See refine on Wiktionary
Download JSON data for refine meaning in All languages combined (19.1kB)
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "rerefine"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "refinable"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "refinement"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "refiner"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "refinery"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "re",
"3": "fine"
},
"expansion": "re- + fine",
"name": "prefix"
}
],
"etymology_text": "re- + fine",
"forms": [
{
"form": "refines",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "refining",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "refined",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "refined",
"tags": [
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "refine (third-person singular simple present refines, present participle refining, simple past and past participle refined)",
"name": "en-verb"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"re‧fine"
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"text": "to refine gold",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "to refine iron",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "to refine wine",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "to refine sugar",
"type": "example"
},
{
"ref": "2013 August 3, “Yesterday’s fuel”, in The Economist, volume 408, number 8847",
"text": "The dawn of the oil age was fairly recent. Although the stuff was used to waterproof boats in the Middle East 6,000 years ago, extracting it in earnest began only in 1859 after an oil strike in Pennsylvania.[…]It was used to make kerosene, the main fuel for artificial lighting after overfishing led to a shortage of whale blubber. Other liquids produced in the refining process, too unstable or smoky for lamplight, were burned or dumped.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To purify; reduce to a fine, unmixed, or pure state; to free from impurities."
],
"id": "en-refine-en-verb-uoUr36NA",
"links": [
[
"purify",
"purify"
],
[
"reduce",
"reduce"
],
[
"fine",
"fine"
],
[
"unmixed",
"unmixed"
],
[
"pure",
"pure"
],
[
"impurities",
"impurity"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) To purify; reduce to a fine, unmixed, or pure state; to free from impurities."
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "87 4 3 0 5",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "prečistvam",
"sense": "to reduce to a fine, unmixed, or pure state; to free from impurities; to free from dross or alloy",
"word": "пречиствам"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 4 3 0 5",
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "to reduce to a fine, unmixed, or pure state; to free from impurities; to free from dross or alloy",
"word": "refinar"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 4 3 0 5",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "to reduce to a fine, unmixed, or pure state; to free from impurities; to free from dross or alloy",
"word": "čistit"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 4 3 0 5",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "to reduce to a fine, unmixed, or pure state; to free from impurities; to free from dross or alloy",
"word": "vyčistit"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 4 3 0 5",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "to reduce to a fine, unmixed, or pure state; to free from impurities; to free from dross or alloy",
"word": "pročistit"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 4 3 0 5",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "to reduce to a fine, unmixed, or pure state; to free from impurities; to free from dross or alloy",
"word": "rafinovat"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 4 3 0 5",
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "to reduce to a fine, unmixed, or pure state; to free from impurities; to free from dross or alloy",
"word": "raffinere"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 4 3 0 5",
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "to reduce to a fine, unmixed, or pure state; to free from impurities; to free from dross or alloy",
"word": "rense"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 4 3 0 5",
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "to reduce to a fine, unmixed, or pure state; to free from impurities; to free from dross or alloy",
"word": "rafini"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 4 3 0 5",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to reduce to a fine, unmixed, or pure state; to free from impurities; to free from dross or alloy",
"word": "jalostaa"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 4 3 0 5",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to reduce to a fine, unmixed, or pure state; to free from impurities; to free from dross or alloy",
"word": "puhdistaa"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 4 3 0 5",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "to reduce to a fine, unmixed, or pure state; to free from impurities; to free from dross or alloy",
"word": "refinar"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 4 3 0 5",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "to reduce to a fine, unmixed, or pure state; to free from impurities; to free from dross or alloy",
"word": "raffinare"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 4 3 0 5",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "to reduce to a fine, unmixed, or pure state; to free from impurities; to free from dross or alloy",
"word": "decontaminare"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 4 3 0 5",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "to reduce to a fine, unmixed, or pure state; to free from impurities; to free from dross or alloy",
"word": "decantare"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 4 3 0 5",
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "to reduce to a fine, unmixed, or pure state; to free from impurities; to free from dross or alloy",
"word": "whakaparakore"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 4 3 0 5",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "to reduce to a fine, unmixed, or pure state; to free from impurities; to free from dross or alloy",
"word": "refinar"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 4 3 0 5",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "očiščatʹ",
"sense": "to reduce to a fine, unmixed, or pure state; to free from impurities; to free from dross or alloy",
"word": "очищать"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 4 3 0 5",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to reduce to a fine, unmixed, or pure state; to free from impurities; to free from dross or alloy",
"word": "refinar"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 4 3 0 5",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "to reduce to a fine, unmixed, or pure state; to free from impurities; to free from dross or alloy",
"word": "raffinera"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 4 3 0 5",
"code": "yi",
"lang": "Yiddish",
"roman": "oyseydlen",
"sense": "to reduce to a fine, unmixed, or pure state; to free from impurities; to free from dross or alloy",
"word": "אויסאיידלען"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"To become pure; to be cleared of impure matter."
],
"id": "en-refine-en-verb-eHv1RtlR",
"links": [
[
"pure",
"pure"
],
[
"clear",
"clear"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive) To become pure; to be cleared of impure matter."
],
"tags": [
"intransitive"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "9 78 4 1 6",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "očistvam se",
"sense": "to become pure; to be cleared of feculent matter",
"word": "очиствам се"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 78 4 1 6",
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "to become pure; to be cleared of feculent matter",
"word": "refinar"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 78 4 1 6",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to become pure; to be cleared of feculent matter",
"word": "jalostua"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 78 4 1 6",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "to become pure; to be cleared of feculent matter",
"word": "decantare"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 78 4 1 6",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "to become pure; to be cleared of feculent matter",
"word": "purificare"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 78 4 1 6",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "to become pure; to be cleared of feculent matter",
"word": "purificar"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"text": "to refine someone's manners",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "to refine a language",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "a refined style",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "to refine one's tastes",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To purify of coarseness, vulgarity, inelegance, etc.; to polish."
],
"id": "en-refine-en-verb-QXsv6M5G",
"links": [
[
"coarseness",
"coarseness"
],
[
"vulgarity",
"vulgarity"
],
[
"inelegance",
"inelegance"
],
[
"polish",
"polish"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) To purify of coarseness, vulgarity, inelegance, etc.; to polish."
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "21 6 44 1 27",
"code": "az",
"lang": "Azerbaijani",
"sense": "to purify from what is gross, coarse, vulgar, inelegant, low, and the like; to make elegant or excellent; to polish",
"word": "saflaşdırmaq"
},
{
"_dis1": "21 6 44 1 27",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "oblagorodjavam",
"sense": "to purify from what is gross, coarse, vulgar, inelegant, low, and the like; to make elegant or excellent; to polish",
"word": "облагородявам"
},
{
"_dis1": "21 6 44 1 27",
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "to purify from what is gross, coarse, vulgar, inelegant, low, and the like; to make elegant or excellent; to polish",
"word": "refinar"
},
{
"_dis1": "21 6 44 1 27",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "to purify from what is gross, coarse, vulgar, inelegant, low, and the like; to make elegant or excellent; to polish",
"word": "kultivovat"
},
{
"_dis1": "21 6 44 1 27",
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "to purify from what is gross, coarse, vulgar, inelegant, low, and the like; to make elegant or excellent; to polish",
"word": "forbedre"
},
{
"_dis1": "21 6 44 1 27",
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "to purify from what is gross, coarse, vulgar, inelegant, low, and the like; to make elegant or excellent; to polish",
"word": "forfine"
},
{
"_dis1": "21 6 44 1 27",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to purify from what is gross, coarse, vulgar, inelegant, low, and the like; to make elegant or excellent; to polish",
"word": "kehittää"
},
{
"_dis1": "21 6 44 1 27",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to purify from what is gross, coarse, vulgar, inelegant, low, and the like; to make elegant or excellent; to polish",
"word": "jalostaa"
},
{
"_dis1": "21 6 44 1 27",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "to purify from what is gross, coarse, vulgar, inelegant, low, and the like; to make elegant or excellent; to polish",
"word": "purificare"
},
{
"_dis1": "21 6 44 1 27",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "to purify from what is gross, coarse, vulgar, inelegant, low, and the like; to make elegant or excellent; to polish",
"word": "raffinare"
},
{
"_dis1": "21 6 44 1 27",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "to purify from what is gross, coarse, vulgar, inelegant, low, and the like; to make elegant or excellent; to polish",
"word": "ripulire"
},
{
"_dis1": "21 6 44 1 27",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "to purify from what is gross, coarse, vulgar, inelegant, low, and the like; to make elegant or excellent; to polish",
"word": "sgrossare"
},
{
"_dis1": "21 6 44 1 27",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "to purify from what is gross, coarse, vulgar, inelegant, low, and the like; to make elegant or excellent; to polish",
"word": "lucidare"
},
{
"_dis1": "21 6 44 1 27",
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "to purify from what is gross, coarse, vulgar, inelegant, low, and the like; to make elegant or excellent; to polish",
"word": "whakamahine"
},
{
"_dis1": "21 6 44 1 27",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "to purify from what is gross, coarse, vulgar, inelegant, low, and the like; to make elegant or excellent; to polish",
"word": "refinar"
},
{
"_dis1": "21 6 44 1 27",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "oblagoraživatʹ",
"sense": "to purify from what is gross, coarse, vulgar, inelegant, low, and the like; to make elegant or excellent; to polish",
"word": "облагораживать"
},
{
"_dis1": "21 6 44 1 27",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to purify from what is gross, coarse, vulgar, inelegant, low, and the like; to make elegant or excellent; to polish",
"word": "perfeccionar"
},
{
"_dis1": "21 6 44 1 27",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "to purify from what is gross, coarse, vulgar, inelegant, low, and the like; to make elegant or excellent; to polish",
"word": "raffinera"
},
{
"_dis1": "21 6 44 1 27",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "to purify from what is gross, coarse, vulgar, inelegant, low, and the like; to make elegant or excellent; to polish",
"word": "förfina"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1815, Jane Austen, Emma, volume I, chapter 9",
"text": "My dear Harriet, you must not refine too much upon this charade.—You will betray your feelings improperly, if you are too conscious and too quick, and appear to affix more meaning, or even quite all the meaning which may be affixed to it.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To improve in accuracy, delicacy, or excellence."
],
"id": "en-refine-en-verb-D9eENTVl",
"links": [
[
"transitive",
"transitive"
],
[
"intransitive",
"intransitive"
],
[
"improve",
"improve"
],
[
"accuracy",
"accuracy"
],
[
"delicacy",
"delicacy"
],
[
"excellence",
"excellence"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive, intransitive) To improve in accuracy, delicacy, or excellence."
],
"tags": [
"intransitive",
"transitive"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "1 1 1 95 2",
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "to improve in accuracy, delicacy, or excellence",
"word": "refinar"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 1 1 95 2",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "to improve in accuracy, delicacy, or excellence",
"word": "vylepšovat"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 1 1 95 2",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to improve in accuracy, delicacy, or excellence",
"word": "kehittää"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 1 1 95 2",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to improve in accuracy, delicacy, or excellence",
"word": "jalostaa"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 1 1 95 2",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to improve in accuracy, delicacy, or excellence",
"word": "verfeinern"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 1 1 95 2",
"code": "he",
"lang": "Hebrew",
"roman": "Hishtabe'ach",
"sense": "to improve in accuracy, delicacy, or excellence",
"tags": [
"formal"
],
"word": "השתבח"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 1 1 95 2",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "to improve in accuracy, delicacy, or excellence",
"word": "migliorare"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 1 1 95 2",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "to improve in accuracy, delicacy, or excellence",
"word": "rifinire"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 1 1 95 2",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "soveršénstvovatʹsja",
"sense": "to improve in accuracy, delicacy, or excellence",
"word": "соверше́нствоваться"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "16 14 17 2 51",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "14 15 14 12 45",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English terms prefixed with re-",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "to refine thought",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "to refine someone's language",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To make nice or subtle."
],
"id": "en-refine-en-verb-f2HXkMHA",
"links": [
[
"nice",
"nice"
],
[
"subtle",
"subtle"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) To make nice or subtle."
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "11 12 14 22 41",
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "to affect nicety or subtlety in thought or language",
"word": "refinar"
},
{
"_dis1": "11 12 14 22 41",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to affect nicety or subtlety in thought or language",
"word": "jalostaa"
},
{
"_dis1": "11 12 14 22 41",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to affect nicety or subtlety in thought or language",
"word": "hioa"
},
{
"_dis1": "11 12 14 22 41",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "to affect nicety or subtlety in thought or language",
"word": "raffinare"
},
{
"_dis1": "11 12 14 22 41",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "to affect nicety or subtlety in thought or language",
"word": "migliorare"
},
{
"_dis1": "11 12 14 22 41",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "to affect nicety or subtlety in thought or language",
"word": "impreziosire"
},
{
"_dis1": "11 12 14 22 41",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "to affect nicety or subtlety in thought or language",
"word": "purificare"
},
{
"_dis1": "11 12 14 22 41",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "detalizirovatʹ",
"sense": "to affect nicety or subtlety in thought or language",
"word": "детализировать"
},
{
"_dis1": "11 12 14 22 41",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "utočnjatʹ",
"sense": "to affect nicety or subtlety in thought or language",
"word": "уточнять"
},
{
"_dis1": "11 12 14 22 41",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "to affect nicety or subtlety in thought or language",
"word": "raffinera"
},
{
"_dis1": "11 12 14 22 41",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "to affect nicety or subtlety in thought or language",
"word": "förfina"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɹɪˈfaɪn/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-aɪn"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-refine.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/73/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-refine.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-refine.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/73/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-refine.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-refine.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"Southern-England"
],
"text": "Audio (Southern England)"
}
],
"word": "refine"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pt",
"2": "verb form"
},
"expansion": "refine",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "65 35",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Portuguese entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"form_of": [
{
"word": "refinar"
}
],
"glosses": [
"inflection of refinar:\n## first/third-person singular present subjunctive\n## third-person singular imperative",
"first/third-person singular present subjunctive"
],
"id": "en-refine-pt-verb-SHGtZcEb",
"links": [
[
"refinar",
"refinar#Portuguese"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"inflection of refinar:\n"
],
"tags": [
"first-person",
"form-of",
"present",
"singular",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form_of": [
{
"word": "refinar"
}
],
"glosses": [
"inflection of refinar:\n## first/third-person singular present subjunctive\n## third-person singular imperative",
"third-person singular imperative"
],
"id": "en-refine-pt-verb-I-nscn1G",
"links": [
[
"refinar",
"refinar#Portuguese"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"inflection of refinar:\n"
],
"tags": [
"form-of",
"imperative",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
}
],
"word": "refine"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "es",
"2": "verb form"
},
"expansion": "refine",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "65 35",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Spanish entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"form_of": [
{
"word": "refinar"
}
],
"glosses": [
"inflection of refinar:\n## first/third-person singular present subjunctive\n## third-person singular imperative",
"first/third-person singular present subjunctive"
],
"id": "en-refine-es-verb-SHGtZcEb",
"links": [
[
"refinar",
"refinar#Spanish"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"inflection of refinar:\n"
],
"tags": [
"first-person",
"form-of",
"present",
"singular",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form_of": [
{
"word": "refinar"
}
],
"glosses": [
"inflection of refinar:\n## first/third-person singular present subjunctive\n## third-person singular imperative",
"third-person singular imperative"
],
"id": "en-refine-es-verb-I-nscn1G",
"links": [
[
"refinar",
"refinar#Spanish"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"inflection of refinar:\n"
],
"tags": [
"form-of",
"imperative",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
}
],
"word": "refine"
}
{
"categories": [
"English 2-syllable words",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English terms prefixed with re-",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"English terms with audio links",
"English verbs",
"Requests for review of Dutch translations",
"Requests for review of French translations",
"Rhymes:English/aɪn",
"Rhymes:English/aɪn/2 syllables"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "rerefine"
},
{
"word": "refinable"
},
{
"word": "refinement"
},
{
"word": "refiner"
},
{
"word": "refinery"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "re",
"3": "fine"
},
"expansion": "re- + fine",
"name": "prefix"
}
],
"etymology_text": "re- + fine",
"forms": [
{
"form": "refines",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "refining",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "refined",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "refined",
"tags": [
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "refine (third-person singular simple present refines, present participle refining, simple past and past participle refined)",
"name": "en-verb"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"re‧fine"
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"English terms with usage examples",
"English transitive verbs"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "to refine gold",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "to refine iron",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "to refine wine",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "to refine sugar",
"type": "example"
},
{
"ref": "2013 August 3, “Yesterday’s fuel”, in The Economist, volume 408, number 8847",
"text": "The dawn of the oil age was fairly recent. Although the stuff was used to waterproof boats in the Middle East 6,000 years ago, extracting it in earnest began only in 1859 after an oil strike in Pennsylvania.[…]It was used to make kerosene, the main fuel for artificial lighting after overfishing led to a shortage of whale blubber. Other liquids produced in the refining process, too unstable or smoky for lamplight, were burned or dumped.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To purify; reduce to a fine, unmixed, or pure state; to free from impurities."
],
"links": [
[
"purify",
"purify"
],
[
"reduce",
"reduce"
],
[
"fine",
"fine"
],
[
"unmixed",
"unmixed"
],
[
"pure",
"pure"
],
[
"impurities",
"impurity"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) To purify; reduce to a fine, unmixed, or pure state; to free from impurities."
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English intransitive verbs"
],
"glosses": [
"To become pure; to be cleared of impure matter."
],
"links": [
[
"pure",
"pure"
],
[
"clear",
"clear"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive) To become pure; to be cleared of impure matter."
],
"tags": [
"intransitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with usage examples",
"English transitive verbs"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "to refine someone's manners",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "to refine a language",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "a refined style",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "to refine one's tastes",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To purify of coarseness, vulgarity, inelegance, etc.; to polish."
],
"links": [
[
"coarseness",
"coarseness"
],
[
"vulgarity",
"vulgarity"
],
[
"inelegance",
"inelegance"
],
[
"polish",
"polish"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) To purify of coarseness, vulgarity, inelegance, etc.; to polish."
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English intransitive verbs",
"English terms with quotations",
"English transitive verbs"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1815, Jane Austen, Emma, volume I, chapter 9",
"text": "My dear Harriet, you must not refine too much upon this charade.—You will betray your feelings improperly, if you are too conscious and too quick, and appear to affix more meaning, or even quite all the meaning which may be affixed to it.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To improve in accuracy, delicacy, or excellence."
],
"links": [
[
"transitive",
"transitive"
],
[
"intransitive",
"intransitive"
],
[
"improve",
"improve"
],
[
"accuracy",
"accuracy"
],
[
"delicacy",
"delicacy"
],
[
"excellence",
"excellence"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive, intransitive) To improve in accuracy, delicacy, or excellence."
],
"tags": [
"intransitive",
"transitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with usage examples",
"English transitive verbs"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "to refine thought",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "to refine someone's language",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To make nice or subtle."
],
"links": [
[
"nice",
"nice"
],
[
"subtle",
"subtle"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) To make nice or subtle."
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɹɪˈfaɪn/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-aɪn"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-refine.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/73/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-refine.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-refine.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/73/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-refine.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-refine.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"Southern-England"
],
"text": "Audio (Southern England)"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "prečistvam",
"sense": "to reduce to a fine, unmixed, or pure state; to free from impurities; to free from dross or alloy",
"word": "пречиствам"
},
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "to reduce to a fine, unmixed, or pure state; to free from impurities; to free from dross or alloy",
"word": "refinar"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "to reduce to a fine, unmixed, or pure state; to free from impurities; to free from dross or alloy",
"word": "čistit"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "to reduce to a fine, unmixed, or pure state; to free from impurities; to free from dross or alloy",
"word": "vyčistit"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "to reduce to a fine, unmixed, or pure state; to free from impurities; to free from dross or alloy",
"word": "pročistit"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "to reduce to a fine, unmixed, or pure state; to free from impurities; to free from dross or alloy",
"word": "rafinovat"
},
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "to reduce to a fine, unmixed, or pure state; to free from impurities; to free from dross or alloy",
"word": "raffinere"
},
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "to reduce to a fine, unmixed, or pure state; to free from impurities; to free from dross or alloy",
"word": "rense"
},
{
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "to reduce to a fine, unmixed, or pure state; to free from impurities; to free from dross or alloy",
"word": "rafini"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to reduce to a fine, unmixed, or pure state; to free from impurities; to free from dross or alloy",
"word": "jalostaa"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to reduce to a fine, unmixed, or pure state; to free from impurities; to free from dross or alloy",
"word": "puhdistaa"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "to reduce to a fine, unmixed, or pure state; to free from impurities; to free from dross or alloy",
"word": "refinar"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "to reduce to a fine, unmixed, or pure state; to free from impurities; to free from dross or alloy",
"word": "raffinare"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "to reduce to a fine, unmixed, or pure state; to free from impurities; to free from dross or alloy",
"word": "decontaminare"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "to reduce to a fine, unmixed, or pure state; to free from impurities; to free from dross or alloy",
"word": "decantare"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "to reduce to a fine, unmixed, or pure state; to free from impurities; to free from dross or alloy",
"word": "whakaparakore"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "to reduce to a fine, unmixed, or pure state; to free from impurities; to free from dross or alloy",
"word": "refinar"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "očiščatʹ",
"sense": "to reduce to a fine, unmixed, or pure state; to free from impurities; to free from dross or alloy",
"word": "очищать"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to reduce to a fine, unmixed, or pure state; to free from impurities; to free from dross or alloy",
"word": "refinar"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "to reduce to a fine, unmixed, or pure state; to free from impurities; to free from dross or alloy",
"word": "raffinera"
},
{
"code": "yi",
"lang": "Yiddish",
"roman": "oyseydlen",
"sense": "to reduce to a fine, unmixed, or pure state; to free from impurities; to free from dross or alloy",
"word": "אויסאיידלען"
},
{
"code": "az",
"lang": "Azerbaijani",
"sense": "to purify from what is gross, coarse, vulgar, inelegant, low, and the like; to make elegant or excellent; to polish",
"word": "saflaşdırmaq"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "oblagorodjavam",
"sense": "to purify from what is gross, coarse, vulgar, inelegant, low, and the like; to make elegant or excellent; to polish",
"word": "облагородявам"
},
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "to purify from what is gross, coarse, vulgar, inelegant, low, and the like; to make elegant or excellent; to polish",
"word": "refinar"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "to purify from what is gross, coarse, vulgar, inelegant, low, and the like; to make elegant or excellent; to polish",
"word": "kultivovat"
},
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "to purify from what is gross, coarse, vulgar, inelegant, low, and the like; to make elegant or excellent; to polish",
"word": "forbedre"
},
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "to purify from what is gross, coarse, vulgar, inelegant, low, and the like; to make elegant or excellent; to polish",
"word": "forfine"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to purify from what is gross, coarse, vulgar, inelegant, low, and the like; to make elegant or excellent; to polish",
"word": "kehittää"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to purify from what is gross, coarse, vulgar, inelegant, low, and the like; to make elegant or excellent; to polish",
"word": "jalostaa"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "to purify from what is gross, coarse, vulgar, inelegant, low, and the like; to make elegant or excellent; to polish",
"word": "purificare"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "to purify from what is gross, coarse, vulgar, inelegant, low, and the like; to make elegant or excellent; to polish",
"word": "raffinare"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "to purify from what is gross, coarse, vulgar, inelegant, low, and the like; to make elegant or excellent; to polish",
"word": "ripulire"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "to purify from what is gross, coarse, vulgar, inelegant, low, and the like; to make elegant or excellent; to polish",
"word": "sgrossare"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "to purify from what is gross, coarse, vulgar, inelegant, low, and the like; to make elegant or excellent; to polish",
"word": "lucidare"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "to purify from what is gross, coarse, vulgar, inelegant, low, and the like; to make elegant or excellent; to polish",
"word": "whakamahine"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "to purify from what is gross, coarse, vulgar, inelegant, low, and the like; to make elegant or excellent; to polish",
"word": "refinar"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "oblagoraživatʹ",
"sense": "to purify from what is gross, coarse, vulgar, inelegant, low, and the like; to make elegant or excellent; to polish",
"word": "облагораживать"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to purify from what is gross, coarse, vulgar, inelegant, low, and the like; to make elegant or excellent; to polish",
"word": "perfeccionar"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "to purify from what is gross, coarse, vulgar, inelegant, low, and the like; to make elegant or excellent; to polish",
"word": "raffinera"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "to purify from what is gross, coarse, vulgar, inelegant, low, and the like; to make elegant or excellent; to polish",
"word": "förfina"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "očistvam se",
"sense": "to become pure; to be cleared of feculent matter",
"word": "очиствам се"
},
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "to become pure; to be cleared of feculent matter",
"word": "refinar"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to become pure; to be cleared of feculent matter",
"word": "jalostua"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "to become pure; to be cleared of feculent matter",
"word": "decantare"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "to become pure; to be cleared of feculent matter",
"word": "purificare"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "to become pure; to be cleared of feculent matter",
"word": "purificar"
},
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "to improve in accuracy, delicacy, or excellence",
"word": "refinar"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "to improve in accuracy, delicacy, or excellence",
"word": "vylepšovat"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to improve in accuracy, delicacy, or excellence",
"word": "kehittää"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to improve in accuracy, delicacy, or excellence",
"word": "jalostaa"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to improve in accuracy, delicacy, or excellence",
"word": "verfeinern"
},
{
"code": "he",
"lang": "Hebrew",
"roman": "Hishtabe'ach",
"sense": "to improve in accuracy, delicacy, or excellence",
"tags": [
"formal"
],
"word": "השתבח"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "to improve in accuracy, delicacy, or excellence",
"word": "migliorare"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "to improve in accuracy, delicacy, or excellence",
"word": "rifinire"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "soveršénstvovatʹsja",
"sense": "to improve in accuracy, delicacy, or excellence",
"word": "соверше́нствоваться"
},
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "to affect nicety or subtlety in thought or language",
"word": "refinar"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to affect nicety or subtlety in thought or language",
"word": "jalostaa"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to affect nicety or subtlety in thought or language",
"word": "hioa"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "to affect nicety or subtlety in thought or language",
"word": "raffinare"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "to affect nicety or subtlety in thought or language",
"word": "migliorare"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "to affect nicety or subtlety in thought or language",
"word": "impreziosire"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "to affect nicety or subtlety in thought or language",
"word": "purificare"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "detalizirovatʹ",
"sense": "to affect nicety or subtlety in thought or language",
"word": "детализировать"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "utočnjatʹ",
"sense": "to affect nicety or subtlety in thought or language",
"word": "уточнять"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "to affect nicety or subtlety in thought or language",
"word": "raffinera"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "to affect nicety or subtlety in thought or language",
"word": "förfina"
}
],
"word": "refine"
}
{
"categories": [
"Portuguese entries with incorrect language header",
"Portuguese non-lemma forms",
"Portuguese verb forms"
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pt",
"2": "verb form"
},
"expansion": "refine",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"form_of": [
{
"word": "refinar"
}
],
"glosses": [
"inflection of refinar:\n## first/third-person singular present subjunctive\n## third-person singular imperative",
"first/third-person singular present subjunctive"
],
"links": [
[
"refinar",
"refinar#Portuguese"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"inflection of refinar:\n"
],
"tags": [
"first-person",
"form-of",
"present",
"singular",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form_of": [
{
"word": "refinar"
}
],
"glosses": [
"inflection of refinar:\n## first/third-person singular present subjunctive\n## third-person singular imperative",
"third-person singular imperative"
],
"links": [
[
"refinar",
"refinar#Portuguese"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"inflection of refinar:\n"
],
"tags": [
"form-of",
"imperative",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
}
],
"word": "refine"
}
{
"categories": [
"Spanish entries with incorrect language header",
"Spanish non-lemma forms",
"Spanish verb forms"
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "es",
"2": "verb form"
},
"expansion": "refine",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"form_of": [
{
"word": "refinar"
}
],
"glosses": [
"inflection of refinar:\n## first/third-person singular present subjunctive\n## third-person singular imperative",
"first/third-person singular present subjunctive"
],
"links": [
[
"refinar",
"refinar#Spanish"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"inflection of refinar:\n"
],
"tags": [
"first-person",
"form-of",
"present",
"singular",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form_of": [
{
"word": "refinar"
}
],
"glosses": [
"inflection of refinar:\n## first/third-person singular present subjunctive\n## third-person singular imperative",
"third-person singular imperative"
],
"links": [
[
"refinar",
"refinar#Spanish"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"inflection of refinar:\n"
],
"tags": [
"form-of",
"imperative",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
}
],
"word": "refine"
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-05-03 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-05-02 using wiktextract (f4fd8c9 and c9440ce). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.