See fief in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
Download JSON data for fief meaning in English (15.7kB)
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "fiefdom"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "in fief"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*peḱ- (livestock)"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "frm",
"3": "fief"
},
"expansion": "Middle French fief",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fro",
"3": "fief"
},
"expansion": "Old French fief",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ML.",
"3": "fevum"
},
"expansion": "Medieval Latin fevum",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "feudum"
},
"expansion": "feudum",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "fieu"
},
"expansion": "Old French fieu",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "fied"
},
"expansion": "fied",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "frk",
"3": "*fehu",
"t": "cattle, livestock"
},
"expansion": "Frankish *fehu (“cattle, livestock”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*fehu",
"t": "cattle, sheep"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *fehu (“cattle, sheep”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*peku-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *peku-",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*peḱu-",
"3": "",
"4": "sheep"
},
"expansion": "*peḱu- (“sheep”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fee",
"3": "feud",
"id2": "estate"
},
"expansion": "Doublet of fee and feud",
"name": "doublet"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle French fief, from Old French fief, from Medieval Latin fevum, a variant of feudum (whence also Old French fieu, fied), from Old Frankish *fehu (“cattle, livestock”), from Proto-Germanic *fehu (“cattle, sheep”), from Proto-Indo-European *peku-, *peḱu- (“sheep”). Doublet of fee and feud.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "fiefs",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "~"
},
"expansion": "fief (countable and uncountable, plural fiefs)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"hyponyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "manor"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "seigniory"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "mesnalty"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "knight's fee"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "enfeoff"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "feoff"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "feoffee"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "Fief in the Encyclopædia Britannica (11th edition, 1911)"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Law",
"orig": "en:Law",
"parents": [
"Justice",
"Society",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "45 22 33",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "52 22 26",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"parents": [
"Entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "52 24 24",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Feudalism",
"orig": "en:Feudalism",
"parents": [
"Forms of government",
"Government",
"Politics",
"Society",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1673, Randle Cotgrave, “Fief”, in A French and English Dictionary, London: Anthony Dolle, →OCLC",
"text": "Fief: m[asculine] A Fief. A (Knights) fee, a Mannor, or inheritance held by homage, and fealty; and given at the firſt, in truſt, and upon promiſe of aſſiſtance, or ſervice in the wars: […] Alſo, a Tenure, or Eſtate in fief, or in fee. This word was firſt heard of, after the conqueſt of Gallia by the Francs (or ancient French-men) when their Soveraign Princes, reſerving ſome land for their own Domains, diſtributed the reſt (by whole Countreys, or large territories) among their Captains, and principal followers, on condition, that they ſhould hold of them, and aid them in their wars […]",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1840 June 8, C[harles] Poulett Thomson, “An Ordinance to incorporate the Ecclesiastics of the Seminary of Saint Sulpice of Montreal [No. 164 of 1840]”, in Copy of Ordinances Passed by the Governor and Special Council of Lower Canada, in the Third and Fourth Years of the Reign of Her Majesty Queen Victoria (Accounts and Papers. United Kingdom. Parliament. House of Commons; 1841, session 1), volume XV, published 3 February 1841, →OCLC, pages 151–152",
"text": "And be it further ordained and enacted by the Authority aforesaid, That the Right and Title of the said Ecclesiastics of the Seminary of Saint Sulpice of Montreal, in and to all and singular the said Fiefs and Seigniories of the Island of Montreal, of the Lake of the Two Mountains, and of Saint Sulpice, and their several Dependencies, and in and to all Seigniorial and Feudal Rights, Privileges, Dues, and Duties arising out of and from the same, and in and to all and every the Domains, Lands, Reservations, Buildings, Messuages, Tenements, and Hereditaments within the said several Fiefs and Seigniories now held and possessed by them as Proprietors thereof, […] shall be and they are hereby confirmed and declared good, valid, and effectual in the Law; […]",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1992, Franz [Carl Heinrich] Babinger, translated by Ralph Manheim, edited by William C. Hickman, Mehmed the Conqueror and His Time (Bollingen Series; XCVI), Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, page 446",
"text": "The chief obligation of a sipahi was to take up residence on his fief and to be prepared at all times to rally, armed for battle, to his banner-holder's flag on the sultan's order. According to the income of his fief, every sipahi had to raise a fixed number of armed horsemen (cebeli), who followed him on campaigns.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1995, Constance B. Bouchard, edited by William W. Kibler et al., Medieval France: An Encyclopedia (Garland Reference Library of the Humanities; 932), New York, N.Y., London: Garland Publishing, page 660",
"text": "By the 14th century, however, fief holding was in decline, as salaries and retainer fees, rather than fiefs, became standard for aristocrats in binding their knights to them, and as kings increasingly exercised royal power directly or through judges and bureaucrats, not through dukes and counts. Fief holding, which is what \"feudalism\" must be considered to mean if the term has any precise meaning at all—and what the term meant when it was coined in the 17th century—had become an insignificant part of social and governmental relations by the end of the Middle Ages.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2001, “Law IX. For What Offenses Committed Against His Lord a Vassal Loses His Fief, and Also How the Lord Loses the Ownership of It if He Commits an Offense Against His Vassal.”, in Samuel Parsons Scott, transl., edited by Robert I[gnatius] Burns, Las Siete Partidas: Volume 4: Family, Commerce, and the Sea: The Worlds of Women and Merchants (The Middle Ages Series), volumes IV (Partidas IV and V), Philadelphia, Pa.: University of Pennsylvania Press, page 1001",
"text": "Where a vassal kills the brother, son, or grandson of his lord, he should lose his fief on account of it.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2010, Gerard J. Brault, “The Death of Roland—Laisses 174–176 (verses 2355–2396)”, in The Song of Roland: An Analytical Edition. Volume I. Introduction and Commentary, University Park, Pa., London: The Pennsylvania State University Press, page 256",
"text": "Investiture was the conferring of a fief by the lord to the vassal, and the rite consisted in the handing over by the lord of some symbolic object intended to represent the act of concession.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Land held of a superior, particularly on condition of homage, fealty, and personal service, especially military service."
],
"id": "en-fief-en-noun-tJE3EyFF",
"links": [
[
"law",
"law#English"
],
[
"Land",
"land"
],
[
"held",
"held"
],
[
"superior",
"superior#Noun"
],
[
"particularly",
"particularly"
],
[
"on condition",
"on condition"
],
[
"homage",
"homage"
],
[
"fealty",
"fealty"
],
[
"personal",
"personal"
],
[
"service",
"service"
],
[
"especially",
"especially"
],
[
"military service",
"military service"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(law, historical) Land held of a superior, particularly on condition of homage, fealty, and personal service, especially military service."
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"historical",
"uncountable"
],
"topics": [
"law"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1989, Liliane Welch, “Grandparents: A Fragment”, in C. Dino Minni, editor, Ricordi, Things Remembered: An Anthology of Short Stories, Montreal: Guernica Editions, page 59",
"text": "Through the years of my childhood my maternal grandmother remained the one unforgettable presence, the strong country woman ruling over her farm like a medieval lord. On her fief I first opened my eyes to poetry and to the land. […] There was something of the ancient matriarch in her, who had given her life to the ground, who felt that on her fief in southern Luxembourg she stood in the right place.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Synonym of estate: any land, when considered as a region over which the owner exercises lordly control."
],
"id": "en-fief-en-noun-CMATIRI2",
"links": [
[
"estate",
"estate#English"
],
[
"any",
"any"
],
[
"land",
"land"
],
[
"consider",
"consider"
],
[
"region",
"region"
],
[
"owner",
"owner"
],
[
"exercise",
"exercise"
],
[
"lordly",
"lordly"
],
[
"control",
"control"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(figurative) Synonym of estate: any land, when considered as a region over which the owner exercises lordly control."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"extra": "any land, when considered as a region over which the owner exercises lordly control",
"tags": [
"synonym",
"synonym-of"
],
"word": "estate"
}
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"figuratively",
"uncountable"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "29 56 15",
"code": "bn",
"lang": "Bengali",
"roman": "aosôt",
"sense": "An estate held with feudal obligations",
"word": "অওসত"
},
{
"_dis1": "29 56 15",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "feodalno vladenie",
"sense": "An estate held with feudal obligations",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "феодално владение"
},
{
"_dis1": "29 56 15",
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "An estate held with feudal obligations",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "feu"
},
{
"_dis1": "29 56 15",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "fēngdì",
"sense": "An estate held with feudal obligations",
"word": "封地"
},
{
"_dis1": "29 56 15",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "càiyì",
"sense": "An estate held with feudal obligations",
"word": "采邑"
},
{
"_dis1": "29 56 15",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "càidì",
"sense": "An estate held with feudal obligations",
"word": "采地"
},
{
"_dis1": "29 56 15",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "fēngtǔ",
"sense": "An estate held with feudal obligations",
"word": "封土"
},
{
"_dis1": "29 56 15",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "fēngyì",
"sense": "An estate held with feudal obligations",
"word": "封邑"
},
{
"_dis1": "29 56 15",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "juétǔ",
"sense": "An estate held with feudal obligations",
"word": "爵土"
},
{
"_dis1": "29 56 15",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "An estate held with feudal obligations",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "léno"
},
{
"_dis1": "29 56 15",
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "An estate held with feudal obligations",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "len"
},
{
"_dis1": "29 56 15",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "An estate held with feudal obligations",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "leen"
},
{
"_dis1": "29 56 15",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "An estate held with feudal obligations",
"word": "läänitys"
},
{
"_dis1": "29 56 15",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "An estate held with feudal obligations",
"word": "fief"
},
{
"_dis1": "29 56 15",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "An estate held with feudal obligations",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "couto"
},
{
"_dis1": "29 56 15",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "An estate held with feudal obligations",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "bacelo"
},
{
"_dis1": "29 56 15",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "An estate held with feudal obligations",
"word": "feudo"
},
{
"_dis1": "29 56 15",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "An estate held with feudal obligations",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "Lehen"
},
{
"_dis1": "29 56 15",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "An estate held with feudal obligations",
"word": "hűbér"
},
{
"_dis1": "29 56 15",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "An estate held with feudal obligations",
"word": "hűbérbirtok"
},
{
"_dis1": "29 56 15",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "An estate held with feudal obligations",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "feudo"
},
{
"_dis1": "29 56 15",
"alt": "ほうど",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "hōdo",
"sense": "An estate held with feudal obligations",
"word": "封土"
},
{
"_dis1": "29 56 15",
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "An estate held with feudal obligations",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "feudum"
},
{
"_dis1": "29 56 15",
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "An estate held with feudal obligations",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "rēgnum"
},
{
"_dis1": "29 56 15",
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"roman": "feud",
"sense": "An estate held with feudal obligations",
"word": "феуд"
},
{
"_dis1": "29 56 15",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "An estate held with feudal obligations",
"word": "feudo"
},
{
"_dis1": "29 56 15",
"code": "rgn",
"lang": "Romagnol",
"sense": "An estate held with feudal obligations",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "féud"
},
{
"_dis1": "29 56 15",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "An estate held with feudal obligations",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "fief"
},
{
"_dis1": "29 56 15",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "feód",
"sense": "An estate held with feudal obligations",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "фео́д"
},
{
"_dis1": "29 56 15",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "An estate held with feudal obligations",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "feudo"
},
{
"_dis1": "29 56 15",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "An estate held with feudal obligations",
"word": "förläning"
},
{
"_dis1": "29 56 15",
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "An estate held with feudal obligations",
"word": "yurtluk"
}
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"A territory, a domain, an area over which one exercises lordly control, particularly with regard to corporate or governmental bureaucracies."
],
"id": "en-fief-en-noun-SAJnk-69",
"links": [
[
"territory",
"territory"
],
[
"domain",
"domain"
],
[
"area",
"area"
],
[
"one",
"one"
],
[
"exercise",
"exercise"
],
[
"lordly",
"lordly"
],
[
"control",
"control"
],
[
"particularly",
"particularly"
],
[
"with regard to",
"with regard to"
],
[
"corporate",
"corporate#Adjective"
],
[
"governmental",
"governmental"
],
[
"bureaucracies",
"bureaucracies"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(figurative) A territory, a domain, an area over which one exercises lordly control, particularly with regard to corporate or governmental bureaucracies."
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"figuratively",
"uncountable"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "8 31 61",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "area of dominion",
"word": "tontti"
},
{
"_dis1": "8 31 61",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "area of dominion",
"word": "valtakunta"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/fiːf/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-iːf"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-fief.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9e/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-fief.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-fief.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9e/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-fief.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-fief.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"Southern-England"
],
"text": "Audio (Southern England)"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "fee"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"fief"
],
"word": "fief"
}
{
"categories": [
"English 1-syllable words",
"English countable nouns",
"English doublets",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms borrowed from Middle French",
"English terms derived from Frankish",
"English terms derived from Medieval Latin",
"English terms derived from Middle French",
"English terms derived from Old French",
"English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *peḱ- (livestock)",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"English terms with audio links",
"English uncountable nouns",
"Rhymes:English/iːf",
"Rhymes:English/iːf/1 syllable",
"en:Feudalism"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "fiefdom"
},
{
"word": "in fief"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*peḱ- (livestock)"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "frm",
"3": "fief"
},
"expansion": "Middle French fief",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fro",
"3": "fief"
},
"expansion": "Old French fief",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ML.",
"3": "fevum"
},
"expansion": "Medieval Latin fevum",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "feudum"
},
"expansion": "feudum",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "fieu"
},
"expansion": "Old French fieu",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "fied"
},
"expansion": "fied",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "frk",
"3": "*fehu",
"t": "cattle, livestock"
},
"expansion": "Frankish *fehu (“cattle, livestock”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*fehu",
"t": "cattle, sheep"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *fehu (“cattle, sheep”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*peku-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *peku-",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*peḱu-",
"3": "",
"4": "sheep"
},
"expansion": "*peḱu- (“sheep”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fee",
"3": "feud",
"id2": "estate"
},
"expansion": "Doublet of fee and feud",
"name": "doublet"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle French fief, from Old French fief, from Medieval Latin fevum, a variant of feudum (whence also Old French fieu, fied), from Old Frankish *fehu (“cattle, livestock”), from Proto-Germanic *fehu (“cattle, sheep”), from Proto-Indo-European *peku-, *peḱu- (“sheep”). Doublet of fee and feud.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "fiefs",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "~"
},
"expansion": "fief (countable and uncountable, plural fiefs)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"hyponyms": [
{
"word": "manor"
},
{
"word": "seigniory"
},
{
"word": "mesnalty"
},
{
"word": "knight's fee"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"word": "enfeoff"
},
{
"word": "feoff"
},
{
"word": "feoffee"
},
{
"word": "Fief in the Encyclopædia Britannica (11th edition, 1911)"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with historical senses",
"English terms with quotations",
"en:Law"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1673, Randle Cotgrave, “Fief”, in A French and English Dictionary, London: Anthony Dolle, →OCLC",
"text": "Fief: m[asculine] A Fief. A (Knights) fee, a Mannor, or inheritance held by homage, and fealty; and given at the firſt, in truſt, and upon promiſe of aſſiſtance, or ſervice in the wars: […] Alſo, a Tenure, or Eſtate in fief, or in fee. This word was firſt heard of, after the conqueſt of Gallia by the Francs (or ancient French-men) when their Soveraign Princes, reſerving ſome land for their own Domains, diſtributed the reſt (by whole Countreys, or large territories) among their Captains, and principal followers, on condition, that they ſhould hold of them, and aid them in their wars […]",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1840 June 8, C[harles] Poulett Thomson, “An Ordinance to incorporate the Ecclesiastics of the Seminary of Saint Sulpice of Montreal [No. 164 of 1840]”, in Copy of Ordinances Passed by the Governor and Special Council of Lower Canada, in the Third and Fourth Years of the Reign of Her Majesty Queen Victoria (Accounts and Papers. United Kingdom. Parliament. House of Commons; 1841, session 1), volume XV, published 3 February 1841, →OCLC, pages 151–152",
"text": "And be it further ordained and enacted by the Authority aforesaid, That the Right and Title of the said Ecclesiastics of the Seminary of Saint Sulpice of Montreal, in and to all and singular the said Fiefs and Seigniories of the Island of Montreal, of the Lake of the Two Mountains, and of Saint Sulpice, and their several Dependencies, and in and to all Seigniorial and Feudal Rights, Privileges, Dues, and Duties arising out of and from the same, and in and to all and every the Domains, Lands, Reservations, Buildings, Messuages, Tenements, and Hereditaments within the said several Fiefs and Seigniories now held and possessed by them as Proprietors thereof, […] shall be and they are hereby confirmed and declared good, valid, and effectual in the Law; […]",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1992, Franz [Carl Heinrich] Babinger, translated by Ralph Manheim, edited by William C. Hickman, Mehmed the Conqueror and His Time (Bollingen Series; XCVI), Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, page 446",
"text": "The chief obligation of a sipahi was to take up residence on his fief and to be prepared at all times to rally, armed for battle, to his banner-holder's flag on the sultan's order. According to the income of his fief, every sipahi had to raise a fixed number of armed horsemen (cebeli), who followed him on campaigns.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1995, Constance B. Bouchard, edited by William W. Kibler et al., Medieval France: An Encyclopedia (Garland Reference Library of the Humanities; 932), New York, N.Y., London: Garland Publishing, page 660",
"text": "By the 14th century, however, fief holding was in decline, as salaries and retainer fees, rather than fiefs, became standard for aristocrats in binding their knights to them, and as kings increasingly exercised royal power directly or through judges and bureaucrats, not through dukes and counts. Fief holding, which is what \"feudalism\" must be considered to mean if the term has any precise meaning at all—and what the term meant when it was coined in the 17th century—had become an insignificant part of social and governmental relations by the end of the Middle Ages.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2001, “Law IX. For What Offenses Committed Against His Lord a Vassal Loses His Fief, and Also How the Lord Loses the Ownership of It if He Commits an Offense Against His Vassal.”, in Samuel Parsons Scott, transl., edited by Robert I[gnatius] Burns, Las Siete Partidas: Volume 4: Family, Commerce, and the Sea: The Worlds of Women and Merchants (The Middle Ages Series), volumes IV (Partidas IV and V), Philadelphia, Pa.: University of Pennsylvania Press, page 1001",
"text": "Where a vassal kills the brother, son, or grandson of his lord, he should lose his fief on account of it.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2010, Gerard J. Brault, “The Death of Roland—Laisses 174–176 (verses 2355–2396)”, in The Song of Roland: An Analytical Edition. Volume I. Introduction and Commentary, University Park, Pa., London: The Pennsylvania State University Press, page 256",
"text": "Investiture was the conferring of a fief by the lord to the vassal, and the rite consisted in the handing over by the lord of some symbolic object intended to represent the act of concession.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Land held of a superior, particularly on condition of homage, fealty, and personal service, especially military service."
],
"links": [
[
"law",
"law#English"
],
[
"Land",
"land"
],
[
"held",
"held"
],
[
"superior",
"superior#Noun"
],
[
"particularly",
"particularly"
],
[
"on condition",
"on condition"
],
[
"homage",
"homage"
],
[
"fealty",
"fealty"
],
[
"personal",
"personal"
],
[
"service",
"service"
],
[
"especially",
"especially"
],
[
"military service",
"military service"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(law, historical) Land held of a superior, particularly on condition of homage, fealty, and personal service, especially military service."
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"historical",
"uncountable"
],
"topics": [
"law"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1989, Liliane Welch, “Grandparents: A Fragment”, in C. Dino Minni, editor, Ricordi, Things Remembered: An Anthology of Short Stories, Montreal: Guernica Editions, page 59",
"text": "Through the years of my childhood my maternal grandmother remained the one unforgettable presence, the strong country woman ruling over her farm like a medieval lord. On her fief I first opened my eyes to poetry and to the land. […] There was something of the ancient matriarch in her, who had given her life to the ground, who felt that on her fief in southern Luxembourg she stood in the right place.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Synonym of estate: any land, when considered as a region over which the owner exercises lordly control."
],
"links": [
[
"estate",
"estate#English"
],
[
"any",
"any"
],
[
"land",
"land"
],
[
"consider",
"consider"
],
[
"region",
"region"
],
[
"owner",
"owner"
],
[
"exercise",
"exercise"
],
[
"lordly",
"lordly"
],
[
"control",
"control"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(figurative) Synonym of estate: any land, when considered as a region over which the owner exercises lordly control."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"extra": "any land, when considered as a region over which the owner exercises lordly control",
"tags": [
"synonym",
"synonym-of"
],
"word": "estate"
}
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"figuratively",
"uncountable"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"A territory, a domain, an area over which one exercises lordly control, particularly with regard to corporate or governmental bureaucracies."
],
"links": [
[
"territory",
"territory"
],
[
"domain",
"domain"
],
[
"area",
"area"
],
[
"one",
"one"
],
[
"exercise",
"exercise"
],
[
"lordly",
"lordly"
],
[
"control",
"control"
],
[
"particularly",
"particularly"
],
[
"with regard to",
"with regard to"
],
[
"corporate",
"corporate#Adjective"
],
[
"governmental",
"governmental"
],
[
"bureaucracies",
"bureaucracies"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(figurative) A territory, a domain, an area over which one exercises lordly control, particularly with regard to corporate or governmental bureaucracies."
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"figuratively",
"uncountable"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/fiːf/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-iːf"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-fief.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9e/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-fief.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-fief.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9e/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-fief.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-fief.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"Southern-England"
],
"text": "Audio (Southern England)"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "fee"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "bn",
"lang": "Bengali",
"roman": "aosôt",
"sense": "An estate held with feudal obligations",
"word": "অওসত"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "feodalno vladenie",
"sense": "An estate held with feudal obligations",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "феодално владение"
},
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "An estate held with feudal obligations",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "feu"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "fēngdì",
"sense": "An estate held with feudal obligations",
"word": "封地"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "càiyì",
"sense": "An estate held with feudal obligations",
"word": "采邑"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "càidì",
"sense": "An estate held with feudal obligations",
"word": "采地"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "fēngtǔ",
"sense": "An estate held with feudal obligations",
"word": "封土"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "fēngyì",
"sense": "An estate held with feudal obligations",
"word": "封邑"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "juétǔ",
"sense": "An estate held with feudal obligations",
"word": "爵土"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "An estate held with feudal obligations",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "léno"
},
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "An estate held with feudal obligations",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "len"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "An estate held with feudal obligations",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "leen"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "An estate held with feudal obligations",
"word": "läänitys"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "An estate held with feudal obligations",
"word": "fief"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "An estate held with feudal obligations",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "couto"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "An estate held with feudal obligations",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "bacelo"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "An estate held with feudal obligations",
"word": "feudo"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "An estate held with feudal obligations",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "Lehen"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "An estate held with feudal obligations",
"word": "hűbér"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "An estate held with feudal obligations",
"word": "hűbérbirtok"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "An estate held with feudal obligations",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "feudo"
},
{
"alt": "ほうど",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "hōdo",
"sense": "An estate held with feudal obligations",
"word": "封土"
},
{
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "An estate held with feudal obligations",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "feudum"
},
{
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "An estate held with feudal obligations",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "rēgnum"
},
{
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"roman": "feud",
"sense": "An estate held with feudal obligations",
"word": "феуд"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "An estate held with feudal obligations",
"word": "feudo"
},
{
"code": "rgn",
"lang": "Romagnol",
"sense": "An estate held with feudal obligations",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "féud"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "An estate held with feudal obligations",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "fief"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "feód",
"sense": "An estate held with feudal obligations",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "фео́д"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "An estate held with feudal obligations",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "feudo"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "An estate held with feudal obligations",
"word": "förläning"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "An estate held with feudal obligations",
"word": "yurtluk"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "area of dominion",
"word": "tontti"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "area of dominion",
"word": "valtakunta"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"fief"
],
"word": "fief"
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-05-06 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-05-02 using wiktextract (f4fd8c9 and c9440ce). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.