See bitumen in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "roa-oca",
"2": "betum",
"3": "bitum"
},
"expansion": "Old Catalan: betum, bitum",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Catalan: betum, bitum"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ca",
"2": "betum"
},
"expansion": "Catalan: betum\n→? Portuguese: betume\n→ Spanish: betún",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Catalan: betum\n→? Portuguese: betume\n→ Spanish: betún"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "osp",
"2": "betume",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Old Spanish: betume",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Old Spanish: betume"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gl",
"2": "betume"
},
"expansion": "Galician: betume",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Galician: betume"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "frp",
"2": "bèton",
"3": "blèton",
"4": "bleton"
},
"expansion": "Franco-Provençal: bèton, blèton, bleton",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Franco-Provençal: bèton, blèton, bleton"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "oc",
"2": "betum"
},
"expansion": "Occitan: betum",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Occitan: betum"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "betun"
},
"expansion": "Old French: betun",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old French: betun"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "béton"
},
"expansion": "French: béton",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "French: béton (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 0,
"templates": [],
"text": ""
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "Bitumen",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ German: Bitumen",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ German: Bitumen"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "he",
"2": "בִּיטוּמֵן",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Hebrew: בִּיטוּמֵן",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Hebrew: בִּיטוּמֵן"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "it",
"2": "bitume",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Italian: bitume",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Italian: bitume"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "bethyn",
"3": ";",
"4": "bithumen",
"5": "bitumen",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Middle English: bethyn; bithumen, bitumen",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Middle English: bethyn; bithumen, bitumen"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "bitumen"
},
"expansion": "English: bitumen",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "English: bitumen"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "frm",
"2": "bitume",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Middle French: bitume",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Middle French: bitume"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "bitume"
},
"expansion": "French: bitume",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "French: bitume"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "bitume",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ English: bitume",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ English: bitume"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ru",
"2": "би́тум",
"bor": "1",
"g": "m"
},
"expansion": "→ Russian: би́тум m (bítum)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Russian: би́тум m (bítum)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "yi",
"2": "ביטומען",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Yiddish: ביטומען (bitumen)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Yiddish: ביטומען (bitumen)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "*bitū",
"3": "men"
},
"expansion": "*bitū + -men",
"name": "suffix"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*gʷétu",
"t": "resin, gum"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *gʷétu (“resin, gum”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "itc-sbl"
},
"expansion": "Osco-Umbrian",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "cel",
"nocat": "1"
},
"expansion": "Celtic",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "betulla"
},
"expansion": "Latin betulla",
"name": "m+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gd",
"2": "bìth",
"t": "resin, gum"
},
"expansion": "Scottish Gaelic bìth (“resin, gum”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "cud"
},
"expansion": "English cud",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "जतु",
"t": "lac, gum"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit जतु (jatu, “lac, gum”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From *bitū + -men, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷétu (“resin, gum”), borrowed from an Osco-Umbrian language, though there exists the possiblity of a Celtic borrowing (compare Latin betulla, which is a Celtic borrowing from the same ultimate origin), where the shift of *gʷ > *b is regular. The raising of the first vowel might come from the Osco-Umbrian variety, or have been developed in Latin, as occasionally happens after labials; compare firmus, vitulus. Cognate with Scottish Gaelic bìth (“resin, gum”), English cud, Sanskrit जतु (jatu, “lac, gum”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "bitūmen",
"tags": [
"canonical",
"neuter"
]
},
{
"form": "bitūminis",
"tags": [
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "la-ndecl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "bitūmen",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bitūmina",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bitūminis",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bitūminum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bitūminī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bitūminibus",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bitūmen",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bitūmina",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bitūmine",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bitūminibus",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bitūmen",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "bitūmina",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "bitūmen<3>"
},
"expansion": "bitūmen n (genitive bitūminis); third declension",
"name": "la-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "bitūmen<3>"
},
"name": "la-ndecl"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin neuter nouns in the third declension",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin terms suffixed with -men",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 8 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"mineral pitch, bitumen"
],
"id": "en-bitumen-la-noun-5fKzvHYz",
"links": [
[
"pitch",
"pitch"
],
[
"bitumen",
"#English"
]
],
"related": [
{
"word": "bitūmineus"
},
{
"word": "bitūminō"
},
{
"word": "bitūminōsus"
}
],
"tags": [
"declension-3"
],
"wikipedia": [
"Brill Publishers"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/biˈtuː.men/",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[bɪˈt̪uːmɛn]",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/biˈtu.men/",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
},
{
"ipa": "[biˈt̪uːmen]",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
}
],
"word": "bitumen"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "roa-oca",
"2": "betum",
"3": "bitum"
},
"expansion": "Old Catalan: betum, bitum",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Catalan: betum, bitum"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ca",
"2": "betum"
},
"expansion": "Catalan: betum\n→? Portuguese: betume\n→ Spanish: betún",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Catalan: betum\n→? Portuguese: betume\n→ Spanish: betún"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "osp",
"2": "betume",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Old Spanish: betume",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Old Spanish: betume"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gl",
"2": "betume"
},
"expansion": "Galician: betume",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Galician: betume"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "frp",
"2": "bèton",
"3": "blèton",
"4": "bleton"
},
"expansion": "Franco-Provençal: bèton, blèton, bleton",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Franco-Provençal: bèton, blèton, bleton"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "oc",
"2": "betum"
},
"expansion": "Occitan: betum",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Occitan: betum"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "betun"
},
"expansion": "Old French: betun",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old French: betun"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "béton"
},
"expansion": "French: béton",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "French: béton (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 0,
"templates": [],
"text": ""
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "Bitumen",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ German: Bitumen",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ German: Bitumen"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "he",
"2": "בִּיטוּמֵן",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Hebrew: בִּיטוּמֵן",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Hebrew: בִּיטוּמֵן"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "it",
"2": "bitume",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Italian: bitume",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Italian: bitume"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "bethyn",
"3": ";",
"4": "bithumen",
"5": "bitumen",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Middle English: bethyn; bithumen, bitumen",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Middle English: bethyn; bithumen, bitumen"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "bitumen"
},
"expansion": "English: bitumen",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "English: bitumen"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "frm",
"2": "bitume",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Middle French: bitume",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Middle French: bitume"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "bitume"
},
"expansion": "French: bitume",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "French: bitume"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "bitume",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ English: bitume",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ English: bitume"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ru",
"2": "би́тум",
"bor": "1",
"g": "m"
},
"expansion": "→ Russian: би́тум m (bítum)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Russian: би́тум m (bítum)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "yi",
"2": "ביטומען",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Yiddish: ביטומען (bitumen)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Yiddish: ביטומען (bitumen)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "*bitū",
"3": "men"
},
"expansion": "*bitū + -men",
"name": "suffix"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*gʷétu",
"t": "resin, gum"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *gʷétu (“resin, gum”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "itc-sbl"
},
"expansion": "Osco-Umbrian",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "cel",
"nocat": "1"
},
"expansion": "Celtic",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "betulla"
},
"expansion": "Latin betulla",
"name": "m+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gd",
"2": "bìth",
"t": "resin, gum"
},
"expansion": "Scottish Gaelic bìth (“resin, gum”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "cud"
},
"expansion": "English cud",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "जतु",
"t": "lac, gum"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit जतु (jatu, “lac, gum”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From *bitū + -men, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷétu (“resin, gum”), borrowed from an Osco-Umbrian language, though there exists the possiblity of a Celtic borrowing (compare Latin betulla, which is a Celtic borrowing from the same ultimate origin), where the shift of *gʷ > *b is regular. The raising of the first vowel might come from the Osco-Umbrian variety, or have been developed in Latin, as occasionally happens after labials; compare firmus, vitulus. Cognate with Scottish Gaelic bìth (“resin, gum”), English cud, Sanskrit जतु (jatu, “lac, gum”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "bitūmen",
"tags": [
"canonical",
"neuter"
]
},
{
"form": "bitūminis",
"tags": [
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "la-ndecl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "bitūmen",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bitūmina",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bitūminis",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bitūminum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bitūminī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bitūminibus",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bitūmen",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bitūmina",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bitūmine",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bitūminibus",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bitūmen",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "bitūmina",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "bitūmen<3>"
},
"expansion": "bitūmen n (genitive bitūminis); third declension",
"name": "la-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "bitūmen<3>"
},
"name": "la-ndecl"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"word": "bitūmineus"
},
{
"word": "bitūminō"
},
{
"word": "bitūminōsus"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Latin 3-syllable words",
"Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"Latin lemmas",
"Latin neuter nouns",
"Latin neuter nouns in the third declension",
"Latin nouns",
"Latin terms borrowed from Osco-Umbrian languages",
"Latin terms derived from Osco-Umbrian languages",
"Latin terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Latin terms suffixed with -men",
"Latin terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Latin third declension nouns",
"Pages with 8 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"glosses": [
"mineral pitch, bitumen"
],
"links": [
[
"pitch",
"pitch"
],
[
"bitumen",
"#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"declension-3"
],
"wikipedia": [
"Brill Publishers"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/biˈtuː.men/",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[bɪˈt̪uːmɛn]",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/biˈtu.men/",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
},
{
"ipa": "[biˈt̪uːmen]",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
}
],
"word": "bitumen"
}
Download raw JSONL data for bitumen meaning in Latin (7.2kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Latin dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-03-23 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-03-21 using wiktextract (fef8596 and 633533e). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.