"crux" meaning in All languages combined

See crux on Wiktionary

Noun [Dutch]

IPA: /krʏks/ Audio: Nl-crux.ogg Forms: cruces [plural], cruxen [plural]
Etymology: Borrowed from Latin crux or English crux, in the phrase crux interpretum. Etymology templates: {{bor|nl|la|crux}} Latin crux, {{bor|nl|en|crux}} English crux, {{m|la|crux interpretum}} crux interpretum Head templates: {{nl-noun|f|cruces|-|pl2=cruxen}} crux f (plural cruces or cruxen)
  1. crucial or otherwise serious, difficult problem Tags: feminine
    Sense id: en-crux-nl-noun-rCd52llA Categories (other): Dutch entries with incorrect language header

Noun [English]

IPA: /kɹʌks/ [UK, US] Audio: en-us-crux.ogg [US], en-au-crux.ogg [Australia] Forms: cruxes [plural], cruces [plural]
Rhymes: -ʌks Etymology: From Latin crux (“cross, wooden frame for execution”), possibly from the Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker- (“to turn, to bend”). Doublet of cross and crouch (“cross”). Etymology templates: {{root|en|ine-pro|*(s)ker- (turn)}}, {{bor|en|la|crux||cross, wooden frame for execution}} Latin crux (“cross, wooden frame for execution”), {{der|en|ine-pro|*(s)ker-||to turn, to bend}} Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker- (“to turn, to bend”), {{doublet|en|cross|crouch|t2=cross}} Doublet of cross and crouch (“cross”) Head templates: {{en-noun|+|cruces}} crux (plural cruxes or cruces)
  1. The basic, central, or essential point or feature. Synonyms: core, gist, gist Translations (central or essential point): مَرْبِط الْفَرَس (marbiṭ al-faras) [masculine] (Arabic), առանցքային կետ (aṙancʻkʻayin ket) (Armenian), առանցք (aṙancʻkʻ) (Armenian), същност на проблема (sǎštnost na problema) (Bulgarian), moll de l'os [masculine] (Catalan), quid [masculine] (Catalan), 關鍵 (Chinese Mandarin), 关键 (guānjiàn) (Chinese Mandarin), podstata [feminine] (Czech), ydin (Finnish), Kern (-punkt) [masculine] (German), עיקר (ikar) [masculine] (Hebrew), punto cruciale [masculine] (Italian), കാര്യം (kāryaṁ) (Malayalam), tino (Maori), sedno [neuter] (Polish), ponto crucial [masculine] (Portuguese), punct crucial [neuter] (Romanian), основная проблема (osnovnaja problema) [feminine] (Russian), решающий вопрос (rešajuščij vopros) [masculine] (Russian), суть (sutʹ) [feminine] (Russian), punto crucial [masculine] (Spanish), punto esencial [masculine] (Spanish), kärna (Swedish), craidd [masculine] (Welsh)
    Sense id: en-crux-en-noun-~3qw8zf0 Disambiguation of 'central or essential point': 69 17 1 13 1
  2. The critical or transitional moment or issue, a turning point. Translations (critical or transitional moment): շրջադարձային կետ (šrǰadarjayin ket) (Armenian), критичен момент (kritičen moment) (Bulgarian), kruispunt [neuter] (Dutch), käännekohta (Finnish), taitekohta (Finnish), Wendepunkt [masculine] (German), momento decisivo [masculine] (Portuguese), moment decisiv [neuter] (Romanian)
    Sense id: en-crux-en-noun-sum9oXdE Disambiguation of 'critical or transitional moment': 8 88 1 3 1
  3. A puzzle or difficulty. Translations (puzzle or difficulty): затруднение (zatrudnenie) [neuter] (Bulgarian), hankaluus (Finnish), Crux [feminine] (German), Knackpunkt [masculine] (German), zagadka [feminine] (Polish), busilis (Spanish), krux [neuter] (Swedish)
    Sense id: en-crux-en-noun-yKSe8e5B Disambiguation of 'puzzle or difficulty': 1 1 96 1 1
  4. (climbing) The hardest point of a climb. Categories (topical): Climbing, Crosses Translations (hardest part of a climb): vaikein kohta (Finnish), crux [masculine] (French)
    Sense id: en-crux-en-noun-3TkM8LoM Disambiguation of Crosses: 11 9 10 40 30 Categories (other): English entries with incorrect language header, English entries with topic categories using raw markup Disambiguation of English entries with incorrect language header: 15 11 3 46 24 Disambiguation of English entries with topic categories using raw markup: 21 13 3 45 17 Topics: climbing, hobbies, lifestyle, sports Disambiguation of 'hardest part of a climb': 6 5 3 82 4
  5. (heraldry) A cross on a coat of arms. Categories (topical): Heraldic charges
    Sense id: en-crux-en-noun-5sxcDvln Topics: government, heraldry, hobbies, lifestyle, monarchy, nobility, politics
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Derived forms: crux ansata, crux decussata, crux gammata, crux ordinaria, crux simplex, cruxy Related terms: cross, crucial

Noun [French]

IPA: /kʁyks/, /kʁœks/ Forms: crux [plural]
Etymology: Borrowed from English crux. Doublet of croix, croiseur, and cruiser. Etymology templates: {{glossary|loanword|Borrowed}} Borrowed, {{bor|fr|en|crux|||g=|g2=|g3=|id=|lit=|nocat=|pos=|sc=|sort=|tr=|ts=}} English crux, {{bor+|fr|en|crux}} Borrowed from English crux, {{doublet|fr|croix|croiseur|cruiser}} Doublet of croix, croiseur, and cruiser Head templates: {{fr-noun|m}} crux m (plural crux)
  1. (climbing) crux (hardest point of a climb) Tags: masculine Categories (topical): Climbing
    Sense id: en-crux-fr-noun-upGWdPg7 Categories (other): French entries with incorrect language header Topics: climbing, hobbies, lifestyle, sports

Noun [Latin]

IPA: /kruks/ [Classical], [krʊks̠] [Classical], /kruks/ (note: modern Italianate Ecclesiastical), [kruks] (note: modern Italianate Ecclesiastical)
Etymology: From Proto-Italic *kruks or *krukis (it is uncertain whether the original form was an i-stem), of unknown origin. Pokorny connected Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker- (“to turn, to bend”) with an assumed extension in *-k-; compare Latin circus (“circle”) and curvus (“curve”). This explanation suffers phonetic, morphological and semantic problems. A modern hypothesis connects Irish crúach (“heap, hill”), Gaulish *krouka (“summit”), Proto-Brythonic *krʉg (“small hill; pillar”), Old Norse hrúga (“heap, pile”), and Proto-Germanic *hraukaz (“heap, pile”) and *hrugjaz (“back, spine, ridge”), pointing to Proto-Indo-European *krewk- (“~ heap, hill; back, spine?”), albeit with an unusual root structure and shaky semantics. Alternatively, a loanword from an unidentified or substrate language. Etymology templates: {{root|la|ine-pro|*(s)ker-|id=turn}}, {{inh|la|itc-pro||*kruks}} Proto-Italic *kruks, {{m|itc-pro||*krukis}} *krukis, {{unk|la|nocap=1}} unknown, {{der|la|ine-pro|*(s)ker-||to turn, to bend}} Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker- (“to turn, to bend”), {{m|ine-pro||*-k-}} *-k-, {{m+|la|circus||circle}} Latin circus (“circle”), {{m|la|curvus||curve}} curvus (“curve”), {{cog|ga|crúach||heap, hill}} Irish crúach (“heap, hill”), {{cog|cel-gau|*krouka||summit}} Gaulish *krouka (“summit”), {{cog|cel-bry-pro|*krʉg||small hill; pillar}} Proto-Brythonic *krʉg (“small hill; pillar”), {{cog|non|hrúga||heap, pile}} Old Norse hrúga (“heap, pile”), {{cog|gem-pro|*hraukaz||heap, pile}} Proto-Germanic *hraukaz (“heap, pile”), {{m|gem-pro|*hrugjaz||back, spine, ridge}} *hrugjaz (“back, spine, ridge”), {{m+|ine-pro|*krewk-||~ heap, hill; back, spine?}} Proto-Indo-European *krewk- (“~ heap, hill; back, spine?”), {{der|la|qfa-sub}} substrate Head templates: {{la-noun|crux<3>|g=f}} crux f (genitive crucis); third declension Inflection templates: {{la-ndecl|crux<3>}} Forms: crucis [genitive], no-table-tags [table-tags], crux [nominative, singular], crucēs [nominative, plural], crucis [genitive, singular], crucum [genitive, plural], crucī [dative, singular], crucibus [dative, plural], crucem [accusative, singular], crucēs [accusative, plural], cruce [ablative, singular], crucibus [ablative, plural], crux [singular, vocative], crucēs [plural, vocative]
  1. wooden frame on which criminals were crucified, especially a cross Tags: declension-3, feminine
    Sense id: en-crux-la-noun-EfnaOoYr Categories (other): Latin entries with incorrect language header, Latin entries with topic categories using raw markup, Latin feminine nouns in the third declension Disambiguation of Latin entries with incorrect language header: 41 45 12 2 Disambiguation of Latin entries with topic categories using raw markup: 28 35 35 2 Disambiguation of Latin feminine nouns in the third declension: 21 31 28 21
  2. (derogatory) gallows bird; one who deserves to be hanged Tags: declension-3, derogatory, feminine
    Sense id: en-crux-la-noun-44tr2Q3I Categories (other): Latin entries with incorrect language header, Latin entries with topic categories using raw markup, Latin feminine nouns in the third declension Disambiguation of Latin entries with incorrect language header: 41 45 12 2 Disambiguation of Latin entries with topic categories using raw markup: 28 35 35 2 Disambiguation of Latin feminine nouns in the third declension: 21 31 28 21
  3. (figuratively) torture; misery Tags: declension-3, feminine, figuratively Categories (topical): People
    Sense id: en-crux-la-noun-m454LTfF Disambiguation of People: 1 34 65 0 Categories (other): Latin entries with incorrect language header, Latin entries with topic categories using raw markup, Latin feminine nouns in the third declension Disambiguation of Latin entries with incorrect language header: 41 45 12 2 Disambiguation of Latin entries with topic categories using raw markup: 28 35 35 2 Disambiguation of Latin feminine nouns in the third declension: 21 31 28 21
  4. cross (symbol) Tags: declension-3, feminine
    Sense id: en-crux-la-noun-9k-4zJAx Categories (other): Latin feminine nouns in the third declension Disambiguation of Latin feminine nouns in the third declension: 21 31 28 21
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Derived forms: cruciārius, crucifer, crucifīgō, crucifixor, cruciō Related terms: cruciābilis, cruciābiliter, cruciābilitās, cruciābundus, cruciāmen, cruciāmentum, cruciātiō, cruciātor, cruciātōrius, cruciātus

Inflected forms

Download JSON data for crux meaning in All languages combined (36.9kB)

{
  "derived": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "crux ansata"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "crux decussata"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "crux gammata"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "crux ordinaria"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "crux simplex"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "cruxy"
    }
  ],
  "descendants": [
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "fr",
            "2": "crux",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ French: crux",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ French: crux"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*(s)ker- (turn)"
      },
      "expansion": "",
      "name": "root"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "la",
        "3": "crux",
        "4": "",
        "5": "cross, wooden frame for execution"
      },
      "expansion": "Latin crux (“cross, wooden frame for execution”)",
      "name": "bor"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*(s)ker-",
        "4": "",
        "5": "to turn, to bend"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker- (“to turn, to bend”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "cross",
        "3": "crouch",
        "t2": "cross"
      },
      "expansion": "Doublet of cross and crouch (“cross”)",
      "name": "doublet"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Latin crux (“cross, wooden frame for execution”), possibly from the Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker- (“to turn, to bend”). Doublet of cross and crouch (“cross”).",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "cruxes",
      "tags": [
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "cruces",
      "tags": [
        "plural"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "+",
        "2": "cruces"
      },
      "expansion": "crux (plural cruxes or cruces)",
      "name": "en-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "English",
  "lang_code": "en",
  "pos": "noun",
  "related": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "cross"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "crucial"
    }
  ],
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [],
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "The crux of her argument was that the roadways needed repair before anything else could be accomplished.",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "The basic, central, or essential point or feature."
      ],
      "id": "en-crux-en-noun-~3qw8zf0",
      "links": [
        [
          "central",
          "central"
        ],
        [
          "essential",
          "essential"
        ],
        [
          "point",
          "point"
        ]
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "word": "core"
        },
        {
          "word": "gist"
        },
        {
          "word": "gist"
        }
      ],
      "translations": [
        {
          "_dis1": "69 17 1 13 1",
          "code": "ar",
          "lang": "Arabic",
          "roman": "marbiṭ al-faras",
          "sense": "central or essential point",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "مَرْبِط الْفَرَس"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "69 17 1 13 1",
          "code": "hy",
          "lang": "Armenian",
          "roman": "aṙancʻkʻayin ket",
          "sense": "central or essential point",
          "word": "առանցքային կետ"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "69 17 1 13 1",
          "code": "hy",
          "lang": "Armenian",
          "roman": "aṙancʻkʻ",
          "sense": "central or essential point",
          "word": "առանցք"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "69 17 1 13 1",
          "code": "bg",
          "lang": "Bulgarian",
          "roman": "sǎštnost na problema",
          "sense": "central or essential point",
          "word": "същност на проблема"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "69 17 1 13 1",
          "code": "ca",
          "lang": "Catalan",
          "sense": "central or essential point",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "moll de l'os"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "69 17 1 13 1",
          "code": "ca",
          "lang": "Catalan",
          "sense": "central or essential point",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "quid"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "69 17 1 13 1",
          "code": "cmn",
          "lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
          "sense": "central or essential point",
          "word": "關鍵"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "69 17 1 13 1",
          "code": "cmn",
          "lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
          "roman": "guānjiàn",
          "sense": "central or essential point",
          "word": "关键"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "69 17 1 13 1",
          "code": "cs",
          "lang": "Czech",
          "sense": "central or essential point",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "podstata"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "69 17 1 13 1",
          "code": "fi",
          "lang": "Finnish",
          "sense": "central or essential point",
          "word": "ydin"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "69 17 1 13 1",
          "code": "de",
          "lang": "German",
          "sense": "central or essential point",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "Kern (-punkt)"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "69 17 1 13 1",
          "code": "he",
          "lang": "Hebrew",
          "roman": "ikar",
          "sense": "central or essential point",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "עיקר"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "69 17 1 13 1",
          "code": "it",
          "lang": "Italian",
          "sense": "central or essential point",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "punto cruciale"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "69 17 1 13 1",
          "code": "ml",
          "lang": "Malayalam",
          "roman": "kāryaṁ",
          "sense": "central or essential point",
          "word": "കാര്യം"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "69 17 1 13 1",
          "code": "mi",
          "lang": "Maori",
          "sense": "central or essential point",
          "word": "tino"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "69 17 1 13 1",
          "code": "pl",
          "lang": "Polish",
          "sense": "central or essential point",
          "tags": [
            "neuter"
          ],
          "word": "sedno"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "69 17 1 13 1",
          "code": "pt",
          "lang": "Portuguese",
          "sense": "central or essential point",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "ponto crucial"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "69 17 1 13 1",
          "code": "ro",
          "lang": "Romanian",
          "sense": "central or essential point",
          "tags": [
            "neuter"
          ],
          "word": "punct crucial"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "69 17 1 13 1",
          "code": "ru",
          "lang": "Russian",
          "roman": "osnovnaja problema",
          "sense": "central or essential point",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "основная проблема"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "69 17 1 13 1",
          "code": "ru",
          "lang": "Russian",
          "roman": "rešajuščij vopros",
          "sense": "central or essential point",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "решающий вопрос"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "69 17 1 13 1",
          "code": "ru",
          "lang": "Russian",
          "roman": "sutʹ",
          "sense": "central or essential point",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "суть"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "69 17 1 13 1",
          "code": "es",
          "lang": "Spanish",
          "sense": "central or essential point",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "punto crucial"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "69 17 1 13 1",
          "code": "es",
          "lang": "Spanish",
          "sense": "central or essential point",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "punto esencial"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "69 17 1 13 1",
          "code": "sv",
          "lang": "Swedish",
          "sense": "central or essential point",
          "word": "kärna"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "69 17 1 13 1",
          "code": "cy",
          "lang": "Welsh",
          "sense": "central or essential point",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "craidd"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [],
      "examples": [
        {
          "ref": "1993, Laurence M. Porter, “Real Dreams, Literary Dreams, and the Fantastic in Literature”, in Carol Schreier Rupprecht, editor, The Dream and the Text: Essays on Literature and Language, pages 32–47",
          "text": "The mad certitude of the ogre, Abel Tiffauges, that he stands at the crux of history and that he will be able to raise Prussia \"to a higher power\" (p. 180), contrasts sharply with the anxiety and doubt attendant upon most modern literary dreams.",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "The critical or transitional moment or issue, a turning point."
      ],
      "id": "en-crux-en-noun-sum9oXdE",
      "links": [
        [
          "critical",
          "critical"
        ],
        [
          "transitional",
          "transitional"
        ],
        [
          "moment",
          "moment"
        ],
        [
          "issue",
          "issue"
        ],
        [
          "turning point",
          "turning point"
        ]
      ],
      "translations": [
        {
          "_dis1": "8 88 1 3 1",
          "code": "hy",
          "lang": "Armenian",
          "roman": "šrǰadarjayin ket",
          "sense": "critical or transitional moment",
          "word": "շրջադարձային կետ"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "8 88 1 3 1",
          "code": "bg",
          "lang": "Bulgarian",
          "roman": "kritičen moment",
          "sense": "critical or transitional moment",
          "word": "критичен момент"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "8 88 1 3 1",
          "code": "nl",
          "lang": "Dutch",
          "sense": "critical or transitional moment",
          "tags": [
            "neuter"
          ],
          "word": "kruispunt"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "8 88 1 3 1",
          "code": "fi",
          "lang": "Finnish",
          "sense": "critical or transitional moment",
          "word": "käännekohta"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "8 88 1 3 1",
          "code": "fi",
          "lang": "Finnish",
          "sense": "critical or transitional moment",
          "word": "taitekohta"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "8 88 1 3 1",
          "code": "de",
          "lang": "German",
          "sense": "critical or transitional moment",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "Wendepunkt"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "8 88 1 3 1",
          "code": "pt",
          "lang": "Portuguese",
          "sense": "critical or transitional moment",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "momento decisivo"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "8 88 1 3 1",
          "code": "ro",
          "lang": "Romanian",
          "sense": "critical or transitional moment",
          "tags": [
            "neuter"
          ],
          "word": "moment decisiv"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [],
      "examples": [
        {
          "ref": "1775, Thomas Sheridan, Lectures on the Art of Reading",
          "text": "What I have advanced upon this species of verse will contribute to solve a poetical problem, thrown out by Dryden as a crux to his brethren",
          "type": "quotation"
        },
        {
          "ref": "1860, Marian Evans (translator), The Life of Jesus, Critically Examined (originally by David Strauss)",
          "text": "The perpetual crux of New Testament chronologists.",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "A puzzle or difficulty."
      ],
      "id": "en-crux-en-noun-yKSe8e5B",
      "links": [
        [
          "puzzle",
          "puzzle"
        ],
        [
          "difficulty",
          "difficulty"
        ]
      ],
      "translations": [
        {
          "_dis1": "1 1 96 1 1",
          "code": "bg",
          "lang": "Bulgarian",
          "roman": "zatrudnenie",
          "sense": "puzzle or difficulty",
          "tags": [
            "neuter"
          ],
          "word": "затруднение"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "1 1 96 1 1",
          "code": "fi",
          "lang": "Finnish",
          "sense": "puzzle or difficulty",
          "word": "hankaluus"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "1 1 96 1 1",
          "code": "de",
          "lang": "German",
          "sense": "puzzle or difficulty",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "Crux"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "1 1 96 1 1",
          "code": "de",
          "lang": "German",
          "sense": "puzzle or difficulty",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "Knackpunkt"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "1 1 96 1 1",
          "code": "pl",
          "lang": "Polish",
          "sense": "puzzle or difficulty",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "zagadka"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "1 1 96 1 1",
          "code": "es",
          "lang": "Spanish",
          "sense": "puzzle or difficulty",
          "word": "busilis"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "1 1 96 1 1",
          "code": "sv",
          "lang": "Swedish",
          "sense": "puzzle or difficulty",
          "tags": [
            "neuter"
          ],
          "word": "krux"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "topical",
          "langcode": "en",
          "name": "Climbing",
          "orig": "en:Climbing",
          "parents": [
            "Sports",
            "Human activity",
            "Human behaviour",
            "Human",
            "All topics",
            "Fundamental"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "15 11 3 46 24",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "21 13 3 45 17",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with topic categories using raw markup",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "11 9 10 40 30",
          "kind": "topical",
          "langcode": "en",
          "name": "Crosses",
          "orig": "en:Crosses",
          "parents": [
            "Christianity",
            "Abrahamism",
            "Religion",
            "Culture",
            "Society",
            "All topics",
            "Fundamental"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "ref": "1907, The Alpine Journal, volume 23",
          "text": "the real crux of the climb was encountered",
          "type": "quotation"
        },
        {
          "ref": "1973, Pat Armstrong, \"Klondike Fever: Seventy Years Too Late\", in Backpacker, Autumn 1973, page 84",
          "text": "The final half-mile was the crux of the climb."
        },
        {
          "ref": "2004, Craig Luebben, Rock Climbing: Mastering Basic Skills, The Mountaineers Books, page 179",
          "text": "Most pitches have a distinct crux, or tough spot; some have multiple cruxes. […] ¶ Climb efficiently on the \"cruiser\" sections to stay fresh for the cruxes.",
          "type": "quotation"
        },
        {
          "ref": "2009, R. J. Secor, The High Sierra: Peaks, Passes, and Trails, Third Edition, The Mountaineers Books, page 51",
          "text": "Continue climbing the groove; the crux is passing some vegetation on the second pitch.",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "The hardest point of a climb."
      ],
      "id": "en-crux-en-noun-3TkM8LoM",
      "links": [
        [
          "climbing",
          "climbing#Noun"
        ],
        [
          "hardest",
          "hardest"
        ],
        [
          "point",
          "point"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(climbing) The hardest point of a climb."
      ],
      "topics": [
        "climbing",
        "hobbies",
        "lifestyle",
        "sports"
      ],
      "translations": [
        {
          "_dis1": "6 5 3 82 4",
          "code": "fi",
          "lang": "Finnish",
          "sense": "hardest part of a climb",
          "word": "vaikein kohta"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "6 5 3 82 4",
          "code": "fr",
          "lang": "French",
          "sense": "hardest part of a climb",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "crux"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "topical",
          "langcode": "en",
          "name": "Heraldic charges",
          "orig": "en:Heraldic charges",
          "parents": [
            "Heraldry",
            "History",
            "All topics",
            "Fundamental"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "A cross on a coat of arms."
      ],
      "id": "en-crux-en-noun-5sxcDvln",
      "links": [
        [
          "heraldry",
          "heraldry"
        ],
        [
          "cross",
          "cross"
        ],
        [
          "coat of arms",
          "coat of arms"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(heraldry) A cross on a coat of arms."
      ],
      "topics": [
        "government",
        "heraldry",
        "hobbies",
        "lifestyle",
        "monarchy",
        "nobility",
        "politics"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/kɹʌks/",
      "tags": [
        "UK",
        "US"
      ]
    },
    {
      "rhymes": "-ʌks"
    },
    {
      "audio": "en-us-crux.ogg",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6f/En-us-crux.ogg/En-us-crux.ogg.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6f/En-us-crux.ogg",
      "tags": [
        "US"
      ],
      "text": "Audio (US)"
    },
    {
      "audio": "en-au-crux.ogg",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/94/En-au-crux.ogg/En-au-crux.ogg.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/En-au-crux.ogg",
      "tags": [
        "Australia"
      ],
      "text": "Audio (AU)"
    }
  ],
  "word": "crux"
}

{
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "nl",
        "2": "la",
        "3": "crux"
      },
      "expansion": "Latin crux",
      "name": "bor"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "nl",
        "2": "en",
        "3": "crux"
      },
      "expansion": "English crux",
      "name": "bor"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "crux interpretum"
      },
      "expansion": "crux interpretum",
      "name": "m"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Borrowed from Latin crux or English crux, in the phrase crux interpretum.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "cruces",
      "tags": [
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "cruxen",
      "tags": [
        "plural"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "f",
        "2": "cruces",
        "3": "-",
        "pl2": "cruxen"
      },
      "expansion": "crux f (plural cruces or cruxen)",
      "name": "nl-noun"
    }
  ],
  "hyphenation": [
    "crux"
  ],
  "lang": "Dutch",
  "lang_code": "nl",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Dutch entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "crucial or otherwise serious, difficult problem"
      ],
      "id": "en-crux-nl-noun-rCd52llA",
      "links": [
        [
          "crucial",
          "crucial"
        ],
        [
          "serious",
          "serious"
        ],
        [
          "difficult",
          "difficult"
        ],
        [
          "problem",
          "problem"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/krʏks/"
    },
    {
      "audio": "Nl-crux.ogg",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d3/Nl-crux.ogg/Nl-crux.ogg.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/Nl-crux.ogg",
      "text": "Audio"
    }
  ],
  "word": "crux"
}

{
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "loanword",
        "2": "Borrowed"
      },
      "expansion": "Borrowed",
      "name": "glossary"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fr",
        "2": "en",
        "3": "crux",
        "4": "",
        "5": "",
        "g": "",
        "g2": "",
        "g3": "",
        "id": "",
        "lit": "",
        "nocat": "",
        "pos": "",
        "sc": "",
        "sort": "",
        "tr": "",
        "ts": ""
      },
      "expansion": "English crux",
      "name": "bor"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fr",
        "2": "en",
        "3": "crux"
      },
      "expansion": "Borrowed from English crux",
      "name": "bor+"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fr",
        "2": "croix",
        "3": "croiseur",
        "4": "cruiser"
      },
      "expansion": "Doublet of croix, croiseur, and cruiser",
      "name": "doublet"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Borrowed from English crux. Doublet of croix, croiseur, and cruiser.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "crux",
      "tags": [
        "plural"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "m"
      },
      "expansion": "crux m (plural crux)",
      "name": "fr-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "French",
  "lang_code": "fr",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "French entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "topical",
          "langcode": "fr",
          "name": "Climbing",
          "orig": "fr:Climbing",
          "parents": [
            "Sports",
            "Human activity",
            "Human behaviour",
            "Human",
            "All topics",
            "Fundamental"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "crux (hardest point of a climb)"
      ],
      "id": "en-crux-fr-noun-upGWdPg7",
      "links": [
        [
          "climbing",
          "climbing#Noun"
        ],
        [
          "crux",
          "crux#English"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(climbing) crux (hardest point of a climb)"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "topics": [
        "climbing",
        "hobbies",
        "lifestyle",
        "sports"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/kʁyks/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/kʁœks/"
    }
  ],
  "word": "crux"
}

{
  "derived": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
      "word": "cruciārius"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
      "word": "crucifer"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
      "word": "crucifīgō"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
      "word": "crucifixor"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
      "word": "cruciō"
    }
  ],
  "descendants": [
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "Balkan Romance:"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "rup",
            "2": "crutsi",
            "alts": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "Aromanian: crutsi, crutse, crutsã, cãrutsi, cãrutse",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Aromanian: crutsi, crutse, crutsã, cãrutsi, cãrutse"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "ro",
            "2": "cruce"
          },
          "expansion": "Romanian: cruce",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Romanian: cruce"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "Dalmatian:"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "dlm",
            "2": "crauc",
            "nolb": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "crauc",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "crauc"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "Italo-Romance:"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "co",
            "2": "croce",
            "3": "croci"
          },
          "expansion": "Corsican: croce, croci",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Corsican: croce, croci"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "sdn",
            "2": "gruci",
            "3": "grugi"
          },
          "expansion": "Gallurese: gruci, grugi",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Gallurese: gruci, grugi"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "it",
            "2": "croce"
          },
          "expansion": "Italian: croce",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Italian: croce"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "nap",
            "2": "croce"
          },
          "expansion": "Neapolitan: croce",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Neapolitan: croce"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "sdc",
            "2": "crozi"
          },
          "expansion": "Sassarese: crozi",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Sassarese: crozi"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "scn",
            "2": "cruci"
          },
          "expansion": "Sicilian: cruci",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Sicilian: cruci"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "North Italian:"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "fur",
            "2": "crôs"
          },
          "expansion": "Friulian: crôs",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Friulian: crôs"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "lij",
            "2": "crôxe"
          },
          "expansion": "Ligurian: crôxe",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Ligurian: crôxe"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "lmo",
            "2": "crox"
          },
          "expansion": "Lombard: crox",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Old Lombard: crox"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "lmo",
            "2": "crox"
          },
          "expansion": "Lombard: crox",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Lombard: crox"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "pms",
            "2": "cros"
          },
          "expansion": "Piedmontese: cros",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Piedmontese: cros"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "rgn",
            "2": "cróṡ"
          },
          "expansion": "Romagnol: cróṡ",
          "name": "desc"
        },
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "Ravenna, Lugo"
          },
          "expansion": "(Ravenna, Lugo)",
          "name": "q"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Romagnol: cróṡ (Ravenna, Lugo)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "rm",
            "2": "crusch",
            "3": "crousch"
          },
          "expansion": "Romansch: crusch, crousch",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Romansch: crusch, crousch"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "vec",
            "2": "cróxe"
          },
          "expansion": "Venetian: cróxe",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Venetian: cróxe"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "Gallo-Romance:"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "frp",
            "2": "croués"
          },
          "expansion": "Franco-Provençal: croués",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Franco-Provençal: croués"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "fro",
            "2": "crois"
          },
          "expansion": "Old French: crois",
          "name": "desc"
        },
        {
          "args": {},
          "expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
          "name": "see desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Old French: crois (see there for further descendants)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "Occitano-Romance:"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "oc",
            "2": "crotz"
          },
          "expansion": "Occitan: crotz",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Occitan: crotz"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "roa-oca",
            "2": "crou",
            "3": "creu"
          },
          "expansion": "Old Catalan: crou, creu",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Old Catalan: crou, creu"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "ca",
            "2": "creu"
          },
          "expansion": "Catalan: creu",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Catalan: creu"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "West Iberian:"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "ast",
            "2": "cruz"
          },
          "expansion": "Asturian: cruz",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Asturian: cruz"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "roa-opt",
            "2": "cruz"
          },
          "expansion": "Old Galician-Portuguese: cruz\nGalician: cruz\nPortuguese: cruz (see there for further descendants)",
          "name": "desctree"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Old Galician-Portuguese: cruz\nGalician: cruz\nPortuguese: cruz (see there for further descendants)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "es",
            "2": "cruz"
          },
          "expansion": "Spanish: cruz",
          "name": "desc"
        },
        {
          "args": {},
          "expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
          "name": "see desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Spanish: cruz (see there for further descendants)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "Insular Romance:"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "sc",
            "2": "cruche",
            "3": "crugi",
            "4": "cruxi",
            "5": "gruche",
            "6": "grughe",
            "7": "gruxi"
          },
          "expansion": "Sardinian: cruche, crugi, cruxi, gruche, grughe, gruxi",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Sardinian: cruche, crugi, cruxi, gruche, grughe, gruxi"
    },
    {
      "depth": 0,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "Borrowings"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "sq",
            "2": "kryq",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Albanian: kryq",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Albanian: kryq"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "eu",
            "2": "gurutze",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Basque: gurutze",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Basque: gurutze"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "cel-pro",
            "2": "",
            "alt": "*kruxsā",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Proto-Celtic: *kruxsā",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Proto-Celtic: *kruxsā"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "cel-bry-pro",
            "2": "*kroɨs"
          },
          "expansion": "Proto-Brythonic: *kroɨs",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Proto-Brythonic: *kroɨs"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "br",
            "2": "kroes",
            "3": "kroaz"
          },
          "expansion": "Breton: kroes, kroaz",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Breton: kroes, kroaz"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "kw",
            "2": "krows"
          },
          "expansion": "Cornish: krows",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Cornish: krows"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "cy",
            "2": "croes",
            "3": "crwys"
          },
          "expansion": "Welsh: croes, crwys",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Welsh: croes, crwys"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "sga",
            "2": "cros"
          },
          "expansion": "Old Irish: cros",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Old Irish: cros"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "ga",
            "2": "cros"
          },
          "expansion": "Irish: cros",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Irish: cros"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "gd",
            "2": "crois"
          },
          "expansion": "Scottish Gaelic: crois",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Scottish Gaelic: crois"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "non",
            "2": "kross",
            "3": "*kors",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Old Norse: kross, *kors",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Old Norse: kross, *kors"
    },
    {
      "depth": 4,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "da",
            "2": "kors"
          },
          "expansion": "Danish: kors",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Danish: kors"
    },
    {
      "depth": 4,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "fo",
            "2": "krossur"
          },
          "expansion": "Faroese: krossur",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Faroese: krossur"
    },
    {
      "depth": 4,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "is",
            "2": "kross"
          },
          "expansion": "Icelandic: kross",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Icelandic: kross"
    },
    {
      "depth": 4,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "nb",
            "2": "kors"
          },
          "expansion": "Norwegian Bokmål: kors",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Norwegian Bokmål: kors"
    },
    {
      "depth": 4,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "nn",
            "2": "kors",
            "3": "kross"
          },
          "expansion": "Norwegian Nynorsk: kors, kross",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Norwegian Nynorsk: kors, kross"
    },
    {
      "depth": 4,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "sv",
            "2": "kors"
          },
          "expansion": "Swedish: kors",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Swedish: kors"
    },
    {
      "depth": 4,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "ang",
            "2": "cros",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Old English: cros",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Old English: cros"
    },
    {
      "depth": 5,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "enm",
            "2": "cross"
          },
          "expansion": "Middle English: cross",
          "name": "desc"
        },
        {
          "args": {},
          "expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
          "name": "see desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Middle English: cross (see there for further descendants)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "cel-pro",
            "2": "",
            "alt": "*krukā",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Proto-Celtic: *krukā",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Proto-Celtic: *krukā"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "cel-bry-pro",
            "2": "*krog"
          },
          "expansion": "Proto-Brythonic: *krog",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Proto-Brythonic: *krog"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "wlm",
            "2": "croc"
          },
          "expansion": "Middle Welsh: croc",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Middle Welsh: croc"
    },
    {
      "depth": 4,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "cy",
            "2": "crog"
          },
          "expansion": "Welsh: crog",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Welsh: crog"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "sga",
            "2": "croch"
          },
          "expansion": "Old Irish: croch",
          "name": "desc"
        },
        {
          "args": {},
          "expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
          "name": "see desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Old Irish: croch (see there for further descendants)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "nl",
            "2": "crux",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Dutch: crux",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Dutch: crux"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "en",
            "2": "crux",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ English: crux",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ English: crux"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "ang",
            "2": "crūċ",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Old English: crūċ",
          "name": "desc"
        },
        {
          "args": {},
          "expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
          "name": "see desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Old English: crūċ (see there for further descendants)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "fi",
            "2": "ruksi",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Finnish: ruksi",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Finnish: ruksi"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "de",
            "2": "Crux",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ German: Crux",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ German: Crux"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "goh",
            "2": "krūzi",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Old High German: krūzi",
          "name": "desc"
        },
        {
          "args": {},
          "expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
          "name": "see desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Old High German: krūzi (see there for further descendants)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "is",
            "2": "krús",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Icelandic: krús",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Icelandic: krús"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "dum",
            "2": "cruce",
            "3": "crucen",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Middle Dutch: cruce, crucen",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Middle Dutch: cruce, crucen"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "nl",
            "2": "kruis"
          },
          "expansion": "Dutch: kruis",
          "name": "desc"
        },
        {
          "args": {},
          "expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
          "name": "see desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Dutch: kruis (see there for further descendants)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "li",
            "2": "kruutse"
          },
          "expansion": "Limburgish: kruutse",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Limburgish: kruutse"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "vls",
            "2": "kruus"
          },
          "expansion": "West Flemish: kruus",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "West Flemish: kruus"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "osx",
            "2": "krūci",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Old Saxon: krūci",
          "name": "desc"
        },
        {
          "args": {},
          "expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
          "name": "see desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Old Saxon: krūci (see there for further descendants)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "sla-pro",
            "alt1": "*kryžь",
            "bor": "1",
            "nolb": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ *kryžь",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Southern Common Slavic: → *kryžь"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "sh"
          },
          "expansion": "Serbo-Croatian:",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Serbo-Croatian:"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "sh",
            "2": "križ",
            "sclb": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "Latin script: križ",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Latin script: križ"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "sh",
            "2": "криж",
            "sclb": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "Cyrillic script: криж",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Cyrillic script: криж"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "sl",
            "2": "križ"
          },
          "expansion": "Slovene: križ",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Slovene: križ"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "zlw-ocs",
            "2": "kříž",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Old Czech: kříž",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Old Czech: kříž"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "cs",
            "2": "kříž"
          },
          "expansion": "Czech: kříž",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Czech: kříž ,"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "zlw-opl",
            "2": "krzyż",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Old Polish: krzyż",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Old Polish: krzyż"
    },
    {
      "depth": 4,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "pl",
            "2": "krzyż",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Polish: krzyż",
          "name": "desc"
        },
        {
          "args": {},
          "expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
          "name": "see desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Polish: krzyż (see there for further descendants)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "sk",
            "2": "kríž",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Slovak: kríž",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Slovak: kríž"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "dsb",
            "2": "kśica",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Lower Sorbian: kśica",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Lower Sorbian: kśica"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "hsb",
            "2": "křiž",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Upper Sorbian: křiž",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Upper Sorbian: křiž"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*(s)ker-",
        "id": "turn"
      },
      "expansion": "",
      "name": "root"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "itc-pro",
        "3": "",
        "4": "*kruks"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Italic *kruks",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "itc-pro",
        "2": "",
        "3": "*krukis"
      },
      "expansion": "*krukis",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "nocap": "1"
      },
      "expansion": "unknown",
      "name": "unk"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*(s)ker-",
        "4": "",
        "5": "to turn, to bend"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker- (“to turn, to bend”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ine-pro",
        "2": "",
        "3": "*-k-"
      },
      "expansion": "*-k-",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "circus",
        "3": "",
        "4": "circle"
      },
      "expansion": "Latin circus (“circle”)",
      "name": "m+"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "curvus",
        "3": "",
        "4": "curve"
      },
      "expansion": "curvus (“curve”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ga",
        "2": "crúach",
        "3": "",
        "4": "heap, hill"
      },
      "expansion": "Irish crúach (“heap, hill”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "cel-gau",
        "2": "*krouka",
        "3": "",
        "4": "summit"
      },
      "expansion": "Gaulish *krouka (“summit”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "cel-bry-pro",
        "2": "*krʉg",
        "3": "",
        "4": "small hill; pillar"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Brythonic *krʉg (“small hill; pillar”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "non",
        "2": "hrúga",
        "3": "",
        "4": "heap, pile"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Norse hrúga (“heap, pile”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gem-pro",
        "2": "*hraukaz",
        "3": "",
        "4": "heap, pile"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *hraukaz (“heap, pile”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gem-pro",
        "2": "*hrugjaz",
        "3": "",
        "4": "back, spine, ridge"
      },
      "expansion": "*hrugjaz (“back, spine, ridge”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ine-pro",
        "2": "*krewk-",
        "3": "",
        "4": "~ heap, hill; back, spine?"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *krewk- (“~ heap, hill; back, spine?”)",
      "name": "m+"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "qfa-sub"
      },
      "expansion": "substrate",
      "name": "der"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Proto-Italic *kruks or *krukis (it is uncertain whether the original form was an i-stem), of unknown origin. Pokorny connected Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker- (“to turn, to bend”) with an assumed extension in *-k-; compare Latin circus (“circle”) and curvus (“curve”). This explanation suffers phonetic, morphological and semantic problems. A modern hypothesis connects Irish crúach (“heap, hill”), Gaulish *krouka (“summit”), Proto-Brythonic *krʉg (“small hill; pillar”), Old Norse hrúga (“heap, pile”), and Proto-Germanic *hraukaz (“heap, pile”) and *hrugjaz (“back, spine, ridge”), pointing to Proto-Indo-European *krewk- (“~ heap, hill; back, spine?”), albeit with an unusual root structure and shaky semantics. Alternatively, a loanword from an unidentified or substrate language.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "crucis",
      "tags": [
        "genitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "la-ndecl",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "crux",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "crucēs",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "crucis",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "crucum",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "crucī",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "crucibus",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "crucem",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "crucēs",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "cruce",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "ablative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "crucibus",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "ablative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "crux",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "singular",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "crucēs",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "vocative"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "crux<3>",
        "g": "f"
      },
      "expansion": "crux f (genitive crucis); third declension",
      "name": "la-noun"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "crux<3>"
      },
      "name": "la-ndecl"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Latin",
  "lang_code": "la",
  "pos": "noun",
  "related": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
      "word": "cruciābilis"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
      "word": "cruciābiliter"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
      "word": "cruciābilitās"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
      "word": "cruciābundus"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
      "word": "cruciāmen"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
      "word": "cruciāmentum"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
      "word": "cruciātiō"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
      "word": "cruciātor"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
      "word": "cruciātōrius"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
      "word": "cruciātus"
    }
  ],
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "41 45 12 2",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Latin entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "28 35 35 2",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Latin entries with topic categories using raw markup",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with topic categories using raw markup",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "21 31 28 21",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Latin feminine nouns in the third declension",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "wooden frame on which criminals were crucified, especially a cross"
      ],
      "id": "en-crux-la-noun-EfnaOoYr",
      "links": [
        [
          "wooden",
          "wooden"
        ],
        [
          "frame",
          "frame"
        ],
        [
          "criminal",
          "criminal"
        ],
        [
          "crucified",
          "crucify"
        ],
        [
          "cross",
          "cross"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "declension-3",
        "feminine"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "41 45 12 2",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Latin entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "28 35 35 2",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Latin entries with topic categories using raw markup",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with topic categories using raw markup",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "21 31 28 21",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Latin feminine nouns in the third declension",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "gallows bird; one who deserves to be hanged"
      ],
      "id": "en-crux-la-noun-44tr2Q3I",
      "links": [
        [
          "derogatory",
          "derogatory"
        ],
        [
          "gallows bird",
          "gallows bird"
        ],
        [
          "deserve",
          "deserve"
        ],
        [
          "hanged",
          "hanged"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(derogatory) gallows bird; one who deserves to be hanged"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "declension-3",
        "derogatory",
        "feminine"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "41 45 12 2",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Latin entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "28 35 35 2",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Latin entries with topic categories using raw markup",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with topic categories using raw markup",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "21 31 28 21",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Latin feminine nouns in the third declension",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "1 34 65 0",
          "kind": "topical",
          "langcode": "la",
          "name": "People",
          "orig": "la:People",
          "parents": [
            "Human",
            "All topics",
            "Fundamental"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "torture; misery"
      ],
      "id": "en-crux-la-noun-m454LTfF",
      "links": [
        [
          "torture",
          "torture"
        ],
        [
          "misery",
          "misery"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(figuratively) torture; misery"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "declension-3",
        "feminine",
        "figuratively"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "21 31 28 21",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Latin feminine nouns in the third declension",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "Hail thou white Cross",
          "text": "Ave Crux alba",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "cross (symbol)"
      ],
      "id": "en-crux-la-noun-9k-4zJAx",
      "links": [
        [
          "cross",
          "cross"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "declension-3",
        "feminine"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/kruks/",
      "tags": [
        "Classical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[krʊks̠]",
      "tags": [
        "Classical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/kruks/",
      "note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[kruks]",
      "note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
    }
  ],
  "wikipedia": [
    "la:crux"
  ],
  "word": "crux"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "la:People"
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "nl",
        "2": "la",
        "3": "crux"
      },
      "expansion": "Latin crux",
      "name": "bor"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "nl",
        "2": "en",
        "3": "crux"
      },
      "expansion": "English crux",
      "name": "bor"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "crux interpretum"
      },
      "expansion": "crux interpretum",
      "name": "m"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Borrowed from Latin crux or English crux, in the phrase crux interpretum.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "cruces",
      "tags": [
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "cruxen",
      "tags": [
        "plural"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "f",
        "2": "cruces",
        "3": "-",
        "pl2": "cruxen"
      },
      "expansion": "crux f (plural cruces or cruxen)",
      "name": "nl-noun"
    }
  ],
  "hyphenation": [
    "crux"
  ],
  "lang": "Dutch",
  "lang_code": "nl",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "Dutch entries with incorrect language header",
        "Dutch feminine nouns",
        "Dutch irregular nouns",
        "Dutch lemmas",
        "Dutch nouns",
        "Dutch terms borrowed from English",
        "Dutch terms borrowed from Latin",
        "Dutch terms derived from English",
        "Dutch terms derived from Latin",
        "Dutch terms with IPA pronunciation",
        "Dutch terms with audio links",
        "nl-noun plural matches generated form"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "crucial or otherwise serious, difficult problem"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "crucial",
          "crucial"
        ],
        [
          "serious",
          "serious"
        ],
        [
          "difficult",
          "difficult"
        ],
        [
          "problem",
          "problem"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/krʏks/"
    },
    {
      "audio": "Nl-crux.ogg",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d3/Nl-crux.ogg/Nl-crux.ogg.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/Nl-crux.ogg",
      "text": "Audio"
    }
  ],
  "word": "crux"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "English 1-syllable words",
    "English countable nouns",
    "English doublets",
    "English entries with incorrect language header",
    "English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
    "English lemmas",
    "English nouns",
    "English nouns with irregular plurals",
    "English terms borrowed from Latin",
    "English terms derived from Latin",
    "English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
    "English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *(s)ker- (turn)",
    "English terms with IPA pronunciation",
    "English terms with audio links",
    "Rhymes:English/ʌks",
    "Rhymes:English/ʌks/1 syllable",
    "en:Crosses",
    "la:People"
  ],
  "derived": [
    {
      "word": "crux ansata"
    },
    {
      "word": "crux decussata"
    },
    {
      "word": "crux gammata"
    },
    {
      "word": "crux ordinaria"
    },
    {
      "word": "crux simplex"
    },
    {
      "word": "cruxy"
    }
  ],
  "descendants": [
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "fr",
            "2": "crux",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ French: crux",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ French: crux"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*(s)ker- (turn)"
      },
      "expansion": "",
      "name": "root"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "la",
        "3": "crux",
        "4": "",
        "5": "cross, wooden frame for execution"
      },
      "expansion": "Latin crux (“cross, wooden frame for execution”)",
      "name": "bor"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*(s)ker-",
        "4": "",
        "5": "to turn, to bend"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker- (“to turn, to bend”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "cross",
        "3": "crouch",
        "t2": "cross"
      },
      "expansion": "Doublet of cross and crouch (“cross”)",
      "name": "doublet"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Latin crux (“cross, wooden frame for execution”), possibly from the Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker- (“to turn, to bend”). Doublet of cross and crouch (“cross”).",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "cruxes",
      "tags": [
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "cruces",
      "tags": [
        "plural"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "+",
        "2": "cruces"
      },
      "expansion": "crux (plural cruxes or cruces)",
      "name": "en-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "English",
  "lang_code": "en",
  "pos": "noun",
  "related": [
    {
      "word": "cross"
    },
    {
      "word": "crucial"
    }
  ],
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "English terms with usage examples"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "The crux of her argument was that the roadways needed repair before anything else could be accomplished.",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "The basic, central, or essential point or feature."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "central",
          "central"
        ],
        [
          "essential",
          "essential"
        ],
        [
          "point",
          "point"
        ]
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "word": "core"
        },
        {
          "word": "gist"
        },
        {
          "word": "gist"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "English terms with quotations",
        "Quotation templates to be cleaned"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "ref": "1993, Laurence M. Porter, “Real Dreams, Literary Dreams, and the Fantastic in Literature”, in Carol Schreier Rupprecht, editor, The Dream and the Text: Essays on Literature and Language, pages 32–47",
          "text": "The mad certitude of the ogre, Abel Tiffauges, that he stands at the crux of history and that he will be able to raise Prussia \"to a higher power\" (p. 180), contrasts sharply with the anxiety and doubt attendant upon most modern literary dreams.",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "The critical or transitional moment or issue, a turning point."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "critical",
          "critical"
        ],
        [
          "transitional",
          "transitional"
        ],
        [
          "moment",
          "moment"
        ],
        [
          "issue",
          "issue"
        ],
        [
          "turning point",
          "turning point"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "English terms with quotations",
        "Quotation templates to be cleaned"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "ref": "1775, Thomas Sheridan, Lectures on the Art of Reading",
          "text": "What I have advanced upon this species of verse will contribute to solve a poetical problem, thrown out by Dryden as a crux to his brethren",
          "type": "quotation"
        },
        {
          "ref": "1860, Marian Evans (translator), The Life of Jesus, Critically Examined (originally by David Strauss)",
          "text": "The perpetual crux of New Testament chronologists.",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "A puzzle or difficulty."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "puzzle",
          "puzzle"
        ],
        [
          "difficulty",
          "difficulty"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "English terms with quotations",
        "Quotation templates to be cleaned",
        "en:Climbing"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "ref": "1907, The Alpine Journal, volume 23",
          "text": "the real crux of the climb was encountered",
          "type": "quotation"
        },
        {
          "ref": "1973, Pat Armstrong, \"Klondike Fever: Seventy Years Too Late\", in Backpacker, Autumn 1973, page 84",
          "text": "The final half-mile was the crux of the climb."
        },
        {
          "ref": "2004, Craig Luebben, Rock Climbing: Mastering Basic Skills, The Mountaineers Books, page 179",
          "text": "Most pitches have a distinct crux, or tough spot; some have multiple cruxes. […] ¶ Climb efficiently on the \"cruiser\" sections to stay fresh for the cruxes.",
          "type": "quotation"
        },
        {
          "ref": "2009, R. J. Secor, The High Sierra: Peaks, Passes, and Trails, Third Edition, The Mountaineers Books, page 51",
          "text": "Continue climbing the groove; the crux is passing some vegetation on the second pitch.",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "The hardest point of a climb."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "climbing",
          "climbing#Noun"
        ],
        [
          "hardest",
          "hardest"
        ],
        [
          "point",
          "point"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(climbing) The hardest point of a climb."
      ],
      "topics": [
        "climbing",
        "hobbies",
        "lifestyle",
        "sports"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "en:Heraldic charges"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "A cross on a coat of arms."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "heraldry",
          "heraldry"
        ],
        [
          "cross",
          "cross"
        ],
        [
          "coat of arms",
          "coat of arms"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(heraldry) A cross on a coat of arms."
      ],
      "topics": [
        "government",
        "heraldry",
        "hobbies",
        "lifestyle",
        "monarchy",
        "nobility",
        "politics"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/kɹʌks/",
      "tags": [
        "UK",
        "US"
      ]
    },
    {
      "rhymes": "-ʌks"
    },
    {
      "audio": "en-us-crux.ogg",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6f/En-us-crux.ogg/En-us-crux.ogg.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6f/En-us-crux.ogg",
      "tags": [
        "US"
      ],
      "text": "Audio (US)"
    },
    {
      "audio": "en-au-crux.ogg",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/94/En-au-crux.ogg/En-au-crux.ogg.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/En-au-crux.ogg",
      "tags": [
        "Australia"
      ],
      "text": "Audio (AU)"
    }
  ],
  "translations": [
    {
      "code": "ar",
      "lang": "Arabic",
      "roman": "marbiṭ al-faras",
      "sense": "central or essential point",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "مَرْبِط الْفَرَس"
    },
    {
      "code": "hy",
      "lang": "Armenian",
      "roman": "aṙancʻkʻayin ket",
      "sense": "central or essential point",
      "word": "առանցքային կետ"
    },
    {
      "code": "hy",
      "lang": "Armenian",
      "roman": "aṙancʻkʻ",
      "sense": "central or essential point",
      "word": "առանցք"
    },
    {
      "code": "bg",
      "lang": "Bulgarian",
      "roman": "sǎštnost na problema",
      "sense": "central or essential point",
      "word": "същност на проблема"
    },
    {
      "code": "ca",
      "lang": "Catalan",
      "sense": "central or essential point",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "moll de l'os"
    },
    {
      "code": "ca",
      "lang": "Catalan",
      "sense": "central or essential point",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "quid"
    },
    {
      "code": "cmn",
      "lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
      "sense": "central or essential point",
      "word": "關鍵"
    },
    {
      "code": "cmn",
      "lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
      "roman": "guānjiàn",
      "sense": "central or essential point",
      "word": "关键"
    },
    {
      "code": "cs",
      "lang": "Czech",
      "sense": "central or essential point",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "podstata"
    },
    {
      "code": "fi",
      "lang": "Finnish",
      "sense": "central or essential point",
      "word": "ydin"
    },
    {
      "code": "de",
      "lang": "German",
      "sense": "central or essential point",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "Kern (-punkt)"
    },
    {
      "code": "he",
      "lang": "Hebrew",
      "roman": "ikar",
      "sense": "central or essential point",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "עיקר"
    },
    {
      "code": "it",
      "lang": "Italian",
      "sense": "central or essential point",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "punto cruciale"
    },
    {
      "code": "ml",
      "lang": "Malayalam",
      "roman": "kāryaṁ",
      "sense": "central or essential point",
      "word": "കാര്യം"
    },
    {
      "code": "mi",
      "lang": "Maori",
      "sense": "central or essential point",
      "word": "tino"
    },
    {
      "code": "pl",
      "lang": "Polish",
      "sense": "central or essential point",
      "tags": [
        "neuter"
      ],
      "word": "sedno"
    },
    {
      "code": "pt",
      "lang": "Portuguese",
      "sense": "central or essential point",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "ponto crucial"
    },
    {
      "code": "ro",
      "lang": "Romanian",
      "sense": "central or essential point",
      "tags": [
        "neuter"
      ],
      "word": "punct crucial"
    },
    {
      "code": "ru",
      "lang": "Russian",
      "roman": "osnovnaja problema",
      "sense": "central or essential point",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "основная проблема"
    },
    {
      "code": "ru",
      "lang": "Russian",
      "roman": "rešajuščij vopros",
      "sense": "central or essential point",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "решающий вопрос"
    },
    {
      "code": "ru",
      "lang": "Russian",
      "roman": "sutʹ",
      "sense": "central or essential point",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "суть"
    },
    {
      "code": "es",
      "lang": "Spanish",
      "sense": "central or essential point",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "punto crucial"
    },
    {
      "code": "es",
      "lang": "Spanish",
      "sense": "central or essential point",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "punto esencial"
    },
    {
      "code": "sv",
      "lang": "Swedish",
      "sense": "central or essential point",
      "word": "kärna"
    },
    {
      "code": "cy",
      "lang": "Welsh",
      "sense": "central or essential point",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "craidd"
    },
    {
      "code": "hy",
      "lang": "Armenian",
      "roman": "šrǰadarjayin ket",
      "sense": "critical or transitional moment",
      "word": "շրջադարձային կետ"
    },
    {
      "code": "bg",
      "lang": "Bulgarian",
      "roman": "kritičen moment",
      "sense": "critical or transitional moment",
      "word": "критичен момент"
    },
    {
      "code": "nl",
      "lang": "Dutch",
      "sense": "critical or transitional moment",
      "tags": [
        "neuter"
      ],
      "word": "kruispunt"
    },
    {
      "code": "fi",
      "lang": "Finnish",
      "sense": "critical or transitional moment",
      "word": "käännekohta"
    },
    {
      "code": "fi",
      "lang": "Finnish",
      "sense": "critical or transitional moment",
      "word": "taitekohta"
    },
    {
      "code": "de",
      "lang": "German",
      "sense": "critical or transitional moment",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "Wendepunkt"
    },
    {
      "code": "pt",
      "lang": "Portuguese",
      "sense": "critical or transitional moment",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "momento decisivo"
    },
    {
      "code": "ro",
      "lang": "Romanian",
      "sense": "critical or transitional moment",
      "tags": [
        "neuter"
      ],
      "word": "moment decisiv"
    },
    {
      "code": "bg",
      "lang": "Bulgarian",
      "roman": "zatrudnenie",
      "sense": "puzzle or difficulty",
      "tags": [
        "neuter"
      ],
      "word": "затруднение"
    },
    {
      "code": "fi",
      "lang": "Finnish",
      "sense": "puzzle or difficulty",
      "word": "hankaluus"
    },
    {
      "code": "de",
      "lang": "German",
      "sense": "puzzle or difficulty",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "Crux"
    },
    {
      "code": "de",
      "lang": "German",
      "sense": "puzzle or difficulty",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "Knackpunkt"
    },
    {
      "code": "pl",
      "lang": "Polish",
      "sense": "puzzle or difficulty",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "zagadka"
    },
    {
      "code": "es",
      "lang": "Spanish",
      "sense": "puzzle or difficulty",
      "word": "busilis"
    },
    {
      "code": "sv",
      "lang": "Swedish",
      "sense": "puzzle or difficulty",
      "tags": [
        "neuter"
      ],
      "word": "krux"
    },
    {
      "code": "fi",
      "lang": "Finnish",
      "sense": "hardest part of a climb",
      "word": "vaikein kohta"
    },
    {
      "code": "fr",
      "lang": "French",
      "sense": "hardest part of a climb",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "crux"
    }
  ],
  "word": "crux"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "la:People"
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "loanword",
        "2": "Borrowed"
      },
      "expansion": "Borrowed",
      "name": "glossary"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fr",
        "2": "en",
        "3": "crux",
        "4": "",
        "5": "",
        "g": "",
        "g2": "",
        "g3": "",
        "id": "",
        "lit": "",
        "nocat": "",
        "pos": "",
        "sc": "",
        "sort": "",
        "tr": "",
        "ts": ""
      },
      "expansion": "English crux",
      "name": "bor"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fr",
        "2": "en",
        "3": "crux"
      },
      "expansion": "Borrowed from English crux",
      "name": "bor+"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fr",
        "2": "croix",
        "3": "croiseur",
        "4": "cruiser"
      },
      "expansion": "Doublet of croix, croiseur, and cruiser",
      "name": "doublet"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Borrowed from English crux. Doublet of croix, croiseur, and cruiser.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "crux",
      "tags": [
        "plural"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "m"
      },
      "expansion": "crux m (plural crux)",
      "name": "fr-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "French",
  "lang_code": "fr",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "French 1-syllable words",
        "French countable nouns",
        "French doublets",
        "French entries with incorrect language header",
        "French lemmas",
        "French masculine nouns",
        "French nouns",
        "French terms borrowed from English",
        "French terms derived from English",
        "French terms with IPA pronunciation",
        "fr:Climbing"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "crux (hardest point of a climb)"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "climbing",
          "climbing#Noun"
        ],
        [
          "crux",
          "crux#English"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(climbing) crux (hardest point of a climb)"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "topics": [
        "climbing",
        "hobbies",
        "lifestyle",
        "sports"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/kʁyks/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/kʁœks/"
    }
  ],
  "word": "crux"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "Latin 1-syllable words",
    "Latin entries with incorrect language header",
    "Latin entries with topic categories using raw markup",
    "Latin feminine nouns",
    "Latin feminine nouns in the third declension",
    "Latin lemmas",
    "Latin nouns",
    "Latin terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
    "Latin terms derived from Proto-Italic",
    "Latin terms derived from substrate languages",
    "Latin terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *(s)ker- (turn)",
    "Latin terms inherited from Proto-Italic",
    "Latin terms with IPA pronunciation",
    "Latin terms with unknown etymologies",
    "Latin third declension nouns",
    "la:People"
  ],
  "derived": [
    {
      "word": "cruciārius"
    },
    {
      "word": "crucifer"
    },
    {
      "word": "crucifīgō"
    },
    {
      "word": "crucifixor"
    },
    {
      "word": "cruciō"
    }
  ],
  "descendants": [
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "Balkan Romance:"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "rup",
            "2": "crutsi",
            "alts": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "Aromanian: crutsi, crutse, crutsã, cãrutsi, cãrutse",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Aromanian: crutsi, crutse, crutsã, cãrutsi, cãrutse"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "ro",
            "2": "cruce"
          },
          "expansion": "Romanian: cruce",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Romanian: cruce"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "Dalmatian:"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "dlm",
            "2": "crauc",
            "nolb": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "crauc",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "crauc"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "Italo-Romance:"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "co",
            "2": "croce",
            "3": "croci"
          },
          "expansion": "Corsican: croce, croci",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Corsican: croce, croci"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "sdn",
            "2": "gruci",
            "3": "grugi"
          },
          "expansion": "Gallurese: gruci, grugi",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Gallurese: gruci, grugi"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "it",
            "2": "croce"
          },
          "expansion": "Italian: croce",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Italian: croce"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "nap",
            "2": "croce"
          },
          "expansion": "Neapolitan: croce",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Neapolitan: croce"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "sdc",
            "2": "crozi"
          },
          "expansion": "Sassarese: crozi",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Sassarese: crozi"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "scn",
            "2": "cruci"
          },
          "expansion": "Sicilian: cruci",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Sicilian: cruci"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "North Italian:"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "fur",
            "2": "crôs"
          },
          "expansion": "Friulian: crôs",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Friulian: crôs"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "lij",
            "2": "crôxe"
          },
          "expansion": "Ligurian: crôxe",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Ligurian: crôxe"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "lmo",
            "2": "crox"
          },
          "expansion": "Lombard: crox",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Old Lombard: crox"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "lmo",
            "2": "crox"
          },
          "expansion": "Lombard: crox",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Lombard: crox"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "pms",
            "2": "cros"
          },
          "expansion": "Piedmontese: cros",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Piedmontese: cros"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "rgn",
            "2": "cróṡ"
          },
          "expansion": "Romagnol: cróṡ",
          "name": "desc"
        },
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "Ravenna, Lugo"
          },
          "expansion": "(Ravenna, Lugo)",
          "name": "q"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Romagnol: cróṡ (Ravenna, Lugo)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "rm",
            "2": "crusch",
            "3": "crousch"
          },
          "expansion": "Romansch: crusch, crousch",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Romansch: crusch, crousch"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "vec",
            "2": "cróxe"
          },
          "expansion": "Venetian: cróxe",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Venetian: cróxe"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "Gallo-Romance:"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "frp",
            "2": "croués"
          },
          "expansion": "Franco-Provençal: croués",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Franco-Provençal: croués"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "fro",
            "2": "crois"
          },
          "expansion": "Old French: crois",
          "name": "desc"
        },
        {
          "args": {},
          "expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
          "name": "see desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Old French: crois (see there for further descendants)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "Occitano-Romance:"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "oc",
            "2": "crotz"
          },
          "expansion": "Occitan: crotz",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Occitan: crotz"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "roa-oca",
            "2": "crou",
            "3": "creu"
          },
          "expansion": "Old Catalan: crou, creu",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Old Catalan: crou, creu"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "ca",
            "2": "creu"
          },
          "expansion": "Catalan: creu",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Catalan: creu"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "West Iberian:"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "ast",
            "2": "cruz"
          },
          "expansion": "Asturian: cruz",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Asturian: cruz"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "roa-opt",
            "2": "cruz"
          },
          "expansion": "Old Galician-Portuguese: cruz\nGalician: cruz\nPortuguese: cruz (see there for further descendants)",
          "name": "desctree"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Old Galician-Portuguese: cruz\nGalician: cruz\nPortuguese: cruz (see there for further descendants)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "es",
            "2": "cruz"
          },
          "expansion": "Spanish: cruz",
          "name": "desc"
        },
        {
          "args": {},
          "expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
          "name": "see desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Spanish: cruz (see there for further descendants)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "Insular Romance:"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "sc",
            "2": "cruche",
            "3": "crugi",
            "4": "cruxi",
            "5": "gruche",
            "6": "grughe",
            "7": "gruxi"
          },
          "expansion": "Sardinian: cruche, crugi, cruxi, gruche, grughe, gruxi",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Sardinian: cruche, crugi, cruxi, gruche, grughe, gruxi"
    },
    {
      "depth": 0,
      "templates": [],
      "text": "Borrowings"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "sq",
            "2": "kryq",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Albanian: kryq",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Albanian: kryq"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "eu",
            "2": "gurutze",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Basque: gurutze",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Basque: gurutze"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "cel-pro",
            "2": "",
            "alt": "*kruxsā",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Proto-Celtic: *kruxsā",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Proto-Celtic: *kruxsā"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "cel-bry-pro",
            "2": "*kroɨs"
          },
          "expansion": "Proto-Brythonic: *kroɨs",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Proto-Brythonic: *kroɨs"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "br",
            "2": "kroes",
            "3": "kroaz"
          },
          "expansion": "Breton: kroes, kroaz",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Breton: kroes, kroaz"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "kw",
            "2": "krows"
          },
          "expansion": "Cornish: krows",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Cornish: krows"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "cy",
            "2": "croes",
            "3": "crwys"
          },
          "expansion": "Welsh: croes, crwys",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Welsh: croes, crwys"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "sga",
            "2": "cros"
          },
          "expansion": "Old Irish: cros",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Old Irish: cros"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "ga",
            "2": "cros"
          },
          "expansion": "Irish: cros",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Irish: cros"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "gd",
            "2": "crois"
          },
          "expansion": "Scottish Gaelic: crois",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Scottish Gaelic: crois"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "non",
            "2": "kross",
            "3": "*kors",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Old Norse: kross, *kors",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Old Norse: kross, *kors"
    },
    {
      "depth": 4,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "da",
            "2": "kors"
          },
          "expansion": "Danish: kors",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Danish: kors"
    },
    {
      "depth": 4,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "fo",
            "2": "krossur"
          },
          "expansion": "Faroese: krossur",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Faroese: krossur"
    },
    {
      "depth": 4,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "is",
            "2": "kross"
          },
          "expansion": "Icelandic: kross",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Icelandic: kross"
    },
    {
      "depth": 4,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "nb",
            "2": "kors"
          },
          "expansion": "Norwegian Bokmål: kors",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Norwegian Bokmål: kors"
    },
    {
      "depth": 4,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "nn",
            "2": "kors",
            "3": "kross"
          },
          "expansion": "Norwegian Nynorsk: kors, kross",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Norwegian Nynorsk: kors, kross"
    },
    {
      "depth": 4,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "sv",
            "2": "kors"
          },
          "expansion": "Swedish: kors",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Swedish: kors"
    },
    {
      "depth": 4,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "ang",
            "2": "cros",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Old English: cros",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Old English: cros"
    },
    {
      "depth": 5,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "enm",
            "2": "cross"
          },
          "expansion": "Middle English: cross",
          "name": "desc"
        },
        {
          "args": {},
          "expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
          "name": "see desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Middle English: cross (see there for further descendants)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "cel-pro",
            "2": "",
            "alt": "*krukā",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Proto-Celtic: *krukā",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Proto-Celtic: *krukā"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "cel-bry-pro",
            "2": "*krog"
          },
          "expansion": "Proto-Brythonic: *krog",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Proto-Brythonic: *krog"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "wlm",
            "2": "croc"
          },
          "expansion": "Middle Welsh: croc",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Middle Welsh: croc"
    },
    {
      "depth": 4,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "cy",
            "2": "crog"
          },
          "expansion": "Welsh: crog",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Welsh: crog"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "sga",
            "2": "croch"
          },
          "expansion": "Old Irish: croch",
          "name": "desc"
        },
        {
          "args": {},
          "expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
          "name": "see desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Old Irish: croch (see there for further descendants)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "nl",
            "2": "crux",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Dutch: crux",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Dutch: crux"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "en",
            "2": "crux",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ English: crux",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ English: crux"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "ang",
            "2": "crūċ",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Old English: crūċ",
          "name": "desc"
        },
        {
          "args": {},
          "expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
          "name": "see desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Old English: crūċ (see there for further descendants)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "fi",
            "2": "ruksi",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Finnish: ruksi",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Finnish: ruksi"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "de",
            "2": "Crux",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ German: Crux",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ German: Crux"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "goh",
            "2": "krūzi",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Old High German: krūzi",
          "name": "desc"
        },
        {
          "args": {},
          "expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
          "name": "see desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Old High German: krūzi (see there for further descendants)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "is",
            "2": "krús",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Icelandic: krús",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Icelandic: krús"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "dum",
            "2": "cruce",
            "3": "crucen",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Middle Dutch: cruce, crucen",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Middle Dutch: cruce, crucen"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "nl",
            "2": "kruis"
          },
          "expansion": "Dutch: kruis",
          "name": "desc"
        },
        {
          "args": {},
          "expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
          "name": "see desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Dutch: kruis (see there for further descendants)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "li",
            "2": "kruutse"
          },
          "expansion": "Limburgish: kruutse",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Limburgish: kruutse"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "vls",
            "2": "kruus"
          },
          "expansion": "West Flemish: kruus",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "West Flemish: kruus"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "osx",
            "2": "krūci",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Old Saxon: krūci",
          "name": "desc"
        },
        {
          "args": {},
          "expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
          "name": "see desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Old Saxon: krūci (see there for further descendants)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "sla-pro",
            "alt1": "*kryžь",
            "bor": "1",
            "nolb": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ *kryžь",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Southern Common Slavic: → *kryžь"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "sh"
          },
          "expansion": "Serbo-Croatian:",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Serbo-Croatian:"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "sh",
            "2": "križ",
            "sclb": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "Latin script: križ",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Latin script: križ"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "sh",
            "2": "криж",
            "sclb": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "Cyrillic script: криж",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Cyrillic script: криж"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "sl",
            "2": "križ"
          },
          "expansion": "Slovene: križ",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Slovene: križ"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "zlw-ocs",
            "2": "kříž",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Old Czech: kříž",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Old Czech: kříž"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "cs",
            "2": "kříž"
          },
          "expansion": "Czech: kříž",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Czech: kříž ,"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "zlw-opl",
            "2": "krzyż",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Old Polish: krzyż",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Old Polish: krzyż"
    },
    {
      "depth": 4,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "pl",
            "2": "krzyż",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Polish: krzyż",
          "name": "desc"
        },
        {
          "args": {},
          "expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
          "name": "see desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Polish: krzyż (see there for further descendants)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "sk",
            "2": "kríž",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Slovak: kríž",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Slovak: kríž"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "dsb",
            "2": "kśica",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Lower Sorbian: kśica",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Lower Sorbian: kśica"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "hsb",
            "2": "křiž",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Upper Sorbian: křiž",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Upper Sorbian: křiž"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*(s)ker-",
        "id": "turn"
      },
      "expansion": "",
      "name": "root"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "itc-pro",
        "3": "",
        "4": "*kruks"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Italic *kruks",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "itc-pro",
        "2": "",
        "3": "*krukis"
      },
      "expansion": "*krukis",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "nocap": "1"
      },
      "expansion": "unknown",
      "name": "unk"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*(s)ker-",
        "4": "",
        "5": "to turn, to bend"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker- (“to turn, to bend”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ine-pro",
        "2": "",
        "3": "*-k-"
      },
      "expansion": "*-k-",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "circus",
        "3": "",
        "4": "circle"
      },
      "expansion": "Latin circus (“circle”)",
      "name": "m+"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "curvus",
        "3": "",
        "4": "curve"
      },
      "expansion": "curvus (“curve”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ga",
        "2": "crúach",
        "3": "",
        "4": "heap, hill"
      },
      "expansion": "Irish crúach (“heap, hill”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "cel-gau",
        "2": "*krouka",
        "3": "",
        "4": "summit"
      },
      "expansion": "Gaulish *krouka (“summit”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "cel-bry-pro",
        "2": "*krʉg",
        "3": "",
        "4": "small hill; pillar"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Brythonic *krʉg (“small hill; pillar”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "non",
        "2": "hrúga",
        "3": "",
        "4": "heap, pile"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Norse hrúga (“heap, pile”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gem-pro",
        "2": "*hraukaz",
        "3": "",
        "4": "heap, pile"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *hraukaz (“heap, pile”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gem-pro",
        "2": "*hrugjaz",
        "3": "",
        "4": "back, spine, ridge"
      },
      "expansion": "*hrugjaz (“back, spine, ridge”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ine-pro",
        "2": "*krewk-",
        "3": "",
        "4": "~ heap, hill; back, spine?"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *krewk- (“~ heap, hill; back, spine?”)",
      "name": "m+"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "qfa-sub"
      },
      "expansion": "substrate",
      "name": "der"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Proto-Italic *kruks or *krukis (it is uncertain whether the original form was an i-stem), of unknown origin. Pokorny connected Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker- (“to turn, to bend”) with an assumed extension in *-k-; compare Latin circus (“circle”) and curvus (“curve”). This explanation suffers phonetic, morphological and semantic problems. A modern hypothesis connects Irish crúach (“heap, hill”), Gaulish *krouka (“summit”), Proto-Brythonic *krʉg (“small hill; pillar”), Old Norse hrúga (“heap, pile”), and Proto-Germanic *hraukaz (“heap, pile”) and *hrugjaz (“back, spine, ridge”), pointing to Proto-Indo-European *krewk- (“~ heap, hill; back, spine?”), albeit with an unusual root structure and shaky semantics. Alternatively, a loanword from an unidentified or substrate language.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "crucis",
      "tags": [
        "genitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "la-ndecl",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "crux",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "crucēs",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "crucis",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "crucum",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "crucī",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "crucibus",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "crucem",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "crucēs",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "cruce",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "ablative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "crucibus",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "ablative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "crux",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "singular",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "crucēs",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "vocative"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "crux<3>",
        "g": "f"
      },
      "expansion": "crux f (genitive crucis); third declension",
      "name": "la-noun"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "crux<3>"
      },
      "name": "la-ndecl"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Latin",
  "lang_code": "la",
  "pos": "noun",
  "related": [
    {
      "word": "cruciābilis"
    },
    {
      "word": "cruciābiliter"
    },
    {
      "word": "cruciābilitās"
    },
    {
      "word": "cruciābundus"
    },
    {
      "word": "cruciāmen"
    },
    {
      "word": "cruciāmentum"
    },
    {
      "word": "cruciātiō"
    },
    {
      "word": "cruciātor"
    },
    {
      "word": "cruciātōrius"
    },
    {
      "word": "cruciātus"
    }
  ],
  "senses": [
    {
      "glosses": [
        "wooden frame on which criminals were crucified, especially a cross"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "wooden",
          "wooden"
        ],
        [
          "frame",
          "frame"
        ],
        [
          "criminal",
          "criminal"
        ],
        [
          "crucified",
          "crucify"
        ],
        [
          "cross",
          "cross"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "declension-3",
        "feminine"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "Latin derogatory terms"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "gallows bird; one who deserves to be hanged"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "derogatory",
          "derogatory"
        ],
        [
          "gallows bird",
          "gallows bird"
        ],
        [
          "deserve",
          "deserve"
        ],
        [
          "hanged",
          "hanged"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(derogatory) gallows bird; one who deserves to be hanged"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "declension-3",
        "derogatory",
        "feminine"
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "torture; misery"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "torture",
          "torture"
        ],
        [
          "misery",
          "misery"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(figuratively) torture; misery"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "declension-3",
        "feminine",
        "figuratively"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "Latin terms with usage examples"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "Hail thou white Cross",
          "text": "Ave Crux alba",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "cross (symbol)"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "cross",
          "cross"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "declension-3",
        "feminine"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/kruks/",
      "tags": [
        "Classical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[krʊks̠]",
      "tags": [
        "Classical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/kruks/",
      "note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[kruks]",
      "note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
    }
  ],
  "wikipedia": [
    "la:crux"
  ],
  "word": "crux"
}

This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-05-03 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-05-02 using wiktextract (f4fd8c9 and c9440ce). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.