See fortification on Wiktionary
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "biofortification"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "fortification curtain"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*bʰerǵʰ-",
"4": "*dʰeh₁-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "frm",
"3": "fortification"
},
"expansion": "Middle French fortification",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "LL.",
"3": "fortificatio",
"4": "fortificatio, fortificationem"
},
"expansion": "Late Latin fortificatio, fortificationem",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "fortis"
},
"expansion": "Latin fortis",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fort",
"3": "-ification"
},
"expansion": "By surface analysis, fort + -ification",
"name": "surf"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from Middle French fortification, from Late Latin fortificatio, fortificationem, from fortifico, from Latin fortis. By surface analysis, fort + -ification.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "fortifications",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "~"
},
"expansion": "fortification (countable and uncountable, plural fortifications)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "fortify"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "10 33 21 36",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Ancient Greek translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"The act of fortifying; the art or science of fortifying places to strengthen defence against an enemy."
],
"id": "en-fortification-en-noun-ngg3SpcV",
"links": [
[
"fortifying",
"fortifying"
],
[
"strengthen",
"strengthen"
],
[
"defence",
"defence"
]
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "94 3 2 1",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "ukrepvane",
"sense": "the act of fortifying",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "укрепване"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 3 2 1",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "usilvane",
"sense": "the act of fortifying",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "усилване"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 3 2 1",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "fángyù gōngshì",
"sense": "the act of fortifying",
"word": "防禦工事 /防御工事"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 3 2 1",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "gōngshì",
"sense": "the act of fortifying",
"word": "工事"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 3 2 1",
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "the act of fortifying",
"word": "fortikado"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 3 2 1",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "the act of fortifying",
"word": "linnoittaminen"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 3 2 1",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "the act of fortifying",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "fortification"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 3 2 1",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "the act of fortifying",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "renforcement"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 3 2 1",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "the act of fortifying",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "fortificación"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 3 2 1",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "the act of fortifying",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "Festungsbau"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 3 2 1",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "the act of fortifying",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "Befestigen"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 3 2 1",
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "ochýrosi",
"sense": "the act of fortifying",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "οχύρωση"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 3 2 1",
"code": "grc",
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"roman": "okhúrōsis",
"sense": "the act of fortifying",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "ὀχύρωσις"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 3 2 1",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "the act of fortifying",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "fortificazione"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 3 2 1",
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "the act of fortifying",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "fortificātiō"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 3 2 1",
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "the act of fortifying",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "mūnītiō"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 3 2 1",
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"roman": "utvrdúvanje",
"sense": "the act of fortifying",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "утврду́вање"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 3 2 1",
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"roman": "útvrda",
"sense": "the act of fortifying",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "у́тврда"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 3 2 1",
"code": "ms",
"lang": "Malay",
"sense": "the act of fortifying",
"word": "pengubuan"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 3 2 1",
"code": "nrf",
"lang": "Norman",
"sense": "the act of fortifying",
"tags": [
"Jersey",
"feminine"
],
"word": "fortificâtion"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 3 2 1",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "the act of fortifying",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "fortyfikacja"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 3 2 1",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "the act of fortifying",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "umocnienie"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 3 2 1",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "the act of fortifying",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "fortificação"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 3 2 1",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "the act of fortifying",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "fortificare"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 3 2 1",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "fortifikácija",
"sense": "the act of fortifying",
"word": "фортифика́ция"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 3 2 1",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "ukreplénije",
"sense": "the act of fortifying",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "укрепле́ние"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 3 2 1",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "the act of fortifying",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "fortificación"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 3 2 1",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "the act of fortifying",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "befästning"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 3 2 1",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"raw_tags": [
"of fortification"
],
"sense": "the act of fortifying",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"topics": [
"art",
"arts"
],
"word": "befästningskonst"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "4 46 36 14",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "13 43 27 17",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English terms suffixed with -ification",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "12 46 29 13",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Entries with translation boxes",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "6 52 34 8",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 2 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "6 52 35 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 33 21 36",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Ancient Greek translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 42 21 30",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Arabic translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 43 21 29",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Armenian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "9 45 22 24",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Azerbaijani translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 48 21 23",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Bulgarian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "9 45 22 24",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Catalan translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 47 21 23",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Czech translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "13 49 26 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Dutch translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "9 45 22 24",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Egyptian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 49 24 19",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Esperanto translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "9 45 22 24",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Finnish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "12 51 25 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with French translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "9 45 22 24",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Galician translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 52 25 13",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with German translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 40 25 24",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Greek translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 54 26 10",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Italian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 54 26 10",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Latin translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "9 45 22 24",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Macedonian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "9 45 22 24",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Malay translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 42 25 25",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Mandarin translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "9 45 22 24",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Maori translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "9 48 23 19",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Norman translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "9 43 22 26",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Norwegian Bokmål translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "3 59 25 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Norwegian Nynorsk translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "6 41 24 29",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Old English translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 44 22 27",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Ottoman Turkish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "9 46 22 23",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Persian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 41 26 22",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Polish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 46 23 23",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Portuguese translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "9 45 22 24",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Romanian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 54 26 10",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Russian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 54 26 10",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Spanish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 47 22 24",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Swedish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 47 22 24",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Turkish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1881, John Kirby Hedges, The history of Wallingford, volume 1, page 170:",
"text": "Kenett states that the military works still known by the name of Tadmarten Camp and Hook-Norton Barrow were cast up at this time ; the former, large and round, is judged to be a fortification of the Danes, and the latter, being smaller and rather a quinquangle than a square, of the Saxons.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1910, Emerson Hough, chapter I, in The Purchase Price: Or The Cause of Compromise, Indianapolis, Ind.: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, →OCLC:",
"text": "“[…] We are engaged in a great work, a treatise on our river fortifications, perhaps? But since when did army officers afford the luxury of amanuenses in this simple republic?[…]”",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2022 January 12, Dr. Joseph Brennan, “Castles: ruined and redeemed by rail”, in RAIL, number 948, page 54:",
"text": "As Edwin Clark [...] wrote in 1850: \"[...] The lofty towers of the castle overhang the western approach to the Bridge, and the line passes into Conway through an opening pierced in the embattled wall, which entirely surrounds the town. These fortifications are in good preservation, and rank among the most perfect examples of the strongholds of the 13th century.\"",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"That which fortifies; especially, a work or works erected to defend a place against attack; a fortified place; a fortress; a fort; a castle."
],
"id": "en-fortification-en-noun-LrMMjON0",
"links": [
[
"work",
"work"
]
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "4 89 6 2",
"code": "ar",
"lang": "Arabic",
"roman": "maqil",
"sense": "that which fortifies",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "مَعْقِل"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 89 6 2",
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"roman": "amrutʻyun",
"sense": "that which fortifies",
"word": "ամրություն"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 89 6 2",
"code": "az",
"lang": "Azerbaijani",
"sense": "that which fortifies",
"word": "istehkam"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 89 6 2",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "ukreplenija",
"sense": "that which fortifies",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"plural"
],
"word": "укрепления"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 89 6 2",
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "that which fortifies",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "fortificació"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 89 6 2",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "fángyù gōngshì",
"sense": "that which fortifies",
"word": "防禦工事 /防御工事"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 89 6 2",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "gōngshì",
"sense": "that which fortifies",
"word": "工事"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 89 6 2",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "bǎolěi",
"sense": "that which fortifies",
"word": "堡壘 /堡垒"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 89 6 2",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "that which fortifies",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "pevnost"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 89 6 2",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "that which fortifies",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "opevnění"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 89 6 2",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "that which fortifies",
"word": "vesting"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 89 6 2",
"code": "egy",
"lang": "Egyptian",
"roman": "jmḏr",
"sense": "that which fortifies",
"word": "i-m-im-Dr:r-O36"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 89 6 2",
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "that which fortifies",
"word": "fortikaĵo"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 89 6 2",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "that which fortifies",
"word": "linnoite"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 89 6 2",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "that which fortifies",
"word": "linnoitus"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 89 6 2",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "that which fortifies",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "fortification"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 89 6 2",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "that which fortifies",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "renforcement"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 89 6 2",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "that which fortifies",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "fortificación"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 89 6 2",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "that which fortifies",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Festung"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 89 6 2",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "that which fortifies",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "Fort"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 89 6 2",
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "ochýroma",
"sense": "that which fortifies",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "οχύρωμα"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 89 6 2",
"code": "grc",
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"roman": "teîkhos",
"sense": "that which fortifies",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "τεῖχος"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 89 6 2",
"code": "grc",
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"roman": "okhúrōma",
"sense": "that which fortifies",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "ὀχύρωμα"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 89 6 2",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "that which fortifies",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "fortificazione"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 89 6 2",
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "that which fortifies",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "mūnītiō"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 89 6 2",
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "that which fortifies",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "mūnīmentum"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 89 6 2",
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"roman": "utvrdúvanja",
"sense": "that which fortifies",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"plural"
],
"word": "утврду́вања"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 89 6 2",
"code": "ms",
"lang": "Malay",
"sense": "that which fortifies",
"word": "perkubuan"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 89 6 2",
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "that which fortifies",
"word": "pare"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 89 6 2",
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "that which fortifies",
"word": "papare"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 89 6 2",
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "that which fortifies",
"word": "tūwatawata"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 89 6 2",
"code": "nrf",
"lang": "Norman",
"sense": "that which fortifies",
"tags": [
"Jersey",
"feminine"
],
"word": "fortificâtion"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 89 6 2",
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "that which fortifies",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "festningsanlegg"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 89 6 2",
"code": "nn",
"lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
"sense": "that which fortifies",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "festningsanlegg"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 89 6 2",
"code": "ang",
"lang": "Old English",
"sense": "that which fortifies",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "fæsten"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 89 6 2",
"code": "ota",
"lang": "Ottoman Turkish",
"roman": "hisar",
"sense": "that which fortifies",
"word": "حصار"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 89 6 2",
"code": "fa",
"lang": "Persian",
"roman": "estehkâmât",
"sense": "that which fortifies",
"word": "استحکامات"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 89 6 2",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "that which fortifies",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "fortyfikacja"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 89 6 2",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "that which fortifies",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "umocnienie"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 89 6 2",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "that which fortifies",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "fortificação"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 89 6 2",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "that which fortifies",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "fortificație"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 89 6 2",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "that which fortifies",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "fortăreață"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 89 6 2",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "ukreplénija",
"sense": "that which fortifies",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"plural"
],
"word": "укрепле́ния"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 89 6 2",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "that which fortifies",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "fortificación"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 89 6 2",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "that which fortifies",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "befästning"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 89 6 2",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "that which fortifies",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "fortifikation"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 89 6 2",
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "that which fortifies",
"word": "tahkimat"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "10 33 21 36",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Ancient Greek translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1979 July, Kiplinger's Personal Finance, volume 33, number 7, page 47:",
"text": "Compare the nutrition information label of a regular ready-to-eat fortified cereal with that of a presweetened brand and you'll note that, although the sweetened one's sugar content is higher, the fortification is virtually identical.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"An increase in effectiveness, as by adding ingredients."
],
"id": "en-fortification-en-noun-V3OjK48z",
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "10 33 21 36",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Ancient Greek translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A jagged pattern sometimes seen during an attack of migraine."
],
"id": "en-fortification-en-noun-6NtdoAsH",
"links": [
[
"jagged",
"jagged"
],
[
"pattern",
"pattern"
],
[
"migraine",
"migraine"
]
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˌfɔː(ɹ)tɪfɪˈkeɪʃən/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˌfɔː(ɹ)tɪfəˈkeɪʃən/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-eɪʃən"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-fortification.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6c/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-fortification.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-fortification.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6c/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-fortification.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-fortification.wav.ogg"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"fortification"
],
"word": "fortification"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "LL.",
"3": "fortificatio",
"4": "fortificātiōnem"
},
"expansion": "Borrowed from Late Latin fortificātiōnem",
"name": "bor+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "la",
"3": "fortis"
},
"expansion": "Latin fortis",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from Late Latin fortificātiōnem, from fortifico, from Latin fortis.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "fortifications",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "f"
},
"expansion": "fortification f (plural fortifications)",
"name": "fr-noun"
}
],
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "French entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 2 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"fortification (all meanings)"
],
"id": "en-fortification-fr-noun-eLSK84pp",
"links": [
[
"fortification",
"fortification#English"
]
],
"related": [
{
"word": "fortifier"
}
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"audio": "LL-Q150 (fra)-WikiLucas00-fortification.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/ca/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-WikiLucas00-fortification.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-WikiLucas00-fortification.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/ca/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-WikiLucas00-fortification.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-WikiLucas00-fortification.wav.ogg"
}
],
"word": "fortification"
}
{
"categories": [
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms borrowed from Middle French",
"English terms derived from Late Latin",
"English terms derived from Latin",
"English terms derived from Middle French",
"English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *bʰerǵʰ-",
"English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *dʰeh₁-",
"English terms suffixed with -ification",
"English uncountable nouns",
"Entries with translation boxes",
"Pages with 2 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Rhymes:English/eɪʃən",
"Rhymes:English/eɪʃən/5 syllables",
"Terms with Ancient Greek translations",
"Terms with Arabic translations",
"Terms with Armenian translations",
"Terms with Azerbaijani translations",
"Terms with Bulgarian translations",
"Terms with Catalan translations",
"Terms with Czech translations",
"Terms with Dutch translations",
"Terms with Egyptian translations",
"Terms with Esperanto translations",
"Terms with Finnish translations",
"Terms with French translations",
"Terms with Galician translations",
"Terms with German translations",
"Terms with Greek translations",
"Terms with Italian translations",
"Terms with Latin translations",
"Terms with Macedonian translations",
"Terms with Malay translations",
"Terms with Mandarin translations",
"Terms with Maori translations",
"Terms with Norman translations",
"Terms with Norwegian Bokmål translations",
"Terms with Norwegian Nynorsk translations",
"Terms with Old English translations",
"Terms with Ottoman Turkish translations",
"Terms with Persian translations",
"Terms with Polish translations",
"Terms with Portuguese translations",
"Terms with Romanian translations",
"Terms with Russian translations",
"Terms with Spanish translations",
"Terms with Swedish translations",
"Terms with Turkish translations"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "biofortification"
},
{
"word": "fortification curtain"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*bʰerǵʰ-",
"4": "*dʰeh₁-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "frm",
"3": "fortification"
},
"expansion": "Middle French fortification",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "LL.",
"3": "fortificatio",
"4": "fortificatio, fortificationem"
},
"expansion": "Late Latin fortificatio, fortificationem",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "fortis"
},
"expansion": "Latin fortis",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fort",
"3": "-ification"
},
"expansion": "By surface analysis, fort + -ification",
"name": "surf"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from Middle French fortification, from Late Latin fortificatio, fortificationem, from fortifico, from Latin fortis. By surface analysis, fort + -ification.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "fortifications",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "~"
},
"expansion": "fortification (countable and uncountable, plural fortifications)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"word": "fortify"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"The act of fortifying; the art or science of fortifying places to strengthen defence against an enemy."
],
"links": [
[
"fortifying",
"fortifying"
],
[
"strengthen",
"strengthen"
],
[
"defence",
"defence"
]
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1881, John Kirby Hedges, The history of Wallingford, volume 1, page 170:",
"text": "Kenett states that the military works still known by the name of Tadmarten Camp and Hook-Norton Barrow were cast up at this time ; the former, large and round, is judged to be a fortification of the Danes, and the latter, being smaller and rather a quinquangle than a square, of the Saxons.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1910, Emerson Hough, chapter I, in The Purchase Price: Or The Cause of Compromise, Indianapolis, Ind.: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, →OCLC:",
"text": "“[…] We are engaged in a great work, a treatise on our river fortifications, perhaps? But since when did army officers afford the luxury of amanuenses in this simple republic?[…]”",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2022 January 12, Dr. Joseph Brennan, “Castles: ruined and redeemed by rail”, in RAIL, number 948, page 54:",
"text": "As Edwin Clark [...] wrote in 1850: \"[...] The lofty towers of the castle overhang the western approach to the Bridge, and the line passes into Conway through an opening pierced in the embattled wall, which entirely surrounds the town. These fortifications are in good preservation, and rank among the most perfect examples of the strongholds of the 13th century.\"",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"That which fortifies; especially, a work or works erected to defend a place against attack; a fortified place; a fortress; a fort; a castle."
],
"links": [
[
"work",
"work"
]
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1979 July, Kiplinger's Personal Finance, volume 33, number 7, page 47:",
"text": "Compare the nutrition information label of a regular ready-to-eat fortified cereal with that of a presweetened brand and you'll note that, although the sweetened one's sugar content is higher, the fortification is virtually identical.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"An increase in effectiveness, as by adding ingredients."
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"A jagged pattern sometimes seen during an attack of migraine."
],
"links": [
[
"jagged",
"jagged"
],
[
"pattern",
"pattern"
],
[
"migraine",
"migraine"
]
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˌfɔː(ɹ)tɪfɪˈkeɪʃən/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˌfɔː(ɹ)tɪfəˈkeɪʃən/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-eɪʃən"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-fortification.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6c/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-fortification.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-fortification.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6c/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-fortification.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-fortification.wav.ogg"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "ukrepvane",
"sense": "the act of fortifying",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "укрепване"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "usilvane",
"sense": "the act of fortifying",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "усилване"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "fángyù gōngshì",
"sense": "the act of fortifying",
"word": "防禦工事 /防御工事"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "gōngshì",
"sense": "the act of fortifying",
"word": "工事"
},
{
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "the act of fortifying",
"word": "fortikado"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "the act of fortifying",
"word": "linnoittaminen"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "the act of fortifying",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "fortification"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "the act of fortifying",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "renforcement"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "the act of fortifying",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "fortificación"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "the act of fortifying",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "Festungsbau"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "the act of fortifying",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "Befestigen"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "ochýrosi",
"sense": "the act of fortifying",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "οχύρωση"
},
{
"code": "grc",
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"roman": "okhúrōsis",
"sense": "the act of fortifying",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "ὀχύρωσις"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "the act of fortifying",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "fortificazione"
},
{
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "the act of fortifying",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "fortificātiō"
},
{
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "the act of fortifying",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "mūnītiō"
},
{
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"roman": "utvrdúvanje",
"sense": "the act of fortifying",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "утврду́вање"
},
{
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"roman": "útvrda",
"sense": "the act of fortifying",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "у́тврда"
},
{
"code": "ms",
"lang": "Malay",
"sense": "the act of fortifying",
"word": "pengubuan"
},
{
"code": "nrf",
"lang": "Norman",
"sense": "the act of fortifying",
"tags": [
"Jersey",
"feminine"
],
"word": "fortificâtion"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "the act of fortifying",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "fortyfikacja"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "the act of fortifying",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "umocnienie"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "the act of fortifying",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "fortificação"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "the act of fortifying",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "fortificare"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "fortifikácija",
"sense": "the act of fortifying",
"word": "фортифика́ция"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "ukreplénije",
"sense": "the act of fortifying",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "укрепле́ние"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "the act of fortifying",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "fortificación"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "the act of fortifying",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "befästning"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"raw_tags": [
"of fortification"
],
"sense": "the act of fortifying",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"topics": [
"art",
"arts"
],
"word": "befästningskonst"
},
{
"code": "ar",
"lang": "Arabic",
"roman": "maqil",
"sense": "that which fortifies",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "مَعْقِل"
},
{
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"roman": "amrutʻyun",
"sense": "that which fortifies",
"word": "ամրություն"
},
{
"code": "az",
"lang": "Azerbaijani",
"sense": "that which fortifies",
"word": "istehkam"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "ukreplenija",
"sense": "that which fortifies",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"plural"
],
"word": "укрепления"
},
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "that which fortifies",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "fortificació"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "fángyù gōngshì",
"sense": "that which fortifies",
"word": "防禦工事 /防御工事"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "gōngshì",
"sense": "that which fortifies",
"word": "工事"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "bǎolěi",
"sense": "that which fortifies",
"word": "堡壘 /堡垒"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "that which fortifies",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "pevnost"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "that which fortifies",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "opevnění"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "that which fortifies",
"word": "vesting"
},
{
"code": "egy",
"lang": "Egyptian",
"roman": "jmḏr",
"sense": "that which fortifies",
"word": "i-m-im-Dr:r-O36"
},
{
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "that which fortifies",
"word": "fortikaĵo"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "that which fortifies",
"word": "linnoite"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "that which fortifies",
"word": "linnoitus"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "that which fortifies",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "fortification"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "that which fortifies",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "renforcement"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "that which fortifies",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "fortificación"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "that which fortifies",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Festung"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "that which fortifies",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "Fort"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "ochýroma",
"sense": "that which fortifies",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "οχύρωμα"
},
{
"code": "grc",
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"roman": "teîkhos",
"sense": "that which fortifies",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "τεῖχος"
},
{
"code": "grc",
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"roman": "okhúrōma",
"sense": "that which fortifies",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "ὀχύρωμα"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "that which fortifies",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "fortificazione"
},
{
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "that which fortifies",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "mūnītiō"
},
{
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "that which fortifies",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "mūnīmentum"
},
{
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"roman": "utvrdúvanja",
"sense": "that which fortifies",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"plural"
],
"word": "утврду́вања"
},
{
"code": "ms",
"lang": "Malay",
"sense": "that which fortifies",
"word": "perkubuan"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "that which fortifies",
"word": "pare"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "that which fortifies",
"word": "papare"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "that which fortifies",
"word": "tūwatawata"
},
{
"code": "nrf",
"lang": "Norman",
"sense": "that which fortifies",
"tags": [
"Jersey",
"feminine"
],
"word": "fortificâtion"
},
{
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "that which fortifies",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "festningsanlegg"
},
{
"code": "nn",
"lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
"sense": "that which fortifies",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "festningsanlegg"
},
{
"code": "ang",
"lang": "Old English",
"sense": "that which fortifies",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "fæsten"
},
{
"code": "ota",
"lang": "Ottoman Turkish",
"roman": "hisar",
"sense": "that which fortifies",
"word": "حصار"
},
{
"code": "fa",
"lang": "Persian",
"roman": "estehkâmât",
"sense": "that which fortifies",
"word": "استحکامات"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "that which fortifies",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "fortyfikacja"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "that which fortifies",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "umocnienie"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "that which fortifies",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "fortificação"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "that which fortifies",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "fortificație"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "that which fortifies",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "fortăreață"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "ukreplénija",
"sense": "that which fortifies",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"plural"
],
"word": "укрепле́ния"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "that which fortifies",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "fortificación"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "that which fortifies",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "befästning"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "that which fortifies",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "fortifikation"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "that which fortifies",
"word": "tahkimat"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"fortification"
],
"word": "fortification"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "LL.",
"3": "fortificatio",
"4": "fortificātiōnem"
},
"expansion": "Borrowed from Late Latin fortificātiōnem",
"name": "bor+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "la",
"3": "fortis"
},
"expansion": "Latin fortis",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from Late Latin fortificātiōnem, from fortifico, from Latin fortis.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "fortifications",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "f"
},
"expansion": "fortification f (plural fortifications)",
"name": "fr-noun"
}
],
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"word": "fortifier"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"French countable nouns",
"French entries with incorrect language header",
"French feminine nouns",
"French lemmas",
"French nouns",
"French terms borrowed from Late Latin",
"French terms derived from Late Latin",
"French terms derived from Latin",
"Pages with 2 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"glosses": [
"fortification (all meanings)"
],
"links": [
[
"fortification",
"fortification#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"audio": "LL-Q150 (fra)-WikiLucas00-fortification.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/ca/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-WikiLucas00-fortification.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-WikiLucas00-fortification.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/ca/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-WikiLucas00-fortification.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-WikiLucas00-fortification.wav.ogg"
}
],
"word": "fortification"
}
Download raw JSONL data for fortification meaning in All languages combined (16.4kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-01-25 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-01-20 using wiktextract (c15a5ce and 5c11237). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.