See turf in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "artificial turf"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "AstroTurf"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "come with the turf"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "go with the turf"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "home turf"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "on the turf"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "Smurf turf"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "surf and turf"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "turf accountant"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "turf advisor"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "turf ant"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "turf bank"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "turfen"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "turf-roof"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "turf-roofed"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "turf ski"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "turf spade"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "turf toe"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "turf war"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "turfy"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*derbʰ-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "turf"
},
"expansion": "Middle English turf",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "turf",
"4": "",
"5": "turf, sod, soil, piece of grass covered earth, greensward"
},
"expansion": "Old English turf (“turf, sod, soil, piece of grass covered earth, greensward”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*turb"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *turb",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*turbz",
"4": "",
"5": "turf, lawn"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *turbz (“turf, lawn”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*derbʰ-",
"4": "",
"5": "tuft, grass"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *derbʰ- (“tuft, grass”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "turf",
"3": "",
"4": "turf"
},
"expansion": "Dutch turf (“turf”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gml",
"2": "torf",
"3": "",
"4": "peat, turf"
},
"expansion": "Middle Low German torf (“peat, turf”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "Torf"
},
"expansion": "German Torf",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nds-de",
"2": "Torf"
},
"expansion": "German Low German Torf",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "torv",
"3": "",
"4": "turf"
},
"expansion": "Swedish torv (“turf”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "no",
"2": "torv",
"3": "",
"4": "turf"
},
"expansion": "Norwegian torv (“turf”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "is",
"2": "torf",
"3": "",
"4": "turf"
},
"expansion": "Icelandic torf (“turf”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ru",
"2": "трава",
"3": "",
"4": "grass"
},
"expansion": "Russian трава (trava, “grass”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "दर्भ",
"3": "",
"4": "a kind of grass",
"tr": "darbhá"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit दर्भ (darbhá, “a kind of grass”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English turf, torf, from Old English turf (“turf, sod, soil, piece of grass covered earth, greensward”), from Proto-West Germanic *turb, from Proto-Germanic *turbz (“turf, lawn”), from Proto-Indo-European *derbʰ- (“tuft, grass”).\nCognate with Dutch turf (“turf”), Middle Low German torf (“peat, turf”) (whence German Torf and German Low German Torf), Swedish torv (“turf”), Norwegian torv (“turf”), Icelandic torf (“turf”), Russian трава (trava, “grass”), Sanskrit दर्भ (darbhá, “a kind of grass”), दूर्वा (dū́rvā, “bent grass”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "turfs",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "turves",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "~",
"2": "s",
"3": "turves"
},
"expansion": "turf (countable and uncountable, plural turfs or turves)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1897 December (indicated as 1898), Winston Churchill, chapter VIII, in The Celebrity: An Episode, New York, N.Y.: The Macmillan Company; London: Macmillan & Co., Ltd., →OCLC:",
"text": "Miss Thorn began digging up the turf with her lofter: it was a painful moment for me. ¶ “You might at least have tried me, Mrs. Cooke,” I said.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2018 May 26, Daniel Taylor, “Liverpool go through after Mohamed Salah stops Manchester City fightback”, in The Guardian (London):",
"text": "It was a sixth successive defeat for Klopp in a major final and at the final whistle, with Karius burying his face into the turf, there was not exactly a stampede of team-mates wanting to console him.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A layer of earth covered with grass; sod."
],
"id": "en-turf-en-noun-XI16TNAt",
"links": [
[
"layer",
"layer"
],
[
"earth",
"earth"
],
[
"grass",
"grass"
],
[
"sod",
"sod"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(uncountable) A layer of earth covered with grass; sod."
],
"tags": [
"uncountable"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "88 6 0 0 2 1 1 1 0",
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"roman": "čim",
"sense": "a layer of earth covered with grass; sod",
"word": "ճիմ"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 6 0 0 2 1 1 1 0",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "čim",
"sense": "a layer of earth covered with grass; sod",
"word": "чим"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 6 0 0 2 1 1 1 0",
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "a layer of earth covered with grass; sod",
"word": "gespa"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 6 0 0 2 1 1 1 0",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "a layer of earth covered with grass; sod",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "drn"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 6 0 0 2 1 1 1 0",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "a layer of earth covered with grass; sod",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "trávník"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 6 0 0 2 1 1 1 0",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "a layer of earth covered with grass; sod",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "pažit"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 6 0 0 2 1 1 1 0",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "a layer of earth covered with grass; sod",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "grasveld"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 6 0 0 2 1 1 1 0",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "a layer of earth covered with grass; sod",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "gazon"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 6 0 0 2 1 1 1 0",
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "a layer of earth covered with grass; sod",
"word": "torfo"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 6 0 0 2 1 1 1 0",
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "a layer of earth covered with grass; sod",
"word": "turfo"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 6 0 0 2 1 1 1 0",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "a layer of earth covered with grass; sod",
"word": "nurmi"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 6 0 0 2 1 1 1 0",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "a layer of earth covered with grass; sod",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "gazon"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 6 0 0 2 1 1 1 0",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "a layer of earth covered with grass; sod",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "Rasen"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 6 0 0 2 1 1 1 0",
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "chlói",
"sense": "a layer of earth covered with grass; sod",
"word": "χλόη"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 6 0 0 2 1 1 1 0",
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "grasídi",
"sense": "a layer of earth covered with grass; sod",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "γρασίδι"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 6 0 0 2 1 1 1 0",
"code": "grc",
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"roman": "bôlos",
"sense": "a layer of earth covered with grass; sod",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "βῶλος"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 6 0 0 2 1 1 1 0",
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "a layer of earth covered with grass; sod",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "torf"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 6 0 0 2 1 1 1 0",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "a layer of earth covered with grass; sod",
"word": "erba"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 6 0 0 2 1 1 1 0",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "a layer of earth covered with grass; sod",
"word": "zolla erbosa"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 6 0 0 2 1 1 1 0",
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "a layer of earth covered with grass; sod",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "caespes"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 6 0 0 2 1 1 1 0",
"code": "lv",
"lang": "Latvian",
"sense": "a layer of earth covered with grass; sod",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "velēna"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 6 0 0 2 1 1 1 0",
"code": "no",
"lang": "Norwegian",
"sense": "a layer of earth covered with grass; sod",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "gressmatte"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 6 0 0 2 1 1 1 0",
"code": "oc",
"lang": "Occitan",
"sense": "a layer of earth covered with grass; sod",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "pelena"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 6 0 0 2 1 1 1 0",
"code": "oc",
"lang": "Occitan",
"sense": "a layer of earth covered with grass; sod",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "tepa"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 6 0 0 2 1 1 1 0",
"code": "ota",
"lang": "Ottoman Turkish",
"roman": "çim",
"sense": "a layer of earth covered with grass; sod",
"word": "چیم"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 6 0 0 2 1 1 1 0",
"code": "pdt",
"lang": "Plautdietsch",
"sense": "a layer of earth covered with grass; sod",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Sood"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 6 0 0 2 1 1 1 0",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "a layer of earth covered with grass; sod",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "gramado"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 6 0 0 2 1 1 1 0",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "djorn",
"sense": "a layer of earth covered with grass; sod",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "дёрн"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 6 0 0 2 1 1 1 0",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "a layer of earth covered with grass; sod",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "césped"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 6 0 0 2 1 1 1 0",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "a layer of earth covered with grass; sod",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "terreno"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 6 0 0 2 1 1 1 0",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "a layer of earth covered with grass; sod",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "territorio"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1906, Rudyard Kipling, Puck of Pook's Hill:",
"text": "\"It's an old custom the people had when they bought and sold land. They used to cut out a clod and hand it over to the buyer, and you weren't lawfully seised of your land - it didn't really belong to you - till the other fellow had actually given you a piece of it - like this.\" He held out the turves.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1955, J. R. R. Tolkien, The Return of the King:",
"text": "Frodo and Sam went forward and saw that amidst the clamorous host were set three high-seats built of green turves.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A piece of such a layer cut from the soil. May be used as sod to make a lawn, dried for peat, stacked to form earthen structures, etc."
],
"id": "en-turf-en-noun-JJSP7g3K",
"links": [
[
"piece",
"piece"
],
[
"lawn",
"lawn"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(countable) A piece of such a layer cut from the soil. May be used as sod to make a lawn, dried for peat, stacked to form earthen structures, etc."
],
"tags": [
"countable"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "7 70 9 0 3 3 3 2 2",
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"roman": "čim",
"sense": "a piece of such a layer cut from the soil and used to make a lawn",
"word": "ճիմ"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 70 9 0 3 3 3 2 2",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "čim",
"sense": "a piece of such a layer cut from the soil and used to make a lawn",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "чим"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 70 9 0 3 3 3 2 2",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "a piece of such a layer cut from the soil and used to make a lawn",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "drn"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 70 9 0 3 3 3 2 2",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "a piece of such a layer cut from the soil and used to make a lawn",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine"
],
"word": "graszode"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 70 9 0 3 3 3 2 2",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "a piece of such a layer cut from the soil and used to make a lawn",
"word": "nurmi"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 70 9 0 3 3 3 2 2",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "a piece of such a layer cut from the soil and used to make a lawn",
"word": "nurmikerros"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 70 9 0 3 3 3 2 2",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "a piece of such a layer cut from the soil and used to make a lawn",
"word": "nurmimatto"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 70 9 0 3 3 3 2 2",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "a piece of such a layer cut from the soil and used to make a lawn",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "une motte f de gazon"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 70 9 0 3 3 3 2 2",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "a piece of such a layer cut from the soil and used to make a lawn",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Grassode"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 70 9 0 3 3 3 2 2",
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "chlootápitas",
"sense": "a piece of such a layer cut from the soil and used to make a lawn",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "χλοοτάπητας"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 70 9 0 3 3 3 2 2",
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "a piece of such a layer cut from the soil and used to make a lawn",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "torfa"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 70 9 0 3 3 3 2 2",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "a piece of such a layer cut from the soil and used to make a lawn",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "zolla d'erba"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 70 9 0 3 3 3 2 2",
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "a piece of such a layer cut from the soil and used to make a lawn",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "caespes"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 70 9 0 3 3 3 2 2",
"code": "lv",
"lang": "Latvian",
"sense": "a piece of such a layer cut from the soil and used to make a lawn",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "velēna"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 70 9 0 3 3 3 2 2",
"code": "no",
"lang": "Norwegian",
"sense": "a piece of such a layer cut from the soil and used to make a lawn",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "ferdigplen"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 70 9 0 3 3 3 2 2",
"code": "ota",
"lang": "Ottoman Turkish",
"roman": "çim",
"sense": "a piece of such a layer cut from the soil and used to make a lawn",
"word": "چیم"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 70 9 0 3 3 3 2 2",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "a piece of such a layer cut from the soil and used to make a lawn",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "torrão"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 70 9 0 3 3 3 2 2",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "djorn",
"sense": "a piece of such a layer cut from the soil and used to make a lawn",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "дёрн"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 70 9 0 3 3 3 2 2",
"code": "gd",
"lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
"sense": "a piece of such a layer cut from the soil and used to make a lawn",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "fòid"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 70 9 0 3 3 3 2 2",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "a piece of such a layer cut from the soil and used to make a lawn",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "tepe"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 70 9 0 3 3 3 2 2",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "a piece of such a layer cut from the soil and used to make a lawn",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "gallón"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 70 9 0 3 3 3 2 2",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "a piece of such a layer cut from the soil and used to make a lawn",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "torva"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1908, Karl Gayer and W. R. Fisher, edited by Sir William Schlich, Forest Utilization (Schlich's Manual of Forestry):",
"text": "In ordinary peat-bogs, however, where turves are cut, there is always a large percentage of waste peat resulting from the digging, drying or transport of the turves, which can be utilized only by moulding it.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1945 January and February, “Notes and News: Locomotive Firing with Turf”, in Railway Magazine, page 46:",
"text": "[…] the fireman has to divide his time between getting up into the bunker to throw more turfs into the cab, and getting down on his hands and knees to get it into the firebox, and even then a reserve supply of turf must be carried on a truck behind the engine, and stops must be made on each steep ascent to raise more steam.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A block of peat used as fuel."
],
"id": "en-turf-en-noun--kZq7-iU",
"links": [
[
"block",
"block"
],
[
"peat",
"peat"
],
[
"fuel",
"fuel"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(countable) A block of peat used as fuel."
],
"tags": [
"countable"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "1 27 57 0 2 1 5 6 2",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "torf",
"sense": "a piece of peat used as fuel",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "торф"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 27 57 0 2 1 5 6 2",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "a piece of peat used as fuel",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "rašelina"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 27 57 0 2 1 5 6 2",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "a piece of peat used as fuel",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "turf"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 27 57 0 2 1 5 6 2",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "a piece of peat used as fuel",
"word": "turve"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 27 57 0 2 1 5 6 2",
"code": "izh",
"lang": "Ingrian",
"sense": "a piece of peat used as fuel",
"word": "turve"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 27 57 0 2 1 5 6 2",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "a piece of peat used as fuel",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "torba"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 27 57 0 2 1 5 6 2",
"code": "no",
"lang": "Norwegian",
"sense": "a piece of peat used as fuel",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "torv"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 27 57 0 2 1 5 6 2",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "a piece of peat used as fuel",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "turfa"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 27 57 0 2 1 5 6 2",
"code": "gd",
"lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
"sense": "a piece of peat used as fuel",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "fòid"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 27 57 0 2 1 5 6 2",
"code": "gd",
"lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
"sense": "a piece of peat used as fuel",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "fàd"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 27 57 0 2 1 5 6 2",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "a piece of peat used as fuel",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "turba"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 27 57 0 2 1 5 6 2",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "a piece of peat used as fuel",
"word": "torv"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1980, An Ecological Characterization of the Pacific Northwest Coastal Region, volumes 1-2, page 84:",
"text": "The turf layer is made up of filamentous and thallose red algae.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A thick, carpet-like bed of algae."
],
"id": "en-turf-en-noun-6msg6pl8",
"links": [
[
"alga",
"alga"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(uncountable, countable) A thick, carpet-like bed of algae."
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "1 2 1 1 21 10 6 9 7 6 6 4 1 22 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "2 2 2 1 32 9 3 6 5 5 6 3 2 18 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Entries with translation boxes",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "1 1 6 18 18 1 1 1 1 1 11 7 2 4 3 3 3 1 1 12 2",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 7 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "0 1 4 21 21 0 1 1 1 1 12 6 1 4 4 3 3 1 1 13 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 6 6 2 16 9 7 6 5 5 5 6 2 14 5",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Ancient Greek translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "3 3 5 1 15 8 15 8 6 4 6 3 2 15 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Armenian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "2 4 4 1 16 11 4 12 10 4 7 4 2 16 5",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Bulgarian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "3 3 4 1 18 10 5 8 7 5 6 3 2 18 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Catalan translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "2 3 4 1 13 9 18 7 5 4 5 3 1 18 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Czech translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "3 3 3 1 21 10 5 7 6 6 6 4 3 19 5",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Dutch translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "2 2 2 1 20 11 5 7 6 6 6 4 2 20 5",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Esperanto translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "2 3 4 1 21 10 5 8 6 5 6 3 2 17 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Finnish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "2 2 2 1 20 10 4 8 7 6 6 4 3 18 5",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with French translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "3 3 3 1 23 11 5 7 6 5 6 3 2 19 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with German translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "2 4 3 1 19 10 9 7 5 6 5 6 3 17 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Greek translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "2 3 4 1 21 10 5 8 6 5 6 3 2 17 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Icelandic translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "2 2 3 1 20 11 5 8 7 6 6 3 2 20 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Ingrian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "2 2 2 1 24 11 5 7 6 5 6 3 2 20 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Italian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "2 2 2 1 20 11 5 8 6 6 6 3 2 21 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Latin translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "3 3 4 1 16 9 16 7 6 4 5 3 2 16 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Latvian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "2 3 4 1 22 10 5 8 6 5 6 3 2 17 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Norwegian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "3 2 3 1 19 11 9 7 6 5 6 4 2 18 5",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Occitan translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "4 6 9 1 15 9 6 10 7 3 6 4 2 12 5",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Ottoman Turkish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "1 1 1 1 30 9 3 6 5 4 4 3 1 27 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Plautdietsch translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "2 3 3 1 18 8 16 7 5 4 5 3 1 15 8",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Portuguese translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "2 2 2 1 24 11 5 7 6 5 6 3 2 20 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Russian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "3 3 4 1 18 10 5 8 7 5 6 3 2 18 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Scottish Gaelic translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "2 2 2 1 23 11 4 7 6 6 6 3 3 21 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Spanish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "2 3 4 1 18 10 4 8 7 5 6 3 2 18 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Swedish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "3 3 4 1 16 9 16 7 6 4 5 3 2 16 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Vietnamese translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "In climates where grass struggles to grow, turf is usually used instead on sports fields.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"ref": "2022 November 13, Dennis Young, “49ers continue fight against turf fields: 'Owners choose to save money'”, in SFGate, archived from the original on 2023-10-12:",
"text": "The Niners have nine games left on the schedule, and only one visit to a turf field. That turf in Seattle is not slit film; while the NFL admits slit film fields lead to more ankle sprains, the league insists that turf is otherwise no more dangerous than grass.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2023 September 13, Albert Breer, “In Grass Vs. Turf Debate, NFL Owners Still Won't Spend to Protect Their Players”, in Sports Illustrated, New York, N.Y.: Arena Group Holdings, Inc., →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-09-14:",
"text": "And accommodating all those events has made it harder and harder for teams to maintain grass fields. It's easier, cheaper and less time-consuming just to throw turf down and call it a day, hence artificial surfaces popping up even in outdoor stadiums and Sun-Belt cities such as Charlotte, N.C., and Nashville, Tenn.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2023 November 21, Sarah Law, “Thunder Bay's long-awaited indoor turf facility delayed again as council seeks to cut costs”, in CBC News, archived from the original on 2023-12-15:",
"text": "Thunder Bay Coun. Mark Bentz has put forward a referral of a motion that would see the indoor turf facility capped at around $30 million. Councillors voted in favour of the decision, which will see further consultations with user groups about how to re-scope the project.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A surface of synthetic fibers made to look like grass; artificial turf."
],
"id": "en-turf-en-noun-e-sVvYNY",
"links": [
[
"surface",
"surface#Noun"
],
[
"synthetic fibers",
"synthetic fiber#Noun"
],
[
"grass",
"grass#Noun"
],
[
"artificial",
"artificial#Adjective"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(uncountable, specifically) A surface of synthetic fibers made to look like grass; artificial turf."
],
"tags": [
"specifically",
"uncountable"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "1 2 1 1 21 10 6 9 7 6 6 4 1 22 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "2 4 4 1 16 11 4 12 10 4 7 4 2 16 5",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Bulgarian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "3 3 4 1 18 10 5 8 7 5 6 3 2 18 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Catalan translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "2 2 2 1 20 11 5 7 6 6 6 4 2 20 5",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Esperanto translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "2 2 3 1 20 11 5 8 7 6 6 3 2 20 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Ingrian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "2 2 2 1 20 11 5 8 6 6 6 3 2 21 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Latin translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "3 2 3 1 19 11 9 7 6 5 6 4 2 18 5",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Occitan translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "2 2 2 1 23 11 4 7 6 6 6 3 3 21 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Spanish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "2 3 4 1 18 10 4 8 7 5 6 3 2 18 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Swedish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A territory claimed by a gang as their own."
],
"id": "en-turf-en-noun-zUKc2bLB",
"links": [
[
"territory",
"territory"
],
[
"claim",
"claim"
],
[
"gang",
"gang"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(uncountable, slang) A territory claimed by a gang as their own."
],
"tags": [
"slang",
"uncountable"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "2 3 1 0 6 54 25 5 4",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "(slang) the territory claimed by a person, gang, etc. as their own",
"word": "reviiri"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 3 1 0 6 54 25 5 4",
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "édafos",
"sense": "(slang) the territory claimed by a person, gang, etc. as their own",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "έδαφος"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 3 1 0 6 54 25 5 4",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "(slang) the territory claimed by a person, gang, etc. as their own",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "quebrada"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 3 1 0 6 54 25 5 4",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "(slang) the territory claimed by a person, gang, etc. as their own",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "täppa"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 3 1 0 6 54 25 5 4",
"code": "vi",
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"sense": "(slang) the territory claimed by a person, gang, etc. as their own",
"word": "địa bàn"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "3 3 5 1 15 8 15 8 6 4 6 3 2 15 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Armenian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "2 3 4 1 13 9 18 7 5 4 5 3 1 18 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Czech translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "3 3 4 1 16 9 16 7 6 4 5 3 2 16 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Latvian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "2 3 3 1 18 8 16 7 5 4 5 3 1 15 8",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Portuguese translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "3 3 4 1 16 9 16 7 6 4 5 3 2 16 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Vietnamese translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A person's domain or sphere of influence."
],
"id": "en-turf-en-noun-m2hQfrp4",
"links": [
[
"domain",
"domain#Noun"
],
[
"sphere of influence",
"sphere of influence#Noun"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(uncountable, by extension) A person's domain or sphere of influence."
],
"tags": [
"broadly",
"uncountable"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Sports",
"orig": "en:Sports",
"parents": [
"Human activity",
"Human behaviour",
"Human",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "2 4 4 1 16 11 4 12 10 4 7 4 2 16 5",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Bulgarian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A racetrack, hippodrome."
],
"id": "en-turf-en-noun-UYK8C2G1",
"links": [
[
"sports",
"sports"
],
[
"racetrack",
"racetrack"
],
[
"hippodrome",
"hippodrome"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(uncountable, with \"the\", sports) A racetrack, hippodrome."
],
"tags": [
"uncountable",
"with-definite-article"
],
"topics": [
"hobbies",
"lifestyle",
"sports"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "1 4 6 0 2 2 6 55 25",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "a racetrack; or the sport of horse racing",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "turf"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 4 6 0 2 2 6 55 25",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "a racetrack; or the sport of horse racing",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine"
],
"word": "renbaan"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 4 6 0 2 2 6 55 25",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "a racetrack; or the sport of horse racing",
"word": "rata"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 4 6 0 2 2 6 55 25",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "a racetrack; or the sport of horse racing",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "hippodrome"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 4 6 0 2 2 6 55 25",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "a racetrack; or the sport of horse racing",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "champ de courses"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 4 6 0 2 2 6 55 25",
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "ippodrómio",
"sense": "a racetrack; or the sport of horse racing",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "ιπποδρόμιο"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 4 6 0 2 2 6 55 25",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "a racetrack; or the sport of horse racing",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "turfe"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 4 6 0 2 2 6 55 25",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "a racetrack; or the sport of horse racing",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "hipódromo"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 4 6 0 2 2 6 55 25",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "a racetrack; or the sport of horse racing",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "hipódromo"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 4 6 0 2 2 6 55 25",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "a racetrack; or the sport of horse racing",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "turf"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 4 6 0 2 2 6 55 25",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "a racetrack; or the sport of horse racing",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "carrera de caballos"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Sports",
"orig": "en:Sports",
"parents": [
"Human activity",
"Human behaviour",
"Human",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"The sport of racing horses."
],
"id": "en-turf-en-noun-tyxh14Kc",
"links": [
[
"sports",
"sports"
],
[
"sport",
"sport"
],
[
"racing",
"racing"
],
[
"horse",
"horse"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(uncountable, with \"the\", sports) The sport of racing horses."
],
"tags": [
"uncountable",
"with-definite-article"
],
"topics": [
"hobbies",
"lifestyle",
"sports"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/tɝf/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/tɜːf/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"audio": "En-au-turf.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/ba/En-au-turf.ogg/En-au-turf.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/En-au-turf.ogg"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɜː(ɹ)f"
},
{
"homophone": "TERF"
}
],
"word": "turf"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "turfer"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "turf out"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*derbʰ-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "turf"
},
"expansion": "Middle English turf",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "turf",
"4": "",
"5": "turf, sod, soil, piece of grass covered earth, greensward"
},
"expansion": "Old English turf (“turf, sod, soil, piece of grass covered earth, greensward”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*turb"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *turb",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*turbz",
"4": "",
"5": "turf, lawn"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *turbz (“turf, lawn”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*derbʰ-",
"4": "",
"5": "tuft, grass"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *derbʰ- (“tuft, grass”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "turf",
"3": "",
"4": "turf"
},
"expansion": "Dutch turf (“turf”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gml",
"2": "torf",
"3": "",
"4": "peat, turf"
},
"expansion": "Middle Low German torf (“peat, turf”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "Torf"
},
"expansion": "German Torf",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nds-de",
"2": "Torf"
},
"expansion": "German Low German Torf",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "torv",
"3": "",
"4": "turf"
},
"expansion": "Swedish torv (“turf”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "no",
"2": "torv",
"3": "",
"4": "turf"
},
"expansion": "Norwegian torv (“turf”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "is",
"2": "torf",
"3": "",
"4": "turf"
},
"expansion": "Icelandic torf (“turf”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ru",
"2": "трава",
"3": "",
"4": "grass"
},
"expansion": "Russian трава (trava, “grass”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "दर्भ",
"3": "",
"4": "a kind of grass",
"tr": "darbhá"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit दर्भ (darbhá, “a kind of grass”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English turf, torf, from Old English turf (“turf, sod, soil, piece of grass covered earth, greensward”), from Proto-West Germanic *turb, from Proto-Germanic *turbz (“turf, lawn”), from Proto-Indo-European *derbʰ- (“tuft, grass”).\nCognate with Dutch turf (“turf”), Middle Low German torf (“peat, turf”) (whence German Torf and German Low German Torf), Swedish torv (“turf”), Norwegian torv (“turf”), Icelandic torf (“turf”), Russian трава (trava, “grass”), Sanskrit दर्भ (darbhá, “a kind of grass”), दूर्वा (dū́rvā, “bent grass”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "turfs",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "turfing",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "turfed",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "turfed",
"tags": [
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "turf (third-person singular simple present turfs, present participle turfing, simple past and past participle turfed)",
"name": "en-verb"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"To cover with turf; to create a lawn by laying turfs."
],
"id": "en-turf-en-verb-F51usZDx",
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "88 2 1 0 8 1",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to create a lawn by laying turfs",
"word": "levittää nurmimatto"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 2 1 0 8 1",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to create a lawn by laying turfs",
"word": "gazonner"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 2 1 0 8 1",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "to create a lawn by laying turfs",
"word": "piotare"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 2 1 0 8 1",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "to create a lawn by laying turfs",
"word": "zollare"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 2 1 0 8 1",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "to create a lawn by laying turfs",
"word": "relvar"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 2 1 0 8 1",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to create a lawn by laying turfs",
"word": "encespedar"
}
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"To throw a frisbee well short of its intended target, usually causing it to hit the ground within 10 yards of its release."
],
"id": "en-turf-en-verb-hmd-fTVC",
"links": [
[
"frisbee",
"frisbee"
]
],
"qualifier": "Ultimate Frisbee",
"raw_glosses": [
"(Ultimate Frisbee) To throw a frisbee well short of its intended target, usually causing it to hit the ground within 10 yards of its release."
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Business",
"orig": "en:Business",
"parents": [
"Economics",
"Society",
"Social sciences",
"All topics",
"Sciences",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "Eight managers were turfed after the merger of the two companies.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To fire from a job or dismiss from a task."
],
"id": "en-turf-en-verb-ZeVLZDYZ",
"links": [
[
"business",
"business"
],
[
"fire",
"fire"
],
[
"job",
"job"
],
[
"dismiss",
"dismiss"
],
[
"task",
"task"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(business) To fire from a job or dismiss from a task."
],
"topics": [
"business"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 81 7 12 0",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "(business) to fire from a job",
"word": "antaa potkut"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Business",
"orig": "en:Business",
"parents": [
"Economics",
"Society",
"Social sciences",
"All topics",
"Sciences",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "The company turfed the concept car because the prototype performed poorly.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To cancel a project or product."
],
"id": "en-turf-en-verb-adwOd3QZ",
"links": [
[
"business",
"business"
],
[
"cancel",
"cancel"
],
[
"project",
"project"
],
[
"product",
"product"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(business) To cancel a project or product."
],
"topics": [
"business"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 8 92 0 0",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "(business) to cancel a project",
"word": "hyllyttää"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "1 2 1 1 21 10 6 9 7 6 6 4 1 22 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "1 1 6 18 18 1 1 1 1 1 11 7 2 4 3 3 3 1 1 12 2",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 7 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "0 1 4 21 21 0 1 1 1 1 12 6 1 4 4 3 3 1 1 13 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 6 6 2 16 9 7 6 5 5 5 6 2 14 5",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Ancient Greek translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "3 3 5 1 15 8 15 8 6 4 6 3 2 15 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Armenian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "2 4 4 1 16 11 4 12 10 4 7 4 2 16 5",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Bulgarian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "3 3 4 1 18 10 5 8 7 5 6 3 2 18 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Catalan translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "2 3 4 1 13 9 18 7 5 4 5 3 1 18 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Czech translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "3 3 3 1 21 10 5 7 6 6 6 4 3 19 5",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Dutch translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "2 2 2 1 20 11 5 7 6 6 6 4 2 20 5",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Esperanto translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "2 3 4 1 21 10 5 8 6 5 6 3 2 17 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Finnish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "2 2 2 1 20 10 4 8 7 6 6 4 3 18 5",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with French translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "2 4 3 1 19 10 9 7 5 6 5 6 3 17 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Greek translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "2 3 4 1 21 10 5 8 6 5 6 3 2 17 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Icelandic translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "2 2 3 1 20 11 5 8 7 6 6 3 2 20 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Ingrian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "2 2 2 1 20 11 5 8 6 6 6 3 2 21 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Latin translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "3 3 4 1 16 9 16 7 6 4 5 3 2 16 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Latvian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "3 2 3 1 19 11 9 7 6 5 6 4 2 18 5",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Occitan translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "1 1 1 1 30 9 3 6 5 4 4 3 1 27 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Plautdietsch translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "2 3 3 1 18 8 16 7 5 4 5 3 1 15 8",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Portuguese translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "3 3 4 1 18 10 5 8 7 5 6 3 2 18 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Scottish Gaelic translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "2 2 2 1 23 11 4 7 6 6 6 3 3 21 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Spanish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "2 3 4 1 18 10 4 8 7 5 6 3 2 18 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Swedish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "3 3 4 1 16 9 16 7 6 4 5 3 2 16 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Vietnamese translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1968, Eric Herne, The Haunted Islands, page 18:",
"text": "He has the mistaken idea that he is a lap dog, and loves to be nursed, especially by ladies, but eighty-five pounds on your lap is no joke, and he can never understand why he gets turfed off.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1988, Simon Haw with Richard Frame, For Hearth and Home: The Story of Maritzburg College, 1863-1988, page 166:",
"text": "At the same time as College was being unceremoniously turfed from their premises, a similar process was affecting the Estcourt School.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To expel, eject, or throw out; to turf out."
],
"id": "en-turf-en-verb-Li6mxHNe",
"links": [
[
"expel",
"expel"
],
[
"eject",
"eject"
],
[
"throw out",
"throw out"
],
[
"turf out",
"turf out"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(informal, transitive) To expel, eject, or throw out; to turf out."
],
"tags": [
"informal",
"transitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1996, Jeffrey E. Nash, James M. Calonico, The Meaning of Social Interaction: An Introduction to Social Psychology, page 139:",
"text": "\"Sure thing, I buffed her, and they turfed her to urology, but she bounced back to me!\" […] They want to transfer responsibility for her to another branch of the hospital (turf her).",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To transfer or attempt to transfer (a patient or case); to eschew or avoid responsibility for."
],
"id": "en-turf-en-verb-mvzY-D18",
"links": [
[
"medical",
"medical"
],
[
"slang",
"slang"
],
[
"transfer",
"transfer"
],
[
"eschew",
"eschew"
]
],
"qualifier": "medical slang",
"raw_glosses": [
"(medical slang, transitive) To transfer or attempt to transfer (a patient or case); to eschew or avoid responsibility for."
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/tɝf/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/tɜːf/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"audio": "En-au-turf.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/ba/En-au-turf.ogg/En-au-turf.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/En-au-turf.ogg"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɜː(ɹ)f"
},
{
"homophone": "TERF"
}
],
"word": "turf"
}
{
"categories": [
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English nouns with irregular plurals",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Old English",
"English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *derbʰ-",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English terms inherited from Old English",
"English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"English terms with homophones",
"English uncountable nouns",
"English verbs",
"Entries with translation boxes",
"Pages with 7 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Rhymes:English/ɜː(ɹ)f",
"Rhymes:English/ɜː(ɹ)f/1 syllable",
"Terms with Ancient Greek translations",
"Terms with Armenian translations",
"Terms with Bulgarian translations",
"Terms with Catalan translations",
"Terms with Czech translations",
"Terms with Dutch translations",
"Terms with Esperanto translations",
"Terms with Finnish translations",
"Terms with French translations",
"Terms with German translations",
"Terms with Greek translations",
"Terms with Icelandic translations",
"Terms with Ingrian translations",
"Terms with Italian translations",
"Terms with Latin translations",
"Terms with Latvian translations",
"Terms with Norwegian translations",
"Terms with Occitan translations",
"Terms with Ottoman Turkish translations",
"Terms with Plautdietsch translations",
"Terms with Portuguese translations",
"Terms with Russian translations",
"Terms with Scottish Gaelic translations",
"Terms with Spanish translations",
"Terms with Swedish translations",
"Terms with Vietnamese translations"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "artificial turf"
},
{
"word": "AstroTurf"
},
{
"word": "come with the turf"
},
{
"word": "go with the turf"
},
{
"word": "home turf"
},
{
"word": "on the turf"
},
{
"word": "Smurf turf"
},
{
"word": "surf and turf"
},
{
"word": "turf accountant"
},
{
"word": "turf advisor"
},
{
"word": "turf ant"
},
{
"word": "turf bank"
},
{
"word": "turfen"
},
{
"word": "turf-roof"
},
{
"word": "turf-roofed"
},
{
"word": "turf ski"
},
{
"word": "turf spade"
},
{
"word": "turf toe"
},
{
"word": "turf war"
},
{
"word": "turfy"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*derbʰ-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "turf"
},
"expansion": "Middle English turf",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "turf",
"4": "",
"5": "turf, sod, soil, piece of grass covered earth, greensward"
},
"expansion": "Old English turf (“turf, sod, soil, piece of grass covered earth, greensward”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*turb"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *turb",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*turbz",
"4": "",
"5": "turf, lawn"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *turbz (“turf, lawn”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*derbʰ-",
"4": "",
"5": "tuft, grass"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *derbʰ- (“tuft, grass”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "turf",
"3": "",
"4": "turf"
},
"expansion": "Dutch turf (“turf”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gml",
"2": "torf",
"3": "",
"4": "peat, turf"
},
"expansion": "Middle Low German torf (“peat, turf”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "Torf"
},
"expansion": "German Torf",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nds-de",
"2": "Torf"
},
"expansion": "German Low German Torf",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "torv",
"3": "",
"4": "turf"
},
"expansion": "Swedish torv (“turf”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "no",
"2": "torv",
"3": "",
"4": "turf"
},
"expansion": "Norwegian torv (“turf”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "is",
"2": "torf",
"3": "",
"4": "turf"
},
"expansion": "Icelandic torf (“turf”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ru",
"2": "трава",
"3": "",
"4": "grass"
},
"expansion": "Russian трава (trava, “grass”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "दर्भ",
"3": "",
"4": "a kind of grass",
"tr": "darbhá"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit दर्भ (darbhá, “a kind of grass”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English turf, torf, from Old English turf (“turf, sod, soil, piece of grass covered earth, greensward”), from Proto-West Germanic *turb, from Proto-Germanic *turbz (“turf, lawn”), from Proto-Indo-European *derbʰ- (“tuft, grass”).\nCognate with Dutch turf (“turf”), Middle Low German torf (“peat, turf”) (whence German Torf and German Low German Torf), Swedish torv (“turf”), Norwegian torv (“turf”), Icelandic torf (“turf”), Russian трава (trava, “grass”), Sanskrit दर्भ (darbhá, “a kind of grass”), दूर्वा (dū́rvā, “bent grass”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "turfs",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "turves",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "~",
"2": "s",
"3": "turves"
},
"expansion": "turf (countable and uncountable, plural turfs or turves)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"English uncountable nouns"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1897 December (indicated as 1898), Winston Churchill, chapter VIII, in The Celebrity: An Episode, New York, N.Y.: The Macmillan Company; London: Macmillan & Co., Ltd., →OCLC:",
"text": "Miss Thorn began digging up the turf with her lofter: it was a painful moment for me. ¶ “You might at least have tried me, Mrs. Cooke,” I said.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2018 May 26, Daniel Taylor, “Liverpool go through after Mohamed Salah stops Manchester City fightback”, in The Guardian (London):",
"text": "It was a sixth successive defeat for Klopp in a major final and at the final whistle, with Karius burying his face into the turf, there was not exactly a stampede of team-mates wanting to console him.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A layer of earth covered with grass; sod."
],
"links": [
[
"layer",
"layer"
],
[
"earth",
"earth"
],
[
"grass",
"grass"
],
[
"sod",
"sod"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(uncountable) A layer of earth covered with grass; sod."
],
"tags": [
"uncountable"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English countable nouns",
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1906, Rudyard Kipling, Puck of Pook's Hill:",
"text": "\"It's an old custom the people had when they bought and sold land. They used to cut out a clod and hand it over to the buyer, and you weren't lawfully seised of your land - it didn't really belong to you - till the other fellow had actually given you a piece of it - like this.\" He held out the turves.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1955, J. R. R. Tolkien, The Return of the King:",
"text": "Frodo and Sam went forward and saw that amidst the clamorous host were set three high-seats built of green turves.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A piece of such a layer cut from the soil. May be used as sod to make a lawn, dried for peat, stacked to form earthen structures, etc."
],
"links": [
[
"piece",
"piece"
],
[
"lawn",
"lawn"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(countable) A piece of such a layer cut from the soil. May be used as sod to make a lawn, dried for peat, stacked to form earthen structures, etc."
],
"tags": [
"countable"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English countable nouns",
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1908, Karl Gayer and W. R. Fisher, edited by Sir William Schlich, Forest Utilization (Schlich's Manual of Forestry):",
"text": "In ordinary peat-bogs, however, where turves are cut, there is always a large percentage of waste peat resulting from the digging, drying or transport of the turves, which can be utilized only by moulding it.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1945 January and February, “Notes and News: Locomotive Firing with Turf”, in Railway Magazine, page 46:",
"text": "[…] the fireman has to divide his time between getting up into the bunker to throw more turfs into the cab, and getting down on his hands and knees to get it into the firebox, and even then a reserve supply of turf must be carried on a truck behind the engine, and stops must be made on each steep ascent to raise more steam.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A block of peat used as fuel."
],
"links": [
[
"block",
"block"
],
[
"peat",
"peat"
],
[
"fuel",
"fuel"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(countable) A block of peat used as fuel."
],
"tags": [
"countable"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English countable nouns",
"English terms with quotations",
"English uncountable nouns",
"Quotation templates to be cleaned"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1980, An Ecological Characterization of the Pacific Northwest Coastal Region, volumes 1-2, page 84:",
"text": "The turf layer is made up of filamentous and thallose red algae.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A thick, carpet-like bed of algae."
],
"links": [
[
"alga",
"alga"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(uncountable, countable) A thick, carpet-like bed of algae."
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"English terms with usage examples",
"English uncountable nouns"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "In climates where grass struggles to grow, turf is usually used instead on sports fields.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"ref": "2022 November 13, Dennis Young, “49ers continue fight against turf fields: 'Owners choose to save money'”, in SFGate, archived from the original on 2023-10-12:",
"text": "The Niners have nine games left on the schedule, and only one visit to a turf field. That turf in Seattle is not slit film; while the NFL admits slit film fields lead to more ankle sprains, the league insists that turf is otherwise no more dangerous than grass.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2023 September 13, Albert Breer, “In Grass Vs. Turf Debate, NFL Owners Still Won't Spend to Protect Their Players”, in Sports Illustrated, New York, N.Y.: Arena Group Holdings, Inc., →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-09-14:",
"text": "And accommodating all those events has made it harder and harder for teams to maintain grass fields. It's easier, cheaper and less time-consuming just to throw turf down and call it a day, hence artificial surfaces popping up even in outdoor stadiums and Sun-Belt cities such as Charlotte, N.C., and Nashville, Tenn.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2023 November 21, Sarah Law, “Thunder Bay's long-awaited indoor turf facility delayed again as council seeks to cut costs”, in CBC News, archived from the original on 2023-12-15:",
"text": "Thunder Bay Coun. Mark Bentz has put forward a referral of a motion that would see the indoor turf facility capped at around $30 million. Councillors voted in favour of the decision, which will see further consultations with user groups about how to re-scope the project.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A surface of synthetic fibers made to look like grass; artificial turf."
],
"links": [
[
"surface",
"surface#Noun"
],
[
"synthetic fibers",
"synthetic fiber#Noun"
],
[
"grass",
"grass#Noun"
],
[
"artificial",
"artificial#Adjective"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(uncountable, specifically) A surface of synthetic fibers made to look like grass; artificial turf."
],
"tags": [
"specifically",
"uncountable"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English slang",
"English uncountable nouns"
],
"glosses": [
"A territory claimed by a gang as their own."
],
"links": [
[
"territory",
"territory"
],
[
"claim",
"claim"
],
[
"gang",
"gang"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(uncountable, slang) A territory claimed by a gang as their own."
],
"tags": [
"slang",
"uncountable"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English uncountable nouns"
],
"glosses": [
"A person's domain or sphere of influence."
],
"links": [
[
"domain",
"domain#Noun"
],
[
"sphere of influence",
"sphere of influence#Noun"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(uncountable, by extension) A person's domain or sphere of influence."
],
"tags": [
"broadly",
"uncountable"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English uncountable nouns",
"en:Sports"
],
"glosses": [
"A racetrack, hippodrome."
],
"links": [
[
"sports",
"sports"
],
[
"racetrack",
"racetrack"
],
[
"hippodrome",
"hippodrome"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(uncountable, with \"the\", sports) A racetrack, hippodrome."
],
"tags": [
"uncountable",
"with-definite-article"
],
"topics": [
"hobbies",
"lifestyle",
"sports"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English uncountable nouns",
"en:Sports"
],
"glosses": [
"The sport of racing horses."
],
"links": [
[
"sports",
"sports"
],
[
"sport",
"sport"
],
[
"racing",
"racing"
],
[
"horse",
"horse"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(uncountable, with \"the\", sports) The sport of racing horses."
],
"tags": [
"uncountable",
"with-definite-article"
],
"topics": [
"hobbies",
"lifestyle",
"sports"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/tɝf/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/tɜːf/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"audio": "En-au-turf.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/ba/En-au-turf.ogg/En-au-turf.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/En-au-turf.ogg"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɜː(ɹ)f"
},
{
"homophone": "TERF"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"roman": "čim",
"sense": "a layer of earth covered with grass; sod",
"word": "ճիմ"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "čim",
"sense": "a layer of earth covered with grass; sod",
"word": "чим"
},
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "a layer of earth covered with grass; sod",
"word": "gespa"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "a layer of earth covered with grass; sod",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "drn"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "a layer of earth covered with grass; sod",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "trávník"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "a layer of earth covered with grass; sod",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "pažit"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "a layer of earth covered with grass; sod",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "grasveld"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "a layer of earth covered with grass; sod",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "gazon"
},
{
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "a layer of earth covered with grass; sod",
"word": "torfo"
},
{
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "a layer of earth covered with grass; sod",
"word": "turfo"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "a layer of earth covered with grass; sod",
"word": "nurmi"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "a layer of earth covered with grass; sod",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "gazon"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "a layer of earth covered with grass; sod",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "Rasen"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "chlói",
"sense": "a layer of earth covered with grass; sod",
"word": "χλόη"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "grasídi",
"sense": "a layer of earth covered with grass; sod",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "γρασίδι"
},
{
"code": "grc",
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"roman": "bôlos",
"sense": "a layer of earth covered with grass; sod",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "βῶλος"
},
{
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "a layer of earth covered with grass; sod",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "torf"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "a layer of earth covered with grass; sod",
"word": "erba"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "a layer of earth covered with grass; sod",
"word": "zolla erbosa"
},
{
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "a layer of earth covered with grass; sod",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "caespes"
},
{
"code": "lv",
"lang": "Latvian",
"sense": "a layer of earth covered with grass; sod",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "velēna"
},
{
"code": "no",
"lang": "Norwegian",
"sense": "a layer of earth covered with grass; sod",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "gressmatte"
},
{
"code": "oc",
"lang": "Occitan",
"sense": "a layer of earth covered with grass; sod",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "pelena"
},
{
"code": "oc",
"lang": "Occitan",
"sense": "a layer of earth covered with grass; sod",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "tepa"
},
{
"code": "ota",
"lang": "Ottoman Turkish",
"roman": "çim",
"sense": "a layer of earth covered with grass; sod",
"word": "چیم"
},
{
"code": "pdt",
"lang": "Plautdietsch",
"sense": "a layer of earth covered with grass; sod",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Sood"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "a layer of earth covered with grass; sod",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "gramado"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "djorn",
"sense": "a layer of earth covered with grass; sod",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "дёрн"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "a layer of earth covered with grass; sod",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "césped"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "a layer of earth covered with grass; sod",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "terreno"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "a layer of earth covered with grass; sod",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "territorio"
},
{
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"roman": "čim",
"sense": "a piece of such a layer cut from the soil and used to make a lawn",
"word": "ճիմ"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "čim",
"sense": "a piece of such a layer cut from the soil and used to make a lawn",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "чим"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "a piece of such a layer cut from the soil and used to make a lawn",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "drn"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "a piece of such a layer cut from the soil and used to make a lawn",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine"
],
"word": "graszode"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "a piece of such a layer cut from the soil and used to make a lawn",
"word": "nurmi"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "a piece of such a layer cut from the soil and used to make a lawn",
"word": "nurmikerros"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "a piece of such a layer cut from the soil and used to make a lawn",
"word": "nurmimatto"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "a piece of such a layer cut from the soil and used to make a lawn",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "une motte f de gazon"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "a piece of such a layer cut from the soil and used to make a lawn",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Grassode"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "chlootápitas",
"sense": "a piece of such a layer cut from the soil and used to make a lawn",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "χλοοτάπητας"
},
{
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "a piece of such a layer cut from the soil and used to make a lawn",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "torfa"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "a piece of such a layer cut from the soil and used to make a lawn",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "zolla d'erba"
},
{
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "a piece of such a layer cut from the soil and used to make a lawn",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "caespes"
},
{
"code": "lv",
"lang": "Latvian",
"sense": "a piece of such a layer cut from the soil and used to make a lawn",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "velēna"
},
{
"code": "no",
"lang": "Norwegian",
"sense": "a piece of such a layer cut from the soil and used to make a lawn",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "ferdigplen"
},
{
"code": "ota",
"lang": "Ottoman Turkish",
"roman": "çim",
"sense": "a piece of such a layer cut from the soil and used to make a lawn",
"word": "چیم"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "a piece of such a layer cut from the soil and used to make a lawn",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "torrão"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "djorn",
"sense": "a piece of such a layer cut from the soil and used to make a lawn",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "дёрн"
},
{
"code": "gd",
"lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
"sense": "a piece of such a layer cut from the soil and used to make a lawn",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "fòid"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "a piece of such a layer cut from the soil and used to make a lawn",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "tepe"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "a piece of such a layer cut from the soil and used to make a lawn",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "gallón"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "a piece of such a layer cut from the soil and used to make a lawn",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "torva"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "torf",
"sense": "a piece of peat used as fuel",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "торф"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "a piece of peat used as fuel",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "rašelina"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "a piece of peat used as fuel",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "turf"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "a piece of peat used as fuel",
"word": "turve"
},
{
"code": "izh",
"lang": "Ingrian",
"sense": "a piece of peat used as fuel",
"word": "turve"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "a piece of peat used as fuel",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "torba"
},
{
"code": "no",
"lang": "Norwegian",
"sense": "a piece of peat used as fuel",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "torv"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "a piece of peat used as fuel",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "turfa"
},
{
"code": "gd",
"lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
"sense": "a piece of peat used as fuel",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "fòid"
},
{
"code": "gd",
"lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
"sense": "a piece of peat used as fuel",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "fàd"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "a piece of peat used as fuel",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "turba"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "a piece of peat used as fuel",
"word": "torv"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "(slang) the territory claimed by a person, gang, etc. as their own",
"word": "reviiri"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "édafos",
"sense": "(slang) the territory claimed by a person, gang, etc. as their own",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "έδαφος"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "(slang) the territory claimed by a person, gang, etc. as their own",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "quebrada"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "(slang) the territory claimed by a person, gang, etc. as their own",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "täppa"
},
{
"code": "vi",
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"sense": "(slang) the territory claimed by a person, gang, etc. as their own",
"word": "địa bàn"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "a racetrack; or the sport of horse racing",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "turf"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "a racetrack; or the sport of horse racing",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine"
],
"word": "renbaan"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "a racetrack; or the sport of horse racing",
"word": "rata"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "a racetrack; or the sport of horse racing",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "hippodrome"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "a racetrack; or the sport of horse racing",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "champ de courses"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "ippodrómio",
"sense": "a racetrack; or the sport of horse racing",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "ιπποδρόμιο"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "a racetrack; or the sport of horse racing",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "turfe"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "a racetrack; or the sport of horse racing",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "hipódromo"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "a racetrack; or the sport of horse racing",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "hipódromo"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "a racetrack; or the sport of horse racing",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "turf"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "a racetrack; or the sport of horse racing",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "carrera de caballos"
}
],
"word": "turf"
}
{
"categories": [
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English nouns with irregular plurals",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Old English",
"English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *derbʰ-",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English terms inherited from Old English",
"English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"English terms with homophones",
"English uncountable nouns",
"English verbs",
"Entries with translation boxes",
"Pages with 7 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Rhymes:English/ɜː(ɹ)f",
"Rhymes:English/ɜː(ɹ)f/1 syllable",
"Terms with Ancient Greek translations",
"Terms with Armenian translations",
"Terms with Bulgarian translations",
"Terms with Catalan translations",
"Terms with Czech translations",
"Terms with Dutch translations",
"Terms with Esperanto translations",
"Terms with Finnish translations",
"Terms with French translations",
"Terms with German translations",
"Terms with Greek translations",
"Terms with Icelandic translations",
"Terms with Ingrian translations",
"Terms with Italian translations",
"Terms with Latin translations",
"Terms with Latvian translations",
"Terms with Norwegian translations",
"Terms with Occitan translations",
"Terms with Ottoman Turkish translations",
"Terms with Plautdietsch translations",
"Terms with Portuguese translations",
"Terms with Russian translations",
"Terms with Scottish Gaelic translations",
"Terms with Spanish translations",
"Terms with Swedish translations",
"Terms with Vietnamese translations"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "turfer"
},
{
"word": "turf out"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*derbʰ-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "turf"
},
"expansion": "Middle English turf",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "turf",
"4": "",
"5": "turf, sod, soil, piece of grass covered earth, greensward"
},
"expansion": "Old English turf (“turf, sod, soil, piece of grass covered earth, greensward”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*turb"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *turb",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*turbz",
"4": "",
"5": "turf, lawn"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *turbz (“turf, lawn”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*derbʰ-",
"4": "",
"5": "tuft, grass"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *derbʰ- (“tuft, grass”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "turf",
"3": "",
"4": "turf"
},
"expansion": "Dutch turf (“turf”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gml",
"2": "torf",
"3": "",
"4": "peat, turf"
},
"expansion": "Middle Low German torf (“peat, turf”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "Torf"
},
"expansion": "German Torf",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nds-de",
"2": "Torf"
},
"expansion": "German Low German Torf",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "torv",
"3": "",
"4": "turf"
},
"expansion": "Swedish torv (“turf”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "no",
"2": "torv",
"3": "",
"4": "turf"
},
"expansion": "Norwegian torv (“turf”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "is",
"2": "torf",
"3": "",
"4": "turf"
},
"expansion": "Icelandic torf (“turf”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ru",
"2": "трава",
"3": "",
"4": "grass"
},
"expansion": "Russian трава (trava, “grass”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "दर्भ",
"3": "",
"4": "a kind of grass",
"tr": "darbhá"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit दर्भ (darbhá, “a kind of grass”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English turf, torf, from Old English turf (“turf, sod, soil, piece of grass covered earth, greensward”), from Proto-West Germanic *turb, from Proto-Germanic *turbz (“turf, lawn”), from Proto-Indo-European *derbʰ- (“tuft, grass”).\nCognate with Dutch turf (“turf”), Middle Low German torf (“peat, turf”) (whence German Torf and German Low German Torf), Swedish torv (“turf”), Norwegian torv (“turf”), Icelandic torf (“turf”), Russian трава (trava, “grass”), Sanskrit दर्भ (darbhá, “a kind of grass”), दूर्वा (dū́rvā, “bent grass”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "turfs",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "turfing",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "turfed",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "turfed",
"tags": [
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "turf (third-person singular simple present turfs, present participle turfing, simple past and past participle turfed)",
"name": "en-verb"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"To cover with turf; to create a lawn by laying turfs."
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"To throw a frisbee well short of its intended target, usually causing it to hit the ground within 10 yards of its release."
],
"links": [
[
"frisbee",
"frisbee"
]
],
"qualifier": "Ultimate Frisbee",
"raw_glosses": [
"(Ultimate Frisbee) To throw a frisbee well short of its intended target, usually causing it to hit the ground within 10 yards of its release."
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with usage examples",
"en:Business"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "Eight managers were turfed after the merger of the two companies.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To fire from a job or dismiss from a task."
],
"links": [
[
"business",
"business"
],
[
"fire",
"fire"
],
[
"job",
"job"
],
[
"dismiss",
"dismiss"
],
[
"task",
"task"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(business) To fire from a job or dismiss from a task."
],
"topics": [
"business"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with usage examples",
"en:Business"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "The company turfed the concept car because the prototype performed poorly.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To cancel a project or product."
],
"links": [
[
"business",
"business"
],
[
"cancel",
"cancel"
],
[
"project",
"project"
],
[
"product",
"product"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(business) To cancel a project or product."
],
"topics": [
"business"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English informal terms",
"English terms with quotations",
"English transitive verbs"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1968, Eric Herne, The Haunted Islands, page 18:",
"text": "He has the mistaken idea that he is a lap dog, and loves to be nursed, especially by ladies, but eighty-five pounds on your lap is no joke, and he can never understand why he gets turfed off.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1988, Simon Haw with Richard Frame, For Hearth and Home: The Story of Maritzburg College, 1863-1988, page 166:",
"text": "At the same time as College was being unceremoniously turfed from their premises, a similar process was affecting the Estcourt School.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To expel, eject, or throw out; to turf out."
],
"links": [
[
"expel",
"expel"
],
[
"eject",
"eject"
],
[
"throw out",
"throw out"
],
[
"turf out",
"turf out"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(informal, transitive) To expel, eject, or throw out; to turf out."
],
"tags": [
"informal",
"transitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English medical slang",
"English terms with quotations",
"English transitive verbs"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1996, Jeffrey E. Nash, James M. Calonico, The Meaning of Social Interaction: An Introduction to Social Psychology, page 139:",
"text": "\"Sure thing, I buffed her, and they turfed her to urology, but she bounced back to me!\" […] They want to transfer responsibility for her to another branch of the hospital (turf her).",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To transfer or attempt to transfer (a patient or case); to eschew or avoid responsibility for."
],
"links": [
[
"medical",
"medical"
],
[
"slang",
"slang"
],
[
"transfer",
"transfer"
],
[
"eschew",
"eschew"
]
],
"qualifier": "medical slang",
"raw_glosses": [
"(medical slang, transitive) To transfer or attempt to transfer (a patient or case); to eschew or avoid responsibility for."
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/tɝf/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/tɜːf/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"audio": "En-au-turf.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/ba/En-au-turf.ogg/En-au-turf.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/En-au-turf.ogg"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɜː(ɹ)f"
},
{
"homophone": "TERF"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to create a lawn by laying turfs",
"word": "levittää nurmimatto"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to create a lawn by laying turfs",
"word": "gazonner"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "to create a lawn by laying turfs",
"word": "piotare"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "to create a lawn by laying turfs",
"word": "zollare"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "to create a lawn by laying turfs",
"word": "relvar"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to create a lawn by laying turfs",
"word": "encespedar"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "(business) to fire from a job",
"word": "antaa potkut"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "(business) to cancel a project",
"word": "hyllyttää"
}
],
"word": "turf"
}
Download raw JSONL data for turf meaning in English (32.7kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-12-21 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-12-04 using wiktextract (d8cb2f3 and 4e554ae). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.