See rugose in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "rugose mosaic"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "rugosimeter"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "rugulose"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "rūgōsus",
"t": "wrinkled"
},
"expansion": "Latin rūgōsus (“wrinkled”)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Latin rūgōsus (“wrinkled”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "more rugose",
"tags": [
"comparative"
]
},
{
"form": "most rugose",
"tags": [
"superlative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "rugose (comparative more rugose, superlative most rugose)",
"name": "en-adj"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"Having rugae or wrinkles, creases, ridges, or corrugation."
],
"id": "en-rugose-en-adj-NXBZ7Lqx",
"links": [
[
"ruga",
"ruga"
],
[
"wrinkle",
"wrinkle"
],
[
"crease",
"crease"
],
[
"ridge",
"ridge"
],
[
"corrugation",
"corrugation"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "58 4 17 16 5",
"sense": "having rugae",
"word": "bewrinkled"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "52 4 18 20 5",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "sbrǎčkan",
"sense": "having wrinkles, creases, or ridges",
"word": "сбръчкан"
},
{
"_dis1": "52 4 18 20 5",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "nagǎnat",
"sense": "having wrinkles, creases, or ridges",
"word": "нагънат"
},
{
"_dis1": "52 4 18 20 5",
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "having wrinkles, creases, or ridges",
"word": "rocach"
},
{
"_dis1": "52 4 18 20 5",
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "having wrinkles, creases, or ridges",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "rūgōsus"
},
{
"_dis1": "52 4 18 20 5",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "having wrinkles, creases, or ridges",
"word": "rugoso"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"Rugged, rough, unrefined."
],
"id": "en-rugose-en-adj-1XHagTgc",
"raw_glosses": [
"(figurative, rare) Rugged, rough, unrefined."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "2 74 12 6 6",
"sense": "rugged, rough",
"word": "coarse"
}
],
"tags": [
"figuratively",
"rare"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Botany",
"orig": "en:Botany",
"parents": [
"Biology",
"Sciences",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1751, anonymous author, A General Natural History: Or, New and Accurate Descriptions Of The Animals, Vegetables, and Minerals, Of the Different Parts of the World, Thomas Osborne, pages 261–:",
"text": "Petraea foliis rugosis ovatis. The oval, rugose-leaved Petraea. The root is brachiated; the shrub rises to ten feet high: the leaves are three inches long, an inch and a half broad, even at the edges, and very rough to the touch: (Note: In modern nomenclature, the plant in question probably is Petrea rugosa, as the spelling \"Petraea\" does not seem to match any extant genus,)",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1866, Botanical Society of Edinburgh, Transactions of the Botanical Society, pages 459–:",
"text": "The original leaves were flat and very rugose, and almost hid by the numerous single-stemmed flowers; while the leaves produced in the umbellate state were larger, more upright, and less wrinkled.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Having a rough, wrinkled, or wavy surface; commonly in parasynthetic usage e.g. \"rugose-veined\" or \"rugose-leaved\"."
],
"id": "en-rugose-en-adj-ydYjehLH",
"links": [
[
"botany",
"botany"
],
[
"rough",
"rough"
],
[
"surface",
"surface"
],
[
"parasynthetic",
"parasynthetic#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(botany) Having a rough, wrinkled, or wavy surface; commonly in parasynthetic usage e.g. \"rugose-veined\" or \"rugose-leaved\"."
],
"topics": [
"biology",
"botany",
"natural-sciences"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "11 12 62 4 11",
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "having a rough wrinkled surface",
"word": "rocach"
},
{
"_dis1": "11 12 62 4 11",
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "having a rough wrinkled surface",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "rūgōsus"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Paleontology",
"orig": "en:Paleontology",
"parents": [
"Geology",
"Sciences",
"Earth sciences",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "20 17 14 36 13",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "19 12 23 36 10",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Entries with translation boxes",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "22 10 12 45 11",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 3 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "24 7 13 45 11",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "15 13 14 47 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Bulgarian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "15 13 13 50 9",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Irish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "15 13 12 52 8",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Latin translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "17 13 13 49 9",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Spanish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Describing a fossil coral of the extinct order †Rugosa (also called Tetracoralla), this order has horn-shaped corals with surfaces covered with ridges."
],
"id": "en-rugose-en-adj-gLpjEdDM",
"links": [
[
"paleontology",
"paleontology"
],
[
"Rugosa",
"Rugosa#Translingual"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(paleontology) Describing a fossil coral of the extinct order †Rugosa (also called Tetracoralla), this order has horn-shaped corals with surfaces covered with ridges."
],
"topics": [
"biology",
"history",
"human-sciences",
"natural-sciences",
"paleontology",
"sciences"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Entomology",
"orig": "en:Entomology",
"parents": [
"Arthropodology",
"Zoology",
"Biology",
"Sciences",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Used when combined with another adjective, for example, rugose-reticulate or rugose-punctate."
],
"id": "en-rugose-en-adj-8T7XAbDv",
"links": [
[
"entomology",
"entomology"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(entomology) Used when combined with another adjective, for example, rugose-reticulate or rugose-punctate."
],
"topics": [
"biology",
"entomology",
"natural-sciences"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɹʊˈɡəʊs/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˌɹuːˈɡoʊs/",
"tags": [
"US"
]
},
{
"audio": "en-us-rugose.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/ff/En-us-rugose.ogg/En-us-rugose.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/En-us-rugose.ogg"
},
{
"rhymes": "-əʊs"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "purfly"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "wrinkly"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "wrinkled"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "harsh"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "squarrose"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "rough"
}
],
"word": "rugose"
}
{
"categories": [
"English adjectives",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English terms derived from Latin",
"Entries with translation boxes",
"Pages with 3 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Rhymes:English/əʊs",
"Rhymes:English/əʊs/2 syllables",
"Terms with Bulgarian translations",
"Terms with Irish translations",
"Terms with Latin translations",
"Terms with Spanish translations"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "rugose mosaic"
},
{
"word": "rugosimeter"
},
{
"word": "rugulose"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "rūgōsus",
"t": "wrinkled"
},
"expansion": "Latin rūgōsus (“wrinkled”)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Latin rūgōsus (“wrinkled”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "more rugose",
"tags": [
"comparative"
]
},
{
"form": "most rugose",
"tags": [
"superlative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "rugose (comparative more rugose, superlative most rugose)",
"name": "en-adj"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"Having rugae or wrinkles, creases, ridges, or corrugation."
],
"links": [
[
"ruga",
"ruga"
],
[
"wrinkle",
"wrinkle"
],
[
"crease",
"crease"
],
[
"ridge",
"ridge"
],
[
"corrugation",
"corrugation"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with rare senses"
],
"glosses": [
"Rugged, rough, unrefined."
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(figurative, rare) Rugged, rough, unrefined."
],
"tags": [
"figuratively",
"rare"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"en:Botany"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1751, anonymous author, A General Natural History: Or, New and Accurate Descriptions Of The Animals, Vegetables, and Minerals, Of the Different Parts of the World, Thomas Osborne, pages 261–:",
"text": "Petraea foliis rugosis ovatis. The oval, rugose-leaved Petraea. The root is brachiated; the shrub rises to ten feet high: the leaves are three inches long, an inch and a half broad, even at the edges, and very rough to the touch: (Note: In modern nomenclature, the plant in question probably is Petrea rugosa, as the spelling \"Petraea\" does not seem to match any extant genus,)",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1866, Botanical Society of Edinburgh, Transactions of the Botanical Society, pages 459–:",
"text": "The original leaves were flat and very rugose, and almost hid by the numerous single-stemmed flowers; while the leaves produced in the umbellate state were larger, more upright, and less wrinkled.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Having a rough, wrinkled, or wavy surface; commonly in parasynthetic usage e.g. \"rugose-veined\" or \"rugose-leaved\"."
],
"links": [
[
"botany",
"botany"
],
[
"rough",
"rough"
],
[
"surface",
"surface"
],
[
"parasynthetic",
"parasynthetic#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(botany) Having a rough, wrinkled, or wavy surface; commonly in parasynthetic usage e.g. \"rugose-veined\" or \"rugose-leaved\"."
],
"topics": [
"biology",
"botany",
"natural-sciences"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Entries using missing taxonomic name (order)",
"en:Paleontology"
],
"glosses": [
"Describing a fossil coral of the extinct order †Rugosa (also called Tetracoralla), this order has horn-shaped corals with surfaces covered with ridges."
],
"links": [
[
"paleontology",
"paleontology"
],
[
"Rugosa",
"Rugosa#Translingual"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(paleontology) Describing a fossil coral of the extinct order †Rugosa (also called Tetracoralla), this order has horn-shaped corals with surfaces covered with ridges."
],
"topics": [
"biology",
"history",
"human-sciences",
"natural-sciences",
"paleontology",
"sciences"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"en:Entomology"
],
"glosses": [
"Used when combined with another adjective, for example, rugose-reticulate or rugose-punctate."
],
"links": [
[
"entomology",
"entomology"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(entomology) Used when combined with another adjective, for example, rugose-reticulate or rugose-punctate."
],
"topics": [
"biology",
"entomology",
"natural-sciences"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɹʊˈɡəʊs/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˌɹuːˈɡoʊs/",
"tags": [
"US"
]
},
{
"audio": "en-us-rugose.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/ff/En-us-rugose.ogg/En-us-rugose.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/En-us-rugose.ogg"
},
{
"rhymes": "-əʊs"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"sense": "having rugae",
"word": "bewrinkled"
},
{
"word": "purfly"
},
{
"word": "wrinkly"
},
{
"word": "wrinkled"
},
{
"sense": "rugged, rough",
"word": "coarse"
},
{
"word": "harsh"
},
{
"word": "squarrose"
},
{
"word": "rough"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "sbrǎčkan",
"sense": "having wrinkles, creases, or ridges",
"word": "сбръчкан"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "nagǎnat",
"sense": "having wrinkles, creases, or ridges",
"word": "нагънат"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "having wrinkles, creases, or ridges",
"word": "rocach"
},
{
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "having wrinkles, creases, or ridges",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "rūgōsus"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "having wrinkles, creases, or ridges",
"word": "rugoso"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "having a rough wrinkled surface",
"word": "rocach"
},
{
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "having a rough wrinkled surface",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "rūgōsus"
}
],
"word": "rugose"
}
Download raw JSONL data for rugose meaning in English (5.2kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-03-18 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-03-02 using wiktextract (f2d86ce and 633533e). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.