See refined on Wiktionary
Download JSON data for refined meaning in All languages combined (15.9kB)
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "verb form"
},
"expansion": "refined",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "11 8 8 6 6 6 6 6 14 11 15",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "The raw petroleum was refined into kerosene."
}
],
"form_of": [
{
"word": "refine"
}
],
"glosses": [
"simple past and past participle of refine"
],
"id": "en-refined-en-verb-kFUbX4mn",
"links": [
[
"refine",
"refine#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"form-of",
"participle",
"past"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɹiːfaɪnd/"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Persent101-refined.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/11/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Persent101-refined.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Persent101-refined.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/11/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Persent101-refined.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Persent101-refined.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"US"
],
"text": "Audio (US)"
}
],
"word": "refined"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "refined sugar"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "ultrarefined"
}
],
"forms": [
{
"form": "more refined",
"tags": [
"comparative"
]
},
{
"form": "most refined",
"tags": [
"superlative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "refined (comparative more refined, superlative most refined)",
"name": "en-adj"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "11 8 8 6 6 6 6 6 14 11 15",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
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"Entry maintenance"
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"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Precise, freed from imprecision",
"Sagacious, sometimes (derogatory) oversubtle or feigning sagacity."
],
"id": "en-refined-en-adj-xnMWnQDu",
"links": [
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"Precise",
"precise"
],
[
"free",
"free"
],
[
"imprecision",
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[
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],
[
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[
"sometimes",
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],
[
"derogatory",
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[
"oversubtle",
"oversubtle"
],
[
"feign",
"feign"
],
[
"sagacity",
"sagacity"
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],
"raw_glosses": [
"Precise, freed from imprecision",
"(of people, obsolete) Sagacious, sometimes (derogatory) oversubtle or feigning sagacity."
],
"raw_tags": [
"of people"
],
"tags": [
"obsolete"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "1 18 1 34 34 1 2 1 1 1 5",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Personality",
"orig": "en:Personality",
"parents": [
"Mind",
"Human",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "The argument, while not persuasive, is quite refined.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Precise, freed from imprecision",
"Subtle, scrupulous, carefully thought out."
],
"id": "en-refined-en-adj-mvFbhHUl",
"links": [
[
"Precise",
"precise"
],
[
"free",
"free"
],
[
"imprecision",
"imprecision"
],
[
"particularly",
"particularly"
],
[
"Subtle",
"subtle"
],
[
"scrupulous",
"scrupulous"
],
[
"carefully",
"carefully"
],
[
"thought out",
"thought out"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"Precise, freed from imprecision",
"(of thought) Subtle, scrupulous, carefully thought out."
],
"raw_tags": [
"of thought"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"text": "The curriculum has been carefully refined to meet the needs of foreign students.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Precise, freed from imprecision",
"Developed, improved."
],
"id": "en-refined-en-adj-3Qm4basX",
"links": [
[
"Precise",
"precise"
],
[
"free",
"free"
],
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"imprecision",
"imprecision"
],
[
"particularly",
"particularly"
],
[
"Developed",
"developed"
],
[
"improve",
"improve"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"Precise, freed from imprecision",
"(of processes) Developed, improved."
],
"raw_tags": [
"of processes"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "1 18 1 34 34 1 2 1 1 1 5",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Personality",
"orig": "en:Personality",
"parents": [
"Mind",
"Human",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "In the British Isles, Oxbridge is considered refined; Geordie somewhat less so.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Cultured, freed from vulgarity",
"Elevated and polished."
],
"id": "en-refined-en-adj-E~XQuEFz",
"links": [
[
"Cultured",
"cultured"
],
[
"free",
"free"
],
[
"vulgarity",
"vulgarity"
],
[
"particularly",
"particularly"
],
[
"Elevated",
"elevated"
],
[
"polished",
"polished"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"Cultured, freed from vulgarity",
"(of language) Elevated and polished."
],
"raw_tags": [
"of language"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "1 18 1 34 34 1 2 1 1 1 5",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
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"orig": "en:Personality",
"parents": [
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"Human",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "Don Draper was a man of refined tastes.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"ref": "1946, Elizabeth Metzger Howard, Before the Sun Goes Down, page 31",
"text": "\"Jesus Christ! Was my folks refined. My mam she wouldn't think-a lettin' us young'uns call a pee pot a pee pot. A chamber's what she called it... And by God! Us young'uns had ter call the pee pot a chamber or git our God damn necks wrang.\"",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Cultured, freed from vulgarity",
"Elegant, sometimes (derogatory) affected, prissy, or bloodless."
],
"id": "en-refined-en-adj-GHpNHBES",
"links": [
[
"Cultured",
"cultured"
],
[
"free",
"free"
],
[
"vulgarity",
"vulgarity"
],
[
"particularly",
"particularly"
],
[
"Elegant",
"elegant"
],
[
"sometimes",
"sometimes"
],
[
"derogatory",
"derogatory"
],
[
"affected",
"affected"
],
[
"prissy",
"prissy"
],
[
"bloodless",
"bloodless"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"Cultured, freed from vulgarity",
"(of people) Elegant, sometimes (derogatory) affected, prissy, or bloodless."
],
"raw_tags": [
"of people"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "5 6 5 29 44 3 3 3 3",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "iziskan",
"sense": "cultured, elegant",
"word": "изискан"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 6 5 29 44 3 3 3 3",
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "cultured, elegant",
"word": "refinat"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 6 5 29 44 3 3 3 3",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "sīwén",
"sense": "cultured, elegant",
"word": "斯文"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 6 5 29 44 3 3 3 3",
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "cultured, elegant",
"word": "raffineret"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 6 5 29 44 3 3 3 3",
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "cultured, elegant",
"word": "elegant"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 6 5 29 44 3 3 3 3",
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "cultured, elegant",
"word": "forfinet"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 6 5 29 44 3 3 3 3",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "cultured, elegant",
"word": "verfijnd"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 6 5 29 44 3 3 3 3",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "cultured, elegant",
"word": "hienostunut"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 6 5 29 44 3 3 3 3",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "cultured, elegant",
"word": "affiné"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 6 5 29 44 3 3 3 3",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "cultured, elegant",
"word": "raffiné"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 6 5 29 44 3 3 3 3",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "cultured, elegant",
"word": "kultiviert"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 6 5 29 44 3 3 3 3",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "cultured, elegant",
"word": "gepflegt"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 6 5 29 44 3 3 3 3",
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "ekleptysménos",
"sense": "cultured, elegant",
"word": "εκλεπτυσμένος"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 6 5 29 44 3 3 3 3",
"code": "grc",
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"roman": "kompsós",
"sense": "cultured, elegant",
"word": "κομψός"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 6 5 29 44 3 3 3 3",
"code": "grc",
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"roman": "asteîos",
"sense": "cultured, elegant",
"word": "ἀστεῖος"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 6 5 29 44 3 3 3 3",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "cultured, elegant",
"word": "kifinomult"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 6 5 29 44 3 3 3 3",
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "cultured, elegant",
"word": "galánta"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 6 5 29 44 3 3 3 3",
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "cultured, elegant",
"word": "cultus"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 6 5 29 44 3 3 3 3",
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "cultured, elegant",
"word": "lautus"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 6 5 29 44 3 3 3 3",
"code": "no",
"lang": "Norwegian",
"sense": "cultured, elegant",
"word": "raffinert"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 6 5 29 44 3 3 3 3",
"code": "fa",
"lang": "Persian",
"roman": "bâ-farhang",
"sense": "cultured, elegant",
"word": "بافرهنگ"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 6 5 29 44 3 3 3 3",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"note": "of manners or taste",
"roman": "utončónnyj",
"sense": "cultured, elegant",
"word": "утончённый"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 6 5 29 44 3 3 3 3",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"note": "of manners or taste",
"roman": "izýskannyj",
"sense": "cultured, elegant",
"word": "изы́сканный"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 6 5 29 44 3 3 3 3",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"note": "of manners or people",
"roman": "blagoródnyj",
"sense": "cultured, elegant",
"word": "благоро́дный"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 6 5 29 44 3 3 3 3",
"code": "gd",
"lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
"sense": "cultured, elegant",
"word": "eagarach"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 6 5 29 44 3 3 3 3",
"code": "gd",
"lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
"sense": "cultured, elegant",
"word": "fìnealta"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 6 5 29 44 3 3 3 3",
"code": "gd",
"lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
"sense": "cultured, elegant",
"word": "lìomhte"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 6 5 29 44 3 3 3 3",
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "cultured, elegant",
"word": "rafine"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"text": "Under current guidelines, refined sugar must be at least five times purer than its raw counterpart.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Purified, reduced in or freed from impurities",
"Highly-processed and pure."
],
"id": "en-refined-en-adj-aTqSHn-L",
"links": [
[
"Purified",
"purified"
],
[
"reduce",
"reduce"
],
[
"free",
"free"
],
[
"impurities",
"impurities"
],
[
"particularly",
"particularly"
],
[
"Highly",
"highly"
],
[
"process",
"process"
],
[
"pure",
"pure"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"Purified, reduced in or freed from impurities",
"(of products) Highly-processed and pure."
],
"raw_tags": [
"of products"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"text": "The Temple at Jerusalem preferred Tyrian shekels, since even with Ba'al's portrait they bore highly refined silver.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Purified, reduced in or freed from impurities",
"Free of dross or alloy."
],
"id": "en-refined-en-adj-5~IGCdV7",
"links": [
[
"Purified",
"purified"
],
[
"reduce",
"reduce"
],
[
"free",
"free"
],
[
"impurities",
"impurities"
],
[
"particularly",
"particularly"
],
[
"Free",
"free"
],
[
"dross",
"dross"
],
[
"alloy",
"alloy"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"Purified, reduced in or freed from impurities",
"(of metal) Free of dross or alloy."
],
"raw_tags": [
"of metal"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"Purified, reduced in or freed from impurities",
"Morally pure."
],
"id": "en-refined-en-adj-CxMWuh1C",
"links": [
[
"Purified",
"purified"
],
[
"reduce",
"reduce"
],
[
"free",
"free"
],
[
"impurities",
"impurities"
],
[
"particularly",
"particularly"
],
[
"Morally",
"morally"
],
[
"pure",
"pure"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"Purified, reduced in or freed from impurities",
"(of people, obsolete) Morally pure."
],
"raw_tags": [
"of people"
],
"tags": [
"obsolete"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "11 8 8 6 6 6 6 6 14 11 15",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Dealing in a refined product such as sugar or petroleum."
],
"id": "en-refined-en-adj--eq4VBEB",
"links": [
[
"Dealing",
"dealing"
],
[
"product",
"product"
],
[
"such as",
"such as"
],
[
"sugar",
"sugar"
],
[
"petroleum",
"petroleum"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(of a market) Dealing in a refined product such as sugar or petroleum."
],
"raw_tags": [
"of a market"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɹiːfaɪnd/"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Persent101-refined.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/11/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Persent101-refined.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Persent101-refined.wav.mp3",
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"tags": [
"US"
],
"text": "Audio (US)"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "9 9 9 25 25 7 7 7 3",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "iziskan",
"sense": "freed from vulgarity",
"word": "изискан"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 9 9 25 25 7 7 7 3",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "iztǎnčen",
"sense": "freed from vulgarity",
"word": "изтънчен"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 9 9 25 25 7 7 7 3",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "sīwén",
"sense": "freed from vulgarity",
"word": "斯文"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 9 9 25 25 7 7 7 3",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "freed from vulgarity",
"word": "verfijnd"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 9 9 25 25 7 7 7 3",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "freed from vulgarity",
"word": "hienostunut"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 9 9 25 25 7 7 7 3",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "izýskannyj",
"sense": "freed from vulgarity",
"word": "изы́сканный"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 4 3 3 3 28 28 28 2",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "prečisten",
"sense": "purified",
"word": "пречистен"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 4 3 3 3 28 28 28 2",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "rafiniran",
"sense": "purified",
"word": "рафиниран"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 4 3 3 3 28 28 28 2",
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "purified",
"word": "refinat"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 4 3 3 3 28 28 28 2",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "purified",
"word": "raffiniert"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 4 3 3 3 28 28 28 2",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "purified",
"word": "verfeinert"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 4 3 3 3 28 28 28 2",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "purified",
"word": "gereinigt"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 4 3 3 3 28 28 28 2",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "purified",
"word": "finomított"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 4 3 3 3 28 28 28 2",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "purified",
"word": "rafinált"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 4 3 3 3 28 28 28 2",
"code": "gv",
"lang": "Manx",
"sense": "purified",
"word": "aaheelit"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 4 3 3 3 28 28 28 2",
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "purified",
"word": "parakore"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 4 3 3 3 28 28 28 2",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "očíščennyj",
"sense": "purified",
"word": "очи́щенный"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 4 3 3 3 28 28 28 2",
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "purified",
"word": "rafine"
}
],
"word": "refined"
}
{
"forms": [
{
"form": "refineds",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "refined (plural refineds)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Finance",
"orig": "en:Finance",
"parents": [
"Business",
"Economics",
"Society",
"Social sciences",
"All topics",
"Sciences",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "11 8 8 6 6 6 6 6 14 11 15",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "We're still purchasing copper ore, but the market for refined is weaker."
}
],
"glosses": [
"The refined form of a commodity, as opposed to its raw or generic form."
],
"id": "en-refined-en-noun-ugkyAy-r",
"links": [
[
"finance",
"finance#Noun"
],
[
"refine",
"refine"
],
[
"form",
"form"
],
[
"commodity",
"commodity"
],
[
"as opposed to",
"as opposed to"
],
[
"raw",
"raw"
],
[
"generic",
"generic"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(finance) The refined form of a commodity, as opposed to its raw or generic form."
],
"topics": [
"business",
"finance"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɹiːfaɪnd/"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Persent101-refined.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/11/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Persent101-refined.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Persent101-refined.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/11/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Persent101-refined.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Persent101-refined.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"US"
],
"text": "Audio (US)"
}
],
"word": "refined"
}
{
"categories": [
"English 2-syllable words",
"English adjectives",
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English non-lemma forms",
"English nouns",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"English terms with audio links",
"English verb forms",
"en:Personality"
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "verb form"
},
"expansion": "refined",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "The raw petroleum was refined into kerosene."
}
],
"form_of": [
{
"word": "refine"
}
],
"glosses": [
"simple past and past participle of refine"
],
"links": [
[
"refine",
"refine#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"form-of",
"participle",
"past"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɹiːfaɪnd/"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Persent101-refined.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/11/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Persent101-refined.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Persent101-refined.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/11/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Persent101-refined.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Persent101-refined.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"US"
],
"text": "Audio (US)"
}
],
"word": "refined"
}
{
"categories": [
"English 2-syllable words",
"English adjectives",
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English non-lemma forms",
"English nouns",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"English terms with audio links",
"English verb forms",
"en:Personality"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "refined sugar"
},
{
"word": "ultrarefined"
}
],
"forms": [
{
"form": "more refined",
"tags": [
"comparative"
]
},
{
"form": "most refined",
"tags": [
"superlative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "refined (comparative more refined, superlative most refined)",
"name": "en-adj"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English derogatory terms",
"English terms with obsolete senses"
],
"glosses": [
"Precise, freed from imprecision",
"Sagacious, sometimes (derogatory) oversubtle or feigning sagacity."
],
"links": [
[
"Precise",
"precise"
],
[
"free",
"free"
],
[
"imprecision",
"imprecision"
],
[
"particularly",
"particularly"
],
[
"Sagacious",
"sagacious"
],
[
"sometimes",
"sometimes"
],
[
"derogatory",
"derogatory"
],
[
"oversubtle",
"oversubtle"
],
[
"feign",
"feign"
],
[
"sagacity",
"sagacity"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"Precise, freed from imprecision",
"(of people, obsolete) Sagacious, sometimes (derogatory) oversubtle or feigning sagacity."
],
"raw_tags": [
"of people"
],
"tags": [
"obsolete"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "The argument, while not persuasive, is quite refined.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Precise, freed from imprecision",
"Subtle, scrupulous, carefully thought out."
],
"links": [
[
"Precise",
"precise"
],
[
"free",
"free"
],
[
"imprecision",
"imprecision"
],
[
"particularly",
"particularly"
],
[
"Subtle",
"subtle"
],
[
"scrupulous",
"scrupulous"
],
[
"carefully",
"carefully"
],
[
"thought out",
"thought out"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"Precise, freed from imprecision",
"(of thought) Subtle, scrupulous, carefully thought out."
],
"raw_tags": [
"of thought"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "The curriculum has been carefully refined to meet the needs of foreign students.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Precise, freed from imprecision",
"Developed, improved."
],
"links": [
[
"Precise",
"precise"
],
[
"free",
"free"
],
[
"imprecision",
"imprecision"
],
[
"particularly",
"particularly"
],
[
"Developed",
"developed"
],
[
"improve",
"improve"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"Precise, freed from imprecision",
"(of processes) Developed, improved."
],
"raw_tags": [
"of processes"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "In the British Isles, Oxbridge is considered refined; Geordie somewhat less so.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Cultured, freed from vulgarity",
"Elevated and polished."
],
"links": [
[
"Cultured",
"cultured"
],
[
"free",
"free"
],
[
"vulgarity",
"vulgarity"
],
[
"particularly",
"particularly"
],
[
"Elevated",
"elevated"
],
[
"polished",
"polished"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"Cultured, freed from vulgarity",
"(of language) Elevated and polished."
],
"raw_tags": [
"of language"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English derogatory terms",
"English terms with quotations",
"English terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "Don Draper was a man of refined tastes.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"ref": "1946, Elizabeth Metzger Howard, Before the Sun Goes Down, page 31",
"text": "\"Jesus Christ! Was my folks refined. My mam she wouldn't think-a lettin' us young'uns call a pee pot a pee pot. A chamber's what she called it... And by God! Us young'uns had ter call the pee pot a chamber or git our God damn necks wrang.\"",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Cultured, freed from vulgarity",
"Elegant, sometimes (derogatory) affected, prissy, or bloodless."
],
"links": [
[
"Cultured",
"cultured"
],
[
"free",
"free"
],
[
"vulgarity",
"vulgarity"
],
[
"particularly",
"particularly"
],
[
"Elegant",
"elegant"
],
[
"sometimes",
"sometimes"
],
[
"derogatory",
"derogatory"
],
[
"affected",
"affected"
],
[
"prissy",
"prissy"
],
[
"bloodless",
"bloodless"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"Cultured, freed from vulgarity",
"(of people) Elegant, sometimes (derogatory) affected, prissy, or bloodless."
],
"raw_tags": [
"of people"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "Under current guidelines, refined sugar must be at least five times purer than its raw counterpart.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Purified, reduced in or freed from impurities",
"Highly-processed and pure."
],
"links": [
[
"Purified",
"purified"
],
[
"reduce",
"reduce"
],
[
"free",
"free"
],
[
"impurities",
"impurities"
],
[
"particularly",
"particularly"
],
[
"Highly",
"highly"
],
[
"process",
"process"
],
[
"pure",
"pure"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"Purified, reduced in or freed from impurities",
"(of products) Highly-processed and pure."
],
"raw_tags": [
"of products"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "The Temple at Jerusalem preferred Tyrian shekels, since even with Ba'al's portrait they bore highly refined silver.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Purified, reduced in or freed from impurities",
"Free of dross or alloy."
],
"links": [
[
"Purified",
"purified"
],
[
"reduce",
"reduce"
],
[
"free",
"free"
],
[
"impurities",
"impurities"
],
[
"particularly",
"particularly"
],
[
"Free",
"free"
],
[
"dross",
"dross"
],
[
"alloy",
"alloy"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"Purified, reduced in or freed from impurities",
"(of metal) Free of dross or alloy."
],
"raw_tags": [
"of metal"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with obsolete senses"
],
"glosses": [
"Purified, reduced in or freed from impurities",
"Morally pure."
],
"links": [
[
"Purified",
"purified"
],
[
"reduce",
"reduce"
],
[
"free",
"free"
],
[
"impurities",
"impurities"
],
[
"particularly",
"particularly"
],
[
"Morally",
"morally"
],
[
"pure",
"pure"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"Purified, reduced in or freed from impurities",
"(of people, obsolete) Morally pure."
],
"raw_tags": [
"of people"
],
"tags": [
"obsolete"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Dealing in a refined product such as sugar or petroleum."
],
"links": [
[
"Dealing",
"dealing"
],
[
"product",
"product"
],
[
"such as",
"such as"
],
[
"sugar",
"sugar"
],
[
"petroleum",
"petroleum"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(of a market) Dealing in a refined product such as sugar or petroleum."
],
"raw_tags": [
"of a market"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɹiːfaɪnd/"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Persent101-refined.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/11/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Persent101-refined.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Persent101-refined.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/11/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Persent101-refined.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Persent101-refined.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"US"
],
"text": "Audio (US)"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "iziskan",
"sense": "freed from vulgarity",
"word": "изискан"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "iztǎnčen",
"sense": "freed from vulgarity",
"word": "изтънчен"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "sīwén",
"sense": "freed from vulgarity",
"word": "斯文"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "freed from vulgarity",
"word": "verfijnd"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "freed from vulgarity",
"word": "hienostunut"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "izýskannyj",
"sense": "freed from vulgarity",
"word": "изы́сканный"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "iziskan",
"sense": "cultured, elegant",
"word": "изискан"
},
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "cultured, elegant",
"word": "refinat"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "sīwén",
"sense": "cultured, elegant",
"word": "斯文"
},
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "cultured, elegant",
"word": "raffineret"
},
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "cultured, elegant",
"word": "elegant"
},
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "cultured, elegant",
"word": "forfinet"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "cultured, elegant",
"word": "verfijnd"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "cultured, elegant",
"word": "hienostunut"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "cultured, elegant",
"word": "affiné"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "cultured, elegant",
"word": "raffiné"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "cultured, elegant",
"word": "kultiviert"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "cultured, elegant",
"word": "gepflegt"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "ekleptysménos",
"sense": "cultured, elegant",
"word": "εκλεπτυσμένος"
},
{
"code": "grc",
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"roman": "kompsós",
"sense": "cultured, elegant",
"word": "κομψός"
},
{
"code": "grc",
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"roman": "asteîos",
"sense": "cultured, elegant",
"word": "ἀστεῖος"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "cultured, elegant",
"word": "kifinomult"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "cultured, elegant",
"word": "galánta"
},
{
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "cultured, elegant",
"word": "cultus"
},
{
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "cultured, elegant",
"word": "lautus"
},
{
"code": "no",
"lang": "Norwegian",
"sense": "cultured, elegant",
"word": "raffinert"
},
{
"code": "fa",
"lang": "Persian",
"roman": "bâ-farhang",
"sense": "cultured, elegant",
"word": "بافرهنگ"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"note": "of manners or taste",
"roman": "utončónnyj",
"sense": "cultured, elegant",
"word": "утончённый"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"note": "of manners or taste",
"roman": "izýskannyj",
"sense": "cultured, elegant",
"word": "изы́сканный"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"note": "of manners or people",
"roman": "blagoródnyj",
"sense": "cultured, elegant",
"word": "благоро́дный"
},
{
"code": "gd",
"lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
"sense": "cultured, elegant",
"word": "eagarach"
},
{
"code": "gd",
"lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
"sense": "cultured, elegant",
"word": "fìnealta"
},
{
"code": "gd",
"lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
"sense": "cultured, elegant",
"word": "lìomhte"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "cultured, elegant",
"word": "rafine"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "prečisten",
"sense": "purified",
"word": "пречистен"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "rafiniran",
"sense": "purified",
"word": "рафиниран"
},
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "purified",
"word": "refinat"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "purified",
"word": "raffiniert"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "purified",
"word": "verfeinert"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "purified",
"word": "gereinigt"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "purified",
"word": "finomított"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "purified",
"word": "rafinált"
},
{
"code": "gv",
"lang": "Manx",
"sense": "purified",
"word": "aaheelit"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "purified",
"word": "parakore"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "očíščennyj",
"sense": "purified",
"word": "очи́щенный"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "purified",
"word": "rafine"
}
],
"word": "refined"
}
{
"categories": [
"English 2-syllable words",
"English adjectives",
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English non-lemma forms",
"English nouns",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"English terms with audio links",
"English verb forms",
"en:Personality"
],
"forms": [
{
"form": "refineds",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "refined (plural refineds)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"en:Finance"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "We're still purchasing copper ore, but the market for refined is weaker."
}
],
"glosses": [
"The refined form of a commodity, as opposed to its raw or generic form."
],
"links": [
[
"finance",
"finance#Noun"
],
[
"refine",
"refine"
],
[
"form",
"form"
],
[
"commodity",
"commodity"
],
[
"as opposed to",
"as opposed to"
],
[
"raw",
"raw"
],
[
"generic",
"generic"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(finance) The refined form of a commodity, as opposed to its raw or generic form."
],
"topics": [
"business",
"finance"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɹiːfaɪnd/"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Persent101-refined.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/11/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Persent101-refined.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Persent101-refined.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/11/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Persent101-refined.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Persent101-refined.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"US"
],
"text": "Audio (US)"
}
],
"word": "refined"
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-04-26 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-04-21 using wiktextract (93a6c53 and 21a9316). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.