See shill in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
Download JSON data for shill meaning in English (22.0kB)
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en"
},
"expansion": "Unknown",
"name": "unk"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "shillaber"
},
"expansion": "shillaber",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "de",
"3": "Schieber",
"4": "",
"5": "black marketeer, profiteer"
},
"expansion": "German Schieber (“black marketeer, profiteer”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "*shi-la-ber"
},
"expansion": "*shi-la-ber",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Unknown; attested as verb 1914, as noun 1916. Perhaps an abbreviation of shillaber, attested 1913. The word entered English via carny, originally denoting a carnival worker who pretends to be a member of the audience in an attempt to elicit interest in an attraction.\nSpeculatively an extended form of German Schieber (“black marketeer, profiteer”) via *shi-la-ber.\nThere are some suggestions that it originates in the surname Shilaber or Shillibeer, especially George Shillibeer, but proposed origins are dubious as the word is first attested in North America in the 20th century, while proposed models are 19th century British.\nAmerican humorist Benjamin Penhallow Shillaber (1814–1890) was known to write under the name Mrs. Ruth Partington to lend credibility to some of his ideas. This is one more possible origin of the word, although there is no specific evidence supporting a connection.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "shills",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "shill (plural shills)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"text": "carnival barkers and their shills, fleecing the rubes",
"type": "example"
},
{
"ref": "2014 June 26, A. A. Dowd, “Paul Rudd and Amy Poehler Spoof Rom-com Clichés in They Came Together”, in The A.V. Club, archived from the original on 2017-12-07",
"text": "You’ve Got Mail is certainly the basic model for the plot, which finds corporate candy shill Joel ([Paul] Rudd) and indie-sweetshop owner Molly ([Amy] Poehler) regaling their dinner companions with the very long, digressive story of how they met and fell in love.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1983, Robert Anton Wilson, Prometheus Rising",
"text": "Witnesses have testified that Jim Jones (like a few other professional faith-healers) used shills part of the time […]",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A person paid to endorse a product while pretending to be impartial."
],
"id": "en-shill-en-noun-qv555E6a",
"links": [
[
"endorse",
"endorse"
],
[
"impartial",
"impartial"
]
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "56 39 4 0",
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "a person paid to endorse a product favourably",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "testaferro"
},
{
"_dis1": "56 39 4 0",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "a person paid to endorse a product favourably",
"word": "托兒"
},
{
"_dis1": "56 39 4 0",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "tuōr",
"sense": "a person paid to endorse a product favourably",
"word": "托儿"
},
{
"_dis1": "56 39 4 0",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "a person paid to endorse a product favourably",
"word": "水軍"
},
{
"_dis1": "56 39 4 0",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "shuǐjūn",
"sense": "a person paid to endorse a product favourably",
"word": "水军"
},
{
"_dis1": "56 39 4 0",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "a person paid to endorse a product favourably",
"word": "maksettu apuri"
},
{
"_dis1": "56 39 4 0",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "a person paid to endorse a product favourably",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "homme de paille"
},
{
"_dis1": "56 39 4 0",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "a person paid to endorse a product favourably",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "prête-nom"
},
{
"_dis1": "56 39 4 0",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "a person paid to endorse a product favourably",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "Anreißer"
},
{
"_dis1": "56 39 4 0",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "a person paid to endorse a product favourably",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Anreißerin"
},
{
"_dis1": "56 39 4 0",
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "avantadóros",
"sense": "a person paid to endorse a product favourably",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "αβανταδόρος"
},
{
"_dis1": "56 39 4 0",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "a person paid to endorse a product favourably",
"word": "uomo di paglia"
},
{
"_dis1": "56 39 4 0",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "a person paid to endorse a product favourably",
"word": "prestanome"
},
{
"_dis1": "56 39 4 0",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "sakura",
"sense": "a person paid to endorse a product favourably",
"word": "サクラ"
},
{
"_dis1": "56 39 4 0",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "a person paid to endorse a product favourably",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "słup"
},
{
"_dis1": "56 39 4 0",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "podstavnóje licó",
"sense": "a person paid to endorse a product favourably",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "подставно́е лицо́"
},
{
"_dis1": "56 39 4 0",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "podsadnája útka",
"sense": "a person paid to endorse a product favourably",
"tags": [
"informal"
],
"word": "подсадна́я у́тка"
},
{
"_dis1": "56 39 4 0",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "a person paid to endorse a product favourably",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "testaferro"
},
{
"_dis1": "56 39 4 0",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "a person paid to endorse a product favourably",
"word": "hombre de paja"
},
{
"_dis1": "56 39 4 0",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "a person paid to endorse a product favourably",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "lockfågel"
},
{
"_dis1": "56 39 4 0",
"code": "th",
"lang": "Thai",
"roman": "nâa-máa",
"sense": "a person paid to endorse a product favourably",
"word": "หน้าม้า"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"text": "On the screen, there was that quack again, playing the shill for yet another drug company.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Any person paid to endorse a product."
],
"id": "en-shill-en-noun-G2HjoeEd",
"links": [
[
"derogatory",
"derogatory"
],
[
"endorse",
"endorse"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(derogatory) Any person paid to endorse a product."
],
"tags": [
"derogatory"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "0 1 56 34 1 2 5",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "People",
"orig": "en:People",
"parents": [
"Human",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1994, Cormac McCarthy, The Crossing",
"text": "The pitchman swept his cane in a slow acceleration over the heads of the crowd and then suddenly pointed the silver cap toward Billy and the shill.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"An accomplice at a confidence trick during an auction or gambling game, such as an accomplice of the seller who bids to drive up the price."
],
"id": "en-shill-en-noun-kaGSY1Rh",
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "5 4 90 1",
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "an accomplice at a confidence trick",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine"
],
"word": "trafica"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 4 90 1",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "an accomplice at a confidence trick",
"word": "vedättäjä"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 4 90 1",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "an accomplice at a confidence trick",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "compère"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 4 90 1",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "an accomplice at a confidence trick",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "commère"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 4 90 1",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "an accomplice at a confidence trick",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine"
],
"word": "comparse"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 4 90 1",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "an accomplice at a confidence trick",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine"
],
"word": "complice"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 4 90 1",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "an accomplice at a confidence trick",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "Lockvogel"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 4 90 1",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "an accomplice at a confidence trick",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "Gehilfe des Schaustellers"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 4 90 1",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "an accomplice at a confidence trick",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "Gehilfe des Hausierers"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 4 90 1",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "an accomplice at a confidence trick",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "Gehilfin des Schaustellers"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 4 90 1",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "an accomplice at a confidence trick",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "Gehilfin des Hausierers"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 4 90 1",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "an accomplice at a confidence trick",
"word": "szélhámos segítője/segítőtársa"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 4 90 1",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "an accomplice at a confidence trick",
"word": "compare"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 4 90 1",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "an accomplice at a confidence trick",
"word": "comparsa"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 4 90 1",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "soóbščnik",
"sense": "an accomplice at a confidence trick",
"word": "соо́бщник"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 4 90 1",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "součástnik",
"sense": "an accomplice at a confidence trick",
"word": "соуча́стник"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 4 90 1",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "an accomplice at a confidence trick",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "compinche"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 4 90 1",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "an accomplice at a confidence trick",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "palero"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 4 90 1",
"code": "th",
"lang": "Thai",
"roman": "nâa-máa",
"sense": "an accomplice at a confidence trick",
"word": "หน้าม้า"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Gambling",
"orig": "en:Gambling",
"parents": [
"Games",
"Recreation",
"Human activity",
"Human behaviour",
"Human",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "2000, Dennis R. Harrison, Casino Gambling: Your Absolute, Quintessential, All You Wanted to Know ...",
"text": "There may even be a casino shill sitting adjacent to you. Normally, the casino shills are gorgeous women, and sometimes men, so enjoy the scenery.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A house player in a casino."
],
"id": "en-shill-en-noun-cT-6Ulti",
"links": [
[
"gambling",
"gambling#Noun"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(gambling) A house player in a casino."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "stick"
}
],
"topics": [
"gambling",
"games"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "1 2 13 84",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "(gambling) a house player in a casino",
"word": "talonpelaaja"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ʃɪl/"
},
{
"homophone": "she'll (in some accents)"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɪl"
},
{
"audio": "en-us-shill.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/dc/En-us-shill.ogg/En-us-shill.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/En-us-shill.ogg",
"tags": [
"US"
],
"text": "Audio (US)"
},
{
"audio": "en-au-shill.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/64/En-au-shill.ogg/En-au-shill.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/En-au-shill.ogg",
"tags": [
"Australia"
],
"text": "Audio (AU)"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "shillaber"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"George Shillibeer",
"shill"
],
"word": "shill"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en"
},
"expansion": "Unknown",
"name": "unk"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "shillaber"
},
"expansion": "shillaber",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "de",
"3": "Schieber",
"4": "",
"5": "black marketeer, profiteer"
},
"expansion": "German Schieber (“black marketeer, profiteer”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "*shi-la-ber"
},
"expansion": "*shi-la-ber",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Unknown; attested as verb 1914, as noun 1916. Perhaps an abbreviation of shillaber, attested 1913. The word entered English via carny, originally denoting a carnival worker who pretends to be a member of the audience in an attempt to elicit interest in an attraction.\nSpeculatively an extended form of German Schieber (“black marketeer, profiteer”) via *shi-la-ber.\nThere are some suggestions that it originates in the surname Shilaber or Shillibeer, especially George Shillibeer, but proposed origins are dubious as the word is first attested in North America in the 20th century, while proposed models are 19th century British.\nAmerican humorist Benjamin Penhallow Shillaber (1814–1890) was known to write under the name Mrs. Ruth Partington to lend credibility to some of his ideas. This is one more possible origin of the word, although there is no specific evidence supporting a connection.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "shills",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "shilling",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "shilled",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "shilled",
"tags": [
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "shill (third-person singular simple present shills, present participle shilling, simple past and past participle shilled)",
"name": "en-verb"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "sheep-dip"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "hawk"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "sell out"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "whore"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "prostitute"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1996, Carl Sagan, The Demon-Haunted World",
"text": "Today there are even commercials in which real scientists, some of considerable distinction, shill for corporations. They teach that scientists too will lie for money. As Tom Paine warned, inuring us to lies lays the groundwork for many other evils.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2022 March 31, David Yaffe-Bellany, “Ben McKenzie Would Like a Word With the Crypto Bros”, in The New York Times, →ISSN",
"text": "Over the last six months, as A-list celebrities have shilled for digital currencies and NFTs, Mr. McKenzie, a TV actor best known for his starring role in “The O.C.,” has become an outspoken skeptic.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To promote or endorse in return for payment, especially dishonestly."
],
"id": "en-shill-en-verb-YwmVjOK8",
"links": [
[
"derogatory",
"derogatory"
],
[
"promote",
"promote"
],
[
"endorse",
"endorse"
],
[
"payment",
"payment"
],
[
"dishonestly",
"dishonestly"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(derogatory) To promote or endorse in return for payment, especially dishonestly."
],
"tags": [
"derogatory"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "84 14 1",
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "to promote or endorse in return for payment",
"word": "traficar"
},
{
"_dis1": "84 14 1",
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "to promote or endorse in return for payment",
"word": "fer tripijocs"
},
{
"_dis1": "84 14 1",
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "to promote or endorse in return for payment",
"word": "fer trafiques"
},
{
"_dis1": "84 14 1",
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "to promote or endorse in return for payment",
"word": "prevaricar"
},
{
"_dis1": "84 14 1",
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "to promote or endorse in return for payment",
"word": "embrollar"
},
{
"_dis1": "84 14 1",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to promote or endorse in return for payment",
"word": "mainostaa"
},
{
"_dis1": "84 14 1",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to promote or endorse in return for payment",
"word": "tyrkyttää"
},
{
"_dis1": "84 14 1",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to promote or endorse in return for payment",
"word": "tuputtaa"
},
{
"_dis1": "84 14 1",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to promote or endorse in return for payment",
"word": "prévariquer"
},
{
"_dis1": "84 14 1",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to promote or endorse in return for payment",
"word": "trafiquer"
},
{
"_dis1": "84 14 1",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to promote or endorse in return for payment",
"word": "magouiller"
},
{
"_dis1": "84 14 1",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to promote or endorse in return for payment",
"word": "tripoter"
},
{
"_dis1": "84 14 1",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to promote or endorse in return for payment",
"word": "faire l’homme de paille"
},
{
"_dis1": "84 14 1",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to promote or endorse in return for payment",
"word": "Ware anpreisen"
},
{
"_dis1": "84 14 1",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "to promote or endorse in return for payment",
"word": "prevaricare"
},
{
"_dis1": "84 14 1",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "to promote or endorse in return for payment",
"word": "trafficare"
},
{
"_dis1": "84 14 1",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "to promote or endorse in return for payment",
"word": "brogliare"
},
{
"_dis1": "84 14 1",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "vpárivatʹ",
"sense": "to promote or endorse in return for payment",
"tags": [
"colloquial",
"imperfective",
"slang"
],
"word": "впа́ривать"
},
{
"_dis1": "84 14 1",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "vpáritʹ",
"sense": "to promote or endorse in return for payment",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "впа́рить"
},
{
"_dis1": "84 14 1",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "vtjúxivatʹ",
"sense": "to promote or endorse in return for payment",
"tags": [
"colloquial",
"imperfective",
"slang"
],
"word": "втю́хивать"
},
{
"_dis1": "84 14 1",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "vtjúxatʹ",
"sense": "to promote or endorse in return for payment",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "втю́хать"
},
{
"_dis1": "84 14 1",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to promote or endorse in return for payment",
"word": "prevaricar"
},
{
"_dis1": "84 14 1",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to promote or endorse in return for payment",
"word": "andar en chanchullos"
},
{
"_dis1": "84 14 1",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to promote or endorse in return for payment",
"word": "trapichear"
},
{
"_dis1": "84 14 1",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to promote or endorse in return for payment",
"word": "trapisondar"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "9 9 19 1 21 35 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
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"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 11 17 1 22 31 9",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"parents": [
"Entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
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],
"glosses": [
"To put under cover; to sheal."
],
"id": "en-shill-en-verb-GDIA4hBA",
"links": [
[
"sheal",
"sheal"
]
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "6 93 1",
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "to put under cover, to sheal",
"word": "encobrir"
},
{
"_dis1": "6 93 1",
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "to put under cover, to sheal",
"word": "cobrir"
},
{
"_dis1": "6 93 1",
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "to put under cover, to sheal",
"word": "tapar"
},
{
"_dis1": "6 93 1",
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "to put under cover, to sheal",
"word": "amagar"
},
{
"_dis1": "6 93 1",
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "to put under cover, to sheal",
"word": "ocultar"
},
{
"_dis1": "6 93 1",
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "to put under cover, to sheal",
"word": "celar"
},
{
"_dis1": "6 93 1",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to put under cover, to sheal",
"word": "peittää"
},
{
"_dis1": "6 93 1",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to put under cover, to sheal",
"word": "cacher"
},
{
"_dis1": "6 93 1",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to put under cover, to sheal",
"word": "couvrir"
},
{
"_dis1": "6 93 1",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to put under cover, to sheal",
"word": "occulter"
},
{
"_dis1": "6 93 1",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to put under cover, to sheal",
"word": "enterrer"
},
{
"_dis1": "6 93 1",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to put under cover, to sheal",
"word": "passer sous silence"
},
{
"_dis1": "6 93 1",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to put under cover, to sheal",
"word": "taire"
},
{
"_dis1": "6 93 1",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to put under cover, to sheal",
"word": "celer"
},
{
"_dis1": "6 93 1",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to put under cover, to sheal",
"word": "dissimuler"
},
{
"_dis1": "6 93 1",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to put under cover, to sheal",
"word": "étouffer"
},
{
"_dis1": "6 93 1",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to put under cover, to sheal",
"word": "mettre sous le boisseau"
},
{
"_dis1": "6 93 1",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to put under cover, to sheal",
"word": "tapar"
},
{
"_dis1": "6 93 1",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to put under cover, to sheal",
"word": "encubrir"
},
{
"_dis1": "6 93 1",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to put under cover, to sheal",
"word": "ocultar"
},
{
"_dis1": "6 93 1",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to put under cover, to sheal",
"word": "celar"
},
{
"_dis1": "6 93 1",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to put under cover, to sheal",
"word": "disimular"
},
{
"_dis1": "6 93 1",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to put under cover, to sheal",
"word": "enterrar"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "British English",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To shell."
],
"id": "en-shill-en-verb-b6D7x2Pp",
"links": [
[
"shell",
"shell#Verb"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(UK, obsolete, dialect) To shell."
],
"tags": [
"UK",
"dialectal",
"obsolete"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ʃɪl/"
},
{
"homophone": "she'll (in some accents)"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɪl"
},
{
"audio": "en-us-shill.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/dc/En-us-shill.ogg/En-us-shill.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/En-us-shill.ogg",
"tags": [
"US"
],
"text": "Audio (US)"
},
{
"audio": "en-au-shill.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/64/En-au-shill.ogg/En-au-shill.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/En-au-shill.ogg",
"tags": [
"Australia"
],
"text": "Audio (AU)"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"George Shillibeer",
"shill"
],
"word": "shill"
}
{
"categories": [
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"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms derived from German",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"English terms with audio links",
"English terms with homophones",
"English terms with unknown etymologies",
"English verbs",
"Rhymes:English/ɪl",
"Rhymes:English/ɪl/1 syllable",
"en:People"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
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},
"expansion": "Unknown",
"name": "unk"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "shillaber"
},
"expansion": "shillaber",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "de",
"3": "Schieber",
"4": "",
"5": "black marketeer, profiteer"
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"expansion": "German Schieber (“black marketeer, profiteer”)",
"name": "der"
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{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "*shi-la-ber"
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"expansion": "*shi-la-ber",
"name": "m"
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],
"etymology_text": "Unknown; attested as verb 1914, as noun 1916. Perhaps an abbreviation of shillaber, attested 1913. The word entered English via carny, originally denoting a carnival worker who pretends to be a member of the audience in an attempt to elicit interest in an attraction.\nSpeculatively an extended form of German Schieber (“black marketeer, profiteer”) via *shi-la-ber.\nThere are some suggestions that it originates in the surname Shilaber or Shillibeer, especially George Shillibeer, but proposed origins are dubious as the word is first attested in North America in the 20th century, while proposed models are 19th century British.\nAmerican humorist Benjamin Penhallow Shillaber (1814–1890) was known to write under the name Mrs. Ruth Partington to lend credibility to some of his ideas. This is one more possible origin of the word, although there is no specific evidence supporting a connection.",
"forms": [
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"form": "shills",
"tags": [
"plural"
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}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "shill (plural shills)",
"name": "en-noun"
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"lang_code": "en",
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"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"English terms with usage examples",
"Quotation templates to be cleaned"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "carnival barkers and their shills, fleecing the rubes",
"type": "example"
},
{
"ref": "2014 June 26, A. A. Dowd, “Paul Rudd and Amy Poehler Spoof Rom-com Clichés in They Came Together”, in The A.V. Club, archived from the original on 2017-12-07",
"text": "You’ve Got Mail is certainly the basic model for the plot, which finds corporate candy shill Joel ([Paul] Rudd) and indie-sweetshop owner Molly ([Amy] Poehler) regaling their dinner companions with the very long, digressive story of how they met and fell in love.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1983, Robert Anton Wilson, Prometheus Rising",
"text": "Witnesses have testified that Jim Jones (like a few other professional faith-healers) used shills part of the time […]",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A person paid to endorse a product while pretending to be impartial."
],
"links": [
[
"endorse",
"endorse"
],
[
"impartial",
"impartial"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English derogatory terms",
"English terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "On the screen, there was that quack again, playing the shill for yet another drug company.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Any person paid to endorse a product."
],
"links": [
[
"derogatory",
"derogatory"
],
[
"endorse",
"endorse"
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],
"raw_glosses": [
"(derogatory) Any person paid to endorse a product."
],
"tags": [
"derogatory"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"Quotation templates to be cleaned"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1994, Cormac McCarthy, The Crossing",
"text": "The pitchman swept his cane in a slow acceleration over the heads of the crowd and then suddenly pointed the silver cap toward Billy and the shill.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"An accomplice at a confidence trick during an auction or gambling game, such as an accomplice of the seller who bids to drive up the price."
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"en:Gambling"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "2000, Dennis R. Harrison, Casino Gambling: Your Absolute, Quintessential, All You Wanted to Know ...",
"text": "There may even be a casino shill sitting adjacent to you. Normally, the casino shills are gorgeous women, and sometimes men, so enjoy the scenery.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A house player in a casino."
],
"links": [
[
"gambling",
"gambling#Noun"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(gambling) A house player in a casino."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "stick"
}
],
"topics": [
"gambling",
"games"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ʃɪl/"
},
{
"homophone": "she'll (in some accents)"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɪl"
},
{
"audio": "en-us-shill.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/dc/En-us-shill.ogg/En-us-shill.ogg.mp3",
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"tags": [
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"tags": [
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"text": "Audio (AU)"
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"synonyms": [
{
"word": "shillaber"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "a person paid to endorse a product favourably",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "testaferro"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "a person paid to endorse a product favourably",
"word": "托兒"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "tuōr",
"sense": "a person paid to endorse a product favourably",
"word": "托儿"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "a person paid to endorse a product favourably",
"word": "水軍"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "shuǐjūn",
"sense": "a person paid to endorse a product favourably",
"word": "水军"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "a person paid to endorse a product favourably",
"word": "maksettu apuri"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "a person paid to endorse a product favourably",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "homme de paille"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "a person paid to endorse a product favourably",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "prête-nom"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "a person paid to endorse a product favourably",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "Anreißer"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "a person paid to endorse a product favourably",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Anreißerin"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "avantadóros",
"sense": "a person paid to endorse a product favourably",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "αβανταδόρος"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "a person paid to endorse a product favourably",
"word": "uomo di paglia"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "a person paid to endorse a product favourably",
"word": "prestanome"
},
{
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "sakura",
"sense": "a person paid to endorse a product favourably",
"word": "サクラ"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "a person paid to endorse a product favourably",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "słup"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "podstavnóje licó",
"sense": "a person paid to endorse a product favourably",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "подставно́е лицо́"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "podsadnája útka",
"sense": "a person paid to endorse a product favourably",
"tags": [
"informal"
],
"word": "подсадна́я у́тка"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "a person paid to endorse a product favourably",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "testaferro"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "a person paid to endorse a product favourably",
"word": "hombre de paja"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "a person paid to endorse a product favourably",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "lockfågel"
},
{
"code": "th",
"lang": "Thai",
"roman": "nâa-máa",
"sense": "a person paid to endorse a product favourably",
"word": "หน้าม้า"
},
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "an accomplice at a confidence trick",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine"
],
"word": "trafica"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "an accomplice at a confidence trick",
"word": "vedättäjä"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "an accomplice at a confidence trick",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "compère"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "an accomplice at a confidence trick",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "commère"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "an accomplice at a confidence trick",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine"
],
"word": "comparse"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "an accomplice at a confidence trick",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine"
],
"word": "complice"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "an accomplice at a confidence trick",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "Lockvogel"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "an accomplice at a confidence trick",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "Gehilfe des Schaustellers"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "an accomplice at a confidence trick",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "Gehilfe des Hausierers"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "an accomplice at a confidence trick",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "Gehilfin des Schaustellers"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "an accomplice at a confidence trick",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "Gehilfin des Hausierers"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "an accomplice at a confidence trick",
"word": "szélhámos segítője/segítőtársa"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "an accomplice at a confidence trick",
"word": "compare"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "an accomplice at a confidence trick",
"word": "comparsa"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "soóbščnik",
"sense": "an accomplice at a confidence trick",
"word": "соо́бщник"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "součástnik",
"sense": "an accomplice at a confidence trick",
"word": "соуча́стник"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "an accomplice at a confidence trick",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "compinche"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "an accomplice at a confidence trick",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "palero"
},
{
"code": "th",
"lang": "Thai",
"roman": "nâa-máa",
"sense": "an accomplice at a confidence trick",
"word": "หน้าม้า"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "(gambling) a house player in a casino",
"word": "talonpelaaja"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"George Shillibeer",
"shill"
],
"word": "shill"
}
{
"categories": [
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"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms derived from German",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"English terms with audio links",
"English terms with homophones",
"English terms with unknown etymologies",
"English verbs",
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"etymology_templates": [
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"name": "m"
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"etymology_text": "Unknown; attested as verb 1914, as noun 1916. Perhaps an abbreviation of shillaber, attested 1913. The word entered English via carny, originally denoting a carnival worker who pretends to be a member of the audience in an attempt to elicit interest in an attraction.\nSpeculatively an extended form of German Schieber (“black marketeer, profiteer”) via *shi-la-ber.\nThere are some suggestions that it originates in the surname Shilaber or Shillibeer, especially George Shillibeer, but proposed origins are dubious as the word is first attested in North America in the 20th century, while proposed models are 19th century British.\nAmerican humorist Benjamin Penhallow Shillaber (1814–1890) was known to write under the name Mrs. Ruth Partington to lend credibility to some of his ideas. This is one more possible origin of the word, although there is no specific evidence supporting a connection.",
"forms": [
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"form": "shills",
"tags": [
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{
"form": "shilling",
"tags": [
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"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"related": [
{
"word": "sheep-dip"
},
{
"word": "hawk"
},
{
"word": "sell out"
},
{
"word": "whore"
},
{
"word": "prostitute"
}
],
"senses": [
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"categories": [
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"Quotation templates to be cleaned"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1996, Carl Sagan, The Demon-Haunted World",
"text": "Today there are even commercials in which real scientists, some of considerable distinction, shill for corporations. They teach that scientists too will lie for money. As Tom Paine warned, inuring us to lies lays the groundwork for many other evils.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2022 March 31, David Yaffe-Bellany, “Ben McKenzie Would Like a Word With the Crypto Bros”, in The New York Times, →ISSN",
"text": "Over the last six months, as A-list celebrities have shilled for digital currencies and NFTs, Mr. McKenzie, a TV actor best known for his starring role in “The O.C.,” has become an outspoken skeptic.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
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],
"links": [
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"derogatory"
],
[
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[
"endorse",
"endorse"
],
[
"payment",
"payment"
],
[
"dishonestly",
"dishonestly"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(derogatory) To promote or endorse in return for payment, especially dishonestly."
],
"tags": [
"derogatory"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"To put under cover; to sheal."
],
"links": [
[
"sheal",
"sheal"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"British English",
"English dialectal terms",
"English terms with obsolete senses"
],
"glosses": [
"To shell."
],
"links": [
[
"shell",
"shell#Verb"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(UK, obsolete, dialect) To shell."
],
"tags": [
"UK",
"dialectal",
"obsolete"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ʃɪl/"
},
{
"homophone": "she'll (in some accents)"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɪl"
},
{
"audio": "en-us-shill.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/dc/En-us-shill.ogg/En-us-shill.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/En-us-shill.ogg",
"tags": [
"US"
],
"text": "Audio (US)"
},
{
"audio": "en-au-shill.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/64/En-au-shill.ogg/En-au-shill.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/En-au-shill.ogg",
"tags": [
"Australia"
],
"text": "Audio (AU)"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "to promote or endorse in return for payment",
"word": "traficar"
},
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "to promote or endorse in return for payment",
"word": "fer tripijocs"
},
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "to promote or endorse in return for payment",
"word": "fer trafiques"
},
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "to promote or endorse in return for payment",
"word": "prevaricar"
},
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "to promote or endorse in return for payment",
"word": "embrollar"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to promote or endorse in return for payment",
"word": "mainostaa"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to promote or endorse in return for payment",
"word": "tyrkyttää"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to promote or endorse in return for payment",
"word": "tuputtaa"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to promote or endorse in return for payment",
"word": "prévariquer"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to promote or endorse in return for payment",
"word": "trafiquer"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to promote or endorse in return for payment",
"word": "magouiller"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to promote or endorse in return for payment",
"word": "tripoter"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to promote or endorse in return for payment",
"word": "faire l’homme de paille"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to promote or endorse in return for payment",
"word": "Ware anpreisen"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "to promote or endorse in return for payment",
"word": "prevaricare"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "to promote or endorse in return for payment",
"word": "trafficare"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "to promote or endorse in return for payment",
"word": "brogliare"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "vpárivatʹ",
"sense": "to promote or endorse in return for payment",
"tags": [
"colloquial",
"imperfective",
"slang"
],
"word": "впа́ривать"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "vpáritʹ",
"sense": "to promote or endorse in return for payment",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "впа́рить"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "vtjúxivatʹ",
"sense": "to promote or endorse in return for payment",
"tags": [
"colloquial",
"imperfective",
"slang"
],
"word": "втю́хивать"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "vtjúxatʹ",
"sense": "to promote or endorse in return for payment",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "втю́хать"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to promote or endorse in return for payment",
"word": "prevaricar"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to promote or endorse in return for payment",
"word": "andar en chanchullos"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to promote or endorse in return for payment",
"word": "trapichear"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to promote or endorse in return for payment",
"word": "trapisondar"
},
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "to put under cover, to sheal",
"word": "encobrir"
},
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "to put under cover, to sheal",
"word": "cobrir"
},
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "to put under cover, to sheal",
"word": "tapar"
},
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "to put under cover, to sheal",
"word": "amagar"
},
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "to put under cover, to sheal",
"word": "ocultar"
},
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "to put under cover, to sheal",
"word": "celar"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to put under cover, to sheal",
"word": "peittää"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to put under cover, to sheal",
"word": "cacher"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to put under cover, to sheal",
"word": "couvrir"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to put under cover, to sheal",
"word": "occulter"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to put under cover, to sheal",
"word": "enterrer"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to put under cover, to sheal",
"word": "passer sous silence"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to put under cover, to sheal",
"word": "taire"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to put under cover, to sheal",
"word": "celer"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to put under cover, to sheal",
"word": "dissimuler"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to put under cover, to sheal",
"word": "étouffer"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to put under cover, to sheal",
"word": "mettre sous le boisseau"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to put under cover, to sheal",
"word": "tapar"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to put under cover, to sheal",
"word": "encubrir"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to put under cover, to sheal",
"word": "ocultar"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to put under cover, to sheal",
"word": "celar"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to put under cover, to sheal",
"word": "disimular"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to put under cover, to sheal",
"word": "enterrar"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"George Shillibeer",
"shill"
],
"word": "shill"
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-04-24 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-04-21 using wiktextract (82c8ff9 and f4967a5). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.