"minstrel" meaning in All languages combined

See minstrel on Wiktionary

Noun [Czech]

IPA: [ˈmɪnstrɛl]
Head templates: {{cs-noun|m-an}} minstrel m anim Inflection templates: {{cs-ndecl|m.an}} Forms: animate [table-tags], minstrel [nominative, singular], minstrelové [nominative, plural], minstrela [genitive, singular], minstrelů [genitive, plural], minstrelovi [dative, singular], minstrelu [dative, singular], minstrelům [dative, plural], minstrela [accusative, singular], minstrely [accusative, plural], minstrele [singular, vocative], minstrelové [plural, vocative], minstrelovi [locative, singular], minstrelu [locative, singular], minstrelech [locative, plural], minstrelem [instrumental, singular], minstrely [instrumental, plural]
  1. minstrel Tags: animate, masculine Synonyms: žakéř, menestrel
    Sense id: en-minstrel-cs-noun-A3rzRs2g Categories (other): Czech entries with incorrect language header

Noun [English]

IPA: /ˈmɪnstɹ(ə)l/ [General-American, Received-Pronunciation] Audio: En-us-minstrel.ogg [General-American] Forms: minstrels [plural]
Etymology: The noun is derived from Middle English minstral, menestrel (“actor; juggler; mime; musician; singer; storyteller; (military) soldier playing a horn or trumpet as a signal”) [and other forms], from Anglo-Norman menestrel [and other forms] and Old French menestrel (“artisan; servant; itinerant musician or poet; worker”) [and other forms] (modern French ménestrel (“minstrel”)), from Late Latin ministerialis (“official or retainer owing household and military service to a feudal lord, a ministerial or ministerialis”), from Latin ministerium (“employment, ministration; office of a minister, ministry; action or attendance by an inferior person such as a slave, service”) + -ālis (suffix forming adjectives). Ministerium is derived from minister (“accomplice; agent; aide; attendant; servant; waiter”) (probably ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *mey- (“little, small”) + *-teros (contrastive or oppositional suffix forming adjectives)) + -ium (suffix forming abstract nouns). Doublet of ministerial and ministerialis. The verb is derived from the noun. Etymology templates: {{circa2|1890|short=1}} c. 1890, {{root|en|ine-pro|*mey-|*-teros}}, {{glossary|noun}} noun, {{inh|en|enm|minstral}} Middle English minstral, {{m|enm|menestrel|t=actor; juggler; mime; musician; singer; storyteller; (military) soldier playing a horn or trumpet as a signal}} menestrel (“actor; juggler; mime; musician; singer; storyteller; (military) soldier playing a horn or trumpet as a signal”), {{nb...|menestral, menstrel, menstrelle, menstral, menstrale, menstrall, menstralle, menstrel, menstrell, menstrelle, minestral, minestrale, ministral, ministrele, minsterel, minstrale, minstrall, minstralle, minstrel, minstrelle, munstral, munstrel, munstrell, mynestral, mynistralle, mynsterel, mynstraell, mynstral, mynstrale, mynstrall, mynstralle, mynstrel, mynstrell, mynstrelle, mynystral, mynystrel, mynystrell|otherforms=1}} [and other forms], {{der|en|xno|menestrel}} Anglo-Norman menestrel, {{der|en|fro|menestrel|t=artisan; servant; itinerant musician or poet; worker}} Old French menestrel (“artisan; servant; itinerant musician or poet; worker”), {{cog|fr|ménestrel|t=minstrel}} French ménestrel (“minstrel”), {{der|en|LL.|ministerialis|t=official or retainer owing household and military service to a feudal lord, a ministerial or ministerialis}} Late Latin ministerialis (“official or retainer owing household and military service to a feudal lord, a ministerial or ministerialis”), {{der|en|la|ministerium|t=employment, ministration; office of a minister, ministry; action or attendance by an inferior person such as a slave, service}} Latin ministerium (“employment, ministration; office of a minister, ministry; action or attendance by an inferior person such as a slave, service”), {{glossary|suffix}} suffix, {{glossary|adjective}} adjective, {{m|la|-ālis|pos=suffix forming adjectives}} -ālis (suffix forming adjectives), {{m|la||Ministerium}} Ministerium, {{m|la|minister|t=accomplice; agent; aide; attendant; servant; waiter}} minister (“accomplice; agent; aide; attendant; servant; waiter”), {{der|en|ine-pro|*mey-|t=little, small}} Proto-Indo-European *mey- (“little, small”), {{m|ine-pro|*-teros|pos=contrastive or oppositional suffix forming adjectives}} *-teros (contrastive or oppositional suffix forming adjectives), {{glossary|abstract noun}} abstract noun, {{m|la|-ium|pos=suffix forming abstract nouns}} -ium (suffix forming abstract nouns), {{doublet|en|ministerial|ministerialis}} Doublet of ministerial and ministerialis, {{glossary|verb}} verb Head templates: {{en-noun}} minstrel (plural minstrels)
  1. (historical) Originally, an entertainer employed to juggle, play music, sing, tell stories, etc.; a buffoon, a fool, a jester; later, a medieval (especially travelling) entertainer who would recite and sing poetry, often to their own musical accompaniment. Tags: also, attributive, historical Categories (topical): Musicians Synonyms: bard, jongleur, troubadour Translations (medieval (especially travelling) entertainer who would recite and sing poetry, often to their own musical accompaniment): менестрэ́ль (mjenjestrélʹ) [masculine] (Belarusian), ménétrei (Bourguignon), менестре́л (menestrél) [masculine] (Bulgarian), joglar [masculine] (Catalan), 吟遊詩人 (Chinese Mandarin), 吟游诗人 (yínyóu shīrén) (Chinese Mandarin), minstrel [masculine] (Czech), speelman [masculine] (Dutch), minstreel [masculine] (Dutch), minstreli (Finnish), kiertelevä laulaja (Finnish), ménestrel [masculine] (French), ménétrier [masculine] (French), segrel [masculine] (Galician), xogral [masculine] (Galician), xograr [masculine] (Galician), მენესტრელი (menesṭreli) (Georgian), Minnesänger [masculine] (German), Spielmann [masculine] (German), Troubadour [masculine] (German), μενεστρέλος (menestrélos) [masculine] (Greek), vándorénekes (Hungarian), menestrello [masculine] (Italian), ミンストレル (minsutoreru) (Japanese), 吟遊詩人 (gin'yū shijin) (alt: ぎんゆうしじん) (Japanese), 민스트럴 (minseuteureol) (Korean), 음유시인 (eumyusiin) (alt: 吟遊詩人) (Korean), sċop [masculine] (Old English), minstrel [masculine] (Polish), menestrel [masculine] (Portuguese), jogral [masculine] (Portuguese), menestrel [masculine] (Romanian), менестре́ль (menestrélʹ) [masculine] (Russian), ministril [masculine] (Spanish), juglar [masculine] (Spanish), менестре́ль (menestrélʹ) [masculine] (Ukrainian), mestré [masculine] (Walloon)
    Sense id: en-minstrel-en-noun-Ccmvf7vj Disambiguation of Musicians: 30 18 17 5 16 14 Categories (other): English entries with incorrect language header, English entries with topic categories using raw markup Disambiguation of English entries with incorrect language header: 14 6 23 19 17 21 Disambiguation of English entries with topic categories using raw markup: 12 4 25 13 21 25 Disambiguation of 'medieval (especially travelling) entertainer who would recite and sing poetry, often to their own musical accompaniment': 68 8 20 5
  2. (by extension)
    (chiefly poetic) Any lyric poet, musician, or singer.     Tags: also, attributive, broadly, poetic
    Sense id: en-minstrel-en-noun-u8yf-NDE
  3. (by extension)
    (US, historical) One of a troupe of entertainers, often a white person who wore black makeup (blackface), to present a so-called minstrel show, being a variety show of banjo music, dance, and song (now sometimes regarded as racist).     Tags: US, also, attributive, broadly, historical
    Sense id: en-minstrel-en-noun-2eNSY0Q- Categories (other): American English, English entries with incorrect language header, English entries with topic categories using raw markup Disambiguation of English entries with incorrect language header: 14 6 23 19 17 21 Disambiguation of English entries with topic categories using raw markup: 12 4 25 13 21 25
  4. (by extension)
    (by extension, slang) An amphetamine tablet, typically black, or black and white, in colour.     Tags: also, attributive, broadly, slang Categories (topical): Recreational drugs
    Sense id: en-minstrel-en-noun-P7CGF~qv Disambiguation of Recreational drugs: 14 5 21 29 15 17 Categories (other): English entries with incorrect language header, English entries with topic categories using raw markup Disambiguation of English entries with incorrect language header: 14 6 23 19 17 21 Disambiguation of English entries with topic categories using raw markup: 12 4 25 13 21 25
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Derived forms: minstrelesque, minstreless [rare], minstrel gallery, minstrels' gallery, minstrelry, minstrelship [obsolete, rare], minstrel show, minstrelsy Related terms: vaudeville

Verb [English]

IPA: /ˈmɪnstɹ(ə)l/ [General-American, Received-Pronunciation] Audio: En-us-minstrel.ogg [General-American] Forms: minstrels [present, singular, third-person], minstreling [participle, present], minstrelling [participle, present], minstreled [participle, past], minstreled [past], minstrelled [participle, past], minstrelled [past]
Etymology: The noun is derived from Middle English minstral, menestrel (“actor; juggler; mime; musician; singer; storyteller; (military) soldier playing a horn or trumpet as a signal”) [and other forms], from Anglo-Norman menestrel [and other forms] and Old French menestrel (“artisan; servant; itinerant musician or poet; worker”) [and other forms] (modern French ménestrel (“minstrel”)), from Late Latin ministerialis (“official or retainer owing household and military service to a feudal lord, a ministerial or ministerialis”), from Latin ministerium (“employment, ministration; office of a minister, ministry; action or attendance by an inferior person such as a slave, service”) + -ālis (suffix forming adjectives). Ministerium is derived from minister (“accomplice; agent; aide; attendant; servant; waiter”) (probably ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *mey- (“little, small”) + *-teros (contrastive or oppositional suffix forming adjectives)) + -ium (suffix forming abstract nouns). Doublet of ministerial and ministerialis. The verb is derived from the noun. Etymology templates: {{circa2|1890|short=1}} c. 1890, {{root|en|ine-pro|*mey-|*-teros}}, {{glossary|noun}} noun, {{inh|en|enm|minstral}} Middle English minstral, {{m|enm|menestrel|t=actor; juggler; mime; musician; singer; storyteller; (military) soldier playing a horn or trumpet as a signal}} menestrel (“actor; juggler; mime; musician; singer; storyteller; (military) soldier playing a horn or trumpet as a signal”), {{nb...|menestral, menstrel, menstrelle, menstral, menstrale, menstrall, menstralle, menstrel, menstrell, menstrelle, minestral, minestrale, ministral, ministrele, minsterel, minstrale, minstrall, minstralle, minstrel, minstrelle, munstral, munstrel, munstrell, mynestral, mynistralle, mynsterel, mynstraell, mynstral, mynstrale, mynstrall, mynstralle, mynstrel, mynstrell, mynstrelle, mynystral, mynystrel, mynystrell|otherforms=1}} [and other forms], {{der|en|xno|menestrel}} Anglo-Norman menestrel, {{der|en|fro|menestrel|t=artisan; servant; itinerant musician or poet; worker}} Old French menestrel (“artisan; servant; itinerant musician or poet; worker”), {{cog|fr|ménestrel|t=minstrel}} French ménestrel (“minstrel”), {{der|en|LL.|ministerialis|t=official or retainer owing household and military service to a feudal lord, a ministerial or ministerialis}} Late Latin ministerialis (“official or retainer owing household and military service to a feudal lord, a ministerial or ministerialis”), {{der|en|la|ministerium|t=employment, ministration; office of a minister, ministry; action or attendance by an inferior person such as a slave, service}} Latin ministerium (“employment, ministration; office of a minister, ministry; action or attendance by an inferior person such as a slave, service”), {{glossary|suffix}} suffix, {{glossary|adjective}} adjective, {{m|la|-ālis|pos=suffix forming adjectives}} -ālis (suffix forming adjectives), {{m|la||Ministerium}} Ministerium, {{m|la|minister|t=accomplice; agent; aide; attendant; servant; waiter}} minister (“accomplice; agent; aide; attendant; servant; waiter”), {{der|en|ine-pro|*mey-|t=little, small}} Proto-Indo-European *mey- (“little, small”), {{m|ine-pro|*-teros|pos=contrastive or oppositional suffix forming adjectives}} *-teros (contrastive or oppositional suffix forming adjectives), {{glossary|abstract noun}} abstract noun, {{m|la|-ium|pos=suffix forming abstract nouns}} -ium (suffix forming abstract nouns), {{doublet|en|ministerial|ministerialis}} Doublet of ministerial and ministerialis, {{glossary|verb}} verb Head templates: {{en-verb|past2=minstrelled|pres_ptc2=minstrelling}} minstrel (third-person singular simple present minstrels, present participle minstreling or minstrelling, simple past and past participle minstreled or minstrelled)
  1. (transitive) To play (a tune on a musical instrument); to sing (a song). Tags: also, figuratively, transitive
    Sense id: en-minstrel-en-verb-S2WEERTL Categories (other): English entries with incorrect language header, English entries with topic categories using raw markup Disambiguation of English entries with incorrect language header: 14 6 23 19 17 21 Disambiguation of English entries with topic categories using raw markup: 12 4 25 13 21 25
  2. (intransitive) To act as a minstrel; to entertain by playing a musical instrument, singing, etc. Tags: also, figuratively, intransitive
    Sense id: en-minstrel-en-verb-cCILdDAL Categories (other): English entries with incorrect language header, English entries with topic categories using raw markup Disambiguation of English entries with incorrect language header: 14 6 23 19 17 21 Disambiguation of English entries with topic categories using raw markup: 12 4 25 13 21 25
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Derived forms: minstreling, minstrelling [noun]

Noun [Polish]

IPA: /ˈmin.strɛl/
Rhymes: -instrɛl Etymology: Borrowed from English minstrel, from Old French menestral, from Latin ministeriālis. Etymology templates: {{glossary|loanword|Borrowed}} Borrowed, {{bor|pl|en|minstrel|||g=|g2=|g3=|id=|lit=|nocat=|pos=|sc=|sort=|tr=|ts=}} English minstrel, {{bor+|pl|en|minstrel}} Borrowed from English minstrel, {{der|pl|fro|menestral}} Old French menestral, {{der|pl|la|ministeriālis}} Latin ministeriālis Head templates: {{pl-noun|m-pr}} minstrel m pers Inflection templates: {{pl-decl-noun|minstrel|minstrele|minstrela|minstreli/minstrelów|minstrelowi|minstrelom|minstrela|minstreli/minstrelów|minstrelem|minstrelami|minstrelu|minstrelach|minstrelu|minstrele}} Forms: no-table-tags [table-tags], minstrel [nominative, singular], minstrele [nominative, plural], minstrela [genitive, singular], minstreli [genitive, plural], minstrelów [genitive, plural], minstrelowi [dative, singular], minstrelom [dative, plural], minstrela [accusative, singular], minstreli [accusative, plural], minstrelów [accusative, plural], minstrelem [instrumental, singular], minstrelami [instrumental, plural], minstrelu [locative, singular], minstrelach [locative, plural], minstrelu [singular, vocative], minstrele [plural, vocative]
  1. (historical) minstrel (medieval traveling entertainer) Tags: historical, masculine, person Categories (topical): Male people, Musicians
    Sense id: en-minstrel-pl-noun-BtYxZV1j Categories (other): Polish entries with incorrect language header, Polish links with manual fragments, Polish links with redundant alt parameters, Polish links with redundant wikilinks

Inflected forms

Alternative forms

Download JSON data for minstrel meaning in All languages combined (41.1kB)

{
  "derived": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
      "word": "minstrelesque"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
      "tags": [
        "rare"
      ],
      "word": "minstreless"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
      "word": "minstrel gallery"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
      "word": "minstrels' gallery"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
      "word": "minstrelry"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
      "tags": [
        "obsolete",
        "rare"
      ],
      "word": "minstrelship"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
      "word": "minstrel show"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
      "word": "minstrelsy"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "1890",
        "short": "1"
      },
      "expansion": "c. 1890",
      "name": "circa2"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*mey-",
        "4": "*-teros"
      },
      "expansion": "",
      "name": "root"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "noun"
      },
      "expansion": "noun",
      "name": "glossary"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "minstral"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English minstral",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "menestrel",
        "t": "actor; juggler; mime; musician; singer; storyteller; (military) soldier playing a horn or trumpet as a signal"
      },
      "expansion": "menestrel (“actor; juggler; mime; musician; singer; storyteller; (military) soldier playing a horn or trumpet as a signal”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "menestral, menstrel, menstrelle, menstral, menstrale, menstrall, menstralle, menstrel, menstrell, menstrelle, minestral, minestrale, ministral, ministrele, minsterel, minstrale, minstrall, minstralle, minstrel, minstrelle, munstral, munstrel, munstrell, mynestral, mynistralle, mynsterel, mynstraell, mynstral, mynstrale, mynstrall, mynstralle, mynstrel, mynstrell, mynstrelle, mynystral, mynystrel, mynystrell",
        "otherforms": "1"
      },
      "expansion": "[and other forms]",
      "name": "nb..."
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "xno",
        "3": "menestrel"
      },
      "expansion": "Anglo-Norman menestrel",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "fro",
        "3": "menestrel",
        "t": "artisan; servant; itinerant musician or poet; worker"
      },
      "expansion": "Old French menestrel (“artisan; servant; itinerant musician or poet; worker”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fr",
        "2": "ménestrel",
        "t": "minstrel"
      },
      "expansion": "French ménestrel (“minstrel”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "LL.",
        "3": "ministerialis",
        "t": "official or retainer owing household and military service to a feudal lord, a ministerial or ministerialis"
      },
      "expansion": "Late Latin ministerialis (“official or retainer owing household and military service to a feudal lord, a ministerial or ministerialis”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "la",
        "3": "ministerium",
        "t": "employment, ministration; office of a minister, ministry; action or attendance by an inferior person such as a slave, service"
      },
      "expansion": "Latin ministerium (“employment, ministration; office of a minister, ministry; action or attendance by an inferior person such as a slave, service”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "suffix"
      },
      "expansion": "suffix",
      "name": "glossary"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "adjective"
      },
      "expansion": "adjective",
      "name": "glossary"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "-ālis",
        "pos": "suffix forming adjectives"
      },
      "expansion": "-ālis (suffix forming adjectives)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "",
        "3": "Ministerium"
      },
      "expansion": "Ministerium",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "minister",
        "t": "accomplice; agent; aide; attendant; servant; waiter"
      },
      "expansion": "minister (“accomplice; agent; aide; attendant; servant; waiter”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*mey-",
        "t": "little, small"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *mey- (“little, small”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ine-pro",
        "2": "*-teros",
        "pos": "contrastive or oppositional suffix forming adjectives"
      },
      "expansion": "*-teros (contrastive or oppositional suffix forming adjectives)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "abstract noun"
      },
      "expansion": "abstract noun",
      "name": "glossary"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "-ium",
        "pos": "suffix forming abstract nouns"
      },
      "expansion": "-ium (suffix forming abstract nouns)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ministerial",
        "3": "ministerialis"
      },
      "expansion": "Doublet of ministerial and ministerialis",
      "name": "doublet"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "verb"
      },
      "expansion": "verb",
      "name": "glossary"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "The noun is derived from Middle English minstral, menestrel (“actor; juggler; mime; musician; singer; storyteller; (military) soldier playing a horn or trumpet as a signal”) [and other forms], from Anglo-Norman menestrel [and other forms] and Old French menestrel (“artisan; servant; itinerant musician or poet; worker”) [and other forms] (modern French ménestrel (“minstrel”)), from Late Latin ministerialis (“official or retainer owing household and military service to a feudal lord, a ministerial or ministerialis”), from Latin ministerium (“employment, ministration; office of a minister, ministry; action or attendance by an inferior person such as a slave, service”) + -ālis (suffix forming adjectives). Ministerium is derived from minister (“accomplice; agent; aide; attendant; servant; waiter”) (probably ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *mey- (“little, small”) + *-teros (contrastive or oppositional suffix forming adjectives)) + -ium (suffix forming abstract nouns). Doublet of ministerial and ministerialis.\nThe verb is derived from the noun.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "minstrels",
      "tags": [
        "plural"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "minstrel (plural minstrels)",
      "name": "en-noun"
    }
  ],
  "hyphenation": [
    "mins‧trel"
  ],
  "lang": "English",
  "lang_code": "en",
  "pos": "noun",
  "related": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
      "word": "vaudeville"
    }
  ],
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "14 6 23 19 17 21",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "12 4 25 13 21 25",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with topic categories using raw markup",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "30 18 17 5 16 14",
          "kind": "topical",
          "langcode": "en",
          "name": "Musicians",
          "orig": "en:Musicians",
          "parents": [
            "Music",
            "Occupations",
            "Art",
            "Sound",
            "People",
            "Work",
            "Culture",
            "Energy",
            "Human",
            "Human activity",
            "Society",
            "Nature",
            "All topics",
            "Human behaviour",
            "Fundamental"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "ref": "1669, William Gurnall, “A Short Point from the Connexion of This Piece of Armour with the First; Righteousness with Truth”, in The Christian in Compleat Armour. Or, A Treatise, of the Saints VVar against the Devil; […], 5th edition, London: […] Ralph Smith, […], →OCLC, page 77, column 1",
          "text": "Should a Minſtrel ſing to a ſweet tune with her voice, and play to another with her hand that is harſh and diſpleaſing; ſuch muſick would more grate the judicious ear, than if ſhe had ſung to what ſhe plaid? Thus to ſing to truth with our judgement, and play wickedneſs with our heart and hand in our life, is more abhorring to God and all good men, than where the judgement is erroneous, as well as the life ungodly.",
          "type": "quotation"
        },
        {
          "ref": "1813, Thomas Moore (lyricist), John Stevenson (composer), “The Minstrel-Boy”, in A Selection of Irish Melodies. […], number 5, London: J. Power, […], →OCLC, verse I, page 30",
          "text": "The Minstrel-Boy to the war is gone, / In the ranks of death you'll find him; / His father's sword he has girded on, / And his wild harp slung behind him.",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Originally, an entertainer employed to juggle, play music, sing, tell stories, etc.; a buffoon, a fool, a jester; later, a medieval (especially travelling) entertainer who would recite and sing poetry, often to their own musical accompaniment."
      ],
      "id": "en-minstrel-en-noun-Ccmvf7vj",
      "links": [
        [
          "entertainer",
          "entertainer"
        ],
        [
          "employed",
          "employ#Verb"
        ],
        [
          "juggle",
          "juggle#Verb"
        ],
        [
          "play",
          "play#Verb"
        ],
        [
          "music",
          "music"
        ],
        [
          "sing",
          "sing#Verb"
        ],
        [
          "tell",
          "tell#Verb"
        ],
        [
          "stories",
          "story#Noun"
        ],
        [
          "buffoon",
          "buffoon#Noun"
        ],
        [
          "fool",
          "fool#Noun"
        ],
        [
          "jester",
          "jester"
        ],
        [
          "medieval",
          "medieval#Adjective"
        ],
        [
          "travelling",
          "travelling#Adjective"
        ],
        [
          "recite",
          "recite"
        ],
        [
          "poetry",
          "poetry"
        ],
        [
          "musical",
          "musical#Adjective"
        ],
        [
          "accompaniment",
          "accompaniment"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(historical) Originally, an entertainer employed to juggle, play music, sing, tell stories, etc.; a buffoon, a fool, a jester; later, a medieval (especially travelling) entertainer who would recite and sing poetry, often to their own musical accompaniment."
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "word": "bard"
        },
        {
          "word": "jongleur"
        },
        {
          "word": "troubadour"
        }
      ],
      "tags": [
        "also",
        "attributive",
        "historical"
      ],
      "translations": [
        {
          "_dis1": "68 8 20 5",
          "code": "be",
          "lang": "Belarusian",
          "roman": "mjenjestrélʹ",
          "sense": "medieval (especially travelling) entertainer who would recite and sing poetry, often to their own musical accompaniment",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "менестрэ́ль"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "68 8 20 5",
          "code": "roa-brg",
          "lang": "Bourguignon",
          "sense": "medieval (especially travelling) entertainer who would recite and sing poetry, often to their own musical accompaniment",
          "word": "ménétrei"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "68 8 20 5",
          "code": "bg",
          "lang": "Bulgarian",
          "roman": "menestrél",
          "sense": "medieval (especially travelling) entertainer who would recite and sing poetry, often to their own musical accompaniment",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "менестре́л"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "68 8 20 5",
          "code": "ca",
          "lang": "Catalan",
          "sense": "medieval (especially travelling) entertainer who would recite and sing poetry, often to their own musical accompaniment",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "joglar"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "68 8 20 5",
          "code": "cmn",
          "lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
          "sense": "medieval (especially travelling) entertainer who would recite and sing poetry, often to their own musical accompaniment",
          "word": "吟遊詩人"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "68 8 20 5",
          "code": "cmn",
          "lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
          "roman": "yínyóu shīrén",
          "sense": "medieval (especially travelling) entertainer who would recite and sing poetry, often to their own musical accompaniment",
          "word": "吟游诗人"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "68 8 20 5",
          "code": "cs",
          "lang": "Czech",
          "sense": "medieval (especially travelling) entertainer who would recite and sing poetry, often to their own musical accompaniment",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "minstrel"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "68 8 20 5",
          "code": "nl",
          "lang": "Dutch",
          "sense": "medieval (especially travelling) entertainer who would recite and sing poetry, often to their own musical accompaniment",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "speelman"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "68 8 20 5",
          "code": "nl",
          "lang": "Dutch",
          "sense": "medieval (especially travelling) entertainer who would recite and sing poetry, often to their own musical accompaniment",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "minstreel"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "68 8 20 5",
          "code": "fi",
          "lang": "Finnish",
          "sense": "medieval (especially travelling) entertainer who would recite and sing poetry, often to their own musical accompaniment",
          "word": "minstreli"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "68 8 20 5",
          "code": "fi",
          "lang": "Finnish",
          "sense": "medieval (especially travelling) entertainer who would recite and sing poetry, often to their own musical accompaniment",
          "word": "kiertelevä laulaja"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "68 8 20 5",
          "code": "fr",
          "lang": "French",
          "sense": "medieval (especially travelling) entertainer who would recite and sing poetry, often to their own musical accompaniment",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "ménestrel"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "68 8 20 5",
          "code": "fr",
          "lang": "French",
          "sense": "medieval (especially travelling) entertainer who would recite and sing poetry, often to their own musical accompaniment",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "ménétrier"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "68 8 20 5",
          "code": "gl",
          "lang": "Galician",
          "sense": "medieval (especially travelling) entertainer who would recite and sing poetry, often to their own musical accompaniment",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "segrel"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "68 8 20 5",
          "code": "gl",
          "lang": "Galician",
          "sense": "medieval (especially travelling) entertainer who would recite and sing poetry, often to their own musical accompaniment",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "xogral"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "68 8 20 5",
          "code": "gl",
          "lang": "Galician",
          "sense": "medieval (especially travelling) entertainer who would recite and sing poetry, often to their own musical accompaniment",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "xograr"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "68 8 20 5",
          "code": "ka",
          "lang": "Georgian",
          "roman": "menesṭreli",
          "sense": "medieval (especially travelling) entertainer who would recite and sing poetry, often to their own musical accompaniment",
          "word": "მენესტრელი"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "68 8 20 5",
          "code": "de",
          "lang": "German",
          "sense": "medieval (especially travelling) entertainer who would recite and sing poetry, often to their own musical accompaniment",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "Minnesänger"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "68 8 20 5",
          "code": "de",
          "lang": "German",
          "sense": "medieval (especially travelling) entertainer who would recite and sing poetry, often to their own musical accompaniment",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "Spielmann"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "68 8 20 5",
          "code": "de",
          "lang": "German",
          "sense": "medieval (especially travelling) entertainer who would recite and sing poetry, often to their own musical accompaniment",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "Troubadour"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "68 8 20 5",
          "code": "el",
          "lang": "Greek",
          "roman": "menestrélos",
          "sense": "medieval (especially travelling) entertainer who would recite and sing poetry, often to their own musical accompaniment",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "μενεστρέλος"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "68 8 20 5",
          "code": "hu",
          "lang": "Hungarian",
          "sense": "medieval (especially travelling) entertainer who would recite and sing poetry, often to their own musical accompaniment",
          "word": "vándorénekes"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "68 8 20 5",
          "code": "it",
          "lang": "Italian",
          "sense": "medieval (especially travelling) entertainer who would recite and sing poetry, often to their own musical accompaniment",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "menestrello"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "68 8 20 5",
          "code": "ja",
          "lang": "Japanese",
          "roman": "minsutoreru",
          "sense": "medieval (especially travelling) entertainer who would recite and sing poetry, often to their own musical accompaniment",
          "word": "ミンストレル"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "68 8 20 5",
          "alt": "ぎんゆうしじん",
          "code": "ja",
          "lang": "Japanese",
          "roman": "gin'yū shijin",
          "sense": "medieval (especially travelling) entertainer who would recite and sing poetry, often to their own musical accompaniment",
          "word": "吟遊詩人"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "68 8 20 5",
          "code": "ko",
          "lang": "Korean",
          "roman": "minseuteureol",
          "sense": "medieval (especially travelling) entertainer who would recite and sing poetry, often to their own musical accompaniment",
          "word": "민스트럴"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "68 8 20 5",
          "alt": "吟遊詩人",
          "code": "ko",
          "lang": "Korean",
          "roman": "eumyusiin",
          "sense": "medieval (especially travelling) entertainer who would recite and sing poetry, often to their own musical accompaniment",
          "word": "음유시인"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "68 8 20 5",
          "code": "ang",
          "lang": "Old English",
          "sense": "medieval (especially travelling) entertainer who would recite and sing poetry, often to their own musical accompaniment",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "sċop"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "68 8 20 5",
          "code": "pl",
          "lang": "Polish",
          "sense": "medieval (especially travelling) entertainer who would recite and sing poetry, often to their own musical accompaniment",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "minstrel"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "68 8 20 5",
          "code": "pt",
          "lang": "Portuguese",
          "sense": "medieval (especially travelling) entertainer who would recite and sing poetry, often to their own musical accompaniment",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "menestrel"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "68 8 20 5",
          "code": "pt",
          "lang": "Portuguese",
          "sense": "medieval (especially travelling) entertainer who would recite and sing poetry, often to their own musical accompaniment",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "jogral"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "68 8 20 5",
          "code": "ro",
          "lang": "Romanian",
          "sense": "medieval (especially travelling) entertainer who would recite and sing poetry, often to their own musical accompaniment",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "menestrel"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "68 8 20 5",
          "code": "ru",
          "lang": "Russian",
          "roman": "menestrélʹ",
          "sense": "medieval (especially travelling) entertainer who would recite and sing poetry, often to their own musical accompaniment",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "менестре́ль"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "68 8 20 5",
          "code": "es",
          "lang": "Spanish",
          "sense": "medieval (especially travelling) entertainer who would recite and sing poetry, often to their own musical accompaniment",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "ministril"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "68 8 20 5",
          "code": "es",
          "lang": "Spanish",
          "sense": "medieval (especially travelling) entertainer who would recite and sing poetry, often to their own musical accompaniment",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "juglar"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "68 8 20 5",
          "code": "uk",
          "lang": "Ukrainian",
          "roman": "menestrélʹ",
          "sense": "medieval (especially travelling) entertainer who would recite and sing poetry, often to their own musical accompaniment",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "менестре́ль"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "68 8 20 5",
          "code": "wa",
          "lang": "Walloon",
          "sense": "medieval (especially travelling) entertainer who would recite and sing poetry, often to their own musical accompaniment",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "mestré"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [],
      "glosses": [
        "Any lyric poet, musician, or singer."
      ],
      "id": "en-minstrel-en-noun-u8yf-NDE",
      "links": [
        [
          "poetic",
          "poetic"
        ],
        [
          "lyric",
          "lyric#Adjective"
        ],
        [
          "poet",
          "poet"
        ],
        [
          "musician",
          "musician"
        ],
        [
          "singer",
          "singer"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(by extension)",
        "(chiefly poetic) Any lyric poet, musician, or singer."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "also",
        "attributive",
        "broadly",
        "poetic"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "American English",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "14 6 23 19 17 21",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "12 4 25 13 21 25",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with topic categories using raw markup",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "One of a troupe of entertainers, often a white person who wore black makeup (blackface), to present a so-called minstrel show, being a variety show of banjo music, dance, and song (now sometimes regarded as racist)."
      ],
      "id": "en-minstrel-en-noun-2eNSY0Q-",
      "links": [
        [
          "troupe",
          "troupe#Noun"
        ],
        [
          "white",
          "white#Adjective"
        ],
        [
          "person",
          "person#Noun"
        ],
        [
          "wore",
          "wear#Verb"
        ],
        [
          "black",
          "black#Adjective"
        ],
        [
          "makeup",
          "makeup"
        ],
        [
          "blackface",
          "blackface"
        ],
        [
          "present",
          "present#Verb"
        ],
        [
          "so-called",
          "so-called"
        ],
        [
          "minstrel show",
          "minstrel show"
        ],
        [
          "variety show",
          "variety show"
        ],
        [
          "banjo",
          "banjo#Noun"
        ],
        [
          "dance",
          "dance#Noun"
        ],
        [
          "song",
          "song"
        ],
        [
          "regarded",
          "regard#Verb"
        ],
        [
          "racist",
          "racist#Adjective"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(by extension)",
        "(US, historical) One of a troupe of entertainers, often a white person who wore black makeup (blackface), to present a so-called minstrel show, being a variety show of banjo music, dance, and song (now sometimes regarded as racist)."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "US",
        "also",
        "attributive",
        "broadly",
        "historical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "14 6 23 19 17 21",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "12 4 25 13 21 25",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with topic categories using raw markup",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "14 5 21 29 15 17",
          "kind": "topical",
          "langcode": "en",
          "name": "Recreational drugs",
          "orig": "en:Recreational drugs",
          "parents": [
            "Drugs",
            "Matter",
            "Pharmacology",
            "Chemistry",
            "Nature",
            "Biochemistry",
            "Medicine",
            "Sciences",
            "All topics",
            "Biology",
            "Fundamental"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "ref": "1970, SAMT, page 613",
          "text": "These include dexamphetamine ( Dexedrine 'dexies ' or 'oranges'), methylamphetamine (Methedrine—'speed'), dexamphetamine combined with amylobarbitone (Drinamyl—'purple hearts' or 'blues'), amphetamine combined with dexamphetamine (Anorexine 12.5 mg - black and white minstrels' and Anorexine 20 mg—'black bombs'), phemetrazine (Preludin), diethylpropion (Tenuate), and methylphenidate (Ritalin).",
          "type": "quotation"
        },
        {
          "ref": "2008, Julian Evans, Semi-Invisible Man: The Life of Norman Lewis, page 510",
          "text": "Lacking food, Jimmy reverts to his “minstrels'” — speed — and in a paranoia of drugs and near-starvation the pair fall out.",
          "type": "quotation"
        },
        {
          "ref": "2014, Will Self, Shark",
          "text": "Roger had always been ... libidinous, aren't we all? ... but his powerful body began to writhe with the unearthly flexions of the Kundalini spirit, and after swallowing a couple of nigger minstrels Lesley had given him he spent most of one Friday morning house meeting sitting cross-legged, clutching his crotch and chanting, My dick is God, God is my dick ... over and over again, until Zack had though he would stick my fingers in his eyes, my thumb in his third one, and tear his bloody head off! – Skinning up and smoking a little shit – this Zack hadn't minded, and with two or three residents, in the right surroundings and carefully guided, he believed LSD could have therapeutic benefits.",
          "type": "quotation"
        },
        {
          "ref": "2018, J. L. Walker, Jump and Dance, page 151",
          "text": "Harry tipped the contents of Billy's bag on to his desk: boosters, purple hearts, black bombers, French blues, nigger minstrels spilled out, popping across the desk like jumping beans.",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "An amphetamine tablet, typically black, or black and white, in colour."
      ],
      "id": "en-minstrel-en-noun-P7CGF~qv",
      "links": [
        [
          "amphetamine",
          "amphetamine"
        ],
        [
          "tablet",
          "tablet#Noun"
        ],
        [
          "colour",
          "colour#Noun"
        ],
        [
          "Jonathon Green",
          "w:Jonathon Green"
        ],
        [
          "Green’s Dictionary of Slang",
          "w:Green's Dictionary of Slang"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(by extension)",
        "(by extension, slang) An amphetamine tablet, typically black, or black and white, in colour."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "also",
        "attributive",
        "broadly",
        "slang"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈmɪnstɹ(ə)l/",
      "tags": [
        "General-American",
        "Received-Pronunciation"
      ]
    },
    {
      "audio": "En-us-minstrel.ogg",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e2/En-us-minstrel.ogg/En-us-minstrel.ogg.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/En-us-minstrel.ogg",
      "tags": [
        "General-American"
      ],
      "text": "Audio (GA)"
    }
  ],
  "word": "minstrel"
}

{
  "derived": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "word": "minstreling"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "tags": [
        "noun"
      ],
      "word": "minstrelling"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "1890",
        "short": "1"
      },
      "expansion": "c. 1890",
      "name": "circa2"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*mey-",
        "4": "*-teros"
      },
      "expansion": "",
      "name": "root"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "noun"
      },
      "expansion": "noun",
      "name": "glossary"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "minstral"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English minstral",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "menestrel",
        "t": "actor; juggler; mime; musician; singer; storyteller; (military) soldier playing a horn or trumpet as a signal"
      },
      "expansion": "menestrel (“actor; juggler; mime; musician; singer; storyteller; (military) soldier playing a horn or trumpet as a signal”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "menestral, menstrel, menstrelle, menstral, menstrale, menstrall, menstralle, menstrel, menstrell, menstrelle, minestral, minestrale, ministral, ministrele, minsterel, minstrale, minstrall, minstralle, minstrel, minstrelle, munstral, munstrel, munstrell, mynestral, mynistralle, mynsterel, mynstraell, mynstral, mynstrale, mynstrall, mynstralle, mynstrel, mynstrell, mynstrelle, mynystral, mynystrel, mynystrell",
        "otherforms": "1"
      },
      "expansion": "[and other forms]",
      "name": "nb..."
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "xno",
        "3": "menestrel"
      },
      "expansion": "Anglo-Norman menestrel",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "fro",
        "3": "menestrel",
        "t": "artisan; servant; itinerant musician or poet; worker"
      },
      "expansion": "Old French menestrel (“artisan; servant; itinerant musician or poet; worker”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fr",
        "2": "ménestrel",
        "t": "minstrel"
      },
      "expansion": "French ménestrel (“minstrel”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "LL.",
        "3": "ministerialis",
        "t": "official or retainer owing household and military service to a feudal lord, a ministerial or ministerialis"
      },
      "expansion": "Late Latin ministerialis (“official or retainer owing household and military service to a feudal lord, a ministerial or ministerialis”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "la",
        "3": "ministerium",
        "t": "employment, ministration; office of a minister, ministry; action or attendance by an inferior person such as a slave, service"
      },
      "expansion": "Latin ministerium (“employment, ministration; office of a minister, ministry; action or attendance by an inferior person such as a slave, service”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "suffix"
      },
      "expansion": "suffix",
      "name": "glossary"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "adjective"
      },
      "expansion": "adjective",
      "name": "glossary"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "-ālis",
        "pos": "suffix forming adjectives"
      },
      "expansion": "-ālis (suffix forming adjectives)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "",
        "3": "Ministerium"
      },
      "expansion": "Ministerium",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "minister",
        "t": "accomplice; agent; aide; attendant; servant; waiter"
      },
      "expansion": "minister (“accomplice; agent; aide; attendant; servant; waiter”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*mey-",
        "t": "little, small"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *mey- (“little, small”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ine-pro",
        "2": "*-teros",
        "pos": "contrastive or oppositional suffix forming adjectives"
      },
      "expansion": "*-teros (contrastive or oppositional suffix forming adjectives)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "abstract noun"
      },
      "expansion": "abstract noun",
      "name": "glossary"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "-ium",
        "pos": "suffix forming abstract nouns"
      },
      "expansion": "-ium (suffix forming abstract nouns)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ministerial",
        "3": "ministerialis"
      },
      "expansion": "Doublet of ministerial and ministerialis",
      "name": "doublet"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "verb"
      },
      "expansion": "verb",
      "name": "glossary"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "The noun is derived from Middle English minstral, menestrel (“actor; juggler; mime; musician; singer; storyteller; (military) soldier playing a horn or trumpet as a signal”) [and other forms], from Anglo-Norman menestrel [and other forms] and Old French menestrel (“artisan; servant; itinerant musician or poet; worker”) [and other forms] (modern French ménestrel (“minstrel”)), from Late Latin ministerialis (“official or retainer owing household and military service to a feudal lord, a ministerial or ministerialis”), from Latin ministerium (“employment, ministration; office of a minister, ministry; action or attendance by an inferior person such as a slave, service”) + -ālis (suffix forming adjectives). Ministerium is derived from minister (“accomplice; agent; aide; attendant; servant; waiter”) (probably ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *mey- (“little, small”) + *-teros (contrastive or oppositional suffix forming adjectives)) + -ium (suffix forming abstract nouns). Doublet of ministerial and ministerialis.\nThe verb is derived from the noun.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "minstrels",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "minstreling",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "minstrelling",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "minstreled",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "minstreled",
      "tags": [
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "minstrelled",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "minstrelled",
      "tags": [
        "past"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "past2": "minstrelled",
        "pres_ptc2": "minstrelling"
      },
      "expansion": "minstrel (third-person singular simple present minstrels, present participle minstreling or minstrelling, simple past and past participle minstreled or minstrelled)",
      "name": "en-verb"
    }
  ],
  "hyphenation": [
    "mins‧trel"
  ],
  "lang": "English",
  "lang_code": "en",
  "pos": "verb",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "14 6 23 19 17 21",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "12 4 25 13 21 25",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with topic categories using raw markup",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "ref": "1858, J[ohn] F[razer] Corkan, An Hour Ago: Or Time in Dreamland. A Mystery, London: Longman, Brown, Green, Longmans, & Roberts, →OCLC, page 93",
          "text": "Blest be the impulse which did urge me forth, / Minstrelling winds with music, which did melt / Into kind ears like softly opening showers, / To those who asked if beggar wanted bread.",
          "type": "quotation"
        },
        {
          "ref": "1896, M[atthew] P[hipps] Shiel, “Part II—Shape III: Phorfor”, in Shapes in the Fire: Being a Mid-winter-night’s Entertainment in Two Parts and an Interlude (The Keynotes Series; 29), London: John Lane, […]; Boston, Mass.: Roberts Bros., →OCLC, page 276",
          "text": "And instantly from the depts of the black recesses behind the reredos of the altar there slid like slanting light-rays through the air a little creature, a tenuous grey bird, an embodied breeze, a flash of life. It settled, still minstreling its luted sibboleth, to a fluttering rest in the panting bosom of Areta.",
          "type": "quotation"
        },
        {
          "ref": "1997 spring–summer, Peter Hudson, “Editor’s Note: In the Country of the Snow Blind”, in West Coast Line: A Journal of Contemporary Writing and Criticism, volume 31, number 1, Burnaby, B.C.: Department of English, Simon Fraser University, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 5; quoted in George Elliott Clarke, “Embarkation: Discovering Africa-Canadian Literature”, in Odysseys Home: Mapping African-Canadian Literature, Toronto, Ont., Buffalo, N.Y.: University of Toronto Press, 2002, note 5, page 19",
          "text": "[The sense that African Canadians began to appear about the time that Pierre Elliott Trudeau became prime minister of Canada in 1968] has lead [sic] to the perception that black [Canadian] writing, minstreling the pioneer mythologies of survival, simply records the struggle of (West Indian) immigrants against a cold, white, bitterly racist Canada.",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "To play (a tune on a musical instrument); to sing (a song)."
      ],
      "id": "en-minstrel-en-verb-S2WEERTL",
      "links": [
        [
          "play",
          "play#Verb"
        ],
        [
          "tune",
          "tune#Noun"
        ],
        [
          "musical instrument",
          "musical instrument"
        ],
        [
          "sing",
          "sing#Verb"
        ],
        [
          "song",
          "song"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(transitive) To play (a tune on a musical instrument); to sing (a song)."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "also",
        "figuratively",
        "transitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "14 6 23 19 17 21",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "12 4 25 13 21 25",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with topic categories using raw markup",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "ref": "1830, Anacreon, “Ode V. On the Rose.”, in T. W. C. Edwards, transl., Τα του Ανακρεοντος του Τηιου Μελη = The Odes of Anacreon the Teian Bard, Literally Translated into English Prose; […], London: […] [J. M‘Gowan and Son] for W. Simpkin and R. Marshall, […], →OCLC, page 22",
          "text": "Crown me, therefore,—and minstrelling near to thy fanes, Bacchus, thickly-adorned with rosy chaplets will I dance with a full-bosomed maid.",
          "type": "quotation"
        },
        {
          "ref": "1872 March 26, Peter Barrow, “Correspondence. Lightening Ships over Yenicalee Bar.”, in The Nautical Magazine. A Journal of Papers on Subjects Connected with Maritime Affairs, volume XLI (New Series), London: Simpkin, Marshall and Co. […]; and J. D. Potter, […], published June 1872, →OCLC, page 492",
          "text": "[T]here are hotels in Kertch, the keepers of which bring over a band of musicians, singing men and singing women, especially the latter, every year for the amusement of [ship] masters, who, […] lavishly distribute bottles of champagne, and other delicacies, to these minstreling angels—women, and pay away their roubles as if they were coppers.",
          "type": "quotation"
        },
        {
          "ref": "1921, Al Jennings, “Methods of O. Henry; His Promotion; the Singing of Sally Castleton; O. Henry’s Indifference; the Explanation”, in Through the Shadows with O. Henry, New York, N.Y.: The H. K. Fly Company, →OCLC, page 185",
          "text": "[T]he three of us will set forth from this fortress of mighty stone and like troubadours of old we will go a-minstreling from village to village!",
          "type": "quotation"
        },
        {
          "ref": "2012, Paul Doherty, “The Physician’s Tale”, in The Midnight Man: The Physician’s Tale of Mystery and Murder as He Goes on a Pilgrimage from London to Canterbury, Sutton, Surrey: Crème de la Crime, Severn House Publishers, part 5, page 138",
          "text": "Cutwolf was not just acting the troubadour, the jongleur, the travelling minstrel, he was also Beauchamp's spy. […] Once he'd finished minstrelling, he would invite others to make their contribution about life along the alleyways of Dowgate and the surrounding wards. Everyone was eager to participate and, in anticipation during the day, garner as much tittle-tattle and gossip as possible.",
          "type": "quotation"
        },
        {
          "ref": "2015, Vincent Giroud, “The Rasputin Years”, in Nicolas Nabokov: A Life in Freedom and Music, Oxford, Oxfordshire, New York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press",
          "text": "But to come to a sick world like Burma, as a meteoric Kulturträger [culture carrier], minstrelling about the advantages of freedom over slavery, is an imposture, a Schweinerei, [disgrace] with Germanic overtones.",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "To act as a minstrel; to entertain by playing a musical instrument, singing, etc."
      ],
      "id": "en-minstrel-en-verb-cCILdDAL",
      "links": [
        [
          "act",
          "act#Verb"
        ],
        [
          "minstrel",
          "minstrel#Noun"
        ],
        [
          "entertain",
          "entertain"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(intransitive) To act as a minstrel; to entertain by playing a musical instrument, singing, etc."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "also",
        "figuratively",
        "intransitive"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈmɪnstɹ(ə)l/",
      "tags": [
        "General-American",
        "Received-Pronunciation"
      ]
    },
    {
      "audio": "En-us-minstrel.ogg",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e2/En-us-minstrel.ogg/En-us-minstrel.ogg.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/En-us-minstrel.ogg",
      "tags": [
        "General-American"
      ],
      "text": "Audio (GA)"
    }
  ],
  "word": "minstrel"
}

{
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "animate",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "cs-ndecl",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "minstrel",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "minstrelové",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "minstrela",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "minstrelů",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "minstrelovi",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "minstrelu",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "minstrelům",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "minstrela",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "minstrely",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "minstrele",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "singular",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "minstrelové",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "minstrelovi",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "locative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "minstrelu",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "locative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "minstrelech",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "locative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "minstrelem",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "minstrely",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "plural"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "m-an"
      },
      "expansion": "minstrel m anim",
      "name": "cs-noun"
    }
  ],
  "hyphenation": [
    "min‧s‧t‧rel"
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "m.an"
      },
      "name": "cs-ndecl"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Czech",
  "lang_code": "cs",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Czech entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "Angličtí minstrelové o něm začali zpívat středověké balady.",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "minstrel"
      ],
      "id": "en-minstrel-cs-noun-A3rzRs2g",
      "links": [
        [
          "minstrel",
          "minstrel#English"
        ]
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "word": "žakéř"
        },
        {
          "word": "menestrel"
        }
      ],
      "tags": [
        "animate",
        "masculine"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "[ˈmɪnstrɛl]"
    }
  ],
  "word": "minstrel"
}

{
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "loanword",
        "2": "Borrowed"
      },
      "expansion": "Borrowed",
      "name": "glossary"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "pl",
        "2": "en",
        "3": "minstrel",
        "4": "",
        "5": "",
        "g": "",
        "g2": "",
        "g3": "",
        "id": "",
        "lit": "",
        "nocat": "",
        "pos": "",
        "sc": "",
        "sort": "",
        "tr": "",
        "ts": ""
      },
      "expansion": "English minstrel",
      "name": "bor"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "pl",
        "2": "en",
        "3": "minstrel"
      },
      "expansion": "Borrowed from English minstrel",
      "name": "bor+"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "pl",
        "2": "fro",
        "3": "menestral"
      },
      "expansion": "Old French menestral",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "pl",
        "2": "la",
        "3": "ministeriālis"
      },
      "expansion": "Latin ministeriālis",
      "name": "der"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Borrowed from English minstrel, from Old French menestral, from Latin ministeriālis.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "pl-decl-noun\n",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "minstrel",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "minstrele",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "minstrela",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "minstreli",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "minstrelów",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "minstrelowi",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "minstrelom",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "minstrela",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "minstreli",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "minstrelów",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "minstrelem",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "minstrelami",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "minstrelu",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "locative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "minstrelach",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "locative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "minstrelu",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "singular",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "minstrele",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "vocative"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "m-pr"
      },
      "expansion": "minstrel m pers",
      "name": "pl-noun"
    }
  ],
  "hyphenation": [
    "min‧strel"
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "minstrel",
        "10": "minstrelami",
        "11": "minstrelu",
        "12": "minstrelach",
        "13": "minstrelu",
        "14": "minstrele",
        "2": "minstrele",
        "3": "minstrela",
        "4": "minstreli/minstrelów",
        "5": "minstrelowi",
        "6": "minstrelom",
        "7": "minstrela",
        "8": "minstreli/minstrelów",
        "9": "minstrelem"
      },
      "name": "pl-decl-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Polish",
  "lang_code": "pl",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Polish entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Polish links with manual fragments",
          "parents": [
            "Links with manual fragments",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Polish links with redundant alt parameters",
          "parents": [
            "Links with redundant alt parameters",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Polish links with redundant wikilinks",
          "parents": [
            "Links with redundant wikilinks",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "topical",
          "langcode": "pl",
          "name": "Male people",
          "orig": "pl:Male people",
          "parents": [
            "Male",
            "People",
            "Gender",
            "Human",
            "Biology",
            "Psychology",
            "Sociology",
            "All topics",
            "Sciences",
            "Social sciences",
            "Fundamental",
            "Society"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "topical",
          "langcode": "pl",
          "name": "Musicians",
          "orig": "pl:Musicians",
          "parents": [
            "Music",
            "Occupations",
            "Art",
            "Sound",
            "People",
            "Work",
            "Culture",
            "Energy",
            "Human",
            "Human activity",
            "Society",
            "Nature",
            "All topics",
            "Human behaviour",
            "Fundamental"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "minstrel (medieval traveling entertainer)"
      ],
      "id": "en-minstrel-pl-noun-BtYxZV1j",
      "links": [
        [
          "minstrel",
          "minstrel#English"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(historical) minstrel (medieval traveling entertainer)"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "historical",
        "masculine",
        "person"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈmin.strɛl/"
    },
    {
      "rhymes": "-instrɛl"
    }
  ],
  "word": "minstrel"
}

{
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "animate",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "cs-ndecl",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "minstrel",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "minstrelové",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "minstrela",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "minstrelů",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "minstrelovi",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "minstrelu",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "minstrelům",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "minstrela",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "minstrely",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "minstrele",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "singular",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "minstrelové",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "minstrelovi",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "locative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "minstrelu",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "locative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "minstrelech",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "locative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "minstrelem",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "minstrely",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "plural"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "m-an"
      },
      "expansion": "minstrel m anim",
      "name": "cs-noun"
    }
  ],
  "hyphenation": [
    "min‧s‧t‧rel"
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "m.an"
      },
      "name": "cs-ndecl"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Czech",
  "lang_code": "cs",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "Czech animate nouns",
        "Czech entries with incorrect language header",
        "Czech hard masculine animate nouns",
        "Czech lemmas",
        "Czech masculine animate nouns",
        "Czech masculine nouns",
        "Czech nouns",
        "Czech terms with IPA pronunciation",
        "Czech terms with usage examples",
        "Requests for translations of Czech usage examples"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "Angličtí minstrelové o něm začali zpívat středověké balady.",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "minstrel"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "minstrel",
          "minstrel#English"
        ]
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "word": "žakéř"
        }
      ],
      "tags": [
        "animate",
        "masculine"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "[ˈmɪnstrɛl]"
    }
  ],
  "synonyms": [
    {
      "word": "menestrel"
    }
  ],
  "word": "minstrel"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "English 2-syllable words",
    "English countable nouns",
    "English doublets",
    "English entries with incorrect language header",
    "English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
    "English lemmas",
    "English nouns",
    "English terms derived from Anglo-Norman",
    "English terms derived from Late Latin",
    "English terms derived from Latin",
    "English terms derived from Middle English",
    "English terms derived from Old French",
    "English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
    "English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *-teros",
    "English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *mey-",
    "English terms inherited from Middle English",
    "English terms with IPA pronunciation",
    "English terms with audio links",
    "English verbs",
    "en:Musicians",
    "en:Recreational drugs"
  ],
  "derived": [
    {
      "word": "minstrelesque"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "rare"
      ],
      "word": "minstreless"
    },
    {
      "word": "minstrel gallery"
    },
    {
      "word": "minstrels' gallery"
    },
    {
      "word": "minstrelry"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "obsolete",
        "rare"
      ],
      "word": "minstrelship"
    },
    {
      "word": "minstrel show"
    },
    {
      "word": "minstrelsy"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "1890",
        "short": "1"
      },
      "expansion": "c. 1890",
      "name": "circa2"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*mey-",
        "4": "*-teros"
      },
      "expansion": "",
      "name": "root"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "noun"
      },
      "expansion": "noun",
      "name": "glossary"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "minstral"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English minstral",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "menestrel",
        "t": "actor; juggler; mime; musician; singer; storyteller; (military) soldier playing a horn or trumpet as a signal"
      },
      "expansion": "menestrel (“actor; juggler; mime; musician; singer; storyteller; (military) soldier playing a horn or trumpet as a signal”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "menestral, menstrel, menstrelle, menstral, menstrale, menstrall, menstralle, menstrel, menstrell, menstrelle, minestral, minestrale, ministral, ministrele, minsterel, minstrale, minstrall, minstralle, minstrel, minstrelle, munstral, munstrel, munstrell, mynestral, mynistralle, mynsterel, mynstraell, mynstral, mynstrale, mynstrall, mynstralle, mynstrel, mynstrell, mynstrelle, mynystral, mynystrel, mynystrell",
        "otherforms": "1"
      },
      "expansion": "[and other forms]",
      "name": "nb..."
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "xno",
        "3": "menestrel"
      },
      "expansion": "Anglo-Norman menestrel",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "fro",
        "3": "menestrel",
        "t": "artisan; servant; itinerant musician or poet; worker"
      },
      "expansion": "Old French menestrel (“artisan; servant; itinerant musician or poet; worker”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fr",
        "2": "ménestrel",
        "t": "minstrel"
      },
      "expansion": "French ménestrel (“minstrel”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "LL.",
        "3": "ministerialis",
        "t": "official or retainer owing household and military service to a feudal lord, a ministerial or ministerialis"
      },
      "expansion": "Late Latin ministerialis (“official or retainer owing household and military service to a feudal lord, a ministerial or ministerialis”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "la",
        "3": "ministerium",
        "t": "employment, ministration; office of a minister, ministry; action or attendance by an inferior person such as a slave, service"
      },
      "expansion": "Latin ministerium (“employment, ministration; office of a minister, ministry; action or attendance by an inferior person such as a slave, service”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "suffix"
      },
      "expansion": "suffix",
      "name": "glossary"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "adjective"
      },
      "expansion": "adjective",
      "name": "glossary"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "-ālis",
        "pos": "suffix forming adjectives"
      },
      "expansion": "-ālis (suffix forming adjectives)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "",
        "3": "Ministerium"
      },
      "expansion": "Ministerium",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "minister",
        "t": "accomplice; agent; aide; attendant; servant; waiter"
      },
      "expansion": "minister (“accomplice; agent; aide; attendant; servant; waiter”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*mey-",
        "t": "little, small"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *mey- (“little, small”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ine-pro",
        "2": "*-teros",
        "pos": "contrastive or oppositional suffix forming adjectives"
      },
      "expansion": "*-teros (contrastive or oppositional suffix forming adjectives)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "abstract noun"
      },
      "expansion": "abstract noun",
      "name": "glossary"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "-ium",
        "pos": "suffix forming abstract nouns"
      },
      "expansion": "-ium (suffix forming abstract nouns)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ministerial",
        "3": "ministerialis"
      },
      "expansion": "Doublet of ministerial and ministerialis",
      "name": "doublet"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "verb"
      },
      "expansion": "verb",
      "name": "glossary"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "The noun is derived from Middle English minstral, menestrel (“actor; juggler; mime; musician; singer; storyteller; (military) soldier playing a horn or trumpet as a signal”) [and other forms], from Anglo-Norman menestrel [and other forms] and Old French menestrel (“artisan; servant; itinerant musician or poet; worker”) [and other forms] (modern French ménestrel (“minstrel”)), from Late Latin ministerialis (“official or retainer owing household and military service to a feudal lord, a ministerial or ministerialis”), from Latin ministerium (“employment, ministration; office of a minister, ministry; action or attendance by an inferior person such as a slave, service”) + -ālis (suffix forming adjectives). Ministerium is derived from minister (“accomplice; agent; aide; attendant; servant; waiter”) (probably ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *mey- (“little, small”) + *-teros (contrastive or oppositional suffix forming adjectives)) + -ium (suffix forming abstract nouns). Doublet of ministerial and ministerialis.\nThe verb is derived from the noun.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "minstrels",
      "tags": [
        "plural"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "minstrel (plural minstrels)",
      "name": "en-noun"
    }
  ],
  "hyphenation": [
    "mins‧trel"
  ],
  "lang": "English",
  "lang_code": "en",
  "pos": "noun",
  "related": [
    {
      "word": "vaudeville"
    }
  ],
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "English terms with historical senses",
        "English terms with quotations"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "ref": "1669, William Gurnall, “A Short Point from the Connexion of This Piece of Armour with the First; Righteousness with Truth”, in The Christian in Compleat Armour. Or, A Treatise, of the Saints VVar against the Devil; […], 5th edition, London: […] Ralph Smith, […], →OCLC, page 77, column 1",
          "text": "Should a Minſtrel ſing to a ſweet tune with her voice, and play to another with her hand that is harſh and diſpleaſing; ſuch muſick would more grate the judicious ear, than if ſhe had ſung to what ſhe plaid? Thus to ſing to truth with our judgement, and play wickedneſs with our heart and hand in our life, is more abhorring to God and all good men, than where the judgement is erroneous, as well as the life ungodly.",
          "type": "quotation"
        },
        {
          "ref": "1813, Thomas Moore (lyricist), John Stevenson (composer), “The Minstrel-Boy”, in A Selection of Irish Melodies. […], number 5, London: J. Power, […], →OCLC, verse I, page 30",
          "text": "The Minstrel-Boy to the war is gone, / In the ranks of death you'll find him; / His father's sword he has girded on, / And his wild harp slung behind him.",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Originally, an entertainer employed to juggle, play music, sing, tell stories, etc.; a buffoon, a fool, a jester; later, a medieval (especially travelling) entertainer who would recite and sing poetry, often to their own musical accompaniment."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "entertainer",
          "entertainer"
        ],
        [
          "employed",
          "employ#Verb"
        ],
        [
          "juggle",
          "juggle#Verb"
        ],
        [
          "play",
          "play#Verb"
        ],
        [
          "music",
          "music"
        ],
        [
          "sing",
          "sing#Verb"
        ],
        [
          "tell",
          "tell#Verb"
        ],
        [
          "stories",
          "story#Noun"
        ],
        [
          "buffoon",
          "buffoon#Noun"
        ],
        [
          "fool",
          "fool#Noun"
        ],
        [
          "jester",
          "jester"
        ],
        [
          "medieval",
          "medieval#Adjective"
        ],
        [
          "travelling",
          "travelling#Adjective"
        ],
        [
          "recite",
          "recite"
        ],
        [
          "poetry",
          "poetry"
        ],
        [
          "musical",
          "musical#Adjective"
        ],
        [
          "accompaniment",
          "accompaniment"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(historical) Originally, an entertainer employed to juggle, play music, sing, tell stories, etc.; a buffoon, a fool, a jester; later, a medieval (especially travelling) entertainer who would recite and sing poetry, often to their own musical accompaniment."
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "word": "bard"
        },
        {
          "word": "jongleur"
        },
        {
          "word": "troubadour"
        }
      ],
      "tags": [
        "also",
        "attributive",
        "historical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "English poetic terms"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Any lyric poet, musician, or singer."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "poetic",
          "poetic"
        ],
        [
          "lyric",
          "lyric#Adjective"
        ],
        [
          "poet",
          "poet"
        ],
        [
          "musician",
          "musician"
        ],
        [
          "singer",
          "singer"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(by extension)",
        "(chiefly poetic) Any lyric poet, musician, or singer."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "also",
        "attributive",
        "broadly",
        "poetic"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "American English",
        "English terms with historical senses"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "One of a troupe of entertainers, often a white person who wore black makeup (blackface), to present a so-called minstrel show, being a variety show of banjo music, dance, and song (now sometimes regarded as racist)."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "troupe",
          "troupe#Noun"
        ],
        [
          "white",
          "white#Adjective"
        ],
        [
          "person",
          "person#Noun"
        ],
        [
          "wore",
          "wear#Verb"
        ],
        [
          "black",
          "black#Adjective"
        ],
        [
          "makeup",
          "makeup"
        ],
        [
          "blackface",
          "blackface"
        ],
        [
          "present",
          "present#Verb"
        ],
        [
          "so-called",
          "so-called"
        ],
        [
          "minstrel show",
          "minstrel show"
        ],
        [
          "variety show",
          "variety show"
        ],
        [
          "banjo",
          "banjo#Noun"
        ],
        [
          "dance",
          "dance#Noun"
        ],
        [
          "song",
          "song"
        ],
        [
          "regarded",
          "regard#Verb"
        ],
        [
          "racist",
          "racist#Adjective"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(by extension)",
        "(US, historical) One of a troupe of entertainers, often a white person who wore black makeup (blackface), to present a so-called minstrel show, being a variety show of banjo music, dance, and song (now sometimes regarded as racist)."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "US",
        "also",
        "attributive",
        "broadly",
        "historical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "English slang",
        "English terms with quotations"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "ref": "1970, SAMT, page 613",
          "text": "These include dexamphetamine ( Dexedrine 'dexies ' or 'oranges'), methylamphetamine (Methedrine—'speed'), dexamphetamine combined with amylobarbitone (Drinamyl—'purple hearts' or 'blues'), amphetamine combined with dexamphetamine (Anorexine 12.5 mg - black and white minstrels' and Anorexine 20 mg—'black bombs'), phemetrazine (Preludin), diethylpropion (Tenuate), and methylphenidate (Ritalin).",
          "type": "quotation"
        },
        {
          "ref": "2008, Julian Evans, Semi-Invisible Man: The Life of Norman Lewis, page 510",
          "text": "Lacking food, Jimmy reverts to his “minstrels'” — speed — and in a paranoia of drugs and near-starvation the pair fall out.",
          "type": "quotation"
        },
        {
          "ref": "2014, Will Self, Shark",
          "text": "Roger had always been ... libidinous, aren't we all? ... but his powerful body began to writhe with the unearthly flexions of the Kundalini spirit, and after swallowing a couple of nigger minstrels Lesley had given him he spent most of one Friday morning house meeting sitting cross-legged, clutching his crotch and chanting, My dick is God, God is my dick ... over and over again, until Zack had though he would stick my fingers in his eyes, my thumb in his third one, and tear his bloody head off! – Skinning up and smoking a little shit – this Zack hadn't minded, and with two or three residents, in the right surroundings and carefully guided, he believed LSD could have therapeutic benefits.",
          "type": "quotation"
        },
        {
          "ref": "2018, J. L. Walker, Jump and Dance, page 151",
          "text": "Harry tipped the contents of Billy's bag on to his desk: boosters, purple hearts, black bombers, French blues, nigger minstrels spilled out, popping across the desk like jumping beans.",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "An amphetamine tablet, typically black, or black and white, in colour."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "amphetamine",
          "amphetamine"
        ],
        [
          "tablet",
          "tablet#Noun"
        ],
        [
          "colour",
          "colour#Noun"
        ],
        [
          "Jonathon Green",
          "w:Jonathon Green"
        ],
        [
          "Green’s Dictionary of Slang",
          "w:Green's Dictionary of Slang"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(by extension)",
        "(by extension, slang) An amphetamine tablet, typically black, or black and white, in colour."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "also",
        "attributive",
        "broadly",
        "slang"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈmɪnstɹ(ə)l/",
      "tags": [
        "General-American",
        "Received-Pronunciation"
      ]
    },
    {
      "audio": "En-us-minstrel.ogg",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e2/En-us-minstrel.ogg/En-us-minstrel.ogg.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/En-us-minstrel.ogg",
      "tags": [
        "General-American"
      ],
      "text": "Audio (GA)"
    }
  ],
  "translations": [
    {
      "code": "be",
      "lang": "Belarusian",
      "roman": "mjenjestrélʹ",
      "sense": "medieval (especially travelling) entertainer who would recite and sing poetry, often to their own musical accompaniment",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "менестрэ́ль"
    },
    {
      "code": "roa-brg",
      "lang": "Bourguignon",
      "sense": "medieval (especially travelling) entertainer who would recite and sing poetry, often to their own musical accompaniment",
      "word": "ménétrei"
    },
    {
      "code": "bg",
      "lang": "Bulgarian",
      "roman": "menestrél",
      "sense": "medieval (especially travelling) entertainer who would recite and sing poetry, often to their own musical accompaniment",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "менестре́л"
    },
    {
      "code": "ca",
      "lang": "Catalan",
      "sense": "medieval (especially travelling) entertainer who would recite and sing poetry, often to their own musical accompaniment",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "joglar"
    },
    {
      "code": "cmn",
      "lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
      "sense": "medieval (especially travelling) entertainer who would recite and sing poetry, often to their own musical accompaniment",
      "word": "吟遊詩人"
    },
    {
      "code": "cmn",
      "lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
      "roman": "yínyóu shīrén",
      "sense": "medieval (especially travelling) entertainer who would recite and sing poetry, often to their own musical accompaniment",
      "word": "吟游诗人"
    },
    {
      "code": "cs",
      "lang": "Czech",
      "sense": "medieval (especially travelling) entertainer who would recite and sing poetry, often to their own musical accompaniment",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "minstrel"
    },
    {
      "code": "nl",
      "lang": "Dutch",
      "sense": "medieval (especially travelling) entertainer who would recite and sing poetry, often to their own musical accompaniment",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "speelman"
    },
    {
      "code": "nl",
      "lang": "Dutch",
      "sense": "medieval (especially travelling) entertainer who would recite and sing poetry, often to their own musical accompaniment",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "minstreel"
    },
    {
      "code": "fi",
      "lang": "Finnish",
      "sense": "medieval (especially travelling) entertainer who would recite and sing poetry, often to their own musical accompaniment",
      "word": "minstreli"
    },
    {
      "code": "fi",
      "lang": "Finnish",
      "sense": "medieval (especially travelling) entertainer who would recite and sing poetry, often to their own musical accompaniment",
      "word": "kiertelevä laulaja"
    },
    {
      "code": "fr",
      "lang": "French",
      "sense": "medieval (especially travelling) entertainer who would recite and sing poetry, often to their own musical accompaniment",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "ménestrel"
    },
    {
      "code": "fr",
      "lang": "French",
      "sense": "medieval (especially travelling) entertainer who would recite and sing poetry, often to their own musical accompaniment",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "ménétrier"
    },
    {
      "code": "gl",
      "lang": "Galician",
      "sense": "medieval (especially travelling) entertainer who would recite and sing poetry, often to their own musical accompaniment",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "segrel"
    },
    {
      "code": "gl",
      "lang": "Galician",
      "sense": "medieval (especially travelling) entertainer who would recite and sing poetry, often to their own musical accompaniment",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "xogral"
    },
    {
      "code": "gl",
      "lang": "Galician",
      "sense": "medieval (especially travelling) entertainer who would recite and sing poetry, often to their own musical accompaniment",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "xograr"
    },
    {
      "code": "ka",
      "lang": "Georgian",
      "roman": "menesṭreli",
      "sense": "medieval (especially travelling) entertainer who would recite and sing poetry, often to their own musical accompaniment",
      "word": "მენესტრელი"
    },
    {
      "code": "de",
      "lang": "German",
      "sense": "medieval (especially travelling) entertainer who would recite and sing poetry, often to their own musical accompaniment",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "Minnesänger"
    },
    {
      "code": "de",
      "lang": "German",
      "sense": "medieval (especially travelling) entertainer who would recite and sing poetry, often to their own musical accompaniment",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "Spielmann"
    },
    {
      "code": "de",
      "lang": "German",
      "sense": "medieval (especially travelling) entertainer who would recite and sing poetry, often to their own musical accompaniment",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "Troubadour"
    },
    {
      "code": "el",
      "lang": "Greek",
      "roman": "menestrélos",
      "sense": "medieval (especially travelling) entertainer who would recite and sing poetry, often to their own musical accompaniment",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "μενεστρέλος"
    },
    {
      "code": "hu",
      "lang": "Hungarian",
      "sense": "medieval (especially travelling) entertainer who would recite and sing poetry, often to their own musical accompaniment",
      "word": "vándorénekes"
    },
    {
      "code": "it",
      "lang": "Italian",
      "sense": "medieval (especially travelling) entertainer who would recite and sing poetry, often to their own musical accompaniment",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "menestrello"
    },
    {
      "code": "ja",
      "lang": "Japanese",
      "roman": "minsutoreru",
      "sense": "medieval (especially travelling) entertainer who would recite and sing poetry, often to their own musical accompaniment",
      "word": "ミンストレル"
    },
    {
      "alt": "ぎんゆうしじん",
      "code": "ja",
      "lang": "Japanese",
      "roman": "gin'yū shijin",
      "sense": "medieval (especially travelling) entertainer who would recite and sing poetry, often to their own musical accompaniment",
      "word": "吟遊詩人"
    },
    {
      "code": "ko",
      "lang": "Korean",
      "roman": "minseuteureol",
      "sense": "medieval (especially travelling) entertainer who would recite and sing poetry, often to their own musical accompaniment",
      "word": "민스트럴"
    },
    {
      "alt": "吟遊詩人",
      "code": "ko",
      "lang": "Korean",
      "roman": "eumyusiin",
      "sense": "medieval (especially travelling) entertainer who would recite and sing poetry, often to their own musical accompaniment",
      "word": "음유시인"
    },
    {
      "code": "ang",
      "lang": "Old English",
      "sense": "medieval (especially travelling) entertainer who would recite and sing poetry, often to their own musical accompaniment",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "sċop"
    },
    {
      "code": "pl",
      "lang": "Polish",
      "sense": "medieval (especially travelling) entertainer who would recite and sing poetry, often to their own musical accompaniment",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "minstrel"
    },
    {
      "code": "pt",
      "lang": "Portuguese",
      "sense": "medieval (especially travelling) entertainer who would recite and sing poetry, often to their own musical accompaniment",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "menestrel"
    },
    {
      "code": "pt",
      "lang": "Portuguese",
      "sense": "medieval (especially travelling) entertainer who would recite and sing poetry, often to their own musical accompaniment",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "jogral"
    },
    {
      "code": "ro",
      "lang": "Romanian",
      "sense": "medieval (especially travelling) entertainer who would recite and sing poetry, often to their own musical accompaniment",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "menestrel"
    },
    {
      "code": "ru",
      "lang": "Russian",
      "roman": "menestrélʹ",
      "sense": "medieval (especially travelling) entertainer who would recite and sing poetry, often to their own musical accompaniment",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "менестре́ль"
    },
    {
      "code": "es",
      "lang": "Spanish",
      "sense": "medieval (especially travelling) entertainer who would recite and sing poetry, often to their own musical accompaniment",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "ministril"
    },
    {
      "code": "es",
      "lang": "Spanish",
      "sense": "medieval (especially travelling) entertainer who would recite and sing poetry, often to their own musical accompaniment",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "juglar"
    },
    {
      "code": "uk",
      "lang": "Ukrainian",
      "roman": "menestrélʹ",
      "sense": "medieval (especially travelling) entertainer who would recite and sing poetry, often to their own musical accompaniment",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "менестре́ль"
    },
    {
      "code": "wa",
      "lang": "Walloon",
      "sense": "medieval (especially travelling) entertainer who would recite and sing poetry, often to their own musical accompaniment",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "mestré"
    }
  ],
  "word": "minstrel"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "English 2-syllable words",
    "English countable nouns",
    "English doublets",
    "English entries with incorrect language header",
    "English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
    "English lemmas",
    "English nouns",
    "English terms derived from Anglo-Norman",
    "English terms derived from Late Latin",
    "English terms derived from Latin",
    "English terms derived from Middle English",
    "English terms derived from Old French",
    "English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
    "English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *-teros",
    "English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *mey-",
    "English terms inherited from Middle English",
    "English terms with IPA pronunciation",
    "English terms with audio links",
    "English verbs",
    "en:Musicians",
    "en:Recreational drugs"
  ],
  "derived": [
    {
      "word": "minstreling"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "noun"
      ],
      "word": "minstrelling"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "1890",
        "short": "1"
      },
      "expansion": "c. 1890",
      "name": "circa2"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*mey-",
        "4": "*-teros"
      },
      "expansion": "",
      "name": "root"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "noun"
      },
      "expansion": "noun",
      "name": "glossary"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "minstral"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English minstral",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "menestrel",
        "t": "actor; juggler; mime; musician; singer; storyteller; (military) soldier playing a horn or trumpet as a signal"
      },
      "expansion": "menestrel (“actor; juggler; mime; musician; singer; storyteller; (military) soldier playing a horn or trumpet as a signal”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "menestral, menstrel, menstrelle, menstral, menstrale, menstrall, menstralle, menstrel, menstrell, menstrelle, minestral, minestrale, ministral, ministrele, minsterel, minstrale, minstrall, minstralle, minstrel, minstrelle, munstral, munstrel, munstrell, mynestral, mynistralle, mynsterel, mynstraell, mynstral, mynstrale, mynstrall, mynstralle, mynstrel, mynstrell, mynstrelle, mynystral, mynystrel, mynystrell",
        "otherforms": "1"
      },
      "expansion": "[and other forms]",
      "name": "nb..."
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "xno",
        "3": "menestrel"
      },
      "expansion": "Anglo-Norman menestrel",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "fro",
        "3": "menestrel",
        "t": "artisan; servant; itinerant musician or poet; worker"
      },
      "expansion": "Old French menestrel (“artisan; servant; itinerant musician or poet; worker”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fr",
        "2": "ménestrel",
        "t": "minstrel"
      },
      "expansion": "French ménestrel (“minstrel”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "LL.",
        "3": "ministerialis",
        "t": "official or retainer owing household and military service to a feudal lord, a ministerial or ministerialis"
      },
      "expansion": "Late Latin ministerialis (“official or retainer owing household and military service to a feudal lord, a ministerial or ministerialis”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "la",
        "3": "ministerium",
        "t": "employment, ministration; office of a minister, ministry; action or attendance by an inferior person such as a slave, service"
      },
      "expansion": "Latin ministerium (“employment, ministration; office of a minister, ministry; action or attendance by an inferior person such as a slave, service”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "suffix"
      },
      "expansion": "suffix",
      "name": "glossary"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "adjective"
      },
      "expansion": "adjective",
      "name": "glossary"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "-ālis",
        "pos": "suffix forming adjectives"
      },
      "expansion": "-ālis (suffix forming adjectives)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "",
        "3": "Ministerium"
      },
      "expansion": "Ministerium",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "minister",
        "t": "accomplice; agent; aide; attendant; servant; waiter"
      },
      "expansion": "minister (“accomplice; agent; aide; attendant; servant; waiter”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*mey-",
        "t": "little, small"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *mey- (“little, small”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ine-pro",
        "2": "*-teros",
        "pos": "contrastive or oppositional suffix forming adjectives"
      },
      "expansion": "*-teros (contrastive or oppositional suffix forming adjectives)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "abstract noun"
      },
      "expansion": "abstract noun",
      "name": "glossary"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "-ium",
        "pos": "suffix forming abstract nouns"
      },
      "expansion": "-ium (suffix forming abstract nouns)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ministerial",
        "3": "ministerialis"
      },
      "expansion": "Doublet of ministerial and ministerialis",
      "name": "doublet"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "verb"
      },
      "expansion": "verb",
      "name": "glossary"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "The noun is derived from Middle English minstral, menestrel (“actor; juggler; mime; musician; singer; storyteller; (military) soldier playing a horn or trumpet as a signal”) [and other forms], from Anglo-Norman menestrel [and other forms] and Old French menestrel (“artisan; servant; itinerant musician or poet; worker”) [and other forms] (modern French ménestrel (“minstrel”)), from Late Latin ministerialis (“official or retainer owing household and military service to a feudal lord, a ministerial or ministerialis”), from Latin ministerium (“employment, ministration; office of a minister, ministry; action or attendance by an inferior person such as a slave, service”) + -ālis (suffix forming adjectives). Ministerium is derived from minister (“accomplice; agent; aide; attendant; servant; waiter”) (probably ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *mey- (“little, small”) + *-teros (contrastive or oppositional suffix forming adjectives)) + -ium (suffix forming abstract nouns). Doublet of ministerial and ministerialis.\nThe verb is derived from the noun.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "minstrels",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "minstreling",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "minstrelling",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "minstreled",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "minstreled",
      "tags": [
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "minstrelled",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "minstrelled",
      "tags": [
        "past"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "past2": "minstrelled",
        "pres_ptc2": "minstrelling"
      },
      "expansion": "minstrel (third-person singular simple present minstrels, present participle minstreling or minstrelling, simple past and past participle minstreled or minstrelled)",
      "name": "en-verb"
    }
  ],
  "hyphenation": [
    "mins‧trel"
  ],
  "lang": "English",
  "lang_code": "en",
  "pos": "verb",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "English terms with quotations",
        "English transitive verbs"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "ref": "1858, J[ohn] F[razer] Corkan, An Hour Ago: Or Time in Dreamland. A Mystery, London: Longman, Brown, Green, Longmans, & Roberts, →OCLC, page 93",
          "text": "Blest be the impulse which did urge me forth, / Minstrelling winds with music, which did melt / Into kind ears like softly opening showers, / To those who asked if beggar wanted bread.",
          "type": "quotation"
        },
        {
          "ref": "1896, M[atthew] P[hipps] Shiel, “Part II—Shape III: Phorfor”, in Shapes in the Fire: Being a Mid-winter-night’s Entertainment in Two Parts and an Interlude (The Keynotes Series; 29), London: John Lane, […]; Boston, Mass.: Roberts Bros., →OCLC, page 276",
          "text": "And instantly from the depts of the black recesses behind the reredos of the altar there slid like slanting light-rays through the air a little creature, a tenuous grey bird, an embodied breeze, a flash of life. It settled, still minstreling its luted sibboleth, to a fluttering rest in the panting bosom of Areta.",
          "type": "quotation"
        },
        {
          "ref": "1997 spring–summer, Peter Hudson, “Editor’s Note: In the Country of the Snow Blind”, in West Coast Line: A Journal of Contemporary Writing and Criticism, volume 31, number 1, Burnaby, B.C.: Department of English, Simon Fraser University, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 5; quoted in George Elliott Clarke, “Embarkation: Discovering Africa-Canadian Literature”, in Odysseys Home: Mapping African-Canadian Literature, Toronto, Ont., Buffalo, N.Y.: University of Toronto Press, 2002, note 5, page 19",
          "text": "[The sense that African Canadians began to appear about the time that Pierre Elliott Trudeau became prime minister of Canada in 1968] has lead [sic] to the perception that black [Canadian] writing, minstreling the pioneer mythologies of survival, simply records the struggle of (West Indian) immigrants against a cold, white, bitterly racist Canada.",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "To play (a tune on a musical instrument); to sing (a song)."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "play",
          "play#Verb"
        ],
        [
          "tune",
          "tune#Noun"
        ],
        [
          "musical instrument",
          "musical instrument"
        ],
        [
          "sing",
          "sing#Verb"
        ],
        [
          "song",
          "song"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(transitive) To play (a tune on a musical instrument); to sing (a song)."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "also",
        "figuratively",
        "transitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "English intransitive verbs",
        "English terms with quotations"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "ref": "1830, Anacreon, “Ode V. On the Rose.”, in T. W. C. Edwards, transl., Τα του Ανακρεοντος του Τηιου Μελη = The Odes of Anacreon the Teian Bard, Literally Translated into English Prose; […], London: […] [J. M‘Gowan and Son] for W. Simpkin and R. Marshall, […], →OCLC, page 22",
          "text": "Crown me, therefore,—and minstrelling near to thy fanes, Bacchus, thickly-adorned with rosy chaplets will I dance with a full-bosomed maid.",
          "type": "quotation"
        },
        {
          "ref": "1872 March 26, Peter Barrow, “Correspondence. Lightening Ships over Yenicalee Bar.”, in The Nautical Magazine. A Journal of Papers on Subjects Connected with Maritime Affairs, volume XLI (New Series), London: Simpkin, Marshall and Co. […]; and J. D. Potter, […], published June 1872, →OCLC, page 492",
          "text": "[T]here are hotels in Kertch, the keepers of which bring over a band of musicians, singing men and singing women, especially the latter, every year for the amusement of [ship] masters, who, […] lavishly distribute bottles of champagne, and other delicacies, to these minstreling angels—women, and pay away their roubles as if they were coppers.",
          "type": "quotation"
        },
        {
          "ref": "1921, Al Jennings, “Methods of O. Henry; His Promotion; the Singing of Sally Castleton; O. Henry’s Indifference; the Explanation”, in Through the Shadows with O. Henry, New York, N.Y.: The H. K. Fly Company, →OCLC, page 185",
          "text": "[T]he three of us will set forth from this fortress of mighty stone and like troubadours of old we will go a-minstreling from village to village!",
          "type": "quotation"
        },
        {
          "ref": "2012, Paul Doherty, “The Physician’s Tale”, in The Midnight Man: The Physician’s Tale of Mystery and Murder as He Goes on a Pilgrimage from London to Canterbury, Sutton, Surrey: Crème de la Crime, Severn House Publishers, part 5, page 138",
          "text": "Cutwolf was not just acting the troubadour, the jongleur, the travelling minstrel, he was also Beauchamp's spy. […] Once he'd finished minstrelling, he would invite others to make their contribution about life along the alleyways of Dowgate and the surrounding wards. Everyone was eager to participate and, in anticipation during the day, garner as much tittle-tattle and gossip as possible.",
          "type": "quotation"
        },
        {
          "ref": "2015, Vincent Giroud, “The Rasputin Years”, in Nicolas Nabokov: A Life in Freedom and Music, Oxford, Oxfordshire, New York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press",
          "text": "But to come to a sick world like Burma, as a meteoric Kulturträger [culture carrier], minstrelling about the advantages of freedom over slavery, is an imposture, a Schweinerei, [disgrace] with Germanic overtones.",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "To act as a minstrel; to entertain by playing a musical instrument, singing, etc."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "act",
          "act#Verb"
        ],
        [
          "minstrel",
          "minstrel#Noun"
        ],
        [
          "entertain",
          "entertain"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(intransitive) To act as a minstrel; to entertain by playing a musical instrument, singing, etc."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "also",
        "figuratively",
        "intransitive"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈmɪnstɹ(ə)l/",
      "tags": [
        "General-American",
        "Received-Pronunciation"
      ]
    },
    {
      "audio": "En-us-minstrel.ogg",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e2/En-us-minstrel.ogg/En-us-minstrel.ogg.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/En-us-minstrel.ogg",
      "tags": [
        "General-American"
      ],
      "text": "Audio (GA)"
    }
  ],
  "word": "minstrel"
}

{
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "loanword",
        "2": "Borrowed"
      },
      "expansion": "Borrowed",
      "name": "glossary"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "pl",
        "2": "en",
        "3": "minstrel",
        "4": "",
        "5": "",
        "g": "",
        "g2": "",
        "g3": "",
        "id": "",
        "lit": "",
        "nocat": "",
        "pos": "",
        "sc": "",
        "sort": "",
        "tr": "",
        "ts": ""
      },
      "expansion": "English minstrel",
      "name": "bor"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "pl",
        "2": "en",
        "3": "minstrel"
      },
      "expansion": "Borrowed from English minstrel",
      "name": "bor+"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "pl",
        "2": "fro",
        "3": "menestral"
      },
      "expansion": "Old French menestral",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "pl",
        "2": "la",
        "3": "ministeriālis"
      },
      "expansion": "Latin ministeriālis",
      "name": "der"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Borrowed from English minstrel, from Old French menestral, from Latin ministeriālis.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "pl-decl-noun\n",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "minstrel",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "minstrele",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "minstrela",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "minstreli",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "minstrelów",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "minstrelowi",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "minstrelom",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "minstrela",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "minstreli",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "minstrelów",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "minstrelem",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "minstrelami",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "minstrelu",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "locative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "minstrelach",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "locative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "minstrelu",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "singular",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "minstrele",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "vocative"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "m-pr"
      },
      "expansion": "minstrel m pers",
      "name": "pl-noun"
    }
  ],
  "hyphenation": [
    "min‧strel"
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "minstrel",
        "10": "minstrelami",
        "11": "minstrelu",
        "12": "minstrelach",
        "13": "minstrelu",
        "14": "minstrele",
        "2": "minstrele",
        "3": "minstrela",
        "4": "minstreli/minstrelów",
        "5": "minstrelowi",
        "6": "minstrelom",
        "7": "minstrela",
        "8": "minstreli/minstrelów",
        "9": "minstrelem"
      },
      "name": "pl-decl-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Polish",
  "lang_code": "pl",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "Polish 2-syllable words",
        "Polish entries with incorrect language header",
        "Polish lemmas",
        "Polish links with manual fragments",
        "Polish links with redundant alt parameters",
        "Polish links with redundant wikilinks",
        "Polish masculine nouns",
        "Polish nouns",
        "Polish personal nouns",
        "Polish terms borrowed from English",
        "Polish terms derived from English",
        "Polish terms derived from Latin",
        "Polish terms derived from Old French",
        "Polish terms with IPA pronunciation",
        "Polish terms with historical senses",
        "Rhymes:Polish/instrɛl",
        "Rhymes:Polish/instrɛl/2 syllables",
        "pl:Male people",
        "pl:Musicians"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "minstrel (medieval traveling entertainer)"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "minstrel",
          "minstrel#English"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(historical) minstrel (medieval traveling entertainer)"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "historical",
        "masculine",
        "person"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈmin.strɛl/"
    },
    {
      "rhymes": "-instrɛl"
    }
  ],
  "word": "minstrel"
}

This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-05-03 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-05-02 using wiktextract (f4fd8c9 and c9440ce). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.