See 異化 on Wiktionary
{
"antonyms": [
{
"roman": "guīhuà",
"word": "歸化"
},
{
"roman": "guīhuà",
"word": "归化"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"roman": "yìhuà zuòyòng",
"word": "異化作用"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"roman": "yìhuà zuòyòng",
"word": "异化作用"
}
],
"forms": [
{
"form": "异化",
"raw_tags": [
"Simplified Chinese"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "異化",
"name": "zh-verb"
}
],
"lang": "Chinese",
"lang_code": "zh",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "20 30 25 25",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Chinese entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 11 10 10 4 17 9 10 19",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 2 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to make dissimilar"
],
"id": "en-異化-zh-verb-HfgICtwa",
"links": [
[
"make",
"make"
],
[
"dissimilar",
"dissimilar"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(ergative) to make dissimilar"
],
"tags": [
"ergative"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "zh",
"name": "Philosophy",
"orig": "zh:Philosophy",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "20 30 25 25",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Chinese entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 11 10 10 4 17 9 10 19",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 2 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
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],
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],
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],
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]
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"english": "In estranging from man (1) nature, and (2) himself, his own active functions, his life activity, estranged labor estranges the species from man. It changes for him the life of the species into a means of individual life. First it estranges the life of the species and individual life, and secondly it makes individual life in its abstract form the purpose of the life of the species, likewise in its abstract and estranged form.",
"raw_tags": [
"MSC",
"Traditional Chinese"
],
"ref": " 1844, Karl Marx, 《1844年經濟學哲學手稿·異化勞動和私有財產》 (“Estranged Labour” in Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844)",
"roman": "Yìhuà láodòng, yóuyú (1) shǐ zìránjiè, (2) shǐ rén běnshēn, tā zìjǐ de huódòng jīnéng, tā de shēngmìng huódòng tóng rén xiāng yìhuà, yě jiù shǐ lèi tóng rén xiāng yìhuà; duì rén láishuō, tā bǎ lèi shēnghuó biànchéng wéichí gèrén shēnghuó de shǒuduàn. Dìyī, tā shǐ lèi shēnghuó hé gèrén shēnghuó xiāng yìhuà; dì'èr, bǎ chōuxiàng xíngshì de gèrén shēnghuó biànchéng tóngyàng shì chōuxiàng xíngshì hé yìhuà xíngshì de lèi shēnghuó de mùde.",
"tags": [
"Pinyin"
],
"text": "異化勞動，由於（1）使自然界，（2）使人本身，他自己的活動機能，他的生命活動同人相異化，也就使類同人相異化；對人來說，它把類生活變成維持個人生活的手段。第一，它使類生活和個人生活相異化；第二，把抽象形式的個人生活變成同樣是抽象形式和異化形式的類生活的目的。",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"bold_english_offsets": [
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3,
13
],
[
97,
106
],
[
113,
122
],
[
230,
239
],
[
413,
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]
],
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[
0,
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],
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],
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],
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]
],
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0,
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],
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]
],
"english": "In estranging from man (1) nature, and (2) himself, his own active functions, his life activity, estranged labor estranges the species from man. It changes for him the life of the species into a means of individual life. First it estranges the life of the species and individual life, and secondly it makes individual life in its abstract form the purpose of the life of the species, likewise in its abstract and estranged form.",
"raw_tags": [
"MSC",
"Simplified Chinese"
],
"ref": " 1844, Karl Marx, 《1844年經濟學哲學手稿·異化勞動和私有財產》 (“Estranged Labour” in Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844)",
"roman": "Yìhuà láodòng, yóuyú (1) shǐ zìránjiè, (2) shǐ rén běnshēn, tā zìjǐ de huódòng jīnéng, tā de shēngmìng huódòng tóng rén xiāng yìhuà, yě jiù shǐ lèi tóng rén xiāng yìhuà; duì rén láishuō, tā bǎ lèi shēnghuó biànchéng wéichí gèrén shēnghuó de shǒuduàn. Dìyī, tā shǐ lèi shēnghuó hé gèrén shēnghuó xiāng yìhuà; dì'èr, bǎ chōuxiàng xíngshì de gèrén shēnghuó biànchéng tóngyàng shì chōuxiàng xíngshì hé yìhuà xíngshì de lèi shēnghuó de mùde.",
"tags": [
"Pinyin"
],
"text": "异化劳动，由于（1）使自然界，（2）使人本身，他自己的活动机能，他的生命活动同人相异化，也就使类同人相异化；对人来说，它把类生活变成维持个人生活的手段。第一，它使类生活和个人生活相异化；第二，把抽象形式的个人生活变成同样是抽象形式和异化形式的类生活的目的。",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to alienate"
],
"id": "en-異化-zh-verb-JwYUXVVC",
"links": [
[
"philosophy",
"philosophy"
],
[
"alienate",
"alienate"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(philosophy) to alienate"
],
"topics": [
"human-sciences",
"philosophy",
"sciences"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "zh",
"name": "Phonology",
"orig": "zh:Phonology",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "20 30 25 25",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Chinese entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 11 10 10 4 17 9 10 19",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 2 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to dissimilate"
],
"id": "en-異化-zh-verb-PYSAEbU8",
"links": [
[
"phonology",
"phonology"
],
[
"dissimilate",
"dissimilate"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(phonology) to dissimilate"
],
"topics": [
"human-sciences",
"linguistics",
"phonology",
"sciences"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "zh",
"name": "Translation studies",
"orig": "zh:Translation studies",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "20 30 25 25",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Chinese entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to foreignize"
],
"id": "en-異化-zh-verb-gdKlbXfm",
"links": [
[
"translation studies",
"translation studies"
],
[
"foreignize",
"foreignize"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(translation studies) to foreignize"
],
"topics": [
"human-sciences",
"linguistics",
"sciences",
"translation-studies"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "yìhuà"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"bopomofo"
],
"zh-pron": "ㄧˋ ㄏㄨㄚˋ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Jyutping"
],
"zh-pron": "ji⁶ faa³"
},
{
"zh-pron": "i⁶ huê³"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hanyu-Pinyin",
"Mandarin",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "yìhuà"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"bopomofo",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "ㄧˋ ㄏㄨㄚˋ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Tongyong-Pinyin",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "yìhuà"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Wade-Giles",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "i⁴-hua⁴"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Yale",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "yì-hwà"
},
{
"tags": [
"Gwoyeu-Romatsyh",
"Mandarin",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "yihhuah"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "ихуа"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "ixua"
},
{
"ipa": "/i⁵¹⁻⁵³ xu̯ä⁵¹/",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Sinological-IPA",
"standard"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Yale"
],
"zh-pron": "yih fa"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "ji⁶ faa³"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangdong-Romanization"
],
"zh-pron": "yi⁶ fa³"
},
{
"ipa": "/jiː²² faː³³/",
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Peng'im",
"Teochew"
],
"zh-pron": "i⁶ huê³"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"POJ",
"Teochew"
],
"zh-pron": "ĭ huè"
},
{
"ipa": "/i³⁵⁻¹¹ hue²¹³/",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Sinological-IPA",
"Teochew"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/i⁵¹⁻⁵³ xu̯ä⁵¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/jiː²² faː³³/"
},
{
"ipa": "/i³⁵⁻¹¹ hue²¹³/"
}
],
"word": "異化"
}
{
"antonyms": [
{
"roman": "dōka",
"ruby": [
[
"同",
"どう"
],
[
"化",
"か"
]
],
"word": "同化"
}
],
"forms": [
{
"form": "異化",
"ruby": [
[
"異",
"い"
],
[
"化",
"か"
]
],
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "ika",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "ikwa",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "いくわ",
"roman": "ikwa",
"tags": [
"hiragana",
"historical"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "いか",
"hhira": "いくわ"
},
"expansion": "異(い)化(か) • (ika) ^(←いくわ (ikwa)?)",
"name": "ja-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"dissimilation"
],
"id": "en-異化-ja-noun-THZFAmWX",
"links": [
[
"dissimilation",
"dissimilation"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "ja",
"name": "Biology",
"orig": "ja:Biology",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "10 11 10 10 4 17 9 10 19",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 2 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "9 10 9 8 3 26 8 9 17",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "11 36 17 15 21",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "9 31 16 20 24",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese links with redundant alt parameters",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 36 18 18 19",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese links with redundant wikilinks",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 35 16 16 24",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"catabolism"
],
"id": "en-異化-ja-noun-nsJUvz0E",
"links": [
[
"biology",
"biology"
],
[
"catabolism",
"catabolism"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(biology) catabolism"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "カタボリズム"
},
{
"word": "異化作用"
}
],
"topics": [
"biology",
"natural-sciences"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "ja",
"name": "Phonology",
"orig": "ja:Phonology",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"dissimilation"
],
"id": "en-異化-ja-noun-THZFAmWX1",
"links": [
[
"phonology",
"phonology"
],
[
"dissimilation",
"dissimilation"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(phonology) dissimilation"
],
"topics": [
"human-sciences",
"linguistics",
"phonology",
"sciences"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "ja",
"name": "Philosophy",
"orig": "ja:Philosophy",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "10 11 10 10 4 17 9 10 19",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 2 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "12 7 25 33 23",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese verbs without transitivity",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"alienation; Verfremdung"
],
"id": "en-異化-ja-noun-sylQLsYx",
"links": [
[
"philosophy",
"philosophy"
],
[
"alienation",
"alienation"
],
[
"Verfremdung",
"Verfremdung#German"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(philosophy) alienation; Verfremdung"
],
"topics": [
"human-sciences",
"philosophy",
"sciences"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"other": "いか"
},
{
"ipa": "[ika̠]"
}
],
"word": "異化"
}
{
"antonyms": [
{
"roman": "dōka",
"ruby": [
[
"同",
"どう"
],
[
"化",
"か"
]
],
"word": "同化"
}
],
"forms": [
{
"form": "異化する",
"ruby": [
[
"異",
"い"
],
[
"化",
"か"
]
],
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "ika suru",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "ikwa",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "異化し",
"roman": "ika shi",
"ruby": [
[
"異",
"い"
],
[
"化",
"か"
]
],
"tags": [
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "異化した",
"roman": "ika shita",
"ruby": [
[
"異",
"い"
],
[
"化",
"か"
]
],
"tags": [
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ja-suru",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "異化し",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "いかし",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "ika shi",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "異化する",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "いかする",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "ika suru",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "異化すれ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "いかすれ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "ika sure",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "異化せよ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"imperative",
"literary"
]
},
{
"form": "異化しろ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"colloquial",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"imperative"
]
},
{
"form": "いかせよ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"imperative",
"literary"
]
},
{
"form": "いかしろ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"colloquial",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"imperative"
]
},
{
"form": "ika seyo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"imperative",
"literary"
]
},
{
"form": "ika shiro",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"colloquial",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"imperative"
]
},
{
"form": "異化される",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"passive"
]
},
{
"form": "いかされる",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"passive"
]
},
{
"form": "ika sareru",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"passive"
]
},
{
"form": "異化させる",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "異化さす",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "いかさせる",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "いかさす",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "ika saseru",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "ika sasu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "異化できる",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"potential"
]
},
{
"form": "いかできる",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"potential"
]
},
{
"form": "ika dekiru",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"potential"
]
},
{
"form": "異化しよう",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "いかしよう",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "ika shiyō",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "異化しない",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "いかしない",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "ika shinai",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "異化せず",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "いかせず",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "ika sezu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "異化します",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "いかします",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "ika shimasu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "異化した",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"perfective"
]
},
{
"form": "いかした",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"perfective"
]
},
{
"form": "ika shita",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"perfective"
]
},
{
"form": "異化して",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "いかして",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "ika shite",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "異化すれば",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"hypothetical"
]
},
{
"form": "いかすれば",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"hypothetical"
]
},
{
"form": "ika sureba",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"hypothetical"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "いか",
"hhira": "いくわ"
},
"expansion": "異(い)化(か)する • (ika suru) ^(←いくわ (ikwa)?)suru (stem 異(い)化(か)し (ika shi), past 異(い)化(か)した (ika shita))",
"name": "ja-verb-suru"
}
],
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "10 11 10 10 4 17 9 10 19",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 2 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 13 16 19 45",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with 2 kanji",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"See above."
],
"id": "en-異化-ja-verb-cjEgjUgT"
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"other": "いか"
},
{
"ipa": "[ika̠]"
}
],
"word": "異化"
}
{
"antonyms": [
{
"roman": "guīhuà",
"word": "歸化"
},
{
"roman": "guīhuà",
"word": "归化"
}
],
"categories": [
"Chinese entries with incorrect language header",
"Chinese lemmas",
"Chinese terms spelled with 化",
"Chinese terms spelled with 異",
"Chinese terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Chinese verbs",
"Pages with 2 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"derived": [
{
"roman": "yìhuà zuòyòng",
"word": "異化作用"
},
{
"roman": "yìhuà zuòyòng",
"word": "异化作用"
}
],
"forms": [
{
"form": "异化",
"raw_tags": [
"Simplified Chinese"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "異化",
"name": "zh-verb"
}
],
"lang": "Chinese",
"lang_code": "zh",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Chinese ergative verbs"
],
"glosses": [
"to make dissimilar"
],
"links": [
[
"make",
"make"
],
[
"dissimilar",
"dissimilar"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(ergative) to make dissimilar"
],
"tags": [
"ergative"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Mandarin terms with quotations",
"zh:Philosophy"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_english_offsets": [
[
3,
13
],
[
97,
106
],
[
113,
122
],
[
230,
239
],
[
413,
422
]
],
"bold_roman_offsets": [
[
0,
5
],
[
126,
131
],
[
163,
168
],
[
301,
306
],
[
398,
403
]
],
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
0,
2
],
[
41,
43
],
[
51,
53
],
[
90,
92
],
[
116,
118
]
],
"english": "In estranging from man (1) nature, and (2) himself, his own active functions, his life activity, estranged labor estranges the species from man. It changes for him the life of the species into a means of individual life. First it estranges the life of the species and individual life, and secondly it makes individual life in its abstract form the purpose of the life of the species, likewise in its abstract and estranged form.",
"raw_tags": [
"MSC",
"Traditional Chinese"
],
"ref": " 1844, Karl Marx, 《1844年經濟學哲學手稿·異化勞動和私有財產》 (“Estranged Labour” in Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844)",
"roman": "Yìhuà láodòng, yóuyú (1) shǐ zìránjiè, (2) shǐ rén běnshēn, tā zìjǐ de huódòng jīnéng, tā de shēngmìng huódòng tóng rén xiāng yìhuà, yě jiù shǐ lèi tóng rén xiāng yìhuà; duì rén láishuō, tā bǎ lèi shēnghuó biànchéng wéichí gèrén shēnghuó de shǒuduàn. Dìyī, tā shǐ lèi shēnghuó hé gèrén shēnghuó xiāng yìhuà; dì'èr, bǎ chōuxiàng xíngshì de gèrén shēnghuó biànchéng tóngyàng shì chōuxiàng xíngshì hé yìhuà xíngshì de lèi shēnghuó de mùde.",
"tags": [
"Pinyin"
],
"text": "異化勞動，由於（1）使自然界，（2）使人本身，他自己的活動機能，他的生命活動同人相異化，也就使類同人相異化；對人來說，它把類生活變成維持個人生活的手段。第一，它使類生活和個人生活相異化；第二，把抽象形式的個人生活變成同樣是抽象形式和異化形式的類生活的目的。",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"bold_english_offsets": [
[
3,
13
],
[
97,
106
],
[
113,
122
],
[
230,
239
],
[
413,
422
]
],
"bold_roman_offsets": [
[
0,
5
],
[
126,
131
],
[
163,
168
],
[
301,
306
],
[
398,
403
]
],
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
0,
2
],
[
41,
43
],
[
51,
53
],
[
90,
92
],
[
116,
118
]
],
"english": "In estranging from man (1) nature, and (2) himself, his own active functions, his life activity, estranged labor estranges the species from man. It changes for him the life of the species into a means of individual life. First it estranges the life of the species and individual life, and secondly it makes individual life in its abstract form the purpose of the life of the species, likewise in its abstract and estranged form.",
"raw_tags": [
"MSC",
"Simplified Chinese"
],
"ref": " 1844, Karl Marx, 《1844年經濟學哲學手稿·異化勞動和私有財產》 (“Estranged Labour” in Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844)",
"roman": "Yìhuà láodòng, yóuyú (1) shǐ zìránjiè, (2) shǐ rén běnshēn, tā zìjǐ de huódòng jīnéng, tā de shēngmìng huódòng tóng rén xiāng yìhuà, yě jiù shǐ lèi tóng rén xiāng yìhuà; duì rén láishuō, tā bǎ lèi shēnghuó biànchéng wéichí gèrén shēnghuó de shǒuduàn. Dìyī, tā shǐ lèi shēnghuó hé gèrén shēnghuó xiāng yìhuà; dì'èr, bǎ chōuxiàng xíngshì de gèrén shēnghuó biànchéng tóngyàng shì chōuxiàng xíngshì hé yìhuà xíngshì de lèi shēnghuó de mùde.",
"tags": [
"Pinyin"
],
"text": "异化劳动，由于（1）使自然界，（2）使人本身，他自己的活动机能，他的生命活动同人相异化，也就使类同人相异化；对人来说，它把类生活变成维持个人生活的手段。第一，它使类生活和个人生活相异化；第二，把抽象形式的个人生活变成同样是抽象形式和异化形式的类生活的目的。",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to alienate"
],
"links": [
[
"philosophy",
"philosophy"
],
[
"alienate",
"alienate"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(philosophy) to alienate"
],
"topics": [
"human-sciences",
"philosophy",
"sciences"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"zh:Phonology"
],
"glosses": [
"to dissimilate"
],
"links": [
[
"phonology",
"phonology"
],
[
"dissimilate",
"dissimilate"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(phonology) to dissimilate"
],
"topics": [
"human-sciences",
"linguistics",
"phonology",
"sciences"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"zh:Translation studies"
],
"glosses": [
"to foreignize"
],
"links": [
[
"translation studies",
"translation studies"
],
[
"foreignize",
"foreignize"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(translation studies) to foreignize"
],
"topics": [
"human-sciences",
"linguistics",
"sciences",
"translation-studies"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "yìhuà"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"bopomofo"
],
"zh-pron": "ㄧˋ ㄏㄨㄚˋ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Jyutping"
],
"zh-pron": "ji⁶ faa³"
},
{
"zh-pron": "i⁶ huê³"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hanyu-Pinyin",
"Mandarin",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "yìhuà"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"bopomofo",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "ㄧˋ ㄏㄨㄚˋ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Tongyong-Pinyin",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "yìhuà"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Wade-Giles",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "i⁴-hua⁴"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Yale",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "yì-hwà"
},
{
"tags": [
"Gwoyeu-Romatsyh",
"Mandarin",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "yihhuah"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "ихуа"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "ixua"
},
{
"ipa": "/i⁵¹⁻⁵³ xu̯ä⁵¹/",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Sinological-IPA",
"standard"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Yale"
],
"zh-pron": "yih fa"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "ji⁶ faa³"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangdong-Romanization"
],
"zh-pron": "yi⁶ fa³"
},
{
"ipa": "/jiː²² faː³³/",
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Peng'im",
"Teochew"
],
"zh-pron": "i⁶ huê³"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"POJ",
"Teochew"
],
"zh-pron": "ĭ huè"
},
{
"ipa": "/i³⁵⁻¹¹ hue²¹³/",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Sinological-IPA",
"Teochew"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/i⁵¹⁻⁵³ xu̯ä⁵¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/jiː²² faː³³/"
},
{
"ipa": "/i³⁵⁻¹¹ hue²¹³/"
}
],
"word": "異化"
}
{
"antonyms": [
{
"roman": "dōka",
"ruby": [
[
"同",
"どう"
],
[
"化",
"か"
]
],
"word": "同化"
}
],
"categories": [
"Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
"Japanese lemmas",
"Japanese links with redundant alt parameters",
"Japanese links with redundant wikilinks",
"Japanese nouns",
"Japanese suru verbs",
"Japanese terms historically spelled with わ",
"Japanese terms spelled with sixth grade kanji",
"Japanese terms spelled with third grade kanji",
"Japanese terms with 2 kanji",
"Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys",
"Japanese verbs",
"Japanese verbs without transitivity",
"Pages with 2 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"forms": [
{
"form": "異化",
"ruby": [
[
"異",
"い"
],
[
"化",
"か"
]
],
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "ika",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "ikwa",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "いくわ",
"roman": "ikwa",
"tags": [
"hiragana",
"historical"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "いか",
"hhira": "いくわ"
},
"expansion": "異(い)化(か) • (ika) ^(←いくわ (ikwa)?)",
"name": "ja-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"dissimilation"
],
"links": [
[
"dissimilation",
"dissimilation"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"ja:Biology"
],
"glosses": [
"catabolism"
],
"links": [
[
"biology",
"biology"
],
[
"catabolism",
"catabolism"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(biology) catabolism"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "カタボリズム"
},
{
"word": "異化作用"
}
],
"topics": [
"biology",
"natural-sciences"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"ja:Phonology"
],
"glosses": [
"dissimilation"
],
"links": [
[
"phonology",
"phonology"
],
[
"dissimilation",
"dissimilation"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(phonology) dissimilation"
],
"topics": [
"human-sciences",
"linguistics",
"phonology",
"sciences"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"ja:Philosophy"
],
"glosses": [
"alienation; Verfremdung"
],
"links": [
[
"philosophy",
"philosophy"
],
[
"alienation",
"alienation"
],
[
"Verfremdung",
"Verfremdung#German"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(philosophy) alienation; Verfremdung"
],
"topics": [
"human-sciences",
"philosophy",
"sciences"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"other": "いか"
},
{
"ipa": "[ika̠]"
}
],
"word": "異化"
}
{
"antonyms": [
{
"roman": "dōka",
"ruby": [
[
"同",
"どう"
],
[
"化",
"か"
]
],
"word": "同化"
}
],
"categories": [
"Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
"Japanese lemmas",
"Japanese links with redundant alt parameters",
"Japanese links with redundant wikilinks",
"Japanese nouns",
"Japanese suru verbs",
"Japanese terms historically spelled with わ",
"Japanese terms spelled with sixth grade kanji",
"Japanese terms spelled with third grade kanji",
"Japanese terms with 2 kanji",
"Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys",
"Japanese verbs",
"Japanese verbs without transitivity",
"Pages with 2 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"forms": [
{
"form": "異化する",
"ruby": [
[
"異",
"い"
],
[
"化",
"か"
]
],
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "ika suru",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "ikwa",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "異化し",
"roman": "ika shi",
"ruby": [
[
"異",
"い"
],
[
"化",
"か"
]
],
"tags": [
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "異化した",
"roman": "ika shita",
"ruby": [
[
"異",
"い"
],
[
"化",
"か"
]
],
"tags": [
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ja-suru",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "異化し",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "いかし",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "ika shi",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "異化する",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "いかする",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "ika suru",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "異化すれ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "いかすれ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "ika sure",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "異化せよ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"imperative",
"literary"
]
},
{
"form": "異化しろ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"colloquial",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"imperative"
]
},
{
"form": "いかせよ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"imperative",
"literary"
]
},
{
"form": "いかしろ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"colloquial",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"imperative"
]
},
{
"form": "ika seyo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"imperative",
"literary"
]
},
{
"form": "ika shiro",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"colloquial",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"imperative"
]
},
{
"form": "異化される",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"passive"
]
},
{
"form": "いかされる",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"passive"
]
},
{
"form": "ika sareru",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"passive"
]
},
{
"form": "異化させる",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "異化さす",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "いかさせる",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "いかさす",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "ika saseru",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "ika sasu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "異化できる",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"potential"
]
},
{
"form": "いかできる",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"potential"
]
},
{
"form": "ika dekiru",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"potential"
]
},
{
"form": "異化しよう",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "いかしよう",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "ika shiyō",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "異化しない",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "いかしない",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "ika shinai",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "異化せず",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "いかせず",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "ika sezu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "異化します",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "いかします",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "ika shimasu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "異化した",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"perfective"
]
},
{
"form": "いかした",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"perfective"
]
},
{
"form": "ika shita",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"perfective"
]
},
{
"form": "異化して",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "いかして",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "ika shite",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "異化すれば",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"hypothetical"
]
},
{
"form": "いかすれば",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"hypothetical"
]
},
{
"form": "ika sureba",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"hypothetical"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "いか",
"hhira": "いくわ"
},
"expansion": "異(い)化(か)する • (ika suru) ^(←いくわ (ikwa)?)suru (stem 異(い)化(か)し (ika shi), past 異(い)化(か)した (ika shita))",
"name": "ja-verb-suru"
}
],
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"See above."
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"other": "いか"
},
{
"ipa": "[ika̠]"
}
],
"word": "異化"
}
Download raw JSONL data for 異化 meaning in All languages combined (14.5kB)
{
"called_from": "parser/304",
"msg": "HTML tag <sup> not properly closed",
"path": [
"異化"
],
"section": "Chinese",
"subsection": "",
"title": "異化",
"trace": "started on line 19, detected on line 19"
}
{
"called_from": "parser/1336",
"msg": "no corresponding start tag found for </sup>",
"path": [
"異化"
],
"section": "Chinese",
"subsection": "",
"title": "異化",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "pronunciations/296/20230324",
"msg": "Zh-pron header not found in zh_pron_tags or tags: '(Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺'",
"path": [
"異化"
],
"section": "Chinese",
"subsection": "",
"title": "異化",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "pronunciations/296/20230324",
"msg": "Zh-pron header not found in zh_pron_tags or tags: \"Southern Min (Teochew, Peng'im)\"",
"path": [
"異化"
],
"section": "Chinese",
"subsection": "",
"title": "異化",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "linkages/371",
"msg": "unrecognized linkage prefix: (antonym(s) of “foreignize”): 歸化／归化 (guīhuà) desc=antonym(s) of “foreignize” rest=歸化／归化 (guīhuà) cls=other cls2=other e1=False e2=False",
"path": [
"異化"
],
"section": "Chinese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "異化",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "parser/304",
"msg": "HTML tag <span> not properly closed",
"path": [
"異化"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "異化",
"trace": "started on line 2, detected on line 2"
}
{
"called_from": "parser/1336",
"msg": "no corresponding start tag found for </span>",
"path": [
"異化"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "異化",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "parser/304",
"msg": "HTML tag <span> not properly closed",
"path": [
"異化"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "異化",
"trace": "started on line 2, detected on line 2"
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Mizenkei (\"imperfective\")'",
"path": [
"異化"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "異化",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Ren’yōkei (\"continuative\")'",
"path": [
"異化"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "異化",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Shūshikei (\"terminal\")'",
"path": [
"異化"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "異化",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Rentaikei (\"attributive\")'",
"path": [
"異化"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "異化",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Kateikei (\"hypothetical\")'",
"path": [
"異化"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "異化",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Meireikei (\"imperative\")'",
"path": [
"異化"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "異化",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-06-07 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-06-01 using wiktextract (92124b4 and f1c2b61). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.