The raising of the first vowel might come from the Osco-Umbrian variety, or have been developed in Latin, as occasionally happens after labials; compare firmus, vitulus. Cognate with Scottish Gaelic bìth (“resin, gum”), English cud, Sanskrit जतु (jatu, “lac, gum”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "bitūmen",
"tags": [
"canonical",
"neuter"
]
},
{
"form": "bitūminis",
"tags": [
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "la-ndecl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "bitūmen",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bitūmina",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bitūminis",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bitūminum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bitūminī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bitūminibus",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bitūmen",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bitūmina",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bitūmine",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bitūminibus",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bitūmen",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "bitūmina",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "bitūmen<3>"
},
"expansion": "bitūmen n (genitive bitūminis); third declension",
"name": "la-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "bitūmen<3>"
},
"name": "la-ndecl"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"word": "bitūmineus"
},
{
"word": "bitūminō"
},
{
"word": "bitūminōsus"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Latin 3-syllable words",
"Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"Latin lemmas",
"Latin neuter nouns",
"Latin neuter nouns in the third declension",
"Latin nouns",
"Latin terms borrowed from Osco-Umbrian languages",
"Latin terms derived from Osco-Umbrian languages",
"Latin terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Latin terms suffixed with -men",
"Latin terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Latin third declension nouns",
"Pages with 8 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"glosses": [
"mineral pitch, bitumen"
],
"links": [
[
"pitch",
"pitch"
],
[
"bitumen",
"#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"declension-3"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[bɪˈtuː.mɛn]",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[biˈtuː.men]",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
}
],
"word": "bitumen"
}
Download raw JSONL data for bitumen meaning in Latin (6.5kB)
{
"called_from": "query_wikidata_json",
"msg": "WIKIDATA QUERY failed",
"path": [
"bitumen",
"Template:bor",
"#invoke",
"#invoke",
"Lua:Module:etymology/templates:borrowed()"
],
"section": "Latin",
"subsection": "",
"title": "bitumen",
"trace": "<!DOCTYPE html>\n<html lang=\"en\">\n<meta charset=\"utf-8\">\n<title>Wikimedia Error</title>\n<style>\n* { margin: 0; padding: 0; }\nbody { background: #fff; font: 15px/1.6 sans-serif; color: #333; }\n.content { margin: 7% auto 0; padding: 2em 1em 1em; max-width: 640px; display: flex; flex-direction: row; flex-wrap: wrap; }\n.footer { clear: both; margin-top: 14%; border-top: 1px solid #e5e5e5; background: #f9f9f9; padding: 2em 0; font-size: 0.8em; text-align: center; }\nimg { margin: 0 2em 2em 0; }\na img { border: 0; }\nh1 { margin-top: 1em; font-size: 1.2em; }\n.content-text { flex: 1; }\np { margin: 0.7em 0 1em 0; }\na { color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; }\na:hover { text-decoration: underline; }\ncode { font-family: sans-serif; }\nsummary { font-weight: bold; cursor: pointer; }\ndetails[open] { background: #970302; color: #dfdedd; }\n.text-muted { color: #777; }\n@media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) {\n a { color: #9e9eff; }\n body { background: transparent; color: #ddd; }\n .footer { border-top: 1px solid #444; background: #060606; }\n #logo { filter: invert(1) hue-rotate(180deg); }\n .text-muted { color: #888; }\n}\n</style>\n<meta name=\"color-scheme\" content=\"light dark\">\n<div class=\"content\" role=\"main\">\n<a href=\"https://www.wikimedia.org\"><img id=\"logo\" src=\"https://www.wikimedia.org/static/images/wmf-logo.png\" srcset=\"https://www.wikimedia.org/static/images/wmf-logo-2x.png 2x\" alt=\"Wikimedia\" width=\"135\" height=\"101\">\n</a>\n<div class=\"content-text\">\n<h1>Error</h1>\n\n<p>Your bot is making too many requests. Please reduce your request rate or contact bot-traffic@wikimedia.org (f263c81)</p>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"footer\"><p>If you report this error to the Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below.</p><p class=\"text-muted\"><code>Request served via cp3073 cp3073, Varnish XID 502322681<br>Upstream caches: cp3073 int<br>Error: 429, Your bot is making too many requests. Please reduce your request rate or contact bot-traffic@wikimedia.org (f263c81) at Fri, 30 Jan 2026 12:16:07 GMT<br><details><summary>Sensitive client information</summary>IP address: 91.207.79.37</details></code></p>\n</div>\n</html>\n"
}
{
"called_from": "query_wikidata_json",
"msg": "WIKIDATA QUERY failed",
"path": [
"bitumen",
"Template:bor",
"#invoke",
"#invoke",
"Lua:Module:etymology/templates:borrowed()"
],
"section": "Latin",
"subsection": "",
"title": "bitumen",
"trace": "<!DOCTYPE html>\n<html lang=\"en\">\n<meta charset=\"utf-8\">\n<title>Wikimedia Error</title>\n<style>\n* { margin: 0; padding: 0; }\nbody { background: #fff; font: 15px/1.6 sans-serif; color: #333; }\n.content { margin: 7% auto 0; padding: 2em 1em 1em; max-width: 640px; display: flex; flex-direction: row; flex-wrap: wrap; }\n.footer { clear: both; margin-top: 14%; border-top: 1px solid #e5e5e5; background: #f9f9f9; padding: 2em 0; font-size: 0.8em; text-align: center; }\nimg { margin: 0 2em 2em 0; }\na img { border: 0; }\nh1 { margin-top: 1em; font-size: 1.2em; }\n.content-text { flex: 1; }\np { margin: 0.7em 0 1em 0; }\na { color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; }\na:hover { text-decoration: underline; }\ncode { font-family: sans-serif; }\nsummary { font-weight: bold; cursor: pointer; }\ndetails[open] { background: #970302; color: #dfdedd; }\n.text-muted { color: #777; }\n@media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) {\n a { color: #9e9eff; }\n body { background: transparent; color: #ddd; }\n .footer { border-top: 1px solid #444; background: #060606; }\n #logo { filter: invert(1) hue-rotate(180deg); }\n .text-muted { color: #888; }\n}\n</style>\n<meta name=\"color-scheme\" content=\"light dark\">\n<div class=\"content\" role=\"main\">\n<a href=\"https://www.wikimedia.org\"><img id=\"logo\" src=\"https://www.wikimedia.org/static/images/wmf-logo.png\" srcset=\"https://www.wikimedia.org/static/images/wmf-logo-2x.png 2x\" alt=\"Wikimedia\" width=\"135\" height=\"101\">\n</a>\n<div class=\"content-text\">\n<h1>Error</h1>\n\n<p>Your bot is making too many requests. Please reduce your request rate or contact bot-traffic@wikimedia.org (f263c81)</p>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"footer\"><p>If you report this error to the Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below.</p><p class=\"text-muted\"><code>Request served via cp3073 cp3073, Varnish XID 509455013<br>Upstream caches: cp3073 int<br>Error: 429, Your bot is making too many requests. Please reduce your request rate or contact bot-traffic@wikimedia.org (f263c81) at Fri, 30 Jan 2026 12:17:03 GMT<br><details><summary>Sensitive client information</summary>IP address: 91.207.79.37</details></code></p>\n</div>\n</html>\n"
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Latin dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-02-01 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-01-01 using wiktextract (f492ef9 and 9905b1f). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.