See kara in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 0,
"templates": [],
"text": "Oghur"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Proto-Oghur: *χara"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Bulgar"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Proto-Bulgar: *χåra"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "Volga Bulgar:"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [],
"text": "Old Chuvash: *χåra"
},
{
"depth": 6,
"templates": [],
"text": "Middle Chuvash: *χora"
},
{
"depth": 7,
"templates": [],
"text": "Chuvash:"
},
{
"depth": 8,
"templates": [],
"text": "Anatri Chuvash: хура (hura)"
},
{
"depth": 8,
"templates": [],
"text": "Viryal Chuvash: хора (hora)"
},
{
"depth": 0,
"templates": [],
"text": "Common Turkic"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Proto-Common Turkic: *kara"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Arghu:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Khalaj: qara"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Oghuz"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Proto-Oghuz:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Old Anatolian Turkish: قَرَه"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "Classical Azerbaijani:"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [],
"text": "Azerbaijani: qara"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "Gagauz: kara"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "Ottoman Turkish: قره"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [],
"text": "Turkish: kara\n→ Adyghe: къарэ (qarɛ)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Salar: gara"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Turkmen: gara"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Kipchak-Karluk (classification disputed)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Altai"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Northern Altai: кара (kara)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Southern Altai: кара (kara)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Karluk"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Ili Turki: qara"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Karakhanid: قرا"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "Khorezmian Turkic:"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [],
"text": "Chagatai: كارا"
},
{
"depth": 6,
"templates": [],
"text": "Uyghur: قارا (qara)"
},
{
"depth": 6,
"templates": [],
"text": "Uzbek: qora"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Kipchak–Bulgar"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Volga Turki"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "Bashkir: ҡара (qara)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "Tatar: кара (qara)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Kipchak-Cuman"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Crimean Tatar: qara"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Karaim: qara"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Karachay-Balkar-Kumyk"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Karachay-Balkar: къара (qara)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Kumyk: къара (qara)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Kipchak–Nogai"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Karakalpak-Kazakh"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Karakalpak: qara"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Kazakh: қара (qara)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Kyrgyz: кара (kara)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Nogai: кара (kara)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Old Turkic"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Orkhon Turkic: 𐰴𐰺𐰀 (qr¹a /qara/)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Old Uyghur: 𐽲𐽰𐽾𐽰 (qʾrʾ /kara/)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Western Yugur: ɢara"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "North Siberian Turkic"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Dolgan: кара"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Yakut: хара (qara, “black”)/хараҥа (qaraña, “dark”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "South Siberian Turkic (classification disputed)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Sayan"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Tofa: ӄара"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Tuvan: кара (kara)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Khakas-Mrassu"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Khakas: хара (xara)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Shor: қара"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xgn-pro",
"2": "*kara",
"3": "",
"4": "black"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Mongolic *kara (“black”)",
"name": "noncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "jpx-pro",
"2": "*kuro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Japonic *kuro",
"name": "noncog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Compared to Proto-Mongolic *kara (“black”) and Proto-Japonic *kuro by Altaicists. Needless to say, such comparisons are not widely accepted as legitimate cognate relations by the consensus.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "trk-pro",
"2": "adjective"
},
"expansion": "*kara",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Turkic",
"lang_code": "trk-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/kara",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Ili Turki terms in nonstandard scripts",
"parents": [
"Terms in nonstandard scripts",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Turkic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"english": "jet-black; intensified adjectival form",
"word": "kapkara"
}
],
"glosses": [
"black"
],
"id": "en-kara-trk-pro-adj-wAbH46sU",
"links": [
[
"black",
"black"
]
],
"related": [
{
"word": "āk"
},
{
"word": "ürüŋ"
},
{
"word": "boŕ"
},
{
"word": "sūr"
},
{
"word": "kuba"
},
{
"word": "čāl"
},
{
"word": "oń"
},
{
"word": "kara"
},
{
"word": "kïŕïl"
},
{
"word": "āl"
},
{
"word": "koŋur"
},
{
"word": "yạgïŕ"
},
{
"word": "siarïg"
},
{
"word": "yẹgren"
},
{
"word": "yāĺïl"
},
{
"word": "kȫk"
},
{
"word": "(y)ip-"
}
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "kara"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"english": "jet-black; intensified adjectival form",
"word": "kapkara"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 0,
"templates": [],
"text": "Oghur"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Proto-Oghur: *χara"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Bulgar"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Proto-Bulgar: *χåra"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "Volga Bulgar:"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [],
"text": "Old Chuvash: *χåra"
},
{
"depth": 6,
"templates": [],
"text": "Middle Chuvash: *χora"
},
{
"depth": 7,
"templates": [],
"text": "Chuvash:"
},
{
"depth": 8,
"templates": [],
"text": "Anatri Chuvash: хура (hura)"
},
{
"depth": 8,
"templates": [],
"text": "Viryal Chuvash: хора (hora)"
},
{
"depth": 0,
"templates": [],
"text": "Common Turkic"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Proto-Common Turkic: *kara"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Arghu:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Khalaj: qara"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Oghuz"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Proto-Oghuz:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Old Anatolian Turkish: قَرَه"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "Classical Azerbaijani:"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [],
"text": "Azerbaijani: qara"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "Gagauz: kara"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "Ottoman Turkish: قره"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [],
"text": "Turkish: kara\n→ Adyghe: къарэ (qarɛ)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Salar: gara"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Turkmen: gara"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Kipchak-Karluk (classification disputed)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Altai"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Northern Altai: кара (kara)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Southern Altai: кара (kara)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Karluk"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Ili Turki: qara"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Karakhanid: قرا"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "Khorezmian Turkic:"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [],
"text": "Chagatai: كارا"
},
{
"depth": 6,
"templates": [],
"text": "Uyghur: قارا (qara)"
},
{
"depth": 6,
"templates": [],
"text": "Uzbek: qora"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Kipchak–Bulgar"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Volga Turki"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "Bashkir: ҡара (qara)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "Tatar: кара (qara)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Kipchak-Cuman"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Crimean Tatar: qara"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Karaim: qara"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Karachay-Balkar-Kumyk"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Karachay-Balkar: къара (qara)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Kumyk: къара (qara)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Kipchak–Nogai"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Karakalpak-Kazakh"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Karakalpak: qara"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Kazakh: қара (qara)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Kyrgyz: кара (kara)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Nogai: кара (kara)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Old Turkic"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Orkhon Turkic: 𐰴𐰺𐰀 (qr¹a /qara/)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Old Uyghur: 𐽲𐽰𐽾𐽰 (qʾrʾ /kara/)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Western Yugur: ɢara"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "North Siberian Turkic"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Dolgan: кара"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Yakut: хара (qara, “black”)/хараҥа (qaraña, “dark”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "South Siberian Turkic (classification disputed)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Sayan"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Tofa: ӄара"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Tuvan: кара (kara)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Khakas-Mrassu"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Khakas: хара (xara)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Shor: қара"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xgn-pro",
"2": "*kara",
"3": "",
"4": "black"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Mongolic *kara (“black”)",
"name": "noncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "jpx-pro",
"2": "*kuro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Japonic *kuro",
"name": "noncog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Compared to Proto-Mongolic *kara (“black”) and Proto-Japonic *kuro by Altaicists. Needless to say, such comparisons are not widely accepted as legitimate cognate relations by the consensus.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "trk-pro",
"2": "adjective"
},
"expansion": "*kara",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Turkic",
"lang_code": "trk-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/kara",
"pos": "adj",
"related": [
{
"word": "āk"
},
{
"word": "ürüŋ"
},
{
"word": "boŕ"
},
{
"word": "sūr"
},
{
"word": "kuba"
},
{
"word": "čāl"
},
{
"word": "oń"
},
{
"word": "kara"
},
{
"word": "kïŕïl"
},
{
"word": "āl"
},
{
"word": "koŋur"
},
{
"word": "yạgïŕ"
},
{
"word": "siarïg"
},
{
"word": "yẹgren"
},
{
"word": "yāĺïl"
},
{
"word": "kȫk"
},
{
"word": "(y)ip-"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Ili Turki terms in nonstandard scripts",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Turkic adjectives",
"Proto-Turkic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Turkic lemmas",
"trk-pro:Colors"
],
"glosses": [
"black"
],
"links": [
[
"black",
"black"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "kara"
}
Download raw JSONL data for kara meaning in Proto-Turkic (5.5kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Turkic dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-04-05 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-04-03 using wiktextract (8c1bb29 and fb63907). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.