See refined in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
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{
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"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
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},
{
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"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
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"word": "raffineret"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 6 5 29 44 3 3 3 3",
"code": "da",
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"sense": "cultured, elegant",
"word": "elegant"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 6 5 29 44 3 3 3 3",
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "cultured, elegant",
"word": "forfinet"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 6 5 29 44 3 3 3 3",
"code": "nl",
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"sense": "cultured, elegant",
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{
"_dis1": "5 6 5 29 44 3 3 3 3",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "cultured, elegant",
"word": "hienostunut"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 6 5 29 44 3 3 3 3",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "cultured, elegant",
"word": "affiné"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 6 5 29 44 3 3 3 3",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "cultured, elegant",
"word": "raffiné"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 6 5 29 44 3 3 3 3",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "cultured, elegant",
"word": "kultiviert"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 6 5 29 44 3 3 3 3",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "cultured, elegant",
"word": "gepflegt"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 6 5 29 44 3 3 3 3",
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "ekleptysménos",
"sense": "cultured, elegant",
"word": "εκλεπτυσμένος"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 6 5 29 44 3 3 3 3",
"code": "grc",
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"roman": "kompsós",
"sense": "cultured, elegant",
"word": "κομψός"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 6 5 29 44 3 3 3 3",
"code": "grc",
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"roman": "asteîos",
"sense": "cultured, elegant",
"word": "ἀστεῖος"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 6 5 29 44 3 3 3 3",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "cultured, elegant",
"word": "kifinomult"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 6 5 29 44 3 3 3 3",
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "cultured, elegant",
"word": "galánta"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 6 5 29 44 3 3 3 3",
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "cultured, elegant",
"word": "cultus"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 6 5 29 44 3 3 3 3",
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "cultured, elegant",
"word": "lautus"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 6 5 29 44 3 3 3 3",
"code": "no",
"lang": "Norwegian",
"sense": "cultured, elegant",
"word": "raffinert"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 6 5 29 44 3 3 3 3",
"code": "fa",
"lang": "Persian",
"roman": "bâ-farhang",
"sense": "cultured, elegant",
"word": "بافرهنگ"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 6 5 29 44 3 3 3 3",
"code": "ru",
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"note": "of manners or taste",
"roman": "utončónnyj",
"sense": "cultured, elegant",
"word": "утончённый"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 6 5 29 44 3 3 3 3",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"note": "of manners or taste",
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},
{
"_dis1": "5 6 5 29 44 3 3 3 3",
"code": "ru",
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},
{
"_dis1": "5 6 5 29 44 3 3 3 3",
"code": "gd",
"lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
"sense": "cultured, elegant",
"word": "eagarach"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 6 5 29 44 3 3 3 3",
"code": "gd",
"lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
"sense": "cultured, elegant",
"word": "fìnealta"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 6 5 29 44 3 3 3 3",
"code": "gd",
"lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
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"word": "lìomhte"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 6 5 29 44 3 3 3 3",
"code": "es",
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{
"_dis1": "5 6 5 29 44 3 3 3 3",
"code": "es",
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{
"_dis1": "5 6 5 29 44 3 3 3 3",
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},
{
"_dis1": "5 6 5 29 44 3 3 3 3",
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]
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{
"_dis1": "3 4 3 3 3 28 28 28 2",
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{
"_dis1": "3 4 3 3 3 28 28 28 2",
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{
"_dis1": "3 4 3 3 3 28 28 28 2",
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{
"_dis1": "3 4 3 3 3 28 28 28 2",
"code": "de",
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{
"_dis1": "3 4 3 3 3 28 28 28 2",
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"_dis1": "3 4 3 3 3 28 28 28 2",
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"_dis1": "3 4 3 3 3 28 28 28 2",
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"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English derogatory terms",
"English terms with obsolete senses"
],
"glosses": [
"Precise, freed from imprecision",
"Sagacious, sometimes (derogatory) oversubtle or feigning sagacity."
],
"links": [
[
"Precise",
"precise"
],
[
"free",
"free"
],
[
"imprecision",
"imprecision"
],
[
"particularly",
"particularly"
],
[
"Sagacious",
"sagacious"
],
[
"sometimes",
"sometimes"
],
[
"derogatory",
"derogatory"
],
[
"oversubtle",
"oversubtle"
],
[
"feign",
"feign"
],
[
"sagacity",
"sagacity"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"Precise, freed from imprecision, particularly:",
"(of people, obsolete) Sagacious, sometimes (derogatory) oversubtle or feigning sagacity."
],
"raw_tags": [
"of people"
],
"tags": [
"obsolete"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "The argument, while not persuasive, is quite refined.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Precise, freed from imprecision",
"Subtle, scrupulous, carefully thought out."
],
"links": [
[
"Precise",
"precise"
],
[
"free",
"free"
],
[
"imprecision",
"imprecision"
],
[
"particularly",
"particularly"
],
[
"Subtle",
"subtle"
],
[
"scrupulous",
"scrupulous"
],
[
"carefully",
"carefully"
],
[
"thought out",
"thought out"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"Precise, freed from imprecision, particularly:",
"(of thought) Subtle, scrupulous, carefully thought out."
],
"raw_tags": [
"of thought"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "The curriculum has been carefully refined to meet the needs of foreign students.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Precise, freed from imprecision",
"Developed, improved."
],
"links": [
[
"Precise",
"precise"
],
[
"free",
"free"
],
[
"imprecision",
"imprecision"
],
[
"particularly",
"particularly"
],
[
"Developed",
"developed"
],
[
"improve",
"improve"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"Precise, freed from imprecision, particularly:",
"(of processes) Developed, improved."
],
"raw_tags": [
"of processes"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "In the British Isles, Oxbridge is considered refined; Geordie somewhat less so.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Cultured, freed from vulgarity",
"Elevated and polished."
],
"links": [
[
"Cultured",
"cultured"
],
[
"free",
"free"
],
[
"vulgarity",
"vulgarity"
],
[
"particularly",
"particularly"
],
[
"Elevated",
"elevated"
],
[
"polished",
"polished"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"Cultured, freed from vulgarity, particularly:",
"(of language) Elevated and polished."
],
"raw_tags": [
"of language"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English derogatory terms",
"English terms with quotations",
"English terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "Don Draper was a man of refined tastes.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"ref": "1946, Elizabeth Metzger Howard, Before the Sun Goes Down, page 31:",
"text": "\"Jesus Christ! Was my folks refined. My mam she wouldn't think-a lettin' us young'uns call a pee pot a pee pot. A chamber's what she called it... And by God! Us young'uns had ter call the pee pot a chamber or git our God damn necks wrang.\"",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Cultured, freed from vulgarity",
"Elegant, sometimes (derogatory) affected, prissy, or bloodless."
],
"links": [
[
"Cultured",
"cultured"
],
[
"free",
"free"
],
[
"vulgarity",
"vulgarity"
],
[
"particularly",
"particularly"
],
[
"Elegant",
"elegant"
],
[
"sometimes",
"sometimes"
],
[
"derogatory",
"derogatory"
],
[
"affected",
"affected"
],
[
"prissy",
"prissy"
],
[
"bloodless",
"bloodless"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"Cultured, freed from vulgarity, particularly:",
"(of people) Elegant, sometimes (derogatory) affected, prissy, or bloodless."
],
"raw_tags": [
"of people"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "Under current guidelines, refined sugar must be at least five times purer than its raw counterpart.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Purified, reduced in or freed from impurities",
"Highly-processed and pure."
],
"links": [
[
"Purified",
"purified"
],
[
"reduce",
"reduce"
],
[
"free",
"free"
],
[
"impurities",
"impurities"
],
[
"particularly",
"particularly"
],
[
"Highly",
"highly"
],
[
"process",
"process"
],
[
"pure",
"pure"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"Purified, reduced in or freed from impurities, particularly:",
"(of products) Highly-processed and pure."
],
"raw_tags": [
"of products"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "The Temple at Jerusalem preferred Tyrian shekels, since even with Ba'al's portrait they bore highly refined silver.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Purified, reduced in or freed from impurities",
"Free of dross or alloy."
],
"links": [
[
"Purified",
"purified"
],
[
"reduce",
"reduce"
],
[
"free",
"free"
],
[
"impurities",
"impurities"
],
[
"particularly",
"particularly"
],
[
"Free",
"free"
],
[
"dross",
"dross"
],
[
"alloy",
"alloy"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"Purified, reduced in or freed from impurities, particularly:",
"(of metal) Free of dross or alloy."
],
"raw_tags": [
"of metal"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with obsolete senses"
],
"glosses": [
"Purified, reduced in or freed from impurities",
"Morally pure."
],
"links": [
[
"Purified",
"purified"
],
[
"reduce",
"reduce"
],
[
"free",
"free"
],
[
"impurities",
"impurities"
],
[
"particularly",
"particularly"
],
[
"Morally",
"morally"
],
[
"pure",
"pure"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"Purified, reduced in or freed from impurities, particularly:",
"(of people, obsolete) Morally pure."
],
"raw_tags": [
"of people"
],
"tags": [
"obsolete"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Dealing in a refined product such as sugar or petroleum."
],
"links": [
[
"Dealing",
"dealing"
],
[
"product",
"product"
],
[
"such as",
"such as"
],
[
"sugar",
"sugar"
],
[
"petroleum",
"petroleum"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(of a market) Dealing in a refined product such as sugar or petroleum."
],
"raw_tags": [
"of a market"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɹiːfaɪnd/"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Persent101-refined.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/11/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Persent101-refined.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Persent101-refined.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/11/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Persent101-refined.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Persent101-refined.wav.ogg"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "iziskan",
"sense": "freed from vulgarity",
"word": "изискан"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "iztǎnčen",
"sense": "freed from vulgarity",
"word": "изтънчен"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "sīwén",
"sense": "freed from vulgarity",
"word": "斯文"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "freed from vulgarity",
"word": "verfijnd"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "freed from vulgarity",
"word": "hienostunut"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "izýskannyj",
"sense": "freed from vulgarity",
"word": "изы́сканный"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "iziskan",
"sense": "cultured, elegant",
"word": "изискан"
},
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "cultured, elegant",
"word": "refinat"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "sīwén",
"sense": "cultured, elegant",
"word": "斯文"
},
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "cultured, elegant",
"word": "raffineret"
},
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "cultured, elegant",
"word": "elegant"
},
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "cultured, elegant",
"word": "forfinet"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "cultured, elegant",
"word": "verfijnd"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "cultured, elegant",
"word": "hienostunut"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "cultured, elegant",
"word": "affiné"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "cultured, elegant",
"word": "raffiné"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "cultured, elegant",
"word": "kultiviert"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "cultured, elegant",
"word": "gepflegt"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "ekleptysménos",
"sense": "cultured, elegant",
"word": "εκλεπτυσμένος"
},
{
"code": "grc",
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"roman": "kompsós",
"sense": "cultured, elegant",
"word": "κομψός"
},
{
"code": "grc",
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"roman": "asteîos",
"sense": "cultured, elegant",
"word": "ἀστεῖος"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "cultured, elegant",
"word": "kifinomult"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "cultured, elegant",
"word": "galánta"
},
{
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "cultured, elegant",
"word": "cultus"
},
{
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "cultured, elegant",
"word": "lautus"
},
{
"code": "no",
"lang": "Norwegian",
"sense": "cultured, elegant",
"word": "raffinert"
},
{
"code": "fa",
"lang": "Persian",
"roman": "bâ-farhang",
"sense": "cultured, elegant",
"word": "بافرهنگ"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"note": "of manners or taste",
"roman": "utončónnyj",
"sense": "cultured, elegant",
"word": "утончённый"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"note": "of manners or taste",
"roman": "izýskannyj",
"sense": "cultured, elegant",
"word": "изы́сканный"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"note": "of manners or people",
"roman": "blagoródnyj",
"sense": "cultured, elegant",
"word": "благоро́дный"
},
{
"code": "gd",
"lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
"sense": "cultured, elegant",
"word": "eagarach"
},
{
"code": "gd",
"lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
"sense": "cultured, elegant",
"word": "fìnealta"
},
{
"code": "gd",
"lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
"sense": "cultured, elegant",
"word": "lìomhte"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "cultured, elegant",
"tags": [
"Chile",
"masculine"
],
"word": "paltón"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "cultured, elegant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "refinado"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "cultured, elegant",
"tags": [
"figuratively"
],
"word": "rafine"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "cultured, elegant",
"word": "incelikli"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "prečisten",
"sense": "purified",
"word": "пречистен"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "rafiniran",
"sense": "purified",
"word": "рафиниран"
},
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "purified",
"word": "refinat"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "purified",
"word": "raffiniert"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "purified",
"word": "verfeinert"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "purified",
"word": "gereinigt"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "purified",
"word": "finomított"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "purified",
"word": "rafinált"
},
{
"code": "gv",
"lang": "Manx",
"sense": "purified",
"word": "aaheelit"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "purified",
"word": "parakore"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "očíščennyj",
"sense": "purified",
"word": "очи́щенный"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "purified",
"word": "rafine"
}
],
"word": "refined"
}
{
"categories": [
"English adjectives",
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English non-lemma forms",
"English nouns",
"English verb forms",
"Entries with translation boxes",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Terms with Ancient Greek translations",
"Terms with Bulgarian translations",
"Terms with Catalan translations",
"Terms with Danish translations",
"Terms with Dutch translations",
"Terms with Finnish translations",
"Terms with French translations",
"Terms with German translations",
"Terms with Greek translations",
"Terms with Hebrew translations",
"Terms with Hungarian translations",
"Terms with Irish translations",
"Terms with Latin translations",
"Terms with Mandarin translations",
"Terms with Manx translations",
"Terms with Maori translations",
"Terms with Norwegian translations",
"Terms with Persian translations",
"Terms with Russian translations",
"Terms with Scottish Gaelic translations",
"Terms with Spanish translations",
"Terms with Turkish translations",
"en:Personality"
],
"forms": [
{
"form": "refineds",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "refined (plural refineds)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with usage examples",
"en:Finance"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "We're still purchasing copper ore, but the market for refined is weaker.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"The refined form of a commodity, as opposed to its raw or generic form."
],
"links": [
[
"finance",
"finance#Noun"
],
[
"refine",
"refine"
],
[
"form",
"form"
],
[
"commodity",
"commodity"
],
[
"as opposed to",
"as opposed to"
],
[
"raw",
"raw"
],
[
"generic",
"generic"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(finance) The refined form of a commodity, as opposed to its raw or generic form."
],
"topics": [
"business",
"finance"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɹiːfaɪnd/"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Persent101-refined.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/11/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Persent101-refined.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Persent101-refined.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/11/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Persent101-refined.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Persent101-refined.wav.ogg"
}
],
"word": "refined"
}
Download raw JSONL data for refined meaning in English (16.3kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-03-09 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-03-02 using wiktextract (32c88e6 and 633533e). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.