See 文化 on Wiktionary
Download JSON data for 文化 meaning in All languages combined (51.3kB)
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "中華文化復興節"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "中华文化复兴节"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "中華文化復興運動"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "中华文化复兴运动"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "二里頭文化"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"roman": "yàwénhuà",
"word": "亞文化"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"roman": "yàwénhuà",
"word": "亚文化"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"roman": "qǐyè wénhuà",
"word": "企業文化"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"roman": "qǐyè wénhuà",
"word": "企业文化"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "仰韶文化"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "傳統文化"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "传统文化"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "副文化"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "卑南文化"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "印度河文化"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "反文化"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"roman": "qǔxiāo wénhuà",
"word": "取消文化"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "周口店文化"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"roman": "sàngwénhuà",
"word": "喪文化"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"roman": "sàngwénhuà",
"word": "丧文化"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "固有文化"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "國家電影文化中心"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "国家电影文化中心"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"roman": "duōyuán wénhuà",
"word": "多元文化"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "大坌坑文化"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "大汶口文化"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "大河文化"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"roman": "dàzhòng wénhuà",
"word": "大眾文化"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"roman": "dàzhòng wénhuà",
"word": "大众文化"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "學術文化團體"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "学术文化团体"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "尼羅河文化"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "尼罗河文化"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "巨石文化"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"roman": "qiángjiān wénhuà",
"word": "強姦文化"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"roman": "qiángjiān wénhuà",
"word": "强奸文化"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "彌生文化"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "弥生文化"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "彩陶文化"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "愛琴文化"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "爱琴文化"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "拜占庭文化"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "排灣文化相"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "排湾文化相"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "政治文化"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"roman": "jiàokēwén",
"word": "教科文"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "文化事業"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "文化事业"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"roman": "wénhuà jiāoliú",
"word": "文化交流"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"roman": "wénhuàrén",
"word": "文化人"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"roman": "wénhuà xiūkè",
"word": "文化休克"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "文化區"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "文化区"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"roman": "wénhuàquān",
"word": "文化圈"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"roman": "wénhuàyuán",
"word": "文化園"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"roman": "wénhuàyuán",
"word": "文化园"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "文化垃圾"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"roman": "wénhuà duōyàngxìng",
"word": "文化多樣性"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"roman": "wénhuà duōyàngxìng",
"word": "文化多样性"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"roman": "Wénhuà Dà Gémìng",
"word": "文化大革命"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"roman": "wénhuàgōng",
"word": "文化宮"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"roman": "wénhuàgōng",
"word": "文化宫"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "文化層"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "文化层"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"roman": "wénhuà nuóyòng",
"word": "文化挪用"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "文化景觀"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "文化景观"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "文化村"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "文化模式"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "文化水準"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "文化水准"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"roman": "wénhuà shāmò",
"word": "文化沙漠"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "文化消費"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "文化消费"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "文化特質"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "文化特质"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "文化產業"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "文化产业"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"roman": "wénhuà yánjiū",
"word": "文化研究"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"roman": "wénhuà chéngdù",
"word": "文化程度"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "文化站"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"roman": "wénhuà yīngxióng",
"word": "文化英雄"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "文化街"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"roman": "wénhuà chōngjī",
"word": "文化衝擊"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"roman": "wénhuà chōngjī",
"word": "文化冲击"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"roman": "wénhuà chōngtū",
"word": "文化衝突"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"roman": "wénhuà chōngtū",
"word": "文化冲突"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"roman": "wénhuàshān",
"word": "文化衫"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"roman": "wénhuà rèntóng",
"word": "文化認同"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"roman": "wénhuà rèntóng",
"word": "文化认同"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"roman": "wénhuàkè",
"word": "文化課"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"roman": "wénhuàkè",
"word": "文化课"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "文化變遷"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "文化变迁"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "文化資產"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "文化资产"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"roman": "wénhuà yíchǎn",
"word": "文化遺產"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"roman": "wénhuà yíchǎn",
"word": "文化遗产"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"roman": "wénhuà zhènhàn",
"word": "文化震撼"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"roman": "wénhuà zhènjīng",
"word": "文化震驚"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"roman": "wénhuà zhènjīng",
"word": "文化震惊"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"roman": "Wénhuà Gémìng",
"word": "文化革命"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"roman": "wénhuàguǎn",
"word": "文化館"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"roman": "wénhuàguǎn",
"word": "文化馆"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "文化體系"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "文化体系"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "新文化"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"roman": "Xīn Wénhuà Yùndòng",
"word": "新文化運動"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"roman": "Xīn Wénhuà Yùndòng",
"word": "新文化运动"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"roman": "pǔjí wénhuà",
"word": "普及文化"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "普同文化"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "本土文化"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "東海岸史前文化"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "东海岸史前文化"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"roman": "cìwénhuà",
"word": "次文化"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "次級文化"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "次级文化"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "民族文化"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "河套文化"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"roman": "liúxíng wénhuà",
"word": "流行文化"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "精神文化"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"roman": "Hóngshān wénhuà",
"word": "紅山文化"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"roman": "Hóngshān wénhuà",
"word": "红山文化"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"roman": "zìyóu wénhuà",
"word": "自由文化"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"roman": "Liángzhǔ Wénhuà",
"word": "良渚文化"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "西拉雅文化相"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "貧窮文化"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "贫穷文化"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"roman": "kuàwénhuà",
"word": "跨文化"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"roman": "tōngsú wénhuà",
"word": "通俗文化"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"roman": "jiǔwénhuà",
"word": "酒文化"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "鑼群文化"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "锣群文化"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "長濱文化"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "长滨文化"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"roman": "shuāngwénhuà",
"word": "雙文化"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"roman": "shuāngwénhuà",
"word": "双文化"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "電影文化"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "电影文化"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "青蓮崗文化"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "青莲岗文化"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"roman": "fēiwùzhì wénhuà yíchǎn",
"word": "非物質文化遺產"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"roman": "fēiwùzhì wénhuà yíchǎn",
"word": "非物质文化遗产"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "響林史前文化"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "响林史前文化"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "馬家窯文化"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "马家窑文化"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"roman": "gāoyǎ wénhuà",
"word": "高雅文化"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "麒麟文化"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "黑陶文化"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"roman": "Lóngshān Wénhuà",
"word": "龍山文化"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"roman": "Lóngshān Wénhuà",
"word": "龙山文化"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "龜山史前文化相"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "龟山史前文化相"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "ja",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Orthographic borrowing from Japanese",
"name": "obor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "文化",
"2": "ぶんか",
"3": "culture",
"linkto": "文化"
},
"expansion": "文化(ぶんか) (bunka, “culture”)",
"name": "ja-r"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "Kultur"
},
"expansion": "Kultur",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "文教",
"3": "",
"4": "humanistic education"
},
"expansion": "文教 (wénjiào, “humanistic education”)",
"name": "mention"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "化育",
"3": "",
"4": "transformational development"
},
"expansion": "化育 (huàyù, “transformational development”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"passage": "觀於天文、以察時變、觀乎人文、以化成天下",
"title": "《周易·賁卦彖傳》",
"translation": "We observe the patterns of the skies in order to inspect seasonal changes. We observe the patterns of human behavior in order to transform and actualize all under Heaven.",
"year": "先秦"
},
"expansion": "先秦, 《周易·賁卦彖傳》:\n觀於天文、以察時變、觀乎人文、以化成天下\nWe observe the patterns of the skies in order to inspect seasonal changes. We observe the patterns of human behavior in order to transform and actualize all under Heaven.",
"name": "quote-book"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"author": "范曄",
"passage": "宣文教以章其化、立武備以秉其威。",
"title": "《後漢書·荀淑傳》",
"translation": "Spread humanistic education in order to manifest its transformative potential. Establish military capabilities in order to have a grasp on (its) power.",
"year": "南朝劉宋"
},
"expansion": "南朝劉宋, 范曄, 《後漢書·荀淑傳》:\n宣文教以章其化、立武備以秉其威。\nSpread humanistic education in order to manifest its transformative potential. Establish military capabilities in order to have a grasp on (its) power.",
"name": "quote-book"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "禮教"
},
"expansion": "禮教／礼教 (lǐjiào)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "人文化成"
},
"expansion": "人文化成",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "刑"
},
"expansion": "刑 (xíng)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "武"
},
"expansion": "武 (wǔ)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"author": "齊王融",
"passage": "早逢文化洽，復屬武功宣",
"quoted_in": "《藝文類聚》卷五十九 ，武部，戰伐",
"title": "〈從武帝琅邪城講武應詔詩〉",
"translation": "Having reached an ideal state of (governance by the means of) transformative education at an early stage, we can now focus on the establishment of military power (in the region).",
"year": "南北朝"
},
"expansion": "南北朝, 齊王融, 〈從武帝琅邪城講武應詔詩〉, quoted in 《藝文類聚》卷五十九 ，武部，戰伐:\n早逢文化洽，復屬武功宣\nHaving reached an ideal state of (governance by the means of) transformative education at an early stage, we can now focus on the establishment of military power (in the region).",
"name": "quote-book"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "文治",
"3": "",
"4": "governance by means of culture, education, rites and music"
},
"expansion": "文治 (wénzhì, “governance by means of culture, education, rites and music”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "culture",
"3": ""
},
"expansion": "culture",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "文化",
"2": "ぶんか"
},
"expansion": "文化(ぶんか) (bunka)",
"name": "ja-r"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "Kultur"
},
"expansion": "Kultur",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "文化",
"2": "ぶんか"
},
"expansion": "文化(ぶんか) (bunka)",
"name": "ja-r"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "文明開化",
"2": "ぶんめいかいか",
"3": "to open up and transform through civilization",
"linkto": "文明開化"
},
"expansion": "文明開化(ぶんめいかいか) (bunmeikaika, “to open up and transform through civilization”)",
"name": "ja-r"
}
],
"etymology_text": "The modern Chinese term is an Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 文化(ぶんか) (bunka, “culture”), which is a direct translation of the German word Kultur.\nIn its classical form, the term can be interpreted as 文教 (wénjiào, “humanistic education”) + 化育 (huàyù, “transformational development”). Often cited are the following examples:\n先秦, 《周易·賁卦彖傳》:\n觀於天文、以察時變、觀乎人文、以化成天下\nWe observe the patterns of the skies in order to inspect seasonal changes. We observe the patterns of human behavior in order to transform and actualize all under Heaven.\n南朝劉宋, 范曄, 《後漢書·荀淑傳》:\n宣文教以章其化、立武備以秉其威。\nSpread humanistic education in order to manifest its transformative potential. Establish military capabilities in order to have a grasp on (its) power.\nHumanistic education, based on the tradition of rites and propriety 禮教／礼教 (lǐjiào) have the transformative potential to actualize all under Heaven 人文化成. This is often juxtaposed or contrasted with the use of punishment 刑 (xíng) or military might 武 (wǔ) to establish power and control over a populace, as can be seen in the quote below:\n南北朝, 齊王融, 〈從武帝琅邪城講武應詔詩〉, quoted in 《藝文類聚》卷五十九 ，武部，戰伐:\n早逢文化洽，復屬武功宣\nHaving reached an ideal state of (governance by the means of) transformative education at an early stage, we can now focus on the establishment of military power (in the region).\n文化 over here is synonymous with 文治 (wénzhì, “governance by means of culture, education, rites and music”). This is not the same as culture in the modern sense of the term.\nIt is within this classical context that the Japanese first coined the term 文化(ぶんか) (bunka) to name an era during the Edo period.\nWhen used to translate Kultur during the Meiji restoration, 文化(ぶんか) (bunka) is possibly a contraction of 文明開化(ぶんめいかいか) (bunmeikaika, “to open up and transform through civilization”), which takes the meaning of a civilizing agent i.e. Culture.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "noun"
},
"expansion": "文化",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Chinese",
"lang_code": "zh",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Chinese nouns classified by 個/个",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Chinese nouns classified by 種/种",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "0 9 42 0 49 0",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "zh",
"name": "Culture",
"orig": "zh:Culture",
"parents": [
"Society",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "cultural system",
"roman": "wénhuà tǐxì",
"text": "文化體系／文化体系",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "cultural context",
"roman": "wénhuà huánjìng",
"text": "文化環境／文化环境",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "Chinese culture",
"roman": "zhōnghuá wénhuà",
"text": "中華文化／中华文化",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "company culture",
"roman": "gōngsī wénhuà",
"text": "公司文化",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "indigenous culture",
"roman": "běntǔ wénhuà",
"text": "本土文化",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "magnificent culture",
"roman": "cànlàn wénhuà",
"text": "燦爛文化／灿烂文化",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "culturally loaded term",
"roman": "wénhuà fùzǎicí",
"text": "文化負載詞／文化负载词",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "national ecocultural protection area",
"ref": "國家級文化生態保護區 [MSC, trad.]",
"text": "国家级文化生态保护区 [MSC, simp.]\nguójiājí wénhuà shēngtài bǎohùqū [Pinyin]",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "to conduct cultural exchange with other countries",
"ref": "開展對外文化交流 [MSC, trad.]",
"text": "开展对外文化交流 [MSC, simp.]\nkāizhǎn duìwài wénhuà jiāoliú [Pinyin]",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "Different countries have different cultures.",
"ref": "不同的國家有不同的文化。 [MSC, trad.]",
"text": "不同的国家有不同的文化。 [MSC, simp.]\nBùtóng de guójiā yǒu bùtóng de wénhuà. [Pinyin]",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"culture (Classifier: 個／个; 種／种)"
],
"id": "en-文化-zh-noun-E9FSgnce",
"links": [
[
"culture",
"culture"
],
[
"個",
"個#Chinese"
],
[
"个",
"个#Chinese"
],
[
"種",
"種#Chinese"
],
[
"种",
"种#Chinese"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(countable, uncountable) culture (Classifier: 個／个; 種／种)"
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"education; literacy"
],
"id": "en-文化-zh-noun-0pC1YF2u",
"links": [
[
"education",
"education"
],
[
"literacy",
"literacy"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(uncountable) education; literacy"
],
"tags": [
"uncountable"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "zh",
"name": "Archaeology",
"orig": "zh:Archaeology",
"parents": [
"Anthropology",
"Sciences",
"Social sciences",
"Zoology",
"All topics",
"Society",
"Biology",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "0 9 42 0 49 0",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "zh",
"name": "Culture",
"orig": "zh:Culture",
"parents": [
"Society",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "the Longshan culture",
"roman": "Lóngshān Wénhuà",
"text": "龍山文化／龙山文化",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"culture (assemblage of artifacts)"
],
"id": "en-文化-zh-noun-DdCI2nGw",
"links": [
[
"archaeology",
"archaeology"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(archaeology, countable) culture (assemblage of artifacts)"
],
"tags": [
"countable"
],
"topics": [
"archaeology",
"history",
"human-sciences",
"sciences"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"education through teaching morality, literature and music"
],
"id": "en-文化-zh-noun-jKmnKVcT",
"links": [
[
"education",
"education"
],
[
"morality",
"morality"
],
[
"literature",
"literature"
],
[
"music",
"music"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(literary, archaic, uncountable) education through teaching morality, literature and music"
],
"tags": [
"archaic",
"literary",
"uncountable"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Pinyin",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "wénhuà"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"bopomofo",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "ㄨㄣˊ ㄏㄨㄚˋ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cyrillic",
"Dungan",
"Mandarin",
"Wiktionary-specific"
],
"zh-pron": "вынхуа"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cyrillic",
"Dungan",
"Mandarin",
"Wiktionary-specific"
],
"zh-pron": "vɨnhua"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cyrillic",
"Dungan",
"Mandarin",
"Wiktionary-specific"
],
"zh-pron": "I-II"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Hong-Kong",
"Jyutping"
],
"zh-pron": "man⁴ faa³"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Taishan",
"Wiktionary-specific"
],
"zh-pron": "mun³ fa¹"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"PFS",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "vùn-fa"
},
{
"tags": [
"Guangdong",
"Hakka",
"Meixian"
],
"zh-pron": "vun² fa⁴"
},
{
"zh-pron": "ùng-huá"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"POJ"
],
"zh-pron": "bûn-hòa"
},
{
"tags": [
"Peng'im",
"Teochew"
],
"zh-pron": "bhung⁵ huê³"
},
{
"zh-pron": "⁶ven-ho"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hanyu-Pinyin",
"Mandarin",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "wénhuà"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Tongyong-Pinyin",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "wúnhuà"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Wade-Giles",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "wên²-hua⁴"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Yale",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "wén-hwà"
},
{
"tags": [
"Gwoyeu-Romatsyh",
"Mandarin",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "wenhuah"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "вэньхуа"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "vɛnʹxua"
},
{
"ipa": "/wən³⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Sinological-IPA",
"standard"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/vəŋ²⁴ xua⁵¹/",
"tags": [
"Dungan",
"Mandarin",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Jyutping"
],
"zh-pron": "man⁴ faa³"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Yale"
],
"zh-pron": "màhn fa"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "man⁴ faa³"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangdong-Romanization"
],
"zh-pron": "men⁴ fa³"
},
{
"ipa": "/mɐn²¹ faː³³/",
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Taicheng",
"Taishanese",
"Wiktionary-specific"
],
"zh-pron": "mun³ fa¹"
},
{
"ipa": "/ᵐbun²² fa³³/",
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Sinological-IPA",
"Taicheng",
"Taishanese"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Meinong",
"Miaoli",
"Phak-fa-su",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "vùn-fa"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Hakka-Romanization-System",
"Meinong",
"Miaoli",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "vunˇ fa"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hagfa-Pinyim",
"Hakka",
"Meinong",
"Miaoli",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "vun² fa⁴"
},
{
"ipa": "/vun¹¹ fa⁵⁵/",
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Meinong",
"Miaoli",
"Sinological-IPA",
"Sixian"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ʋun¹¹ fa⁵³/",
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Meixian",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Foochow-Romanized",
"Fuzhou"
],
"zh-pron": "ùng-huá"
},
{
"ipa": "/uŋ⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋuɑ²¹³/",
"tags": [
"Fuzhou",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Tai-lo"
],
"zh-pron": "bûn-huà"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Phofsit-Daibuun"
],
"zh-pron": "bunhoax"
},
{
"ipa": "/bun²⁴⁻²² hua²¹/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Xiamen"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/bun²⁴⁻²² hua⁴¹/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Quanzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/bun¹³⁻²² hua²¹/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Zhangzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/bun²⁴⁻¹¹ hua¹¹/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Taipei"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/bun²³⁻³³ hua²¹/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Kaohsiung"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"POJ",
"Teochew"
],
"zh-pron": "bûng huè"
},
{
"ipa": "/buŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ hue²¹³/",
"tags": [
"Sinological-IPA",
"Teochew"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Wu"
],
"zh-pron": "⁶ven-ho"
},
{
"tags": [
"Wu"
],
"zh-pron": "ven^去 ho"
},
{
"tags": [
"Wu"
],
"zh-pron": "³ven-ho"
},
{
"tags": [
"Wu"
],
"zh-pron": "/vən²² ho⁴⁴/"
},
{
"tags": [
"Middle-Chinese"
],
"zh-pron": "mjun xwaeH"
},
{
"tags": [
"Baxter-Sagart",
"Old-Chinese"
],
"zh-pron": "/*mə[n] qʷʰˤaj-s/"
},
{
"tags": [
"Old-Chinese",
"Zhengzhang"
],
"zh-pron": "/*mɯn hŋʷraːls/"
},
{
"ipa": "/wən³⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/vəŋ²⁴ xua⁵¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/mɐn²¹ faː³³/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ᵐbun²² fa³³/"
},
{
"ipa": "/vun¹¹ fa⁵⁵/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ʋun¹¹ fa⁵³/"
},
{
"ipa": "/uŋ⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋuɑ²¹³/"
},
{
"ipa": "/bun²⁴⁻²² hua²¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/bun²⁴⁻²² hua⁴¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/bun¹³⁻²² hua²¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/bun²⁴⁻¹¹ hua¹¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/bun²³⁻³³ hua²¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/buŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ hue²¹³/"
},
{
"ipa": "/vən²² ho⁴⁴/"
},
{
"other": "[n]"
},
{
"other": "/*mɯn hŋʷraːls/"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Japanese era name"
],
"word": "文化"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "ja",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Orthographic borrowing from Japanese",
"name": "obor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "文化",
"2": "ぶんか",
"3": "culture",
"linkto": "文化"
},
"expansion": "文化(ぶんか) (bunka, “culture”)",
"name": "ja-r"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "Kultur"
},
"expansion": "Kultur",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "文教",
"3": "",
"4": "humanistic education"
},
"expansion": "文教 (wénjiào, “humanistic education”)",
"name": "mention"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "化育",
"3": "",
"4": "transformational development"
},
"expansion": "化育 (huàyù, “transformational development”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"passage": "觀於天文、以察時變、觀乎人文、以化成天下",
"title": "《周易·賁卦彖傳》",
"translation": "We observe the patterns of the skies in order to inspect seasonal changes. We observe the patterns of human behavior in order to transform and actualize all under Heaven.",
"year": "先秦"
},
"expansion": "先秦, 《周易·賁卦彖傳》:\n觀於天文、以察時變、觀乎人文、以化成天下\nWe observe the patterns of the skies in order to inspect seasonal changes. We observe the patterns of human behavior in order to transform and actualize all under Heaven.",
"name": "quote-book"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"author": "范曄",
"passage": "宣文教以章其化、立武備以秉其威。",
"title": "《後漢書·荀淑傳》",
"translation": "Spread humanistic education in order to manifest its transformative potential. Establish military capabilities in order to have a grasp on (its) power.",
"year": "南朝劉宋"
},
"expansion": "南朝劉宋, 范曄, 《後漢書·荀淑傳》:\n宣文教以章其化、立武備以秉其威。\nSpread humanistic education in order to manifest its transformative potential. Establish military capabilities in order to have a grasp on (its) power.",
"name": "quote-book"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "禮教"
},
"expansion": "禮教／礼教 (lǐjiào)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "人文化成"
},
"expansion": "人文化成",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "刑"
},
"expansion": "刑 (xíng)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "武"
},
"expansion": "武 (wǔ)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"author": "齊王融",
"passage": "早逢文化洽，復屬武功宣",
"quoted_in": "《藝文類聚》卷五十九 ，武部，戰伐",
"title": "〈從武帝琅邪城講武應詔詩〉",
"translation": "Having reached an ideal state of (governance by the means of) transformative education at an early stage, we can now focus on the establishment of military power (in the region).",
"year": "南北朝"
},
"expansion": "南北朝, 齊王融, 〈從武帝琅邪城講武應詔詩〉, quoted in 《藝文類聚》卷五十九 ，武部，戰伐:\n早逢文化洽，復屬武功宣\nHaving reached an ideal state of (governance by the means of) transformative education at an early stage, we can now focus on the establishment of military power (in the region).",
"name": "quote-book"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "文治",
"3": "",
"4": "governance by means of culture, education, rites and music"
},
"expansion": "文治 (wénzhì, “governance by means of culture, education, rites and music”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "culture",
"3": ""
},
"expansion": "culture",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "文化",
"2": "ぶんか"
},
"expansion": "文化(ぶんか) (bunka)",
"name": "ja-r"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "Kultur"
},
"expansion": "Kultur",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "文化",
"2": "ぶんか"
},
"expansion": "文化(ぶんか) (bunka)",
"name": "ja-r"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "文明開化",
"2": "ぶんめいかいか",
"3": "to open up and transform through civilization",
"linkto": "文明開化"
},
"expansion": "文明開化(ぶんめいかいか) (bunmeikaika, “to open up and transform through civilization”)",
"name": "ja-r"
}
],
"etymology_text": "The modern Chinese term is an Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 文化(ぶんか) (bunka, “culture”), which is a direct translation of the German word Kultur.\nIn its classical form, the term can be interpreted as 文教 (wénjiào, “humanistic education”) + 化育 (huàyù, “transformational development”). Often cited are the following examples:\n先秦, 《周易·賁卦彖傳》:\n觀於天文、以察時變、觀乎人文、以化成天下\nWe observe the patterns of the skies in order to inspect seasonal changes. We observe the patterns of human behavior in order to transform and actualize all under Heaven.\n南朝劉宋, 范曄, 《後漢書·荀淑傳》:\n宣文教以章其化、立武備以秉其威。\nSpread humanistic education in order to manifest its transformative potential. Establish military capabilities in order to have a grasp on (its) power.\nHumanistic education, based on the tradition of rites and propriety 禮教／礼教 (lǐjiào) have the transformative potential to actualize all under Heaven 人文化成. This is often juxtaposed or contrasted with the use of punishment 刑 (xíng) or military might 武 (wǔ) to establish power and control over a populace, as can be seen in the quote below:\n南北朝, 齊王融, 〈從武帝琅邪城講武應詔詩〉, quoted in 《藝文類聚》卷五十九 ，武部，戰伐:\n早逢文化洽，復屬武功宣\nHaving reached an ideal state of (governance by the means of) transformative education at an early stage, we can now focus on the establishment of military power (in the region).\n文化 over here is synonymous with 文治 (wénzhì, “governance by means of culture, education, rites and music”). This is not the same as culture in the modern sense of the term.\nIt is within this classical context that the Japanese first coined the term 文化(ぶんか) (bunka) to name an era during the Edo period.\nWhen used to translate Kultur during the Meiji restoration, 文化(ぶんか) (bunka) is possibly a contraction of 文明開化(ぶんめいかいか) (bunmeikaika, “to open up and transform through civilization”), which takes the meaning of a civilizing agent i.e. Culture.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "proper noun"
},
"expansion": "文化",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Chinese",
"lang_code": "zh",
"pos": "name",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "place",
"langcode": "zh",
"name": "Places in New Taipei",
"orig": "zh:Places in New Taipei",
"parents": [
"Places",
"Names",
"All topics",
"Proper nouns",
"Terms by semantic function",
"Fundamental",
"Nouns",
"Lemmas"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "place",
"langcode": "zh",
"name": "Places in Taiwan",
"orig": "zh:Places in Taiwan",
"parents": [
"Places",
"Names",
"All topics",
"Proper nouns",
"Terms by semantic function",
"Fundamental",
"Nouns",
"Lemmas"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "place",
"langcode": "zh",
"name": "Villages in Taiwan",
"orig": "zh:Villages in Taiwan",
"parents": [
"Villages",
"Places",
"Polities",
"Names",
"All topics",
"Proper nouns",
"Terms by semantic function",
"Fundamental",
"Nouns",
"Lemmas"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "38 15 21 3 13 10",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Beginning Mandarin",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "61 10 9 7 11 2",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Chinese entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "57 9 5 7 11 5 3 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with raw sortkeys",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "47 8 17 5 21 2",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "zh",
"name": "Sociology",
"orig": "zh:Sociology",
"parents": [
"Social sciences",
"Sciences",
"Society",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"An urban village in Tamsui district, New Taipei, Taiwan"
],
"id": "en-文化-zh-name-R~nxpzZ-",
"links": [
[
"里",
"里#Chinese"
],
[
"Tamsui",
"Tamsui#English"
],
[
"New Taipei",
"New Taipei#English"
],
[
"Taiwan",
"Taiwan#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(～里) An urban village in Tamsui district, New Taipei, Taiwan"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "place",
"langcode": "zh",
"name": "Places in China",
"orig": "zh:Places in China",
"parents": [
"Places",
"Names",
"All topics",
"Proper nouns",
"Terms by semantic function",
"Fundamental",
"Nouns",
"Lemmas"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "place",
"langcode": "zh",
"name": "Places in Xinjiang",
"orig": "zh:Places in Xinjiang",
"parents": [
"Places",
"Names",
"All topics",
"Proper nouns",
"Terms by semantic function",
"Fundamental",
"Nouns",
"Lemmas"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "place",
"langcode": "zh",
"name": "Villages in China",
"orig": "zh:Villages in China",
"parents": [
"Villages",
"Places",
"Polities",
"Names",
"All topics",
"Proper nouns",
"Terms by semantic function",
"Fundamental",
"Nouns",
"Lemmas"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "place",
"langcode": "zh",
"name": "Villages in Xinjiang",
"orig": "zh:Villages in Xinjiang",
"parents": [
"Villages",
"Places",
"Polities",
"Names",
"All topics",
"Proper nouns",
"Terms by semantic function",
"Fundamental",
"Nouns",
"Lemmas"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Wenhua (a residential community in Ruoqiang, Ruoqiang, Bayingolin prefecture, Xinjiang, China)"
],
"id": "en-文化-zh-name-WDR0tmyX",
"links": [
[
"社區",
"社區#Chinese"
],
[
"Wenhua",
"Wenhua#English"
],
[
"residential",
"residential"
],
[
"community",
"community"
],
[
"Ruoqiang",
"Ruoqiang#English"
],
[
"Bayingolin",
"Bayingolin#English"
],
[
"Xinjiang",
"Xinjiang#English"
],
[
"China",
"China#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(～社區) Wenhua (a residential community in Ruoqiang, Ruoqiang, Bayingolin prefecture, Xinjiang, China)"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Pinyin",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "wénhuà"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"bopomofo",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "ㄨㄣˊ ㄏㄨㄚˋ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cyrillic",
"Dungan",
"Mandarin",
"Wiktionary-specific"
],
"zh-pron": "вынхуа"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cyrillic",
"Dungan",
"Mandarin",
"Wiktionary-specific"
],
"zh-pron": "vɨnhua"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cyrillic",
"Dungan",
"Mandarin",
"Wiktionary-specific"
],
"zh-pron": "I-II"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Hong-Kong",
"Jyutping"
],
"zh-pron": "man⁴ faa³"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Taishan",
"Wiktionary-specific"
],
"zh-pron": "mun³ fa¹"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"PFS",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "vùn-fa"
},
{
"tags": [
"Guangdong",
"Hakka",
"Meixian"
],
"zh-pron": "vun² fa⁴"
},
{
"zh-pron": "ùng-huá"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"POJ"
],
"zh-pron": "bûn-hòa"
},
{
"tags": [
"Peng'im",
"Teochew"
],
"zh-pron": "bhung⁵ huê³"
},
{
"zh-pron": "⁶ven-ho"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hanyu-Pinyin",
"Mandarin",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "wénhuà"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Tongyong-Pinyin",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "wúnhuà"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Wade-Giles",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "wên²-hua⁴"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Yale",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "wén-hwà"
},
{
"tags": [
"Gwoyeu-Romatsyh",
"Mandarin",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "wenhuah"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "вэньхуа"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "vɛnʹxua"
},
{
"ipa": "/wən³⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Sinological-IPA",
"standard"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/vəŋ²⁴ xua⁵¹/",
"tags": [
"Dungan",
"Mandarin",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Jyutping"
],
"zh-pron": "man⁴ faa³"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Yale"
],
"zh-pron": "màhn fa"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "man⁴ faa³"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangdong-Romanization"
],
"zh-pron": "men⁴ fa³"
},
{
"ipa": "/mɐn²¹ faː³³/",
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Taicheng",
"Taishanese",
"Wiktionary-specific"
],
"zh-pron": "mun³ fa¹"
},
{
"ipa": "/ᵐbun²² fa³³/",
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Sinological-IPA",
"Taicheng",
"Taishanese"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Meinong",
"Miaoli",
"Phak-fa-su",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "vùn-fa"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Hakka-Romanization-System",
"Meinong",
"Miaoli",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "vunˇ fa"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hagfa-Pinyim",
"Hakka",
"Meinong",
"Miaoli",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "vun² fa⁴"
},
{
"ipa": "/vun¹¹ fa⁵⁵/",
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Meinong",
"Miaoli",
"Sinological-IPA",
"Sixian"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ʋun¹¹ fa⁵³/",
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Meixian",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Foochow-Romanized",
"Fuzhou"
],
"zh-pron": "ùng-huá"
},
{
"ipa": "/uŋ⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋuɑ²¹³/",
"tags": [
"Fuzhou",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Tai-lo"
],
"zh-pron": "bûn-huà"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Phofsit-Daibuun"
],
"zh-pron": "bunhoax"
},
{
"ipa": "/bun²⁴⁻²² hua²¹/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Xiamen"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/bun²⁴⁻²² hua⁴¹/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Quanzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/bun¹³⁻²² hua²¹/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Zhangzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/bun²⁴⁻¹¹ hua¹¹/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Taipei"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/bun²³⁻³³ hua²¹/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Kaohsiung"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"POJ",
"Teochew"
],
"zh-pron": "bûng huè"
},
{
"ipa": "/buŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ hue²¹³/",
"tags": [
"Sinological-IPA",
"Teochew"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Wu"
],
"zh-pron": "⁶ven-ho"
},
{
"tags": [
"Wu"
],
"zh-pron": "ven^去 ho"
},
{
"tags": [
"Wu"
],
"zh-pron": "³ven-ho"
},
{
"tags": [
"Wu"
],
"zh-pron": "/vən²² ho⁴⁴/"
},
{
"tags": [
"Middle-Chinese"
],
"zh-pron": "mjun xwaeH"
},
{
"tags": [
"Baxter-Sagart",
"Old-Chinese"
],
"zh-pron": "/*mə[n] qʷʰˤaj-s/"
},
{
"tags": [
"Old-Chinese",
"Zhengzhang"
],
"zh-pron": "/*mɯn hŋʷraːls/"
},
{
"ipa": "/wən³⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/vəŋ²⁴ xua⁵¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/mɐn²¹ faː³³/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ᵐbun²² fa³³/"
},
{
"ipa": "/vun¹¹ fa⁵⁵/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ʋun¹¹ fa⁵³/"
},
{
"ipa": "/uŋ⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋuɑ²¹³/"
},
{
"ipa": "/bun²⁴⁻²² hua²¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/bun²⁴⁻²² hua⁴¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/bun¹³⁻²² hua²¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/bun²⁴⁻¹¹ hua¹¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/bun²³⁻³³ hua²¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/buŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ hue²¹³/"
},
{
"ipa": "/vən²² ho⁴⁴/"
},
{
"other": "[n]"
},
{
"other": "/*mɯn hŋʷraːls/"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Japanese era name"
],
"word": "文化"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "文化",
"bor": "y"
},
"expansion": "→ Chinese: 文化 (wénhuà)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Chinese: 文化 (wénhuà)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ko",
"2": "문화",
"bor": "y"
},
"expansion": "→ Korean: 문화 (munhwa)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Korean: 문화 (munhwa)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vi",
"2": "văn hoá",
"bor": "y"
},
"expansion": "→ Vietnamese: văn hoá",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Vietnamese: văn hoá"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "ltc",
"3": "文化",
"4": "",
"5": "the way of educating by using morality, literature, rituals and music",
"sort": "ふんか'",
"tr": "mjun xwæH"
},
"expansion": "Learned borrowing from Middle Chinese 文化 (mjun xwæH, “the way of educating by using morality, literature, rituals and music”)",
"name": "lbor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "Kultur"
},
"expansion": "German Kultur",
"name": "noncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "culture"
},
"expansion": "culture",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Learned borrowing from Middle Chinese 文化 (mjun xwæH, “the way of educating by using morality, literature, rituals and music”), repurposed during the Meiji period as a translation of German Kultur.\nCited with the culture sense starting from roughly 1870.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "文化",
"ruby": [
[
"文",
"ぶん"
],
[
"化",
"か"
]
],
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "bunka",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "bunkwa",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "ぶんくわ",
"roman": "bunkwa",
"tags": [
"hiragana",
"historical"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ぶんか",
"hhira": "ぶんくわ"
},
"expansion": "文(ぶん)化(か) • (bunka) ^(←ぶんくわ (bunkwa)?)",
"name": "ja-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "46 54",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "ja",
"name": "Sociology",
"orig": "ja:Sociology",
"parents": [
"Social sciences",
"Sciences",
"Society",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"english": "cultural heritage",
"roman": "bunka isan",
"ruby": [
[
"文化遺産",
"ぶんかいさん"
]
],
"word": "文化遺産"
},
{
"english": "cultural film",
"roman": "bunka eiga",
"ruby": [
[
"文化映画",
"ぶんかえいが"
]
],
"word": "文化映画"
},
{
"english": "cultural sphere",
"roman": "bunkaken",
"ruby": [
[
"文化圏",
"ぶんかけん"
]
],
"word": "文化圏"
},
{
"english": "(computing) locale-specific behavior",
"roman": "bunkaken koyū dōsa",
"ruby": [
[
"文化圏固有動作",
"ぶんかけんこゆうどうさ"
]
],
"word": "文化圏固有動作"
},
{
"english": "Minister for Culture and Tourism",
"roman": "bunka-kankōshō",
"ruby": [
[
"文化観光省",
"ぶんかかんこうしょう"
]
],
"word": "文化観光省"
},
{
"english": "Order of Culture",
"roman": "bunka kunshō",
"ruby": [
[
"文化勲章",
"ぶんかくんしょう"
]
],
"word": "文化勲章"
},
{
"english": "cultural exchange",
"roman": "bunka kōryū",
"ruby": [
[
"文化交流",
"ぶんかこうりゅう"
]
],
"word": "文化交流"
},
{
"english": "person who has made outstanding cultural contributions",
"roman": "bunkakōrōsha",
"ruby": [
[
"文化功労者",
"ぶんかこうろうしゃ"
]
],
"word": "文化功労者"
},
{
"english": "country with a high level of culture",
"roman": "bunka kokka",
"ruby": [
[
"文化国家",
"ぶんかこっか"
]
],
"word": "文化国家"
},
{
"english": "culture festival",
"roman": "bunkasai",
"ruby": [
[
"文化祭",
"ぶんかさい"
]
],
"word": "文化祭"
},
{
"english": "cultural asset",
"roman": "bunkazai",
"ruby": [
[
"文化財",
"ぶんかざい"
]
],
"word": "文化財"
},
{
"english": "Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties",
"roman": "bunkazai-hogohō",
"ruby": [
[
"文化財保護法",
"ぶんかざいほごほう"
]
],
"word": "文化財保護法"
},
{
"english": "cultural history",
"roman": "bunkashi",
"ruby": [
[
"文化史",
"ぶんかし"
]
],
"word": "文化史"
},
{
"english": "cultural facility",
"roman": "bunka shisetsu",
"ruby": [
[
"文化施設",
"ぶんかしせつ"
]
],
"word": "文化施設"
},
{
"english": "Ministry of Culture",
"roman": "bunkashō",
"ruby": [
[
"文化省",
"ぶんかしょう"
]
],
"word": "文化省"
},
{
"english": "cultural psychology",
"roman": "bunkashinrigaku",
"ruby": [
[
"文化心理学",
"ぶんかしんりがく"
]
],
"word": "文化心理学"
},
{
"english": "Cultural Affairs Department",
"roman": "bunkajigyōbu",
"ruby": [
[
"文化事業部",
"ぶんかじぎょうぶ"
]
],
"word": "文化事業部"
},
{
"english": "person of culture",
"roman": "bunkajin",
"ruby": [
[
"文化人",
"ぶんかじん"
]
],
"word": "文化人"
},
{
"english": "cultural anthropology",
"roman": "bunkajinruigaku",
"ruby": [
[
"文化人類学",
"ぶんかじんるいがく"
]
],
"word": "文化人類学"
},
{
"english": "Cultural Revolution",
"roman": "bunkadaikakumei",
"ruby": [
[
"文化大革命",
"ぶんかだいかくめい"
]
],
"word": "文化大革命"
},
{
"english": "cultural geography",
"roman": "bunkachirigaku",
"ruby": [
[
"文化地理学",
"ぶんかちりがく"
]
],
"word": "文化地理学"
},
{
"english": "cultural",
"roman": "bunkateki",
"ruby": [
[
"文化的",
"ぶんかてき"
]
],
"word": "文化的"
},
{
"english": "Agency for Cultural Affairs",
"roman": "bunkachō",
"ruby": [
[
"文化庁",
"ぶんかちょう"
]
],
"word": "文化庁"
},
{
"english": "Culture Day Holiday",
"roman": "bunka no hi",
"ruby": [
[
"文化",
"ぶんか"
],
[
"日",
"ひ"
]
],
"word": "文化の日"
},
{
"english": "Islamic culture",
"roman": "isuramu bunka",
"ruby": [
[
"文化",
"ぶんか"
]
],
"word": "イスラム文化"
},
{
"english": "foreign culture",
"roman": "ibunka",
"ruby": [
[
"異文化",
"いぶんか"
]
],
"word": "異文化"
},
{
"english": "visual culture",
"roman": "eizōbunka",
"ruby": [
[
"映像文化",
"えいぞうぶんか"
]
],
"word": "映像文化"
},
{
"english": "kanji culture",
"roman": "kanjibunka",
"ruby": [
[
"漢字文化",
"かんじぶんか"
]
],
"word": "漢字文化"
},
{
"english": "countries which use Chinese characters",
"roman": "kanjibunkaken",
"ruby": [
[
"漢字文化圏",
"かんじぶんかけん"
]
],
"word": "漢字文化圏"
},
{
"english": "vandalism",
"roman": "geijitsubunka no hakai",
"ruby": [
[
"芸術文化",
"げいじつぶんか"
],
[
"破壊",
"はかい"
]
],
"word": "芸術文化の破壊"
},
{
"english": "important cultural property",
"roman": "jūyōbunkazai",
"ruby": [
[
"重要文化財",
"じゅうようぶんかざい"
]
],
"word": "重要文化財"
},
{
"english": "important intangible cultural asset",
"roman": "jūyōmukeibunkazai",
"ruby": [
[
"重要無形文化財",
"じゅうようむけいぶんかざい"
]
],
"word": "重要無形文化財"
},
{
"english": "food culture",
"roman": "shokubunka",
"ruby": [
[
"食文化",
"しょくぶんか"
]
],
"word": "食文化"
},
{
"english": "consumer culture",
"roman": "shōhisha bunka",
"ruby": [
[
"消費者文化",
"しょうひしゃぶんか"
]
],
"word": "消費者文化"
},
{
"english": "mass culture, pop culture",
"roman": "taishū bunka",
"ruby": [
[
"大衆文化",
"たいしゅうぶんか"
]
],
"word": "大衆文化"
},
{
"english": "multiculturalism",
"roman": "tagen bunkaron",
"ruby": [
[
"多元文化論",
"たげんぶんかろん"
]
],
"word": "多元文化論"
},
{
"english": "multiculturalism",
"roman": "tabunkashugi",
"ruby": [
[
"多文化主義",
"たぶんかしゅぎ"
]
],
"word": "多文化主義"
},
{
"english": "traditional culture",
"roman": "dentōbunka",
"ruby": [
[
"伝統文化",
"でんとうぶんか"
]
],
"word": "伝統文化"
},
{
"english": "comparative culture",
"roman": "hikakubunka",
"ruby": [
[
"比較文化",
"ひかくぶんか"
]
],
"word": "比較文化"
},
{
"english": "intangible cultural asset",
"roman": "mukeibunkazai",
"ruby": [
[
"無形文化財",
"むけいぶんかざい"
]
],
"word": "無形文化財"
},
{
"english": "stipulate",
"roman": "meibunka",
"ruby": [
[
"明文化",
"めいぶんか"
]
],
"word": "明文化"
},
{
"english": "tangible cultural properties",
"roman": "yūkeibunkazai",
"ruby": [
[
"有形文化財",
"ゆうけいぶんかざい"
]
],
"word": "有形文化財"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "The tradition of culture and the traits of the nation function to make the character of the national language.",
"ref": "1928, 岸田國士, 「語られる言葉」の美",
"roman": "Kore wa, kokugo no seikaku ni, bunka no dentō, kokuminsei no tokushitsu ga sayō suru kara de aru.",
"ruby": [
[
"国語",
"こくご"
],
[
"性格",
"せいかく"
],
[
"文化",
"ぶんか"
],
[
"伝統",
"でんとう"
],
[
"国民性",
"こくみんせい"
],
[
"特質",
"とくしつ"
],
[
"作用",
"さよう"
]
],
"text": "これは、国語の性格に、文化の伝統、国民性の特質が作用するからである。"
}
],
"glosses": [
"culture"
],
"id": "en-文化-ja-noun-8ZR~ef37",
"links": [
[
"culture",
"culture"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"other": "ぶんか"
},
{
"ipa": "[bɯ̟̃ᵝŋka̠]"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Meiji period",
"ja:文化"
],
"word": "文化"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "ltc",
"3": "文化",
"4": "",
"5": "the way of educating by using morality, literature, rituals and music",
"sort": "ふんか'",
"tr": "mjun xwæH"
},
"expansion": "Learned borrowing from Middle Chinese 文化 (mjun xwæH, “the way of educating by using morality, literature, rituals and music”)",
"name": "lbor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "Kultur"
},
"expansion": "German Kultur",
"name": "noncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "culture"
},
"expansion": "culture",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Learned borrowing from Middle Chinese 文化 (mjun xwæH, “the way of educating by using morality, literature, rituals and music”), repurposed during the Meiji period as a translation of German Kultur.\nCited with the culture sense starting from roughly 1870.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "文化",
"ruby": [
[
"文",
"ぶん"
],
[
"化",
"か"
]
],
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "Bunka",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "proper noun",
"2": "ぶんか"
},
"expansion": "文(ぶん)化(か) • (Bunka)",
"name": "ja-pos"
}
],
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"pos": "name",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "100 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "100 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"parents": [
"Entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "100 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese links with redundant alt parameters",
"parents": [
"Links with redundant alt parameters",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "100 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese links with redundant wikilinks",
"parents": [
"Links with redundant wikilinks",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "100 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with non-redundant manual transliterations",
"parents": [
"Terms with non-redundant manual transliterations",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "100 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"parents": [
"Terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "100 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys",
"parents": [
"Terms with redundant sortkeys",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "70 30",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle Chinese terms with non-redundant manual transliterations",
"parents": [
"Terms with non-redundant manual transliterations",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "100 0",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "ja",
"name": "Historical periods",
"orig": "ja:Historical periods",
"parents": [
"History",
"Timekeeping",
"All topics",
"Time",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "46 54",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "ja",
"name": "Sociology",
"orig": "ja:Sociology",
"parents": [
"Social sciences",
"Sciences",
"Society",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"The Bunka era, 1804-1818"
],
"id": "en-文化-ja-name-526h8WR3",
"related": [
{
"english": "era preceding Bunka",
"roman": "Kyōwa",
"ruby": [
[
"享和",
"きょうわ"
]
],
"word": "享和"
},
{
"english": "era following Bunka",
"roman": "Bunsei",
"ruby": [
[
"文政",
"ぶんせい"
]
],
"word": "文政"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"other": "ぶんか"
},
{
"ipa": "[bɯ̟̃ᵝŋka̠]"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Bunka",
"Meiji period",
"ja:文化 (元号)"
],
"word": "文化"
}
{
"forms": [
{
"form": "munhwa",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "문화",
"tags": [
"hangeul"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"hangeul": "문화"
},
"expansion": "文化 • (munhwa) (hangeul 문화)",
"name": "ko-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Korean",
"lang_code": "ko",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"extra": "culture",
"word": "문화"
}
],
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Korean entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Korean terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"parents": [
"Terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Korean terms with redundant script codes",
"parents": [
"Terms with redundant script codes",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with raw sortkeys",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Hanja form of 문화 (“culture”)."
],
"id": "en-文化-ko-noun-kH0VP54K",
"links": [
[
"Hanja",
"hanja#English"
],
[
"문화",
"문화#Korean"
]
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"hanja"
]
}
],
"word": "文化"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vi",
"2": "noun",
"3": "",
"4": "",
"head": "",
"tr": ""
},
"expansion": "文化",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"sc": "Hani"
},
"expansion": "文化",
"name": "vi-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"lang_code": "vi",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with raw sortkeys",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Vietnamese Chữ Hán",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Vietnamese entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Vietnamese nouns without classifiers",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"chữ Hán form of văn hoá (“culture”)."
],
"id": "en-文化-vi-noun-qEBJRqtf",
"links": [
[
"chữ Hán",
"chữ Hán#Vietnamese"
],
[
"văn hoá",
"văn hoá#Vietnamese"
],
[
"culture",
"culture"
]
]
}
],
"word": "文化"
}
{
"categories": [
"Beginning Mandarin",
"Chinese entries with incorrect language header",
"Chinese lemmas",
"Chinese nouns",
"Chinese orthographic borrowings from Japanese",
"Chinese proper nouns",
"Chinese redlinks/zh-l",
"Chinese terms borrowed from Japanese",
"Chinese terms derived from Japanese",
"Chinese terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Chinese terms with quotations",
"Eastern Min lemmas",
"Eastern Min nouns",
"Eastern Min proper nouns",
"Middle Chinese lemmas",
"Old Chinese lemmas",
"Pages with raw sortkeys",
"zh:Culture",
"zh:Sociology"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "中華文化復興節"
},
{
"word": "中华文化复兴节"
},
{
"word": "中華文化復興運動"
},
{
"word": "中华文化复兴运动"
},
{
"word": "二里頭文化"
},
{
"roman": "yàwénhuà",
"word": "亞文化"
},
{
"roman": "yàwénhuà",
"word": "亚文化"
},
{
"roman": "qǐyè wénhuà",
"word": "企業文化"
},
{
"roman": "qǐyè wénhuà",
"word": "企业文化"
},
{
"word": "仰韶文化"
},
{
"word": "傳統文化"
},
{
"word": "传统文化"
},
{
"word": "副文化"
},
{
"word": "卑南文化"
},
{
"word": "印度河文化"
},
{
"word": "反文化"
},
{
"roman": "qǔxiāo wénhuà",
"word": "取消文化"
},
{
"word": "周口店文化"
},
{
"roman": "sàngwénhuà",
"word": "喪文化"
},
{
"roman": "sàngwénhuà",
"word": "丧文化"
},
{
"word": "固有文化"
},
{
"word": "國家電影文化中心"
},
{
"word": "国家电影文化中心"
},
{
"roman": "duōyuán wénhuà",
"word": "多元文化"
},
{
"word": "大坌坑文化"
},
{
"word": "大汶口文化"
},
{
"word": "大河文化"
},
{
"roman": "dàzhòng wénhuà",
"word": "大眾文化"
},
{
"roman": "dàzhòng wénhuà",
"word": "大众文化"
},
{
"word": "學術文化團體"
},
{
"word": "学术文化团体"
},
{
"word": "尼羅河文化"
},
{
"word": "尼罗河文化"
},
{
"word": "巨石文化"
},
{
"roman": "qiángjiān wénhuà",
"word": "強姦文化"
},
{
"roman": "qiángjiān wénhuà",
"word": "强奸文化"
},
{
"word": "彌生文化"
},
{
"word": "弥生文化"
},
{
"word": "彩陶文化"
},
{
"word": "愛琴文化"
},
{
"word": "爱琴文化"
},
{
"word": "拜占庭文化"
},
{
"word": "排灣文化相"
},
{
"word": "排湾文化相"
},
{
"word": "政治文化"
},
{
"roman": "jiàokēwén",
"word": "教科文"
},
{
"word": "文化事業"
},
{
"word": "文化事业"
},
{
"roman": "wénhuà jiāoliú",
"word": "文化交流"
},
{
"roman": "wénhuàrén",
"word": "文化人"
},
{
"roman": "wénhuà xiūkè",
"word": "文化休克"
},
{
"word": "文化區"
},
{
"word": "文化区"
},
{
"roman": "wénhuàquān",
"word": "文化圈"
},
{
"roman": "wénhuàyuán",
"word": "文化園"
},
{
"roman": "wénhuàyuán",
"word": "文化园"
},
{
"word": "文化垃圾"
},
{
"roman": "wénhuà duōyàngxìng",
"word": "文化多樣性"
},
{
"roman": "wénhuà duōyàngxìng",
"word": "文化多样性"
},
{
"roman": "Wénhuà Dà Gémìng",
"word": "文化大革命"
},
{
"roman": "wénhuàgōng",
"word": "文化宮"
},
{
"roman": "wénhuàgōng",
"word": "文化宫"
},
{
"word": "文化層"
},
{
"word": "文化层"
},
{
"roman": "wénhuà nuóyòng",
"word": "文化挪用"
},
{
"word": "文化景觀"
},
{
"word": "文化景观"
},
{
"word": "文化村"
},
{
"word": "文化模式"
},
{
"word": "文化水準"
},
{
"word": "文化水准"
},
{
"roman": "wénhuà shāmò",
"word": "文化沙漠"
},
{
"word": "文化消費"
},
{
"word": "文化消费"
},
{
"word": "文化特質"
},
{
"word": "文化特质"
},
{
"word": "文化產業"
},
{
"word": "文化产业"
},
{
"roman": "wénhuà yánjiū",
"word": "文化研究"
},
{
"roman": "wénhuà chéngdù",
"word": "文化程度"
},
{
"word": "文化站"
},
{
"roman": "wénhuà yīngxióng",
"word": "文化英雄"
},
{
"word": "文化街"
},
{
"roman": "wénhuà chōngjī",
"word": "文化衝擊"
},
{
"roman": "wénhuà chōngjī",
"word": "文化冲击"
},
{
"roman": "wénhuà chōngtū",
"word": "文化衝突"
},
{
"roman": "wénhuà chōngtū",
"word": "文化冲突"
},
{
"roman": "wénhuàshān",
"word": "文化衫"
},
{
"roman": "wénhuà rèntóng",
"word": "文化認同"
},
{
"roman": "wénhuà rèntóng",
"word": "文化认同"
},
{
"roman": "wénhuàkè",
"word": "文化課"
},
{
"roman": "wénhuàkè",
"word": "文化课"
},
{
"word": "文化變遷"
},
{
"word": "文化变迁"
},
{
"word": "文化資產"
},
{
"word": "文化资产"
},
{
"roman": "wénhuà yíchǎn",
"word": "文化遺產"
},
{
"roman": "wénhuà yíchǎn",
"word": "文化遗产"
},
{
"roman": "wénhuà zhènhàn",
"word": "文化震撼"
},
{
"roman": "wénhuà zhènjīng",
"word": "文化震驚"
},
{
"roman": "wénhuà zhènjīng",
"word": "文化震惊"
},
{
"roman": "Wénhuà Gémìng",
"word": "文化革命"
},
{
"roman": "wénhuàguǎn",
"word": "文化館"
},
{
"roman": "wénhuàguǎn",
"word": "文化馆"
},
{
"word": "文化體系"
},
{
"word": "文化体系"
},
{
"word": "新文化"
},
{
"roman": "Xīn Wénhuà Yùndòng",
"word": "新文化運動"
},
{
"roman": "Xīn Wénhuà Yùndòng",
"word": "新文化运动"
},
{
"roman": "pǔjí wénhuà",
"word": "普及文化"
},
{
"word": "普同文化"
},
{
"word": "本土文化"
},
{
"word": "東海岸史前文化"
},
{
"word": "东海岸史前文化"
},
{
"roman": "cìwénhuà",
"word": "次文化"
},
{
"word": "次級文化"
},
{
"word": "次级文化"
},
{
"word": "民族文化"
},
{
"word": "河套文化"
},
{
"roman": "liúxíng wénhuà",
"word": "流行文化"
},
{
"word": "精神文化"
},
{
"roman": "Hóngshān wénhuà",
"word": "紅山文化"
},
{
"roman": "Hóngshān wénhuà",
"word": "红山文化"
},
{
"roman": "zìyóu wénhuà",
"word": "自由文化"
},
{
"roman": "Liángzhǔ Wénhuà",
"word": "良渚文化"
},
{
"word": "西拉雅文化相"
},
{
"word": "貧窮文化"
},
{
"word": "贫穷文化"
},
{
"roman": "kuàwénhuà",
"word": "跨文化"
},
{
"roman": "tōngsú wénhuà",
"word": "通俗文化"
},
{
"roman": "jiǔwénhuà",
"word": "酒文化"
},
{
"word": "鑼群文化"
},
{
"word": "锣群文化"
},
{
"word": "長濱文化"
},
{
"word": "长滨文化"
},
{
"roman": "shuāngwénhuà",
"word": "雙文化"
},
{
"roman": "shuāngwénhuà",
"word": "双文化"
},
{
"word": "電影文化"
},
{
"word": "电影文化"
},
{
"word": "青蓮崗文化"
},
{
"word": "青莲岗文化"
},
{
"roman": "fēiwùzhì wénhuà yíchǎn",
"word": "非物質文化遺產"
},
{
"roman": "fēiwùzhì wénhuà yíchǎn",
"word": "非物质文化遗产"
},
{
"word": "響林史前文化"
},
{
"word": "响林史前文化"
},
{
"word": "馬家窯文化"
},
{
"word": "马家窑文化"
},
{
"roman": "gāoyǎ wénhuà",
"word": "高雅文化"
},
{
"word": "麒麟文化"
},
{
"word": "黑陶文化"
},
{
"roman": "Lóngshān Wénhuà",
"word": "龍山文化"
},
{
"roman": "Lóngshān Wénhuà",
"word": "龙山文化"
},
{
"word": "龜山史前文化相"
},
{
"word": "龟山史前文化相"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "ja",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Orthographic borrowing from Japanese",
"name": "obor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "文化",
"2": "ぶんか",
"3": "culture",
"linkto": "文化"
},
"expansion": "文化(ぶんか) (bunka, “culture”)",
"name": "ja-r"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "Kultur"
},
"expansion": "Kultur",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "文教",
"3": "",
"4": "humanistic education"
},
"expansion": "文教 (wénjiào, “humanistic education”)",
"name": "mention"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "化育",
"3": "",
"4": "transformational development"
},
"expansion": "化育 (huàyù, “transformational development”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"passage": "觀於天文、以察時變、觀乎人文、以化成天下",
"title": "《周易·賁卦彖傳》",
"translation": "We observe the patterns of the skies in order to inspect seasonal changes. We observe the patterns of human behavior in order to transform and actualize all under Heaven.",
"year": "先秦"
},
"expansion": "先秦, 《周易·賁卦彖傳》:\n觀於天文、以察時變、觀乎人文、以化成天下\nWe observe the patterns of the skies in order to inspect seasonal changes. We observe the patterns of human behavior in order to transform and actualize all under Heaven.",
"name": "quote-book"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"author": "范曄",
"passage": "宣文教以章其化、立武備以秉其威。",
"title": "《後漢書·荀淑傳》",
"translation": "Spread humanistic education in order to manifest its transformative potential. Establish military capabilities in order to have a grasp on (its) power.",
"year": "南朝劉宋"
},
"expansion": "南朝劉宋, 范曄, 《後漢書·荀淑傳》:\n宣文教以章其化、立武備以秉其威。\nSpread humanistic education in order to manifest its transformative potential. Establish military capabilities in order to have a grasp on (its) power.",
"name": "quote-book"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "禮教"
},
"expansion": "禮教／礼教 (lǐjiào)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "人文化成"
},
"expansion": "人文化成",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "刑"
},
"expansion": "刑 (xíng)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "武"
},
"expansion": "武 (wǔ)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"author": "齊王融",
"passage": "早逢文化洽，復屬武功宣",
"quoted_in": "《藝文類聚》卷五十九 ，武部，戰伐",
"title": "〈從武帝琅邪城講武應詔詩〉",
"translation": "Having reached an ideal state of (governance by the means of) transformative education at an early stage, we can now focus on the establishment of military power (in the region).",
"year": "南北朝"
},
"expansion": "南北朝, 齊王融, 〈從武帝琅邪城講武應詔詩〉, quoted in 《藝文類聚》卷五十九 ，武部，戰伐:\n早逢文化洽，復屬武功宣\nHaving reached an ideal state of (governance by the means of) transformative education at an early stage, we can now focus on the establishment of military power (in the region).",
"name": "quote-book"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "文治",
"3": "",
"4": "governance by means of culture, education, rites and music"
},
"expansion": "文治 (wénzhì, “governance by means of culture, education, rites and music”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "culture",
"3": ""
},
"expansion": "culture",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "文化",
"2": "ぶんか"
},
"expansion": "文化(ぶんか) (bunka)",
"name": "ja-r"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "Kultur"
},
"expansion": "Kultur",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "文化",
"2": "ぶんか"
},
"expansion": "文化(ぶんか) (bunka)",
"name": "ja-r"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "文明開化",
"2": "ぶんめいかいか",
"3": "to open up and transform through civilization",
"linkto": "文明開化"
},
"expansion": "文明開化(ぶんめいかいか) (bunmeikaika, “to open up and transform through civilization”)",
"name": "ja-r"
}
],
"etymology_text": "The modern Chinese term is an Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 文化(ぶんか) (bunka, “culture”), which is a direct translation of the German word Kultur.\nIn its classical form, the term can be interpreted as 文教 (wénjiào, “humanistic education”) + 化育 (huàyù, “transformational development”). Often cited are the following examples:\n先秦, 《周易·賁卦彖傳》:\n觀於天文、以察時變、觀乎人文、以化成天下\nWe observe the patterns of the skies in order to inspect seasonal changes. We observe the patterns of human behavior in order to transform and actualize all under Heaven.\n南朝劉宋, 范曄, 《後漢書·荀淑傳》:\n宣文教以章其化、立武備以秉其威。\nSpread humanistic education in order to manifest its transformative potential. Establish military capabilities in order to have a grasp on (its) power.\nHumanistic education, based on the tradition of rites and propriety 禮教／礼教 (lǐjiào) have the transformative potential to actualize all under Heaven 人文化成. This is often juxtaposed or contrasted with the use of punishment 刑 (xíng) or military might 武 (wǔ) to establish power and control over a populace, as can be seen in the quote below:\n南北朝, 齊王融, 〈從武帝琅邪城講武應詔詩〉, quoted in 《藝文類聚》卷五十九 ，武部，戰伐:\n早逢文化洽，復屬武功宣\nHaving reached an ideal state of (governance by the means of) transformative education at an early stage, we can now focus on the establishment of military power (in the region).\n文化 over here is synonymous with 文治 (wénzhì, “governance by means of culture, education, rites and music”). This is not the same as culture in the modern sense of the term.\nIt is within this classical context that the Japanese first coined the term 文化(ぶんか) (bunka) to name an era during the Edo period.\nWhen used to translate Kultur during the Meiji restoration, 文化(ぶんか) (bunka) is possibly a contraction of 文明開化(ぶんめいかいか) (bunmeikaika, “to open up and transform through civilization”), which takes the meaning of a civilizing agent i.e. Culture.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "noun"
},
"expansion": "文化",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Chinese",
"lang_code": "zh",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Chinese countable nouns",
"Chinese nouns classified by 個/个",
"Chinese nouns classified by 種/种",
"Chinese uncountable nouns",
"Mandarin terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "cultural system",
"roman": "wénhuà tǐxì",
"text": "文化體系／文化体系",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "cultural context",
"roman": "wénhuà huánjìng",
"text": "文化環境／文化环境",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "Chinese culture",
"roman": "zhōnghuá wénhuà",
"text": "中華文化／中华文化",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "company culture",
"roman": "gōngsī wénhuà",
"text": "公司文化",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "indigenous culture",
"roman": "běntǔ wénhuà",
"text": "本土文化",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "magnificent culture",
"roman": "cànlàn wénhuà",
"text": "燦爛文化／灿烂文化",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "culturally loaded term",
"roman": "wénhuà fùzǎicí",
"text": "文化負載詞／文化负载词",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "national ecocultural protection area",
"ref": "國家級文化生態保護區 [MSC, trad.]",
"text": "国家级文化生态保护区 [MSC, simp.]\nguójiājí wénhuà shēngtài bǎohùqū [Pinyin]",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "to conduct cultural exchange with other countries",
"ref": "開展對外文化交流 [MSC, trad.]",
"text": "开展对外文化交流 [MSC, simp.]\nkāizhǎn duìwài wénhuà jiāoliú [Pinyin]",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "Different countries have different cultures.",
"ref": "不同的國家有不同的文化。 [MSC, trad.]",
"text": "不同的国家有不同的文化。 [MSC, simp.]\nBùtóng de guójiā yǒu bùtóng de wénhuà. [Pinyin]",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"culture (Classifier: 個／个; 種／种)"
],
"links": [
[
"culture",
"culture"
],
[
"個",
"個#Chinese"
],
[
"个",
"个#Chinese"
],
[
"種",
"種#Chinese"
],
[
"种",
"种#Chinese"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(countable, uncountable) culture (Classifier: 個／个; 種／种)"
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Chinese uncountable nouns"
],
"glosses": [
"education; literacy"
],
"links": [
[
"education",
"education"
],
[
"literacy",
"literacy"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(uncountable) education; literacy"
],
"tags": [
"uncountable"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Chinese countable nouns",
"Mandarin terms with usage examples",
"zh:Archaeology"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "the Longshan culture",
"roman": "Lóngshān Wénhuà",
"text": "龍山文化／龙山文化",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"culture (assemblage of artifacts)"
],
"links": [
[
"archaeology",
"archaeology"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(archaeology, countable) culture (assemblage of artifacts)"
],
"tags": [
"countable"
],
"topics": [
"archaeology",
"history",
"human-sciences",
"sciences"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Chinese literary terms",
"Chinese terms with archaic senses",
"Chinese uncountable nouns"
],
"glosses": [
"education through teaching morality, literature and music"
],
"links": [
[
"education",
"education"
],
[
"morality",
"morality"
],
[
"literature",
"literature"
],
[
"music",
"music"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(literary, archaic, uncountable) education through teaching morality, literature and music"
],
"tags": [
"archaic",
"literary",
"uncountable"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Pinyin",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "wénhuà"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"bopomofo",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "ㄨㄣˊ ㄏㄨㄚˋ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cyrillic",
"Dungan",
"Mandarin",
"Wiktionary-specific"
],
"zh-pron": "вынхуа"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cyrillic",
"Dungan",
"Mandarin",
"Wiktionary-specific"
],
"zh-pron": "vɨnhua"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cyrillic",
"Dungan",
"Mandarin",
"Wiktionary-specific"
],
"zh-pron": "I-II"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Hong-Kong",
"Jyutping"
],
"zh-pron": "man⁴ faa³"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Taishan",
"Wiktionary-specific"
],
"zh-pron": "mun³ fa¹"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"PFS",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "vùn-fa"
},
{
"tags": [
"Guangdong",
"Hakka",
"Meixian"
],
"zh-pron": "vun² fa⁴"
},
{
"zh-pron": "ùng-huá"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"POJ"
],
"zh-pron": "bûn-hòa"
},
{
"tags": [
"Peng'im",
"Teochew"
],
"zh-pron": "bhung⁵ huê³"
},
{
"zh-pron": "⁶ven-ho"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hanyu-Pinyin",
"Mandarin",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "wénhuà"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Tongyong-Pinyin",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "wúnhuà"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Wade-Giles",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "wên²-hua⁴"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Yale",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "wén-hwà"
},
{
"tags": [
"Gwoyeu-Romatsyh",
"Mandarin",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "wenhuah"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "вэньхуа"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "vɛnʹxua"
},
{
"ipa": "/wən³⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Sinological-IPA",
"standard"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/vəŋ²⁴ xua⁵¹/",
"tags": [
"Dungan",
"Mandarin",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Jyutping"
],
"zh-pron": "man⁴ faa³"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Yale"
],
"zh-pron": "màhn fa"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "man⁴ faa³"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangdong-Romanization"
],
"zh-pron": "men⁴ fa³"
},
{
"ipa": "/mɐn²¹ faː³³/",
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Taicheng",
"Taishanese",
"Wiktionary-specific"
],
"zh-pron": "mun³ fa¹"
},
{
"ipa": "/ᵐbun²² fa³³/",
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Sinological-IPA",
"Taicheng",
"Taishanese"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Meinong",
"Miaoli",
"Phak-fa-su",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "vùn-fa"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Hakka-Romanization-System",
"Meinong",
"Miaoli",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "vunˇ fa"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hagfa-Pinyim",
"Hakka",
"Meinong",
"Miaoli",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "vun² fa⁴"
},
{
"ipa": "/vun¹¹ fa⁵⁵/",
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Meinong",
"Miaoli",
"Sinological-IPA",
"Sixian"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ʋun¹¹ fa⁵³/",
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Meixian",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Foochow-Romanized",
"Fuzhou"
],
"zh-pron": "ùng-huá"
},
{
"ipa": "/uŋ⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋuɑ²¹³/",
"tags": [
"Fuzhou",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Tai-lo"
],
"zh-pron": "bûn-huà"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Phofsit-Daibuun"
],
"zh-pron": "bunhoax"
},
{
"ipa": "/bun²⁴⁻²² hua²¹/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Xiamen"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/bun²⁴⁻²² hua⁴¹/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Quanzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/bun¹³⁻²² hua²¹/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Zhangzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/bun²⁴⁻¹¹ hua¹¹/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Taipei"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/bun²³⁻³³ hua²¹/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Kaohsiung"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"POJ",
"Teochew"
],
"zh-pron": "bûng huè"
},
{
"ipa": "/buŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ hue²¹³/",
"tags": [
"Sinological-IPA",
"Teochew"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Wu"
],
"zh-pron": "⁶ven-ho"
},
{
"tags": [
"Wu"
],
"zh-pron": "ven^去 ho"
},
{
"tags": [
"Wu"
],
"zh-pron": "³ven-ho"
},
{
"tags": [
"Wu"
],
"zh-pron": "/vən²² ho⁴⁴/"
},
{
"tags": [
"Middle-Chinese"
],
"zh-pron": "mjun xwaeH"
},
{
"tags": [
"Baxter-Sagart",
"Old-Chinese"
],
"zh-pron": "/*mə[n] qʷʰˤaj-s/"
},
{
"tags": [
"Old-Chinese",
"Zhengzhang"
],
"zh-pron": "/*mɯn hŋʷraːls/"
},
{
"ipa": "/wən³⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/vəŋ²⁴ xua⁵¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/mɐn²¹ faː³³/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ᵐbun²² fa³³/"
},
{
"ipa": "/vun¹¹ fa⁵⁵/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ʋun¹¹ fa⁵³/"
},
{
"ipa": "/uŋ⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋuɑ²¹³/"
},
{
"ipa": "/bun²⁴⁻²² hua²¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/bun²⁴⁻²² hua⁴¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/bun¹³⁻²² hua²¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/bun²⁴⁻¹¹ hua¹¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/bun²³⁻³³ hua²¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/buŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ hue²¹³/"
},
{
"ipa": "/vən²² ho⁴⁴/"
},
{
"other": "[n]"
},
{
"other": "/*mɯn hŋʷraːls/"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Japanese era name"
],
"word": "文化"
}
{
"categories": [
"Beginning Mandarin",
"Chinese entries with incorrect language header",
"Chinese lemmas",
"Chinese nouns",
"Chinese orthographic borrowings from Japanese",
"Chinese proper nouns",
"Chinese redlinks/zh-l",
"Chinese terms borrowed from Japanese",
"Chinese terms derived from Japanese",
"Chinese terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Chinese terms with quotations",
"Eastern Min lemmas",
"Eastern Min nouns",
"Eastern Min proper nouns",
"Middle Chinese lemmas",
"Old Chinese lemmas",
"Pages with raw sortkeys",
"zh:Culture",
"zh:Sociology"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "ja",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Orthographic borrowing from Japanese",
"name": "obor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "文化",
"2": "ぶんか",
"3": "culture",
"linkto": "文化"
},
"expansion": "文化(ぶんか) (bunka, “culture”)",
"name": "ja-r"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "Kultur"
},
"expansion": "Kultur",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "文教",
"3": "",
"4": "humanistic education"
},
"expansion": "文教 (wénjiào, “humanistic education”)",
"name": "mention"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "化育",
"3": "",
"4": "transformational development"
},
"expansion": "化育 (huàyù, “transformational development”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"passage": "觀於天文、以察時變、觀乎人文、以化成天下",
"title": "《周易·賁卦彖傳》",
"translation": "We observe the patterns of the skies in order to inspect seasonal changes. We observe the patterns of human behavior in order to transform and actualize all under Heaven.",
"year": "先秦"
},
"expansion": "先秦, 《周易·賁卦彖傳》:\n觀於天文、以察時變、觀乎人文、以化成天下\nWe observe the patterns of the skies in order to inspect seasonal changes. We observe the patterns of human behavior in order to transform and actualize all under Heaven.",
"name": "quote-book"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"author": "范曄",
"passage": "宣文教以章其化、立武備以秉其威。",
"title": "《後漢書·荀淑傳》",
"translation": "Spread humanistic education in order to manifest its transformative potential. Establish military capabilities in order to have a grasp on (its) power.",
"year": "南朝劉宋"
},
"expansion": "南朝劉宋, 范曄, 《後漢書·荀淑傳》:\n宣文教以章其化、立武備以秉其威。\nSpread humanistic education in order to manifest its transformative potential. Establish military capabilities in order to have a grasp on (its) power.",
"name": "quote-book"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "禮教"
},
"expansion": "禮教／礼教 (lǐjiào)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "人文化成"
},
"expansion": "人文化成",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "刑"
},
"expansion": "刑 (xíng)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "武"
},
"expansion": "武 (wǔ)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"author": "齊王融",
"passage": "早逢文化洽，復屬武功宣",
"quoted_in": "《藝文類聚》卷五十九 ，武部，戰伐",
"title": "〈從武帝琅邪城講武應詔詩〉",
"translation": "Having reached an ideal state of (governance by the means of) transformative education at an early stage, we can now focus on the establishment of military power (in the region).",
"year": "南北朝"
},
"expansion": "南北朝, 齊王融, 〈從武帝琅邪城講武應詔詩〉, quoted in 《藝文類聚》卷五十九 ，武部，戰伐:\n早逢文化洽，復屬武功宣\nHaving reached an ideal state of (governance by the means of) transformative education at an early stage, we can now focus on the establishment of military power (in the region).",
"name": "quote-book"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "文治",
"3": "",
"4": "governance by means of culture, education, rites and music"
},
"expansion": "文治 (wénzhì, “governance by means of culture, education, rites and music”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "culture",
"3": ""
},
"expansion": "culture",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "文化",
"2": "ぶんか"
},
"expansion": "文化(ぶんか) (bunka)",
"name": "ja-r"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "Kultur"
},
"expansion": "Kultur",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "文化",
"2": "ぶんか"
},
"expansion": "文化(ぶんか) (bunka)",
"name": "ja-r"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "文明開化",
"2": "ぶんめいかいか",
"3": "to open up and transform through civilization",
"linkto": "文明開化"
},
"expansion": "文明開化(ぶんめいかいか) (bunmeikaika, “to open up and transform through civilization”)",
"name": "ja-r"
}
],
"etymology_text": "The modern Chinese term is an Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 文化(ぶんか) (bunka, “culture”), which is a direct translation of the German word Kultur.\nIn its classical form, the term can be interpreted as 文教 (wénjiào, “humanistic education”) + 化育 (huàyù, “transformational development”). Often cited are the following examples:\n先秦, 《周易·賁卦彖傳》:\n觀於天文、以察時變、觀乎人文、以化成天下\nWe observe the patterns of the skies in order to inspect seasonal changes. We observe the patterns of human behavior in order to transform and actualize all under Heaven.\n南朝劉宋, 范曄, 《後漢書·荀淑傳》:\n宣文教以章其化、立武備以秉其威。\nSpread humanistic education in order to manifest its transformative potential. Establish military capabilities in order to have a grasp on (its) power.\nHumanistic education, based on the tradition of rites and propriety 禮教／礼教 (lǐjiào) have the transformative potential to actualize all under Heaven 人文化成. This is often juxtaposed or contrasted with the use of punishment 刑 (xíng) or military might 武 (wǔ) to establish power and control over a populace, as can be seen in the quote below:\n南北朝, 齊王融, 〈從武帝琅邪城講武應詔詩〉, quoted in 《藝文類聚》卷五十九 ，武部，戰伐:\n早逢文化洽，復屬武功宣\nHaving reached an ideal state of (governance by the means of) transformative education at an early stage, we can now focus on the establishment of military power (in the region).\n文化 over here is synonymous with 文治 (wénzhì, “governance by means of culture, education, rites and music”). This is not the same as culture in the modern sense of the term.\nIt is within this classical context that the Japanese first coined the term 文化(ぶんか) (bunka) to name an era during the Edo period.\nWhen used to translate Kultur during the Meiji restoration, 文化(ぶんか) (bunka) is possibly a contraction of 文明開化(ぶんめいかいか) (bunmeikaika, “to open up and transform through civilization”), which takes the meaning of a civilizing agent i.e. Culture.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "proper noun"
},
"expansion": "文化",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Chinese",
"lang_code": "zh",
"pos": "name",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"zh:Places in New Taipei",
"zh:Places in Taiwan",
"zh:Villages in Taiwan"
],
"glosses": [
"An urban village in Tamsui district, New Taipei, Taiwan"
],
"links": [
[
"里",
"里#Chinese"
],
[
"Tamsui",
"Tamsui#English"
],
[
"New Taipei",
"New Taipei#English"
],
[
"Taiwan",
"Taiwan#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(～里) An urban village in Tamsui district, New Taipei, Taiwan"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"zh:Places in China",
"zh:Places in Xinjiang",
"zh:Villages in China",
"zh:Villages in Xinjiang"
],
"glosses": [
"Wenhua (a residential community in Ruoqiang, Ruoqiang, Bayingolin prefecture, Xinjiang, China)"
],
"links": [
[
"社區",
"社區#Chinese"
],
[
"Wenhua",
"Wenhua#English"
],
[
"residential",
"residential"
],
[
"community",
"community"
],
[
"Ruoqiang",
"Ruoqiang#English"
],
[
"Bayingolin",
"Bayingolin#English"
],
[
"Xinjiang",
"Xinjiang#English"
],
[
"China",
"China#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(～社區) Wenhua (a residential community in Ruoqiang, Ruoqiang, Bayingolin prefecture, Xinjiang, China)"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Pinyin",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "wénhuà"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"bopomofo",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "ㄨㄣˊ ㄏㄨㄚˋ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cyrillic",
"Dungan",
"Mandarin",
"Wiktionary-specific"
],
"zh-pron": "вынхуа"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cyrillic",
"Dungan",
"Mandarin",
"Wiktionary-specific"
],
"zh-pron": "vɨnhua"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cyrillic",
"Dungan",
"Mandarin",
"Wiktionary-specific"
],
"zh-pron": "I-II"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Hong-Kong",
"Jyutping"
],
"zh-pron": "man⁴ faa³"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Taishan",
"Wiktionary-specific"
],
"zh-pron": "mun³ fa¹"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"PFS",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "vùn-fa"
},
{
"tags": [
"Guangdong",
"Hakka",
"Meixian"
],
"zh-pron": "vun² fa⁴"
},
{
"zh-pron": "ùng-huá"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"POJ"
],
"zh-pron": "bûn-hòa"
},
{
"tags": [
"Peng'im",
"Teochew"
],
"zh-pron": "bhung⁵ huê³"
},
{
"zh-pron": "⁶ven-ho"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hanyu-Pinyin",
"Mandarin",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "wénhuà"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Tongyong-Pinyin",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "wúnhuà"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Wade-Giles",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "wên²-hua⁴"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Yale",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "wén-hwà"
},
{
"tags": [
"Gwoyeu-Romatsyh",
"Mandarin",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "wenhuah"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "вэньхуа"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "vɛnʹxua"
},
{
"ipa": "/wən³⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Sinological-IPA",
"standard"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/vəŋ²⁴ xua⁵¹/",
"tags": [
"Dungan",
"Mandarin",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Jyutping"
],
"zh-pron": "man⁴ faa³"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Yale"
],
"zh-pron": "màhn fa"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "man⁴ faa³"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangdong-Romanization"
],
"zh-pron": "men⁴ fa³"
},
{
"ipa": "/mɐn²¹ faː³³/",
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Taicheng",
"Taishanese",
"Wiktionary-specific"
],
"zh-pron": "mun³ fa¹"
},
{
"ipa": "/ᵐbun²² fa³³/",
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Sinological-IPA",
"Taicheng",
"Taishanese"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Meinong",
"Miaoli",
"Phak-fa-su",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "vùn-fa"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Hakka-Romanization-System",
"Meinong",
"Miaoli",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "vunˇ fa"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hagfa-Pinyim",
"Hakka",
"Meinong",
"Miaoli",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "vun² fa⁴"
},
{
"ipa": "/vun¹¹ fa⁵⁵/",
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Meinong",
"Miaoli",
"Sinological-IPA",
"Sixian"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ʋun¹¹ fa⁵³/",
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Meixian",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Foochow-Romanized",
"Fuzhou"
],
"zh-pron": "ùng-huá"
},
{
"ipa": "/uŋ⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋuɑ²¹³/",
"tags": [
"Fuzhou",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Tai-lo"
],
"zh-pron": "bûn-huà"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Phofsit-Daibuun"
],
"zh-pron": "bunhoax"
},
{
"ipa": "/bun²⁴⁻²² hua²¹/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Xiamen"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/bun²⁴⁻²² hua⁴¹/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Quanzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/bun¹³⁻²² hua²¹/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Zhangzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/bun²⁴⁻¹¹ hua¹¹/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Taipei"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/bun²³⁻³³ hua²¹/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Kaohsiung"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"POJ",
"Teochew"
],
"zh-pron": "bûng huè"
},
{
"ipa": "/buŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ hue²¹³/",
"tags": [
"Sinological-IPA",
"Teochew"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Wu"
],
"zh-pron": "⁶ven-ho"
},
{
"tags": [
"Wu"
],
"zh-pron": "ven^去 ho"
},
{
"tags": [
"Wu"
],
"zh-pron": "³ven-ho"
},
{
"tags": [
"Wu"
],
"zh-pron": "/vən²² ho⁴⁴/"
},
{
"tags": [
"Middle-Chinese"
],
"zh-pron": "mjun xwaeH"
},
{
"tags": [
"Baxter-Sagart",
"Old-Chinese"
],
"zh-pron": "/*mə[n] qʷʰˤaj-s/"
},
{
"tags": [
"Old-Chinese",
"Zhengzhang"
],
"zh-pron": "/*mɯn hŋʷraːls/"
},
{
"ipa": "/wən³⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/vəŋ²⁴ xua⁵¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/mɐn²¹ faː³³/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ᵐbun²² fa³³/"
},
{
"ipa": "/vun¹¹ fa⁵⁵/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ʋun¹¹ fa⁵³/"
},
{
"ipa": "/uŋ⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋuɑ²¹³/"
},
{
"ipa": "/bun²⁴⁻²² hua²¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/bun²⁴⁻²² hua⁴¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/bun¹³⁻²² hua²¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/bun²⁴⁻¹¹ hua¹¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/bun²³⁻³³ hua²¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/buŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ hue²¹³/"
},
{
"ipa": "/vən²² ho⁴⁴/"
},
{
"other": "[n]"
},
{
"other": "/*mɯn hŋʷraːls/"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Japanese era name"
],
"word": "文化"
}
{
"categories": [
"Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
"Japanese entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"Japanese learned borrowings from Middle Chinese",
"Japanese lemmas",
"Japanese links with redundant alt parameters",
"Japanese links with redundant wikilinks",
"Japanese nouns",
"Japanese proper nouns",
"Japanese terms borrowed from Middle Chinese",
"Japanese terms derived from Middle Chinese",
"Japanese terms spelled with first grade kanji",
"Japanese terms spelled with third grade kanji",
"Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Japanese terms with non-redundant manual transliterations",
"Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys",
"Japanese terms written with two Han script characters",
"Middle Chinese terms with non-redundant manual transliterations",
"Pages with raw sortkeys",
"ja:Historical periods",
"ja:Sociology"
],
"derived": [
{
"english": "cultural heritage",
"roman": "bunka isan",
"ruby": [
[
"文化遺産",
"ぶんかいさん"
]
],
"word": "文化遺産"
},
{
"english": "cultural film",
"roman": "bunka eiga",
"ruby": [
[
"文化映画",
"ぶんかえいが"
]
],
"word": "文化映画"
},
{
"english": "cultural sphere",
"roman": "bunkaken",
"ruby": [
[
"文化圏",
"ぶんかけん"
]
],
"word": "文化圏"
},
{
"english": "(computing) locale-specific behavior",
"roman": "bunkaken koyū dōsa",
"ruby": [
[
"文化圏固有動作",
"ぶんかけんこゆうどうさ"
]
],
"word": "文化圏固有動作"
},
{
"english": "Minister for Culture and Tourism",
"roman": "bunka-kankōshō",
"ruby": [
[
"文化観光省",
"ぶんかかんこうしょう"
]
],
"word": "文化観光省"
},
{
"english": "Order of Culture",
"roman": "bunka kunshō",
"ruby": [
[
"文化勲章",
"ぶんかくんしょう"
]
],
"word": "文化勲章"
},
{
"english": "cultural exchange",
"roman": "bunka kōryū",
"ruby": [
[
"文化交流",
"ぶんかこうりゅう"
]
],
"word": "文化交流"
},
{
"english": "person who has made outstanding cultural contributions",
"roman": "bunkakōrōsha",
"ruby": [
[
"文化功労者",
"ぶんかこうろうしゃ"
]
],
"word": "文化功労者"
},
{
"english": "country with a high level of culture",
"roman": "bunka kokka",
"ruby": [
[
"文化国家",
"ぶんかこっか"
]
],
"word": "文化国家"
},
{
"english": "culture festival",
"roman": "bunkasai",
"ruby": [
[
"文化祭",
"ぶんかさい"
]
],
"word": "文化祭"
},
{
"english": "cultural asset",
"roman": "bunkazai",
"ruby": [
[
"文化財",
"ぶんかざい"
]
],
"word": "文化財"
},
{
"english": "Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties",
"roman": "bunkazai-hogohō",
"ruby": [
[
"文化財保護法",
"ぶんかざいほごほう"
]
],
"word": "文化財保護法"
},
{
"english": "cultural history",
"roman": "bunkashi",
"ruby": [
[
"文化史",
"ぶんかし"
]
],
"word": "文化史"
},
{
"english": "cultural facility",
"roman": "bunka shisetsu",
"ruby": [
[
"文化施設",
"ぶんかしせつ"
]
],
"word": "文化施設"
},
{
"english": "Ministry of Culture",
"roman": "bunkashō",
"ruby": [
[
"文化省",
"ぶんかしょう"
]
],
"word": "文化省"
},
{
"english": "cultural psychology",
"roman": "bunkashinrigaku",
"ruby": [
[
"文化心理学",
"ぶんかしんりがく"
]
],
"word": "文化心理学"
},
{
"english": "Cultural Affairs Department",
"roman": "bunkajigyōbu",
"ruby": [
[
"文化事業部",
"ぶんかじぎょうぶ"
]
],
"word": "文化事業部"
},
{
"english": "person of culture",
"roman": "bunkajin",
"ruby": [
[
"文化人",
"ぶんかじん"
]
],
"word": "文化人"
},
{
"english": "cultural anthropology",
"roman": "bunkajinruigaku",
"ruby": [
[
"文化人類学",
"ぶんかじんるいがく"
]
],
"word": "文化人類学"
},
{
"english": "Cultural Revolution",
"roman": "bunkadaikakumei",
"ruby": [
[
"文化大革命",
"ぶんかだいかくめい"
]
],
"word": "文化大革命"
},
{
"english": "cultural geography",
"roman": "bunkachirigaku",
"ruby": [
[
"文化地理学",
"ぶんかちりがく"
]
],
"word": "文化地理学"
},
{
"english": "cultural",
"roman": "bunkateki",
"ruby": [
[
"文化的",
"ぶんかてき"
]
],
"word": "文化的"
},
{
"english": "Agency for Cultural Affairs",
"roman": "bunkachō",
"ruby": [
[
"文化庁",
"ぶんかちょう"
]
],
"word": "文化庁"
},
{
"english": "Culture Day Holiday",
"roman": "bunka no hi",
"ruby": [
[
"文化",
"ぶんか"
],
[
"日",
"ひ"
]
],
"word": "文化の日"
},
{
"english": "Islamic culture",
"roman": "isuramu bunka",
"ruby": [
[
"文化",
"ぶんか"
]
],
"word": "イスラム文化"
},
{
"english": "foreign culture",
"roman": "ibunka",
"ruby": [
[
"異文化",
"いぶんか"
]
],
"word": "異文化"
},
{
"english": "visual culture",
"roman": "eizōbunka",
"ruby": [
[
"映像文化",
"えいぞうぶんか"
]
],
"word": "映像文化"
},
{
"english": "kanji culture",
"roman": "kanjibunka",
"ruby": [
[
"漢字文化",
"かんじぶんか"
]
],
"word": "漢字文化"
},
{
"english": "countries which use Chinese characters",
"roman": "kanjibunkaken",
"ruby": [
[
"漢字文化圏",
"かんじぶんかけん"
]
],
"word": "漢字文化圏"
},
{
"english": "vandalism",
"roman": "geijitsubunka no hakai",
"ruby": [
[
"芸術文化",
"げいじつぶんか"
],
[
"破壊",
"はかい"
]
],
"word": "芸術文化の破壊"
},
{
"english": "important cultural property",
"roman": "jūyōbunkazai",
"ruby": [
[
"重要文化財",
"じゅうようぶんかざい"
]
],
"word": "重要文化財"
},
{
"english": "important intangible cultural asset",
"roman": "jūyōmukeibunkazai",
"ruby": [
[
"重要無形文化財",
"じゅうようむけいぶんかざい"
]
],
"word": "重要無形文化財"
},
{
"english": "food culture",
"roman": "shokubunka",
"ruby": [
[
"食文化",
"しょくぶんか"
]
],
"word": "食文化"
},
{
"english": "consumer culture",
"roman": "shōhisha bunka",
"ruby": [
[
"消費者文化",
"しょうひしゃぶんか"
]
],
"word": "消費者文化"
},
{
"english": "mass culture, pop culture",
"roman": "taishū bunka",
"ruby": [
[
"大衆文化",
"たいしゅうぶんか"
]
],
"word": "大衆文化"
},
{
"english": "multiculturalism",
"roman": "tagen bunkaron",
"ruby": [
[
"多元文化論",
"たげんぶんかろん"
]
],
"word": "多元文化論"
},
{
"english": "multiculturalism",
"roman": "tabunkashugi",
"ruby": [
[
"多文化主義",
"たぶんかしゅぎ"
]
],
"word": "多文化主義"
},
{
"english": "traditional culture",
"roman": "dentōbunka",
"ruby": [
[
"伝統文化",
"でんとうぶんか"
]
],
"word": "伝統文化"
},
{
"english": "comparative culture",
"roman": "hikakubunka",
"ruby": [
[
"比較文化",
"ひかくぶんか"
]
],
"word": "比較文化"
},
{
"english": "intangible cultural asset",
"roman": "mukeibunkazai",
"ruby": [
[
"無形文化財",
"むけいぶんかざい"
]
],
"word": "無形文化財"
},
{
"english": "stipulate",
"roman": "meibunka",
"ruby": [
[
"明文化",
"めいぶんか"
]
],
"word": "明文化"
},
{
"english": "tangible cultural properties",
"roman": "yūkeibunkazai",
"ruby": [
[
"有形文化財",
"ゆうけいぶんかざい"
]
],
"word": "有形文化財"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "文化",
"bor": "y"
},
"expansion": "→ Chinese: 文化 (wénhuà)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Chinese: 文化 (wénhuà)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ko",
"2": "문화",
"bor": "y"
},
"expansion": "→ Korean: 문화 (munhwa)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Korean: 문화 (munhwa)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vi",
"2": "văn hoá",
"bor": "y"
},
"expansion": "→ Vietnamese: văn hoá",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Vietnamese: văn hoá"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "ltc",
"3": "文化",
"4": "",
"5": "the way of educating by using morality, literature, rituals and music",
"sort": "ふんか'",
"tr": "mjun xwæH"
},
"expansion": "Learned borrowing from Middle Chinese 文化 (mjun xwæH, “the way of educating by using morality, literature, rituals and music”)",
"name": "lbor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "Kultur"
},
"expansion": "German Kultur",
"name": "noncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "culture"
},
"expansion": "culture",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Learned borrowing from Middle Chinese 文化 (mjun xwæH, “the way of educating by using morality, literature, rituals and music”), repurposed during the Meiji period as a translation of German Kultur.\nCited with the culture sense starting from roughly 1870.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "文化",
"ruby": [
[
"文",
"ぶん"
],
[
"化",
"か"
]
],
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "bunka",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "bunkwa",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "ぶんくわ",
"roman": "bunkwa",
"tags": [
"hiragana",
"historical"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ぶんか",
"hhira": "ぶんくわ"
},
"expansion": "文(ぶん)化(か) • (bunka) ^(←ぶんくわ (bunkwa)?)",
"name": "ja-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Japanese terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "The tradition of culture and the traits of the nation function to make the character of the national language.",
"ref": "1928, 岸田國士, 「語られる言葉」の美",
"roman": "Kore wa, kokugo no seikaku ni, bunka no dentō, kokuminsei no tokushitsu ga sayō suru kara de aru.",
"ruby": [
[
"国語",
"こくご"
],
[
"性格",
"せいかく"
],
[
"文化",
"ぶんか"
],
[
"伝統",
"でんとう"
],
[
"国民性",
"こくみんせい"
],
[
"特質",
"とくしつ"
],
[
"作用",
"さよう"
]
],
"text": "これは、国語の性格に、文化の伝統、国民性の特質が作用するからである。"
}
],
"glosses": [
"culture"
],
"links": [
[
"culture",
"culture"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"other": "ぶんか"
},
{
"ipa": "[bɯ̟̃ᵝŋka̠]"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Meiji period",
"ja:文化"
],
"word": "文化"
}
{
"categories": [
"Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
"Japanese entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"Japanese learned borrowings from Middle Chinese",
"Japanese lemmas",
"Japanese links with redundant alt parameters",
"Japanese links with redundant wikilinks",
"Japanese nouns",
"Japanese proper nouns",
"Japanese terms borrowed from Middle Chinese",
"Japanese terms derived from Middle Chinese",
"Japanese terms spelled with first grade kanji",
"Japanese terms spelled with third grade kanji",
"Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Japanese terms with non-redundant manual transliterations",
"Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys",
"Japanese terms written with two Han script characters",
"Middle Chinese terms with non-redundant manual transliterations",
"Pages with raw sortkeys",
"ja:Historical periods",
"ja:Sociology"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "ltc",
"3": "文化",
"4": "",
"5": "the way of educating by using morality, literature, rituals and music",
"sort": "ふんか'",
"tr": "mjun xwæH"
},
"expansion": "Learned borrowing from Middle Chinese 文化 (mjun xwæH, “the way of educating by using morality, literature, rituals and music”)",
"name": "lbor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "Kultur"
},
"expansion": "German Kultur",
"name": "noncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "culture"
},
"expansion": "culture",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Learned borrowing from Middle Chinese 文化 (mjun xwæH, “the way of educating by using morality, literature, rituals and music”), repurposed during the Meiji period as a translation of German Kultur.\nCited with the culture sense starting from roughly 1870.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "文化",
"ruby": [
[
"文",
"ぶん"
],
[
"化",
"か"
]
],
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "Bunka",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "proper noun",
"2": "ぶんか"
},
"expansion": "文(ぶん)化(か) • (Bunka)",
"name": "ja-pos"
}
],
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"pos": "name",
"related": [
{
"english": "era preceding Bunka",
"roman": "Kyōwa",
"ruby": [
[
"享和",
"きょうわ"
]
],
"word": "享和"
},
{
"english": "era following Bunka",
"roman": "Bunsei",
"ruby": [
[
"文政",
"ぶんせい"
]
],
"word": "文政"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"The Bunka era, 1804-1818"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"other": "ぶんか"
},
{
"ipa": "[bɯ̟̃ᵝŋka̠]"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Bunka",
"Meiji period",
"ja:文化 (元号)"
],
"word": "文化"
}
{
"forms": [
{
"form": "munhwa",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "문화",
"tags": [
"hangeul"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"hangeul": "문화"
},
"expansion": "文化 • (munhwa) (hangeul 문화)",
"name": "ko-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Korean",
"lang_code": "ko",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"extra": "culture",
"word": "문화"
}
],
"categories": [
"Korean entries with incorrect language header",
"Korean lemmas",
"Korean nouns",
"Korean nouns in Han script",
"Korean terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"Korean terms with redundant script codes",
"Pages with raw sortkeys"
],
"glosses": [
"Hanja form of 문화 (“culture”)."
],
"links": [
[
"Hanja",
"hanja#English"
],
[
"문화",
"문화#Korean"
]
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"hanja"
]
}
],
"word": "文化"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vi",
"2": "noun",
"3": "",
"4": "",
"head": "",
"tr": ""
},
"expansion": "文化",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"sc": "Hani"
},
"expansion": "文化",
"name": "vi-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"lang_code": "vi",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with raw sortkeys",
"Vietnamese Chữ Hán",
"Vietnamese entries with incorrect language header",
"Vietnamese lemmas",
"Vietnamese nouns",
"Vietnamese nouns in Han script",
"Vietnamese nouns without classifiers"
],
"glosses": [
"chữ Hán form of văn hoá (“culture”)."
],
"links": [
[
"chữ Hán",
"chữ Hán#Vietnamese"
],
[
"văn hoá",
"văn hoá#Vietnamese"
],
[
"culture",
"culture"
]
]
}
],
"word": "文化"
}
{
"called_from": "parser/304",
"msg": "HTML tag <sup> not properly closed",
"path": [
"文化"
],
"section": "Chinese",
"subsection": "",
"title": "文化",
"trace": "started on line 34, detected on line 34"
}
{
"called_from": "parser/1336",
"msg": "no corresponding start tag found for </sup>",
"path": [
"文化"
],
"section": "Chinese",
"subsection": "",
"title": "文化",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "pronunciations/296/20230324",
"msg": "Zh-pron header not found in zh_pron_tags or tags: 'Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai)'",
"path": [
"文化"
],
"section": "Chinese",
"subsection": "",
"title": "文化",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "pronunciations/296/20230324",
"msg": "Zh-pron header not found in zh_pron_tags or tags: 'Eastern Min'",
"path": [
"文化"
],
"section": "Chinese",
"subsection": "",
"title": "文化",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "pronunciations/296/20230324",
"msg": "Zh-pron header not found in zh_pron_tags or tags: '(Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺'",
"path": [
"文化"
],
"section": "Chinese",
"subsection": "",
"title": "文化",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "pronunciations/296/20230324",
"msg": "Zh-pron header not found in zh_pron_tags or tags: '(Shanghai):'",
"path": [
"文化"
],
"section": "Chinese",
"subsection": "",
"title": "文化",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "pronunciations/296/20230324",
"msg": "Zh-pron header not found in zh_pron_tags or tags: 'Wugniu'",
"path": [
"文化"
],
"section": "Chinese",
"subsection": "",
"title": "文化",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "pronunciations/296/20230324",
"msg": "Zh-pron header not found in zh_pron_tags or tags: 'MiniDict'",
"path": [
"文化"
],
"section": "Chinese",
"subsection": "",
"title": "文化",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "pronunciations/296/20230324",
"msg": "Zh-pron header not found in zh_pron_tags or tags: 'Southern Min'",
"path": [
"文化"
],
"section": "Chinese",
"subsection": "",
"title": "文化",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "pronunciations/296/20230324",
"msg": "Zh-pron header not found in zh_pron_tags or tags: 'Eastern Min (BUC)'",
"path": [
"文化"
],
"section": "Chinese",
"subsection": "",
"title": "文化",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "pronunciations/296/20230324",
"msg": "Zh-pron header not found in zh_pron_tags or tags: 'Wu (Wugniu)'",
"path": [
"文化"
],
"section": "Chinese",
"subsection": "",
"title": "文化",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "pronunciations/296/20230324",
"msg": "Zh-pron header not found in zh_pron_tags or tags: '(Northern)'",
"path": [
"文化"
],
"section": "Chinese",
"subsection": "",
"title": "文化",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "pronunciations/296/20230324",
"msg": "Zh-pron header not found in zh_pron_tags or tags: 'Sinological IPA (Shanghai)'",
"path": [
"文化"
],
"section": "Chinese",
"subsection": "",
"title": "文化",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1831",
"msg": "unrecognized sense qualifier: ～里",
"path": [
"文化"
],
"section": "Chinese",
"subsection": "proper noun",
"title": "文化",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1831",
"msg": "unrecognized sense qualifier: ～里",
"path": [
"文化"
],
"section": "Chinese",
"subsection": "proper noun",
"title": "文化",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1831",
"msg": "unrecognized sense qualifier: ～社區",
"path": [
"文化"
],
"section": "Chinese",
"subsection": "proper noun",
"title": "文化",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1831",
"msg": "unrecognized sense qualifier: ～社區",
"path": [
"文化"
],
"section": "Chinese",
"subsection": "proper noun",
"title": "文化",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "parser/304",
"msg": "HTML tag <span> not properly closed",
"path": [
"文化"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "文化",
"trace": "started on line 3, detected on line 3"
}
{
"called_from": "parser/1336",
"msg": "no corresponding start tag found for </span>",
"path": [
"文化"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "文化",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "parser/1336",
"msg": "no corresponding start tag found for </span>",
"path": [
"文化"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "proper noun",
"title": "文化",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-05-03 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-05-02 using wiktextract (f4fd8c9 and c9440ce). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.