See hoodlum on Wiktionary
Download JSON data for hoodlum meaning in All languages combined (9.6kB)
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "swg",
"3": "hudelum",
"4": "",
"5": "disorderly"
},
"expansion": "Swabian hudelum (“disorderly”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "bar",
"3": "Haderlump",
"4": "",
"5": "ragamuffin"
},
"expansion": "Bavarian Haderlump (“ragamuffin”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "huddle"
},
"expansion": "huddle",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "'em"
},
"expansion": "'em",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "First attested in a December 1866 Daily Alta California article, which mentions \"the 'Hoodlum Gang' of juvenile thieves\". Several possible origins have been proposed. It may derive from a Germanic word like Swabian hudelum (“disorderly”) or Bavarian Haderlump (“ragamuffin”).\nHerbert Asbury's book The Barbary Coast: An Informal History of the San Francisco Underworld (1933, A. A. Knopf, New York) says the word originated in San Francisco from a particular street gang's call to unemployed Irishmen to \"huddle 'em\" (to beat up Chinese migrants), after which San Francisco newspapers took to calling street gangs \"hoodlums\".",
"forms": [
{
"form": "hoodlums",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "hoodlum (plural hoodlums)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"hood‧lum"
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "91 9",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "91 9",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"parents": [
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"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "47 53",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "People",
"orig": "en:People",
"parents": [
"Human",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "2021 February 9, Christina Newland, “Is Tom Hanks part of a dying breed of genuine movie stars?”, in BBC",
"text": "In Sam Mendes's excellent gangster movie Road to Perdition (2002), he tested the boundaries further playing a hitman – but while we know he's a killer, we never really see him go full-pelt hoodlum.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A gangster; a hired thug."
],
"id": "en-hoodlum-en-noun-ACx9olUF",
"links": [
[
"gangster",
"gangster"
],
[
"hired",
"hired"
],
[
"thug",
"thug"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "criminal"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "97 3",
"code": "af",
"lang": "Afrikaans",
"sense": "a gangster; a hired thug",
"word": "rampokker"
},
{
"_dis1": "97 3",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "gángster",
"sense": "a gangster; a hired thug",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "га́нгстер"
},
{
"_dis1": "97 3",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "a gangster; a hired thug",
"word": "gangsteri"
},
{
"_dis1": "97 3",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "a gangster; a hired thug",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "bandit"
},
{
"_dis1": "97 3",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "a gangster; a hired thug",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "Schläger"
},
{
"_dis1": "97 3",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "a gangster; a hired thug",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "Ganove"
},
{
"_dis1": "97 3",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "a gangster; a hired thug",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "Gangster"
},
{
"_dis1": "97 3",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "a gangster; a hired thug",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "Bandit"
},
{
"_dis1": "97 3",
"code": "km",
"lang": "Khmer",
"roman": "yuu koung",
"sense": "a gangster; a hired thug",
"word": "យូកូង"
},
{
"_dis1": "97 3",
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "a gangster; a hired thug",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "grassātor"
},
{
"_dis1": "97 3",
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"roman": "bandít",
"sense": "a gangster; a hired thug",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "банди́т"
},
{
"_dis1": "97 3",
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"roman": "bandítka",
"sense": "a gangster; a hired thug",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "банди́тка"
},
{
"_dis1": "97 3",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "a gangster; a hired thug",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "gangster"
},
{
"_dis1": "97 3",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "a gangster; a hired thug",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "bandyta"
},
{
"_dis1": "97 3",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "a gangster; a hired thug",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "jagunço"
},
{
"_dis1": "97 3",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "bandít",
"sense": "a gangster; a hired thug",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "банди́т"
},
{
"_dis1": "97 3",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "bandítka",
"sense": "a gangster; a hired thug",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "банди́тка"
},
{
"_dis1": "97 3",
"code": "st",
"lang": "Sotho",
"sense": "a gangster; a hired thug",
"word": "tsotsi"
},
{
"_dis1": "97 3",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "a gangster; a hired thug",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "matón"
},
{
"_dis1": "97 3",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "a gangster; a hired thug",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "bandido"
},
{
"_dis1": "97 3",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "a gangster; a hired thug",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "pandillero"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "47 53",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "People",
"orig": "en:People",
"parents": [
"Human",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A rough or violent youth."
],
"id": "en-hoodlum-en-noun-ZZCvfLaH",
"links": [
[
"rough",
"rough"
],
[
"violent",
"violent"
],
[
"youth",
"youth"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "troublemaker"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "3 97",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "huligán",
"sense": "a rough or violent youth",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "хулига́н"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 97",
"code": "ceb",
"lang": "Cebuano",
"sense": "a rough or violent youth",
"word": "bugoy"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 97",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "a rough or violent youth",
"word": "阿飛"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 97",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "āfēi",
"sense": "a rough or violent youth",
"word": "阿飞"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 97",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "liúmáng",
"sense": "a rough or violent youth",
"word": "流氓"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 97",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "dǎitú",
"sense": "a rough or violent youth",
"word": "歹徒"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 97",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "a rough or violent youth",
"word": "hulttio"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 97",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "a rough or violent youth",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "voyou"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 97",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "a rough or violent youth",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "Ganove"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 97",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "a rough or violent youth",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "Halbstarker"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 97",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "a rough or violent youth",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "Rowdy"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 97",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "a rough or violent youth",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "Schlägertyp"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 97",
"code": "hi",
"lang": "Hindi",
"roman": "guṇḍā",
"sense": "a rough or violent youth",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "गुंडा"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 97",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "chinpira",
"sense": "a rough or violent youth",
"word": "チンピラ"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 97",
"alt": "よたもの",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "yotamono",
"sense": "a rough or violent youth",
"word": "与太者"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 97",
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "a rough or violent youth",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "grassātor"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 97",
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"roman": "huligán",
"sense": "a rough or violent youth",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "хулига́н"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 97",
"code": "oc",
"lang": "Occitan",
"sense": "a rough or violent youth",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "malfaràs"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 97",
"code": "oc",
"lang": "Occitan",
"sense": "a rough or violent youth",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "gusàs"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 97",
"code": "oc",
"lang": "Occitan",
"sense": "a rough or violent youth",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "sacamand"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 97",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "a rough or violent youth",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine"
],
"word": "marginal"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 97",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "xuligán",
"sense": "a rough or violent youth",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "хулига́н"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 97",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "gópnik",
"sense": "a rough or violent youth",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "го́пник"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 97",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "buján",
"sense": "a rough or violent youth",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "буя́н"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 97",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "špana",
"sense": "a rough or violent youth",
"word": "шпана"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 97",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "a rough or violent youth",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "matón"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈhuːdləm/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈhʊdləm/"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-hoodlum.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9e/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-hoodlum.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-hoodlum.wav.mp3",
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"tags": [
"Southern-England"
],
"text": "Audio (Southern England)"
}
],
"word": "hoodlum"
}
{
"categories": [
"English 2-syllable words",
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms derived from Bavarian",
"English terms derived from Swabian",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"English terms with audio links",
"en:People"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "swg",
"3": "hudelum",
"4": "",
"5": "disorderly"
},
"expansion": "Swabian hudelum (“disorderly”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "bar",
"3": "Haderlump",
"4": "",
"5": "ragamuffin"
},
"expansion": "Bavarian Haderlump (“ragamuffin”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "huddle"
},
"expansion": "huddle",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "'em"
},
"expansion": "'em",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "First attested in a December 1866 Daily Alta California article, which mentions \"the 'Hoodlum Gang' of juvenile thieves\". Several possible origins have been proposed. It may derive from a Germanic word like Swabian hudelum (“disorderly”) or Bavarian Haderlump (“ragamuffin”).\nHerbert Asbury's book The Barbary Coast: An Informal History of the San Francisco Underworld (1933, A. A. Knopf, New York) says the word originated in San Francisco from a particular street gang's call to unemployed Irishmen to \"huddle 'em\" (to beat up Chinese migrants), after which San Francisco newspapers took to calling street gangs \"hoodlums\".",
"forms": [
{
"form": "hoodlums",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "hoodlum (plural hoodlums)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"hood‧lum"
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "2021 February 9, Christina Newland, “Is Tom Hanks part of a dying breed of genuine movie stars?”, in BBC",
"text": "In Sam Mendes's excellent gangster movie Road to Perdition (2002), he tested the boundaries further playing a hitman – but while we know he's a killer, we never really see him go full-pelt hoodlum.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A gangster; a hired thug."
],
"links": [
[
"gangster",
"gangster"
],
[
"hired",
"hired"
],
[
"thug",
"thug"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "criminal"
}
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"A rough or violent youth."
],
"links": [
[
"rough",
"rough"
],
[
"violent",
"violent"
],
[
"youth",
"youth"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "troublemaker"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈhuːdləm/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈhʊdləm/"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-hoodlum.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9e/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-hoodlum.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-hoodlum.wav.mp3",
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"tags": [
"Southern-England"
],
"text": "Audio (Southern England)"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "af",
"lang": "Afrikaans",
"sense": "a gangster; a hired thug",
"word": "rampokker"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "gángster",
"sense": "a gangster; a hired thug",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "га́нгстер"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "a gangster; a hired thug",
"word": "gangsteri"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "a gangster; a hired thug",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "bandit"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "a gangster; a hired thug",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "Schläger"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "a gangster; a hired thug",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "Ganove"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "a gangster; a hired thug",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "Gangster"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "a gangster; a hired thug",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "Bandit"
},
{
"code": "km",
"lang": "Khmer",
"roman": "yuu koung",
"sense": "a gangster; a hired thug",
"word": "យូកូង"
},
{
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "a gangster; a hired thug",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "grassātor"
},
{
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"roman": "bandít",
"sense": "a gangster; a hired thug",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "банди́т"
},
{
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"roman": "bandítka",
"sense": "a gangster; a hired thug",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "банди́тка"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "a gangster; a hired thug",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "gangster"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "a gangster; a hired thug",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "bandyta"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "a gangster; a hired thug",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "jagunço"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "bandít",
"sense": "a gangster; a hired thug",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "банди́т"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "bandítka",
"sense": "a gangster; a hired thug",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "банди́тка"
},
{
"code": "st",
"lang": "Sotho",
"sense": "a gangster; a hired thug",
"word": "tsotsi"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "a gangster; a hired thug",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "matón"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "a gangster; a hired thug",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "bandido"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "a gangster; a hired thug",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "pandillero"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "huligán",
"sense": "a rough or violent youth",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "хулига́н"
},
{
"code": "ceb",
"lang": "Cebuano",
"sense": "a rough or violent youth",
"word": "bugoy"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "a rough or violent youth",
"word": "阿飛"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "āfēi",
"sense": "a rough or violent youth",
"word": "阿飞"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "liúmáng",
"sense": "a rough or violent youth",
"word": "流氓"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "dǎitú",
"sense": "a rough or violent youth",
"word": "歹徒"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "a rough or violent youth",
"word": "hulttio"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "a rough or violent youth",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "voyou"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "a rough or violent youth",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "Ganove"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "a rough or violent youth",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "Halbstarker"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "a rough or violent youth",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "Rowdy"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "a rough or violent youth",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "Schlägertyp"
},
{
"code": "hi",
"lang": "Hindi",
"roman": "guṇḍā",
"sense": "a rough or violent youth",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "गुंडा"
},
{
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "chinpira",
"sense": "a rough or violent youth",
"word": "チンピラ"
},
{
"alt": "よたもの",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "yotamono",
"sense": "a rough or violent youth",
"word": "与太者"
},
{
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "a rough or violent youth",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "grassātor"
},
{
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"roman": "huligán",
"sense": "a rough or violent youth",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "хулига́н"
},
{
"code": "oc",
"lang": "Occitan",
"sense": "a rough or violent youth",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "malfaràs"
},
{
"code": "oc",
"lang": "Occitan",
"sense": "a rough or violent youth",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "gusàs"
},
{
"code": "oc",
"lang": "Occitan",
"sense": "a rough or violent youth",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "sacamand"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "a rough or violent youth",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine"
],
"word": "marginal"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "xuligán",
"sense": "a rough or violent youth",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "хулига́н"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "gópnik",
"sense": "a rough or violent youth",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "го́пник"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "buján",
"sense": "a rough or violent youth",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "буя́н"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "špana",
"sense": "a rough or violent youth",
"word": "шпана"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "a rough or violent youth",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "matón"
}
],
"word": "hoodlum"
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-05-18 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-05-02 using wiktextract (1d5a7d1 and 304864d). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.