See hoodlum on Wiktionary
{ "etymology_templates": [ { "args": { "1": "en", "2": "swg", "3": "hudelum", "4": "", "5": "disorderly" }, "expansion": "Swabian hudelum (“disorderly”)", "name": "der" }, { "args": { "1": "en", "2": "bar", "3": "Haderlump", "4": "", "5": "ragamuffin" }, "expansion": "Bavarian Haderlump (“ragamuffin”)", "name": "der" } ], "etymology_text": "First attested in a December 1866 Daily Alta California article, which mentions \"the 'Hoodlum Gang' of juvenile thieves\". Several possible origins have been proposed. It may derive from a Germanic word like Swabian hudelum (“disorderly”) or Bavarian Haderlump (“ragamuffin”).\nHerbert Asbury's book The Barbary Coast: An Informal History of the San Francisco Underworld (1933, A. A. Knopf, New York) says the word originated in San Francisco from a particular street gang's call to unemployed Irishmen to \"huddle 'em\" (to beat up Chinese migrants), after which San Francisco newspapers took to calling street gangs \"hoodlums\".", "forms": [ { "form": "hoodlums", "tags": [ "plural" ] } ], "head_templates": [ { "args": {}, "expansion": "hoodlum (plural hoodlums)", "name": "en-noun" } ], "hyphenation": [ "hood‧lum" ], "lang": "English", "lang_code": "en", "pos": "noun", "senses": [ { "categories": [ { "_dis": "92 8", "kind": "other", "name": "English entries with incorrect language header", "parents": [ "Entries with incorrect language header", "Entry maintenance" ], "source": "w+disamb" }, { "_dis": "83 17", "kind": "other", "name": "Entries with translation boxes", "parents": [], "source": "w+disamb" }, { "_dis": "86 14", "kind": "other", "name": "Pages with 1 entry", "parents": [], "source": "w+disamb" }, { "_dis": "92 8", "kind": "other", "name": "Pages with 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Sotho translations", "parents": [], "source": "w+disamb" }, { "_dis": "91 9", "kind": "other", "name": "Terms with Spanish translations", "parents": [], "source": "w+disamb" }, { "_dis": "47 53", "kind": "topical", "langcode": "en", "name": "People", "orig": "en:People", "parents": [ "Human", "All topics", "Fundamental" ], "source": "w+disamb" } ], "examples": [ { "ref": "2021 February 9, Christina Newland, “Is Tom Hanks part of a dying breed of genuine movie stars?”, in BBC:", "text": "In Sam Mendes's excellent gangster movie Road to Perdition (2002), he tested the boundaries further playing a hitman – but while we know he's a killer, we never really see him go full-pelt hoodlum.", "type": "quote" } ], "glosses": [ "A gangster; a hired thug." ], "id": "en-hoodlum-en-noun-ACx9olUF", "links": [ [ "gangster", "gangster" ], [ "hired", "hired" ], [ "thug", "thug" ] ], "synonyms": [ { "word": "criminal" } ], "translations": [ { "_dis1": "97 3", "code": "af", "lang": "Afrikaans", "sense": "a gangster; a hired thug", "word": "rampokker" }, { "_dis1": "97 3", "code": "bg", "lang": "Bulgarian", "roman": "gángster", "sense": "a gangster; a hired thug", "tags": [ "masculine" ], "word": "га́нгстер" }, { "_dis1": "97 3", "code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "a gangster; a hired thug", "word": "gangsteri" }, { "_dis1": "97 3", "code": "fr", "lang": "French", "sense": "a gangster; a hired thug", "tags": [ "masculine" ], "word": "bandit" }, { "_dis1": "97 3", "code": "de", "lang": "German", "sense": "a gangster; a hired thug", "tags": [ "masculine" ], "word": "Schläger" }, { "_dis1": "97 3", "code": "de", "lang": "German", "sense": "a gangster; a hired thug", "tags": [ "masculine" ], "word": "Ganove" }, { "_dis1": "97 3", "code": "de", "lang": "German", "sense": "a gangster; a hired thug", "tags": [ "masculine" ], "word": "Gangster" }, { "_dis1": "97 3", "code": "de", "lang": "German", "sense": "a gangster; a hired thug", "tags": [ "masculine" ], "word": "Bandit" }, { "_dis1": "97 3", "code": "km", "lang": "Khmer", "roman": "yuu koung", "sense": "a gangster; a hired thug", "word": "យូកូង" }, { "_dis1": "97 3", "code": "la", "lang": "Latin", "sense": "a gangster; a hired thug", "tags": [ "masculine" ], "word": "grassātor" }, { "_dis1": "97 3", "code": "mk", "lang": "Macedonian", "roman": "bandít", "sense": "a gangster; a hired thug", "tags": [ "masculine" ], "word": "банди́т" }, { "_dis1": "97 3", "code": "mk", "lang": "Macedonian", "roman": "bandítka", "sense": "a gangster; a hired thug", "tags": [ "feminine" ], "word": "банди́тка" }, { "_dis1": "97 3", "code": "pl", "lang": "Polish", "sense": "a gangster; a hired thug", "tags": [ "masculine" ], "word": "gangster" }, { "_dis1": "97 3", "code": "pl", "lang": "Polish", "sense": "a gangster; a hired thug", "tags": [ "masculine" ], "word": "bandyta" }, { "_dis1": "97 3", "code": "pt", "lang": "Portuguese", "sense": "a gangster; a hired thug", "tags": [ "masculine" ], "word": "jagunço" }, { "_dis1": "97 3", "code": "ru", "lang": "Russian", "roman": "bandít", "sense": "a gangster; a hired thug", "tags": [ "masculine" ], "word": "банди́т" }, { "_dis1": "97 3", "code": "ru", "lang": "Russian", "roman": "bandítka", "sense": "a gangster; a hired thug", "tags": [ "feminine" ], "word": "банди́тка" }, { "_dis1": "97 3", "code": "st", "lang": "Sotho", "sense": "a gangster; a hired thug", "word": "tsotsi" }, { "_dis1": "97 3", "code": "es", "lang": "Spanish", "sense": "a gangster; a hired thug", "tags": [ "masculine" ], "word": "matón" }, { "_dis1": "97 3", "code": "es", "lang": "Spanish", "sense": "a gangster; a hired thug", "tags": [ "masculine" ], "word": "bandido" }, { "_dis1": "97 3", "code": "es", "lang": "Spanish", "sense": "a gangster; a hired thug", "tags": [ "masculine" ], "word": "pandillero" } ] }, { "categories": [ { "_dis": "47 53", "kind": "topical", "langcode": "en", "name": "People", "orig": "en:People", "parents": [ "Human", "All topics", "Fundamental" ], "source": "w+disamb" } ], "glosses": [ "A rough or violent youth." ], "id": "en-hoodlum-en-noun-ZZCvfLaH", "links": [ [ "rough", "rough" ], [ "violent", "violent" ], [ "youth", "youth" ] ], "synonyms": [ { "word": "troublemaker" } ], "translations": [ { "_dis1": "3 97", "code": "bg", "lang": "Bulgarian", "roman": "huligán", "sense": "a rough or violent youth", "tags": [ "masculine" ], "word": "хулига́н" }, { "_dis1": "3 97", "code": "ceb", "lang": "Cebuano", "sense": "a rough or violent youth", "word": "bugoy" }, { "_dis1": "3 97", "code": "cmn", "lang": "Chinese Mandarin", "sense": "a rough or violent youth", "word": "阿飛" }, { "_dis1": "3 97", "code": "cmn", "lang": "Chinese Mandarin", "roman": "āfēi", "sense": "a rough or violent youth", "word": "阿飞" }, { "_dis1": "3 97", "code": "cmn", "lang": "Chinese Mandarin", "roman": "liúmáng", "sense": "a rough or violent youth", "word": "流氓" }, { "_dis1": "3 97", "code": "cmn", "lang": "Chinese Mandarin", "roman": "dǎitú", "sense": "a rough or violent youth", "word": "歹徒" }, { "_dis1": "3 97", "code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "a rough or violent youth", "word": "hulttio" }, { "_dis1": "3 97", "code": "fr", "lang": "French", "sense": "a rough or violent youth", "tags": [ "masculine" ], "word": "voyou" }, { "_dis1": "3 97", "code": "de", "lang": "German", "sense": "a rough or violent youth", "tags": [ "masculine" ], "word": "Ganove" }, { "_dis1": "3 97", "code": "de", "lang": "German", "sense": "a rough or violent youth", "tags": [ "masculine" ], "word": "Halbstarker" }, { "_dis1": "3 97", "code": "de", "lang": "German", "sense": "a rough or violent youth", "tags": [ "masculine" ], "word": "Rowdy" }, { "_dis1": "3 97", "code": "de", "lang": "German", "sense": "a rough or violent youth", "tags": [ "masculine" ], "word": "Schlägertyp" }, { "_dis1": "3 97", "code": "hi", "lang": "Hindi", "roman": "guṇḍā", "sense": "a rough or violent youth", "tags": [ "masculine" ], "word": "गुंडा" }, { "_dis1": "3 97", "code": "ja", "lang": "Japanese", "roman": "chinpira", "sense": "a rough or violent youth", "word": "チンピラ" }, { "_dis1": "3 97", "alt": "よたもの", "code": "ja", "lang": "Japanese", "roman": "yotamono", "sense": "a rough or violent youth", "word": "与太者" }, { "_dis1": "3 97", "code": "la", "lang": "Latin", "sense": "a rough or violent youth", "tags": [ "masculine" ], "word": "grassātor" }, { "_dis1": "3 97", "code": "mk", "lang": "Macedonian", "roman": "huligán", "sense": "a rough or violent youth", "tags": [ "masculine" ], "word": "хулига́н" }, { "_dis1": "3 97", "code": "oc", "lang": "Occitan", "sense": "a rough or violent youth", "tags": [ "masculine" ], "word": "malfaràs" }, { "_dis1": "3 97", "code": "oc", "lang": "Occitan", "sense": "a rough or violent youth", "tags": [ "masculine" ], "word": "gusàs" }, { "_dis1": "3 97", "code": "oc", "lang": "Occitan", "sense": "a rough or violent youth", "tags": [ "masculine" ], "word": "sacamand" }, { "_dis1": "3 97", "code": "pt", "lang": "Portuguese", "sense": "a rough or violent youth", "tags": [ "feminine", "masculine" ], "word": "marginal" }, { "_dis1": "3 97", "code": "ru", "lang": "Russian", "roman": "xuligán", "sense": "a rough or violent youth", "tags": [ "masculine" ], "word": "хулига́н" }, { "_dis1": "3 97", "code": "ru", "lang": "Russian", "roman": "gópnik", "sense": "a rough or violent youth", "tags": [ "masculine" ], "word": "го́пник" }, { "_dis1": "3 97", "code": "ru", "lang": "Russian", "roman": "buján", "sense": "a rough or violent youth", "tags": [ "masculine" ], "word": "буя́н" }, { "_dis1": "3 97", "code": "ru", "lang": "Russian", "roman": "špana", "sense": "a rough or violent youth", "word": "шпана" }, { "_dis1": "3 97", "code": "es", "lang": "Spanish", "sense": "a rough or violent youth", "tags": [ "masculine" ], "word": "matón" } ] } ], "sounds": [ { "ipa": "/ˈhuːdləm/" }, { "ipa": "/ˈhʊdləm/" }, { "audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-hoodlum.wav", "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9e/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-hoodlum.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-hoodlum.wav.mp3", "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9e/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-hoodlum.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-hoodlum.wav.ogg" } ], "word": "hoodlum" }
{ "categories": [ "English countable nouns", "English entries with incorrect language header", "English lemmas", "English nouns", "English terms derived from Bavarian", "English terms derived from Swabian", "Entries with translation boxes", "Pages with 1 entry", "Pages with entries", "Terms with Afrikaans translations", "Terms with Bulgarian translations", "Terms with Cebuano translations", "Terms with Finnish translations", "Terms with French translations", "Terms with German translations", "Terms with Hindi translations", "Terms with Japanese translations", "Terms with Khmer translations", "Terms with Latin translations", "Terms with Macedonian translations", "Terms with Mandarin translations", "Terms with Occitan translations", "Terms with Polish translations", "Terms with Portuguese translations", "Terms with Russian translations", "Terms with Sotho translations", "Terms with Spanish translations", "en:People" ], "etymology_templates": [ { "args": { "1": "en", "2": "swg", "3": "hudelum", "4": "", "5": "disorderly" }, "expansion": "Swabian hudelum (“disorderly”)", "name": "der" }, { "args": { "1": "en", "2": "bar", "3": "Haderlump", "4": "", "5": "ragamuffin" }, "expansion": "Bavarian Haderlump (“ragamuffin”)", "name": "der" } ], "etymology_text": "First attested in a December 1866 Daily Alta California article, which mentions \"the 'Hoodlum Gang' of juvenile thieves\". Several possible origins have been proposed. It may derive from a Germanic word like Swabian hudelum (“disorderly”) or Bavarian Haderlump (“ragamuffin”).\nHerbert Asbury's book The Barbary Coast: An Informal History of the San Francisco Underworld (1933, A. A. Knopf, New York) says the word originated in San Francisco from a particular street gang's call to unemployed Irishmen to \"huddle 'em\" (to beat up Chinese migrants), after which San Francisco newspapers took to calling street gangs \"hoodlums\".", "forms": [ { "form": "hoodlums", "tags": [ "plural" ] } ], "head_templates": [ { "args": {}, "expansion": "hoodlum (plural hoodlums)", "name": "en-noun" } ], "hyphenation": [ "hood‧lum" ], "lang": "English", "lang_code": "en", "pos": "noun", "senses": [ { "categories": [ "English terms with quotations" ], "examples": [ { "ref": "2021 February 9, Christina Newland, “Is Tom Hanks part of a dying breed of genuine movie stars?”, in BBC:", "text": "In Sam Mendes's excellent gangster movie Road to Perdition (2002), he tested the boundaries further playing a hitman – but while we know he's a killer, we never really see him go full-pelt hoodlum.", "type": "quote" } ], "glosses": [ "A gangster; a hired thug." ], "links": [ [ "gangster", "gangster" ], [ "hired", "hired" ], [ "thug", "thug" ] ], "synonyms": [ { "word": "criminal" } ] }, { "glosses": [ "A rough or violent youth." ], "links": [ [ "rough", "rough" ], [ "violent", "violent" ], [ "youth", "youth" ] ], "synonyms": [ { "word": "troublemaker" } ] } ], "sounds": [ { "ipa": "/ˈhuːdləm/" }, { "ipa": "/ˈhʊdləm/" }, { "audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-hoodlum.wav", "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9e/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-hoodlum.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-hoodlum.wav.mp3", "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9e/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-hoodlum.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-hoodlum.wav.ogg" } ], "translations": [ { "code": "af", "lang": "Afrikaans", "sense": "a gangster; a hired thug", "word": "rampokker" }, { "code": "bg", "lang": "Bulgarian", "roman": "gángster", "sense": "a gangster; a hired thug", "tags": [ "masculine" ], "word": "га́нгстер" }, { "code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "a gangster; a hired thug", "word": "gangsteri" }, { "code": "fr", "lang": "French", "sense": "a gangster; a hired thug", "tags": [ "masculine" ], "word": "bandit" }, { "code": "de", "lang": "German", "sense": "a gangster; a hired thug", "tags": [ "masculine" ], "word": "Schläger" }, { "code": "de", "lang": "German", "sense": "a gangster; a hired thug", "tags": [ "masculine" ], "word": "Ganove" }, { "code": "de", "lang": "German", "sense": "a gangster; a hired thug", "tags": [ "masculine" ], "word": "Gangster" }, { "code": "de", "lang": "German", "sense": "a gangster; a hired thug", "tags": [ "masculine" ], "word": "Bandit" }, { "code": "km", "lang": "Khmer", "roman": "yuu koung", "sense": "a gangster; a hired thug", "word": "យូកូង" }, { "code": "la", "lang": "Latin", "sense": "a gangster; a hired thug", "tags": [ "masculine" ], "word": "grassātor" }, { "code": "mk", "lang": "Macedonian", "roman": "bandít", "sense": "a gangster; a hired thug", "tags": [ "masculine" ], "word": "банди́т" }, { "code": "mk", "lang": "Macedonian", "roman": "bandítka", "sense": "a gangster; a hired thug", "tags": [ "feminine" ], "word": "банди́тка" }, { "code": "pl", "lang": "Polish", "sense": "a gangster; a hired thug", "tags": [ "masculine" ], "word": "gangster" }, { "code": "pl", "lang": "Polish", "sense": "a gangster; a hired thug", "tags": [ "masculine" ], "word": "bandyta" }, { "code": "pt", "lang": "Portuguese", "sense": "a gangster; a hired thug", "tags": [ "masculine" ], "word": "jagunço" }, { "code": "ru", "lang": "Russian", "roman": "bandít", "sense": "a gangster; a hired thug", "tags": [ "masculine" ], "word": "банди́т" }, { "code": "ru", "lang": "Russian", "roman": "bandítka", "sense": "a gangster; a hired thug", "tags": [ "feminine" ], "word": "банди́тка" }, { "code": "st", "lang": "Sotho", "sense": "a gangster; a hired thug", "word": "tsotsi" }, { "code": "es", "lang": "Spanish", "sense": "a gangster; a hired thug", "tags": [ "masculine" ], "word": "matón" }, { "code": "es", "lang": "Spanish", "sense": "a gangster; a hired thug", "tags": [ "masculine" ], "word": "bandido" }, { "code": "es", "lang": "Spanish", "sense": "a gangster; a hired thug", "tags": [ "masculine" ], "word": "pandillero" }, { "code": "bg", "lang": "Bulgarian", "roman": "huligán", "sense": "a rough or violent youth", "tags": [ "masculine" ], "word": "хулига́н" }, { "code": "ceb", "lang": "Cebuano", "sense": "a rough or violent youth", "word": "bugoy" }, { "code": "cmn", "lang": "Chinese Mandarin", "sense": "a rough or violent youth", "word": "阿飛" }, { "code": "cmn", "lang": "Chinese Mandarin", "roman": "āfēi", "sense": "a rough or violent youth", "word": "阿飞" }, { "code": "cmn", "lang": "Chinese Mandarin", "roman": "liúmáng", "sense": "a rough or violent youth", "word": "流氓" }, { "code": "cmn", "lang": "Chinese Mandarin", "roman": "dǎitú", "sense": "a rough or violent youth", "word": "歹徒" }, { "code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "a rough or violent youth", "word": "hulttio" }, { "code": "fr", "lang": "French", "sense": "a rough or violent youth", "tags": [ "masculine" ], "word": "voyou" }, { "code": "de", "lang": "German", "sense": "a rough or violent youth", "tags": [ "masculine" ], "word": "Ganove" }, { "code": "de", "lang": "German", "sense": "a rough or violent youth", "tags": [ "masculine" ], "word": "Halbstarker" }, { "code": "de", "lang": "German", "sense": "a rough or violent youth", "tags": [ "masculine" ], "word": "Rowdy" }, { "code": "de", "lang": "German", "sense": "a rough or violent youth", "tags": [ "masculine" ], "word": "Schlägertyp" }, { "code": "hi", "lang": "Hindi", "roman": "guṇḍā", "sense": "a rough or violent youth", "tags": [ "masculine" ], "word": "गुंडा" }, { "code": "ja", "lang": "Japanese", "roman": "chinpira", "sense": "a rough or violent youth", "word": "チンピラ" }, { "alt": "よたもの", "code": "ja", "lang": "Japanese", "roman": "yotamono", "sense": "a rough or violent youth", "word": "与太者" }, { "code": "la", "lang": "Latin", "sense": "a rough or violent youth", "tags": [ "masculine" ], "word": "grassātor" }, { "code": "mk", "lang": "Macedonian", "roman": "huligán", "sense": "a rough or violent youth", "tags": [ "masculine" ], "word": "хулига́н" }, { "code": "oc", "lang": "Occitan", "sense": "a rough or violent youth", "tags": [ "masculine" ], "word": "malfaràs" }, { "code": "oc", "lang": "Occitan", "sense": "a rough or violent youth", "tags": [ "masculine" ], "word": "gusàs" }, { "code": "oc", "lang": "Occitan", "sense": "a rough or violent youth", "tags": [ "masculine" ], "word": "sacamand" }, { "code": "pt", "lang": "Portuguese", "sense": "a rough or violent youth", "tags": [ "feminine", "masculine" ], "word": "marginal" }, { "code": "ru", "lang": "Russian", "roman": "xuligán", "sense": "a rough or violent youth", "tags": [ "masculine" ], "word": "хулига́н" }, { "code": "ru", "lang": "Russian", "roman": "gópnik", "sense": "a rough or violent youth", "tags": [ "masculine" ], "word": "го́пник" }, { "code": "ru", "lang": "Russian", "roman": "buján", "sense": "a rough or violent youth", "tags": [ "masculine" ], "word": "буя́н" }, { "code": "ru", "lang": "Russian", "roman": "špana", "sense": "a rough or violent youth", "word": "шпана" }, { "code": "es", "lang": "Spanish", "sense": "a rough or violent youth", "tags": [ "masculine" ], "word": "matón" } ], "word": "hoodlum" }
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This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-11-06 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-10-02 using wiktextract (fbeafe8 and 7f03c9b). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
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