See 普通話 on Wiktionary
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "sùliào pǔtōnghuà",
"word": "塑料普通話"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "sùliào pǔtōnghuà",
"word": "塑料普通话"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "wānguǎnzi pǔtōnghuà",
"word": "彎管子普通話"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "wānguǎnzi pǔtōnghuà",
"word": "弯管子普通话"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "Pǔtōnghuà Shuǐpíng Cèshì",
"word": "普通話水平測試"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "Pǔtōnghuà Shuǐpíng Cèshì",
"word": "普通话水平测试"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "椒鹽普通話"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "椒盐普通话"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "靈橋牌普通話"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "灵桥牌普通话"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"roman": "futsūwa",
"ruby": [
[
"普",
"ふ"
],
[
"通",
"つう"
],
[
"話",
"わ"
]
],
"word": "普通話"
},
{
"lang": "Korean",
"lang_code": "ko",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"roman": "botonghwa",
"word": "보통화(普通話)"
},
{
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"lang_code": "vi",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"roman": "普通話",
"word": "phổ thông thoại"
},
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "p'u-t'ung-hua"
},
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "Putonghua"
}
],
"etymology_text": "The term appeared in Chinese and Japanese publications the second half of the 19th century. The connotation “national language” probably originated under Japanese influence. It has been in official use in the People’s Republic of China since the mid-1950s.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "普通话",
"tags": [
"Simplified-Chinese"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "noun"
},
"expansion": "普通話",
"name": "head"
}
],
"hypernyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"english": "Guanhua, a group of Northern Chinese dialects including Putonghua",
"roman": "guānhuà",
"translation": "Guanhua, a group of Northern Chinese dialects including Putonghua",
"word": "官話／官话, 北方話／北方话"
}
],
"hyponyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "nánpǔ",
"word": "南普"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "地普"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "dìguāqiāng",
"word": "地瓜腔"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "sùliào pǔtōnghuà",
"word": "塑料普通話"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "sùliào pǔtōnghuà",
"word": "塑料普通话"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "sùpǔ",
"word": "塑普"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "jiāzhuàng",
"word": "夾壯"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "jiāzhuàng",
"word": "夹壮"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "Chuānpǔ",
"word": "川普"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "guǎngpǔ",
"word": "廣普"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "guǎngpǔ",
"word": "广普"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "wānguǎnzi pǔtōnghuà",
"word": "彎管子普通話"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "wānguǎnzi pǔtōnghuà",
"word": "弯管子普通话"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "椒鹽普通話"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "椒盐普通话"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "gǎngpǔ",
"word": "港普"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "滬普"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "沪普"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "潮普"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "煲冬瓜"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "mǐnpǔ",
"word": "閩普"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "mǐnpǔ",
"word": "闽普"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "靈橋牌普通話"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "灵桥牌普通话"
}
],
"lang": "Chinese",
"lang_code": "zh",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "Zhōngguóhuà",
"word": "中國話"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "Zhōngguóhuà",
"word": "中国话"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "Zhōngwén",
"word": "中文"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "guóyǔ",
"word": "國語"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "guóyǔ",
"word": "国语"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "guānhuà",
"word": "官話"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "guānhuà",
"word": "官话"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "Hànyǔ",
"word": "漢語"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "Hànyǔ",
"word": "汉语"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "Huáyǔ",
"word": "華語"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "Huáyǔ",
"word": "华语"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"bold_roman_offsets": [
[
36,
45
]
],
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
10,
13
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
53,
66
]
],
"english": "the rules of this scheme are created with Shanghai's common speech (=Shanghainese) as the standard",
"raw_tags": [
"MSC"
],
"ref": "1936, 胡繩, 江南話新文字概論, page 41:",
"roman": "fāng'àn de guīdìng, shì ná shànghǎi pǔtōnghuà zuò biāozhǔn de",
"tags": [
"Pinyin",
"Traditional-Chinese"
],
"text": "方案的規定，是拿上海普通話做標準的",
"translation": "the rules of this scheme are created with Shanghai's common speech (=Shanghainese) as the standard",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"bold_roman_offsets": [
[
36,
45
]
],
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
10,
13
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
53,
66
]
],
"english": "the rules of this scheme are created with Shanghai's common speech (=Shanghainese) as the standard",
"raw_tags": [
"MSC"
],
"ref": "1936, 胡繩, 江南話新文字概論, page 41:",
"roman": "fāng'àn de guīdìng, shì ná shànghǎi pǔtōnghuà zuò biāozhǔn de",
"tags": [
"Pinyin",
"Simplified-Chinese"
],
"text": "方案的规定，是拿上海普通话做标准的",
"translation": "the rules of this scheme are created with Shanghai's common speech (=Shanghainese) as the standard",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"common language"
],
"id": "en-普通話-zh-noun-ldl6yqIz",
"links": [
[
"common",
"common"
],
[
"language",
"language"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Hong Kong Chinese",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Mainland China Chinese",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "27 47 26",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Chinese entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "0 55 45",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Intermediate Mandarin",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 69 21",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 4 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "6 73 21",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "0 55 45",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "zh",
"name": "Chinese",
"orig": "zh:Chinese",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_roman_offsets": [
[
12,
21
]
],
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
3,
6
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
9,
17
]
],
"english": "standard Mandarin",
"roman": "biāozhǔn de pǔtōnghuà",
"tags": [
"Traditional-Chinese"
],
"text": "標準的普通話",
"translation": "standard Mandarin",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_roman_offsets": [
[
12,
21
]
],
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
3,
6
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
9,
17
]
],
"english": "standard Mandarin",
"roman": "biāozhǔn de pǔtōnghuà",
"tags": [
"Simplified-Chinese"
],
"text": "标准的普通话",
"translation": "standard Mandarin",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_roman_offsets": [
[
12,
21
]
],
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
3,
6
]
],
"english": "Can you speak Mandarin?",
"raw_tags": [
"MSC"
],
"roman": "Nǐ huì shuō pǔtōnghuà ma?",
"tags": [
"Pinyin",
"Traditional-Chinese"
],
"text": "你會說普通話嗎？",
"translation": "Can you speak Mandarin?",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_roman_offsets": [
[
12,
21
]
],
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
3,
6
]
],
"english": "Can you speak Mandarin?",
"raw_tags": [
"MSC"
],
"roman": "Nǐ huì shuō pǔtōnghuà ma?",
"tags": [
"Pinyin",
"Simplified-Chinese"
],
"text": "你会说普通话吗？",
"translation": "Can you speak Mandarin?",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_roman_offsets": [
[
42,
51
]
],
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
11,
14
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
40,
57
]
],
"english": "He speaks the local dialect at home and Standard Mandarin at school.",
"raw_tags": [
"MSC"
],
"roman": "Tā zài jiā shuō fāngyán, zài xuéxiào shuō pǔtōnghuà.",
"tags": [
"Pinyin",
"Traditional-Chinese"
],
"text": "他在家說方言，在學校說普通話。",
"translation": "He speaks the local dialect at home and Standard Mandarin at school.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_roman_offsets": [
[
42,
51
]
],
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
11,
14
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
40,
57
]
],
"english": "He speaks the local dialect at home and Standard Mandarin at school.",
"raw_tags": [
"MSC"
],
"roman": "Tā zài jiā shuō fāngyán, zài xuéxiào shuō pǔtōnghuà.",
"tags": [
"Pinyin",
"Simplified-Chinese"
],
"text": "他在家说方言，在学校说普通话。",
"translation": "He speaks the local dialect at home and Standard Mandarin at school.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_roman_offsets": [
[
10,
19
]
],
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
3,
6
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
16,
29
]
],
"english": "Popularize the \"common speech\"; gradually begin using the phonetic alphabet.",
"raw_tags": [
"MSC"
],
"ref": " 1957 July, Chou You-Kuang \"Chinese gets a Latin alphabet\" in The UNESCO Courier p. 19",
"roman": "Tuīguǎng “pǔtōnghuà”; zhúbù cǎiyòng pīnyīn wénzì.",
"tags": [
"Pinyin",
"Traditional-Chinese"
],
"text": "推廣「普通話」；逐步採用拼音文字。",
"translation": "Popularize the \"common speech\"; gradually begin using the phonetic alphabet.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"bold_roman_offsets": [
[
10,
19
]
],
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
3,
6
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
16,
29
]
],
"english": "Popularize the \"common speech\"; gradually begin using the phonetic alphabet.",
"raw_tags": [
"MSC"
],
"ref": " 1957 July, Chou You-Kuang \"Chinese gets a Latin alphabet\" in The UNESCO Courier p. 19",
"roman": "Tuīguǎng “pǔtōnghuà”; zhúbù cǎiyòng pīnyīn wénzì.",
"tags": [
"Pinyin",
"Simplified-Chinese"
],
"text": "推广「普通话」；逐步采用拼音文字。",
"translation": "Popularize the \"common speech\"; gradually begin using the phonetic alphabet.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Standard Mandarin Chinese; Standard Chinese"
],
"id": "en-普通話-zh-noun-WlotvIG9",
"links": [
[
"Standard Mandarin",
"Standard Mandarin"
],
[
"Standard Chinese",
"Standard Chinese"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(chiefly Mainland China, recently in Hong Kong) Standard Mandarin Chinese; Standard Chinese"
],
"raw_tags": [
"in Hong Kong"
],
"tags": [
"Mainland-China",
"recently"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "0 55 45",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Intermediate Mandarin",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "0 55 45",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "zh",
"name": "Chinese",
"orig": "zh:Chinese",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"mainland Chinese Mandarin; Putonghua"
],
"id": "en-普通話-zh-noun-Ejy3kXMC",
"links": [
[
"國語",
"國語#Chinese"
],
[
"国语",
"国语#Chinese"
],
[
"mainland Chinese",
"mainland Chinese"
],
[
"Mandarin",
"Mandarin"
],
[
"Putonghua",
"Putonghua"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(usually in contrast with 國語／国语 (guóyǔ, “Taiwanese Mandarin”)) mainland Chinese Mandarin; Putonghua"
],
"raw_tags": [
"in contrast with 國語／国语 (guóyǔ, “Taiwanese Mandarin”)"
],
"tags": [
"usually"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh_pron": "pǔtōnghuà"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard",
"Bopomofo"
],
"zh_pron": "ㄆㄨˇ ㄊㄨㄥ ㄏㄨㄚˋ"
},
{
"audio": "Zh-putonghuà.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b8/Zh-putonghuà.ogg/Zh-putonghuà.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Zh-putonghuà.ogg",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Chengdu",
"Sichuanese",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh_pron": "pu³ tong¹ hua⁴"
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"Hong Kong"
],
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Jyutping"
],
"zh_pron": "pou² tung¹ waa⁶⁻²"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Taishan",
"Wiktionary-specific"
],
"zh_pron": "pu² huung¹ va^(5*)"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Sixian",
"Phak-fa-su"
],
"zh_pron": "phû-thûng-fa"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Meixian",
"Guangdong"
],
"zh_pron": "pu¹ tung¹ fa⁴"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Dong",
"Foochow-Romanized"
],
"zh_pron": "pū-tŭng-uâ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"POJ"
],
"zh_pron": "phó͘-thong-ōe"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"POJ"
],
"zh_pron": "phó͘-thong-ōa"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"POJ"
],
"zh_pron": "phú-thong-goee"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Teochew",
"Peng'im"
],
"zh_pron": "pou² tong¹ uê⁷"
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"Wugniu"
],
"tags": [
"Wu",
"Shanghai"
],
"zh_pron": "⁵phu-thon-gho"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh_pron": "pǔtōnghuà"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Bopomofo"
],
"zh_pron": "ㄆㄨˇ ㄊㄨㄥ ㄏㄨㄚˋ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Tongyong-Pinyin"
],
"zh_pron": "pǔtonghuà"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Wade-Giles"
],
"zh_pron": "pʻu³-tʻung¹-hua⁴"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Yale"
],
"zh_pron": "pǔ-tūng-hwà"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Gwoyeu-Romatsyh"
],
"zh_pron": "puutonghuah"
},
{
"roman": "putunxua",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Palladius"
],
"zh_pron": "путунхуа"
},
{
"ipa": "/pʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʰʊŋ⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Chengdu",
"Sichuanese",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh_pron": "pu³ tong¹ hua⁴"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Chengdu",
"Latinxua-Sin-Wenz"
],
"zh_pron": "putungxua"
},
{
"ipa": "/pʰu⁵³ tʰoŋ⁵⁵ xua²¹³/",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Chengdu",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"Standard-Cantonese",
"Hong Kong"
],
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Jyutping"
],
"zh_pron": "pou² tung¹ waa⁶⁻²"
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"Standard-Cantonese",
"Hong Kong"
],
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Yale"
],
"zh_pron": "póu tūng wá"
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"Standard-Cantonese",
"Hong Kong"
],
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Cantonese",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh_pron": "pou² tung¹ waa⁶⁻²"
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"Standard-Cantonese",
"Hong Kong"
],
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Guangdong-Romanization"
],
"zh_pron": "pou² tung¹ wa⁶⁻²"
},
{
"ipa": "/pʰou̯³⁵ tʰʊŋ⁵⁵ waː²²⁻³⁵/",
"raw_tags": [
"Standard-Cantonese",
"Hong Kong"
],
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Taishanese",
"Taicheng",
"Wiktionary-specific"
],
"zh_pron": "pu² huung¹ va^(5*)"
},
{
"ipa": "/pʰu⁵⁵ hɵŋ³³ va³²⁻³²⁵/",
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Taishanese",
"Taicheng",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Sixian",
"Miaoli",
"Neipu",
"Phak-fa-su"
],
"zh_pron": "phû-thûng-fa"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Sixian",
"Miaoli",
"Neipu",
"Hakka-Romanization-System"
],
"zh_pron": "pu^ˊ tung^ˊ fa"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Sixian",
"Miaoli",
"Neipu",
"Hagfa-Pinyim"
],
"zh_pron": "pu¹ tung¹ fa⁴"
},
{
"ipa": "/pʰu²⁴⁻¹¹ tʰuŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ fa⁵⁵/",
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Sixian",
"Miaoli",
"Neipu",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Meixian",
"Guangdong"
],
"zh_pron": "pu¹ tung¹ fa⁴"
},
{
"ipa": "/pʰu⁴⁴ tʰʊŋ⁴⁴⁻³⁵ fa⁵³/",
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Meixian",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Dong",
"Fuzhou",
"Foochow-Romanized"
],
"zh_pron": "pū-tŭng-uâ"
},
{
"ipa": "/pʰu³³⁻²¹ ^((tʰ-))luŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ^((Ø-))ŋuɑ²⁴²/",
"tags": [
"Min-Dong",
"Fuzhou",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"General Taiwanese"
],
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Xiamen",
"Quanzhou",
"POJ"
],
"zh_pron": "phó͘-thong-ōe"
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"General Taiwanese"
],
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Xiamen",
"Quanzhou",
"Tai-lo"
],
"zh_pron": "phóo-thong-uē"
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"General Taiwanese"
],
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Xiamen",
"Quanzhou",
"Phofsit-Daibuun"
],
"zh_pron": "phoftong'oe"
},
{
"ipa": "/pʰɔ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tʰɔŋ³³ ue⁴¹/",
"raw_tags": [
"General Taiwanese"
],
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Xiamen",
"Quanzhou",
"IPA"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/pʰɔ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ ue³³/",
"raw_tags": [
"General Taiwanese"
],
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Xiamen",
"Quanzhou",
"IPA",
"Kaohsiung"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/pʰɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² ue²²/",
"raw_tags": [
"General Taiwanese"
],
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Xiamen",
"Quanzhou",
"IPA"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/pʰɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ ue³³/",
"raw_tags": [
"General Taiwanese"
],
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Xiamen",
"Quanzhou",
"IPA",
"Taipei"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Zhangzhou",
"Penang",
"POJ"
],
"zh_pron": "phó͘-thong-ōa"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Zhangzhou",
"Penang",
"Tai-lo"
],
"zh_pron": "phóo-thong-uā"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Zhangzhou",
"Penang",
"Phofsit-Daibuun"
],
"zh_pron": "phoftong'oa"
},
{
"ipa": "/pʰɔ⁴⁴⁵⁻⁴⁴ tʰɔŋ³³⁻²¹ ua²¹/",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Zhangzhou",
"Penang",
"IPA"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/pʰɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² ua²²/",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Zhangzhou",
"Penang",
"IPA"
]
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"Longyan"
],
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"POJ"
],
"zh_pron": "phú-thong-goee"
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"Longyan"
],
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Tai-lo"
],
"zh_pron": "phú-thong-guee"
},
{
"ipa": "/pʰu²¹ tʰoŋ³³⁴ ɡuɛ³³⁴/",
"raw_tags": [
"Longyan",
"Longyan"
],
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Teochew",
"Peng'im"
],
"zh_pron": "pou² tong¹ uê⁷"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Teochew",
"POJ"
],
"zh_pron": "phóu thong uē"
},
{
"ipa": "/pʰou⁵²⁻³⁵ tʰoŋ³³⁻²³ ue¹¹/",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Teochew",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"Wugniu"
],
"tags": [
"Wu",
"Northern",
"Shanghai"
],
"zh_pron": "⁵phu-thon-gho"
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"MiniDict"
],
"tags": [
"Wu",
"Northern",
"Shanghai"
],
"zh_pron": "phu^去 thon gho"
},
{
"tags": [
"Wu",
"Northern",
"Shanghai",
"Wiktionary-specific",
"romanization"
],
"zh_pron": "²phu-thon-hho"
},
{
"ipa": "/pʰu³³ tʰoŋ⁵⁵ ɦo²¹/",
"tags": [
"Wu",
"Northern",
"Shanghai",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"tags": [
"Northeastern-Mandarin",
"Taiwan"
],
"word": "國語"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"tags": [
"Northeastern-Mandarin",
"Taiwan"
],
"word": "中文"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"tags": [
"Northeastern-Mandarin",
"Malaysia"
],
"word": "華語"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"tags": [
"Northeastern-Mandarin",
"Malaysia"
],
"word": "華文"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"tags": [
"Northeastern-Mandarin",
"Singapore"
],
"word": "華語"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"tags": [
"Northeastern-Mandarin",
"Singapore"
],
"word": "華文"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"raw_tags": [
"Olginsky",
"Mikhaylovka"
],
"tags": [
"Northeastern-Mandarin"
],
"word": "中國話"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"raw_tags": [
"Oudomxay"
],
"tags": [
"Southwestern-Mandarin"
],
"word": "中國話"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangzhou"
],
"word": "普語"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"raw_tags": [
"Hong Kong"
],
"tags": [
"Cantonese"
],
"word": "國語"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"raw_tags": [
"Kuala Lumpur"
],
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangfu"
],
"word": "華語"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Singapore",
"Guangfu"
],
"word": "華語"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"raw_tags": [
"Ho Chi Minh City"
],
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangfu",
"dated"
],
"word": "國語"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"tags": [
"Gan",
"Nanchang",
"dated"
],
"word": "國語"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"raw_tags": [
"N. Sixian"
],
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Miaoli"
],
"word": "華語"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"raw_tags": [
"S. Sixian"
],
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Pingtung",
"Neipu"
],
"word": "華語"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"raw_tags": [
"Hsinchu County"
],
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Zhudong",
"Hailu"
],
"word": "華語"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Taichung",
"Dongshi",
"Dabu"
],
"word": "華語"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"raw_tags": [
"Hsinchu County"
],
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Qionglin",
"Raoping"
],
"word": "華語"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Yunlin",
"Lunbei",
"Zhao'an"
],
"word": "華語"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"tags": [
"Min-Dong",
"Fuzhou",
"dated"
],
"word": "國語"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"raw_tags": [
"Sitiawan",
"Gutian"
],
"tags": [
"Min-Dong"
],
"word": "華文"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Xiamen",
"dated"
],
"word": "國語"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Jinjiang"
],
"word": "國語"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Tainan"
],
"word": "華語"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"raw_tags": [
"General Taiwanese (no specific region identified)"
],
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Tainan"
],
"word": "國語"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Penang",
"Hokkien"
],
"word": "華語"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Penang",
"Hokkien"
],
"word": "唐儂話"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Singapore",
"Hokkien"
],
"word": "華語"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Singapore",
"Hokkien"
],
"word": "唐儂話"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Manila",
"Hokkien"
],
"word": "國語"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Manila",
"Hokkien"
],
"word": "國語話"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Manila",
"Hokkien"
],
"word": "華語"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Singapore",
"Teochew"
],
"word": "華語"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Singapore",
"Teochew"
],
"word": "唐儂話"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"tags": [
"Wu",
"Shanghai"
],
"word": "普通閒話"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"tags": [
"Wu",
"Suzhou"
],
"word": "普通閒話"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"tags": [
"Wu",
"Ningbo"
],
"word": "普通閒話"
}
],
"word": "普通話"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "zh",
"3": "-",
"sort": "ふつうわ"
},
"expansion": "Chinese",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "普通話",
"lit": "common speech",
"tr": "pǔtōnghuà"
},
"expansion": "普通話／普通话 (pǔtōnghuà, literally “common speech”)",
"name": "zh-m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Chinese 普通話／普通话 (pǔtōnghuà, literally “common speech”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "普通話",
"ruby": [
[
"普",
"ふ"
],
[
"通",
"つう"
],
[
"話",
"わ"
]
],
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "futsūwa",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ふつうわ"
},
"expansion": "普(ふ)通(つう)話(わ) • (futsūwa)",
"name": "ja-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese links with redundant alt parameters",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese links with redundant wikilinks",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with 3 kanji",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with Heiban pitch accent (Tōkyō)",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 4 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "ja",
"name": "Chinese",
"orig": "ja:Chinese",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Putonghua; Standard Mandarin"
],
"id": "en-普通話-ja-noun-ncDN8WXW",
"links": [
[
"Putonghua",
"Putonghua"
],
[
"Standard Mandarin",
"Standard Mandarin"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(uncommon, scholarly) Putonghua; Standard Mandarin"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"english": "Pekingese",
"roman": "pekingo",
"tags": [
"literally"
],
"translation": "Pekingese",
"word": "北京語"
},
{
"english": "Chinese",
"roman": "chūgokugo",
"tags": [
"literally"
],
"translation": "Chinese",
"word": "中国語"
}
],
"tags": [
"uncommon"
],
"topics": [
"scholarly",
"sciences"
],
"wikipedia": [
"ja:普通話"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"other": "ふつうわ"
},
{
"ipa": "[ɸɯ̟t͡sɨːβ̞a̠]"
}
],
"word": "普通話"
}
{
"forms": [
{
"form": "botonghwa",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "보통화",
"tags": [
"hangeul"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hj",
"hangeul": "보통화"
},
"expansion": "普通話 • (botonghwa) (hangeul 보통화)",
"name": "ko-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Korean",
"lang_code": "ko",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Korean entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Korean terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Korean terms with redundant script codes",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 4 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"form_of": [
{
"extra": "Mandarin, Putonghua",
"word": "보통화"
}
],
"glosses": [
"hanja form of 보통화 (“Mandarin, Putonghua”)"
],
"id": "en-普通話-ko-noun-WNBiZQSr",
"links": [
[
"hanja",
"hanja#English"
],
[
"보통화",
"보통화#Korean"
],
[
"Mandarin",
"Mandarin"
],
[
"Putonghua",
"Putonghua"
]
],
"tags": [
"form-of",
"hanja"
]
}
],
"word": "普通話"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vi",
"2": "noun",
"3": "",
"4": "",
"head": "",
"tr": ""
},
"expansion": "普通話",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"sc": "Hani"
},
"expansion": "普通話",
"name": "vi-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"lang_code": "vi",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 4 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Vietnamese Chữ Hán",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Vietnamese entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"chữ Hán form of phổ thông thoại (“Mandarin, Putonghua”)"
],
"id": "en-普通話-vi-noun-HEwmKPAU",
"links": [
[
"chữ Hán",
"chữ Hán#Vietnamese"
],
[
"phổ thông thoại",
"phổ thông thoại#Vietnamese:_普通話"
],
[
"Mandarin",
"Mandarin"
],
[
"Putonghua",
"Putonghua"
]
]
}
],
"word": "普通話"
}
{
"categories": [
"Chinese entries with incorrect language header",
"Chinese lemmas",
"Chinese nouns",
"Chinese terms spelled with 普",
"Chinese terms spelled with 話",
"Chinese terms spelled with 通",
"Chinese terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Eastern Min lemmas",
"Eastern Min nouns",
"Intermediate Mandarin",
"Pages with 4 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"zh:Chinese"
],
"derived": [
{
"roman": "sùliào pǔtōnghuà",
"word": "塑料普通話"
},
{
"roman": "sùliào pǔtōnghuà",
"word": "塑料普通话"
},
{
"roman": "wānguǎnzi pǔtōnghuà",
"word": "彎管子普通話"
},
{
"roman": "wānguǎnzi pǔtōnghuà",
"word": "弯管子普通话"
},
{
"roman": "Pǔtōnghuà Shuǐpíng Cèshì",
"word": "普通話水平測試"
},
{
"roman": "Pǔtōnghuà Shuǐpíng Cèshì",
"word": "普通话水平测试"
},
{
"word": "椒鹽普通話"
},
{
"word": "椒盐普通话"
},
{
"word": "靈橋牌普通話"
},
{
"word": "灵桥牌普通话"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"roman": "futsūwa",
"ruby": [
[
"普",
"ふ"
],
[
"通",
"つう"
],
[
"話",
"わ"
]
],
"word": "普通話"
},
{
"lang": "Korean",
"lang_code": "ko",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"roman": "botonghwa",
"word": "보통화(普通話)"
},
{
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"lang_code": "vi",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"roman": "普通話",
"word": "phổ thông thoại"
},
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "p'u-t'ung-hua"
},
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "Putonghua"
}
],
"etymology_text": "The term appeared in Chinese and Japanese publications the second half of the 19th century. The connotation “national language” probably originated under Japanese influence. It has been in official use in the People’s Republic of China since the mid-1950s.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "普通话",
"tags": [
"Simplified-Chinese"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "noun"
},
"expansion": "普通話",
"name": "head"
}
],
"hypernyms": [
{
"english": "Guanhua, a group of Northern Chinese dialects including Putonghua",
"roman": "guānhuà",
"translation": "Guanhua, a group of Northern Chinese dialects including Putonghua",
"word": "官話／官话, 北方話／北方话"
}
],
"hyponyms": [
{
"roman": "nánpǔ",
"word": "南普"
},
{
"word": "地普"
},
{
"roman": "dìguāqiāng",
"word": "地瓜腔"
},
{
"roman": "sùliào pǔtōnghuà",
"word": "塑料普通話"
},
{
"roman": "sùliào pǔtōnghuà",
"word": "塑料普通话"
},
{
"roman": "sùpǔ",
"word": "塑普"
},
{
"roman": "jiāzhuàng",
"word": "夾壯"
},
{
"roman": "jiāzhuàng",
"word": "夹壮"
},
{
"roman": "Chuānpǔ",
"word": "川普"
},
{
"roman": "guǎngpǔ",
"word": "廣普"
},
{
"roman": "guǎngpǔ",
"word": "广普"
},
{
"roman": "wānguǎnzi pǔtōnghuà",
"word": "彎管子普通話"
},
{
"roman": "wānguǎnzi pǔtōnghuà",
"word": "弯管子普通话"
},
{
"word": "椒鹽普通話"
},
{
"word": "椒盐普通话"
},
{
"roman": "gǎngpǔ",
"word": "港普"
},
{
"word": "滬普"
},
{
"word": "沪普"
},
{
"word": "潮普"
},
{
"word": "煲冬瓜"
},
{
"roman": "mǐnpǔ",
"word": "閩普"
},
{
"roman": "mǐnpǔ",
"word": "闽普"
},
{
"word": "靈橋牌普通話"
},
{
"word": "灵桥牌普通话"
}
],
"lang": "Chinese",
"lang_code": "zh",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"roman": "Zhōngguóhuà",
"word": "中國話"
},
{
"roman": "Zhōngguóhuà",
"word": "中国话"
},
{
"roman": "Zhōngwén",
"word": "中文"
},
{
"roman": "guóyǔ",
"word": "國語"
},
{
"roman": "guóyǔ",
"word": "国语"
},
{
"roman": "guānhuà",
"word": "官話"
},
{
"roman": "guānhuà",
"word": "官话"
},
{
"roman": "Hànyǔ",
"word": "漢語"
},
{
"roman": "Hànyǔ",
"word": "汉语"
},
{
"roman": "Huáyǔ",
"word": "華語"
},
{
"roman": "Huáyǔ",
"word": "华语"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Mandarin terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_roman_offsets": [
[
36,
45
]
],
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
10,
13
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
53,
66
]
],
"english": "the rules of this scheme are created with Shanghai's common speech (=Shanghainese) as the standard",
"raw_tags": [
"MSC"
],
"ref": "1936, 胡繩, 江南話新文字概論, page 41:",
"roman": "fāng'àn de guīdìng, shì ná shànghǎi pǔtōnghuà zuò biāozhǔn de",
"tags": [
"Pinyin",
"Traditional-Chinese"
],
"text": "方案的規定，是拿上海普通話做標準的",
"translation": "the rules of this scheme are created with Shanghai's common speech (=Shanghainese) as the standard",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"bold_roman_offsets": [
[
36,
45
]
],
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
10,
13
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
53,
66
]
],
"english": "the rules of this scheme are created with Shanghai's common speech (=Shanghainese) as the standard",
"raw_tags": [
"MSC"
],
"ref": "1936, 胡繩, 江南話新文字概論, page 41:",
"roman": "fāng'àn de guīdìng, shì ná shànghǎi pǔtōnghuà zuò biāozhǔn de",
"tags": [
"Pinyin",
"Simplified-Chinese"
],
"text": "方案的规定，是拿上海普通话做标准的",
"translation": "the rules of this scheme are created with Shanghai's common speech (=Shanghainese) as the standard",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"common language"
],
"links": [
[
"common",
"common"
],
[
"language",
"language"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Hong Kong Chinese",
"Mainland China Chinese",
"Mandarin terms with quotations",
"Mandarin terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_roman_offsets": [
[
12,
21
]
],
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
3,
6
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
9,
17
]
],
"english": "standard Mandarin",
"roman": "biāozhǔn de pǔtōnghuà",
"tags": [
"Traditional-Chinese"
],
"text": "標準的普通話",
"translation": "standard Mandarin",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_roman_offsets": [
[
12,
21
]
],
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
3,
6
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
9,
17
]
],
"english": "standard Mandarin",
"roman": "biāozhǔn de pǔtōnghuà",
"tags": [
"Simplified-Chinese"
],
"text": "标准的普通话",
"translation": "standard Mandarin",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_roman_offsets": [
[
12,
21
]
],
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
3,
6
]
],
"english": "Can you speak Mandarin?",
"raw_tags": [
"MSC"
],
"roman": "Nǐ huì shuō pǔtōnghuà ma?",
"tags": [
"Pinyin",
"Traditional-Chinese"
],
"text": "你會說普通話嗎？",
"translation": "Can you speak Mandarin?",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_roman_offsets": [
[
12,
21
]
],
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
3,
6
]
],
"english": "Can you speak Mandarin?",
"raw_tags": [
"MSC"
],
"roman": "Nǐ huì shuō pǔtōnghuà ma?",
"tags": [
"Pinyin",
"Simplified-Chinese"
],
"text": "你会说普通话吗？",
"translation": "Can you speak Mandarin?",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_roman_offsets": [
[
42,
51
]
],
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
11,
14
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
40,
57
]
],
"english": "He speaks the local dialect at home and Standard Mandarin at school.",
"raw_tags": [
"MSC"
],
"roman": "Tā zài jiā shuō fāngyán, zài xuéxiào shuō pǔtōnghuà.",
"tags": [
"Pinyin",
"Traditional-Chinese"
],
"text": "他在家說方言，在學校說普通話。",
"translation": "He speaks the local dialect at home and Standard Mandarin at school.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_roman_offsets": [
[
42,
51
]
],
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
11,
14
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
40,
57
]
],
"english": "He speaks the local dialect at home and Standard Mandarin at school.",
"raw_tags": [
"MSC"
],
"roman": "Tā zài jiā shuō fāngyán, zài xuéxiào shuō pǔtōnghuà.",
"tags": [
"Pinyin",
"Simplified-Chinese"
],
"text": "他在家说方言，在学校说普通话。",
"translation": "He speaks the local dialect at home and Standard Mandarin at school.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_roman_offsets": [
[
10,
19
]
],
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
3,
6
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
16,
29
]
],
"english": "Popularize the \"common speech\"; gradually begin using the phonetic alphabet.",
"raw_tags": [
"MSC"
],
"ref": " 1957 July, Chou You-Kuang \"Chinese gets a Latin alphabet\" in The UNESCO Courier p. 19",
"roman": "Tuīguǎng “pǔtōnghuà”; zhúbù cǎiyòng pīnyīn wénzì.",
"tags": [
"Pinyin",
"Traditional-Chinese"
],
"text": "推廣「普通話」；逐步採用拼音文字。",
"translation": "Popularize the \"common speech\"; gradually begin using the phonetic alphabet.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"bold_roman_offsets": [
[
10,
19
]
],
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
3,
6
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
16,
29
]
],
"english": "Popularize the \"common speech\"; gradually begin using the phonetic alphabet.",
"raw_tags": [
"MSC"
],
"ref": " 1957 July, Chou You-Kuang \"Chinese gets a Latin alphabet\" in The UNESCO Courier p. 19",
"roman": "Tuīguǎng “pǔtōnghuà”; zhúbù cǎiyòng pīnyīn wénzì.",
"tags": [
"Pinyin",
"Simplified-Chinese"
],
"text": "推广「普通话」；逐步采用拼音文字。",
"translation": "Popularize the \"common speech\"; gradually begin using the phonetic alphabet.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Standard Mandarin Chinese; Standard Chinese"
],
"links": [
[
"Standard Mandarin",
"Standard Mandarin"
],
[
"Standard Chinese",
"Standard Chinese"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(chiefly Mainland China, recently in Hong Kong) Standard Mandarin Chinese; Standard Chinese"
],
"raw_tags": [
"in Hong Kong"
],
"tags": [
"Mainland-China",
"recently"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"mainland Chinese Mandarin; Putonghua"
],
"links": [
[
"國語",
"國語#Chinese"
],
[
"国语",
"国语#Chinese"
],
[
"mainland Chinese",
"mainland Chinese"
],
[
"Mandarin",
"Mandarin"
],
[
"Putonghua",
"Putonghua"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(usually in contrast with 國語／国语 (guóyǔ, “Taiwanese Mandarin”)) mainland Chinese Mandarin; Putonghua"
],
"raw_tags": [
"in contrast with 國語／国语 (guóyǔ, “Taiwanese Mandarin”)"
],
"tags": [
"usually"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh_pron": "pǔtōnghuà"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard",
"Bopomofo"
],
"zh_pron": "ㄆㄨˇ ㄊㄨㄥ ㄏㄨㄚˋ"
},
{
"audio": "Zh-putonghuà.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b8/Zh-putonghuà.ogg/Zh-putonghuà.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Zh-putonghuà.ogg",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Chengdu",
"Sichuanese",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh_pron": "pu³ tong¹ hua⁴"
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"Hong Kong"
],
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Jyutping"
],
"zh_pron": "pou² tung¹ waa⁶⁻²"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Taishan",
"Wiktionary-specific"
],
"zh_pron": "pu² huung¹ va^(5*)"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Sixian",
"Phak-fa-su"
],
"zh_pron": "phû-thûng-fa"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Meixian",
"Guangdong"
],
"zh_pron": "pu¹ tung¹ fa⁴"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Dong",
"Foochow-Romanized"
],
"zh_pron": "pū-tŭng-uâ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"POJ"
],
"zh_pron": "phó͘-thong-ōe"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"POJ"
],
"zh_pron": "phó͘-thong-ōa"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"POJ"
],
"zh_pron": "phú-thong-goee"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Teochew",
"Peng'im"
],
"zh_pron": "pou² tong¹ uê⁷"
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"Wugniu"
],
"tags": [
"Wu",
"Shanghai"
],
"zh_pron": "⁵phu-thon-gho"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh_pron": "pǔtōnghuà"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Bopomofo"
],
"zh_pron": "ㄆㄨˇ ㄊㄨㄥ ㄏㄨㄚˋ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Tongyong-Pinyin"
],
"zh_pron": "pǔtonghuà"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Wade-Giles"
],
"zh_pron": "pʻu³-tʻung¹-hua⁴"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Yale"
],
"zh_pron": "pǔ-tūng-hwà"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Gwoyeu-Romatsyh"
],
"zh_pron": "puutonghuah"
},
{
"roman": "putunxua",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Palladius"
],
"zh_pron": "путунхуа"
},
{
"ipa": "/pʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʰʊŋ⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Chengdu",
"Sichuanese",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh_pron": "pu³ tong¹ hua⁴"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Chengdu",
"Latinxua-Sin-Wenz"
],
"zh_pron": "putungxua"
},
{
"ipa": "/pʰu⁵³ tʰoŋ⁵⁵ xua²¹³/",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Chengdu",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"Standard-Cantonese",
"Hong Kong"
],
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Jyutping"
],
"zh_pron": "pou² tung¹ waa⁶⁻²"
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"Standard-Cantonese",
"Hong Kong"
],
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Yale"
],
"zh_pron": "póu tūng wá"
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"Standard-Cantonese",
"Hong Kong"
],
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Cantonese",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh_pron": "pou² tung¹ waa⁶⁻²"
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"Standard-Cantonese",
"Hong Kong"
],
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Guangdong-Romanization"
],
"zh_pron": "pou² tung¹ wa⁶⁻²"
},
{
"ipa": "/pʰou̯³⁵ tʰʊŋ⁵⁵ waː²²⁻³⁵/",
"raw_tags": [
"Standard-Cantonese",
"Hong Kong"
],
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Taishanese",
"Taicheng",
"Wiktionary-specific"
],
"zh_pron": "pu² huung¹ va^(5*)"
},
{
"ipa": "/pʰu⁵⁵ hɵŋ³³ va³²⁻³²⁵/",
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Taishanese",
"Taicheng",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Sixian",
"Miaoli",
"Neipu",
"Phak-fa-su"
],
"zh_pron": "phû-thûng-fa"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Sixian",
"Miaoli",
"Neipu",
"Hakka-Romanization-System"
],
"zh_pron": "pu^ˊ tung^ˊ fa"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Sixian",
"Miaoli",
"Neipu",
"Hagfa-Pinyim"
],
"zh_pron": "pu¹ tung¹ fa⁴"
},
{
"ipa": "/pʰu²⁴⁻¹¹ tʰuŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ fa⁵⁵/",
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Sixian",
"Miaoli",
"Neipu",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Meixian",
"Guangdong"
],
"zh_pron": "pu¹ tung¹ fa⁴"
},
{
"ipa": "/pʰu⁴⁴ tʰʊŋ⁴⁴⁻³⁵ fa⁵³/",
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Meixian",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Dong",
"Fuzhou",
"Foochow-Romanized"
],
"zh_pron": "pū-tŭng-uâ"
},
{
"ipa": "/pʰu³³⁻²¹ ^((tʰ-))luŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ^((Ø-))ŋuɑ²⁴²/",
"tags": [
"Min-Dong",
"Fuzhou",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"General Taiwanese"
],
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Xiamen",
"Quanzhou",
"POJ"
],
"zh_pron": "phó͘-thong-ōe"
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"General Taiwanese"
],
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Xiamen",
"Quanzhou",
"Tai-lo"
],
"zh_pron": "phóo-thong-uē"
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"General Taiwanese"
],
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Xiamen",
"Quanzhou",
"Phofsit-Daibuun"
],
"zh_pron": "phoftong'oe"
},
{
"ipa": "/pʰɔ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tʰɔŋ³³ ue⁴¹/",
"raw_tags": [
"General Taiwanese"
],
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Xiamen",
"Quanzhou",
"IPA"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/pʰɔ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ ue³³/",
"raw_tags": [
"General Taiwanese"
],
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Xiamen",
"Quanzhou",
"IPA",
"Kaohsiung"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/pʰɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² ue²²/",
"raw_tags": [
"General Taiwanese"
],
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Xiamen",
"Quanzhou",
"IPA"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/pʰɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ ue³³/",
"raw_tags": [
"General Taiwanese"
],
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Xiamen",
"Quanzhou",
"IPA",
"Taipei"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Zhangzhou",
"Penang",
"POJ"
],
"zh_pron": "phó͘-thong-ōa"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Zhangzhou",
"Penang",
"Tai-lo"
],
"zh_pron": "phóo-thong-uā"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Zhangzhou",
"Penang",
"Phofsit-Daibuun"
],
"zh_pron": "phoftong'oa"
},
{
"ipa": "/pʰɔ⁴⁴⁵⁻⁴⁴ tʰɔŋ³³⁻²¹ ua²¹/",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Zhangzhou",
"Penang",
"IPA"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/pʰɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² ua²²/",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Zhangzhou",
"Penang",
"IPA"
]
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"Longyan"
],
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"POJ"
],
"zh_pron": "phú-thong-goee"
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"Longyan"
],
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Tai-lo"
],
"zh_pron": "phú-thong-guee"
},
{
"ipa": "/pʰu²¹ tʰoŋ³³⁴ ɡuɛ³³⁴/",
"raw_tags": [
"Longyan",
"Longyan"
],
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Teochew",
"Peng'im"
],
"zh_pron": "pou² tong¹ uê⁷"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Teochew",
"POJ"
],
"zh_pron": "phóu thong uē"
},
{
"ipa": "/pʰou⁵²⁻³⁵ tʰoŋ³³⁻²³ ue¹¹/",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Teochew",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"Wugniu"
],
"tags": [
"Wu",
"Northern",
"Shanghai"
],
"zh_pron": "⁵phu-thon-gho"
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"MiniDict"
],
"tags": [
"Wu",
"Northern",
"Shanghai"
],
"zh_pron": "phu^去 thon gho"
},
{
"tags": [
"Wu",
"Northern",
"Shanghai",
"Wiktionary-specific",
"romanization"
],
"zh_pron": "²phu-thon-hho"
},
{
"ipa": "/pʰu³³ tʰoŋ⁵⁵ ɦo²¹/",
"tags": [
"Wu",
"Northern",
"Shanghai",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"tags": [
"Northeastern-Mandarin",
"Taiwan"
],
"word": "國語"
},
{
"tags": [
"Northeastern-Mandarin",
"Taiwan"
],
"word": "中文"
},
{
"tags": [
"Northeastern-Mandarin",
"Malaysia"
],
"word": "華語"
},
{
"tags": [
"Northeastern-Mandarin",
"Malaysia"
],
"word": "華文"
},
{
"tags": [
"Northeastern-Mandarin",
"Singapore"
],
"word": "華語"
},
{
"tags": [
"Northeastern-Mandarin",
"Singapore"
],
"word": "華文"
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"Olginsky",
"Mikhaylovka"
],
"tags": [
"Northeastern-Mandarin"
],
"word": "中國話"
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"Oudomxay"
],
"tags": [
"Southwestern-Mandarin"
],
"word": "中國話"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangzhou"
],
"word": "普語"
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"Hong Kong"
],
"tags": [
"Cantonese"
],
"word": "國語"
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"Kuala Lumpur"
],
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangfu"
],
"word": "華語"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Singapore",
"Guangfu"
],
"word": "華語"
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"Ho Chi Minh City"
],
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangfu",
"dated"
],
"word": "國語"
},
{
"tags": [
"Gan",
"Nanchang",
"dated"
],
"word": "國語"
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"N. Sixian"
],
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Miaoli"
],
"word": "華語"
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"S. Sixian"
],
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Pingtung",
"Neipu"
],
"word": "華語"
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"Hsinchu County"
],
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Zhudong",
"Hailu"
],
"word": "華語"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Taichung",
"Dongshi",
"Dabu"
],
"word": "華語"
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"Hsinchu County"
],
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Qionglin",
"Raoping"
],
"word": "華語"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Yunlin",
"Lunbei",
"Zhao'an"
],
"word": "華語"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Dong",
"Fuzhou",
"dated"
],
"word": "國語"
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"Sitiawan",
"Gutian"
],
"tags": [
"Min-Dong"
],
"word": "華文"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Xiamen",
"dated"
],
"word": "國語"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Jinjiang"
],
"word": "國語"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Tainan"
],
"word": "華語"
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"General Taiwanese (no specific region identified)"
],
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Tainan"
],
"word": "國語"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Penang",
"Hokkien"
],
"word": "華語"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Penang",
"Hokkien"
],
"word": "唐儂話"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Singapore",
"Hokkien"
],
"word": "華語"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Singapore",
"Hokkien"
],
"word": "唐儂話"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Manila",
"Hokkien"
],
"word": "國語"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Manila",
"Hokkien"
],
"word": "國語話"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Manila",
"Hokkien"
],
"word": "華語"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Singapore",
"Teochew"
],
"word": "華語"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Singapore",
"Teochew"
],
"word": "唐儂話"
},
{
"tags": [
"Wu",
"Shanghai"
],
"word": "普通閒話"
},
{
"tags": [
"Wu",
"Suzhou"
],
"word": "普通閒話"
},
{
"tags": [
"Wu",
"Ningbo"
],
"word": "普通閒話"
}
],
"word": "普通話"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "zh",
"3": "-",
"sort": "ふつうわ"
},
"expansion": "Chinese",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "普通話",
"lit": "common speech",
"tr": "pǔtōnghuà"
},
"expansion": "普通話／普通话 (pǔtōnghuà, literally “common speech”)",
"name": "zh-m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Chinese 普通話／普通话 (pǔtōnghuà, literally “common speech”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "普通話",
"ruby": [
[
"普",
"ふ"
],
[
"通",
"つう"
],
[
"話",
"わ"
]
],
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "futsūwa",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ふつうわ"
},
"expansion": "普(ふ)通(つう)話(わ) • (futsūwa)",
"name": "ja-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
"Japanese lemmas",
"Japanese links with redundant alt parameters",
"Japanese links with redundant wikilinks",
"Japanese nouns",
"Japanese terms borrowed from Chinese",
"Japanese terms derived from Chinese",
"Japanese terms spelled with second grade kanji",
"Japanese terms spelled with secondary school kanji",
"Japanese terms with 3 kanji",
"Japanese terms with Heiban pitch accent (Tōkyō)",
"Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation with pitch accent",
"Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys",
"Japanese terms with uncommon senses",
"Pages with 4 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"ja:Chinese"
],
"glosses": [
"Putonghua; Standard Mandarin"
],
"links": [
[
"Putonghua",
"Putonghua"
],
[
"Standard Mandarin",
"Standard Mandarin"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(uncommon, scholarly) Putonghua; Standard Mandarin"
],
"tags": [
"uncommon"
],
"topics": [
"scholarly",
"sciences"
],
"wikipedia": [
"ja:普通話"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"other": "ふつうわ"
},
{
"ipa": "[ɸɯ̟t͡sɨːβ̞a̠]"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"english": "Pekingese",
"roman": "pekingo",
"tags": [
"literally"
],
"translation": "Pekingese",
"word": "北京語"
},
{
"english": "Chinese",
"roman": "chūgokugo",
"tags": [
"literally"
],
"translation": "Chinese",
"word": "中国語"
}
],
"word": "普通話"
}
{
"forms": [
{
"form": "botonghwa",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "보통화",
"tags": [
"hangeul"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hj",
"hangeul": "보통화"
},
"expansion": "普通話 • (botonghwa) (hangeul 보통화)",
"name": "ko-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Korean",
"lang_code": "ko",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Korean entries with incorrect language header",
"Korean hanja forms",
"Korean lemmas",
"Korean nouns",
"Korean nouns in Han script",
"Korean terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"Korean terms with redundant script codes",
"Pages with 4 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"form_of": [
{
"extra": "Mandarin, Putonghua",
"word": "보통화"
}
],
"glosses": [
"hanja form of 보통화 (“Mandarin, Putonghua”)"
],
"links": [
[
"hanja",
"hanja#English"
],
[
"보통화",
"보통화#Korean"
],
[
"Mandarin",
"Mandarin"
],
[
"Putonghua",
"Putonghua"
]
],
"tags": [
"form-of",
"hanja"
]
}
],
"word": "普通話"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vi",
"2": "noun",
"3": "",
"4": "",
"head": "",
"tr": ""
},
"expansion": "普通話",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"sc": "Hani"
},
"expansion": "普通話",
"name": "vi-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"lang_code": "vi",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 4 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Vietnamese Chữ Hán",
"Vietnamese entries with incorrect language header",
"Vietnamese lemmas",
"Vietnamese nouns",
"Vietnamese nouns in Han script"
],
"glosses": [
"chữ Hán form of phổ thông thoại (“Mandarin, Putonghua”)"
],
"links": [
[
"chữ Hán",
"chữ Hán#Vietnamese"
],
[
"phổ thông thoại",
"phổ thông thoại#Vietnamese:_普通話"
],
[
"Mandarin",
"Mandarin"
],
[
"Putonghua",
"Putonghua"
]
]
}
],
"word": "普通話"
}
Download raw JSONL data for 普通話 meaning in All languages combined (22.3kB)
{
"called_from": "parser/1336",
"msg": "no corresponding start tag found for </span>",
"path": [
"普通話"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "普通話",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-09-03 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-08-23 using wiktextract (20da82b and a97feda). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.