See crux in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "cruciārius"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "crucifer"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "crucifīgō"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "crucifixor"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "cruciō"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Balkan Romance:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "rup",
"2": "crutsi",
"alts": "1"
},
"expansion": "Aromanian: crutsi, crutse, crutsã, cãrutsi, cãrutse",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Aromanian: crutsi, crutse, crutsã, cãrutsi, cãrutse"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ro",
"2": "cruce"
},
"expansion": "Romanian: cruce",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Romanian: cruce"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Dalmatian:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dlm",
"2": "crauc",
"nolb": "1"
},
"expansion": "crauc",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "crauc"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Italo-Romance:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "co",
"2": "croce",
"3": "croci"
},
"expansion": "Corsican: croce, croci",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Corsican: croce, croci"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sdn",
"2": "gruci",
"3": "grugi"
},
"expansion": "Gallurese: gruci, grugi",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Gallurese: gruci, grugi"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "it",
"2": "croce"
},
"expansion": "Italian: croce",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Italian: croce"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nap",
"2": "croce"
},
"expansion": "Neapolitan: croce",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Neapolitan: croce"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sdc",
"2": "crozi"
},
"expansion": "Sassarese: crozi",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sassarese: crozi"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "scn",
"2": "cruci"
},
"expansion": "Sicilian: cruci",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sicilian: cruci"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "North Italian:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fur",
"2": "crôs"
},
"expansion": "Friulian: crôs",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Friulian: crôs"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lij",
"2": "crôxe"
},
"expansion": "Ligurian: crôxe",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ligurian: crôxe"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lmo",
"2": "crox"
},
"expansion": "Lombard: crox",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Lombard: crox"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lmo",
"2": "crox"
},
"expansion": "Lombard: crox",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Lombard: crox"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pms",
"2": "cros"
},
"expansion": "Piedmontese: cros",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Piedmontese: cros"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "rgn",
"2": "cróṡ"
},
"expansion": "Romagnol: cróṡ",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Ravenna, Lugo"
},
"expansion": "(Ravenna, Lugo)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "Romagnol: cróṡ (Ravenna, Lugo)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "rm",
"2": "crusch",
"3": "crousch"
},
"expansion": "Romansch: crusch, crousch",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Romansch: crusch, crousch"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vec",
"2": "cróxe"
},
"expansion": "Venetan: cróxe",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Venetan: cróxe"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Gallo-Romance:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "frp",
"2": "croués"
},
"expansion": "Franco-Provençal: croués",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Franco-Provençal: croués"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "crois"
},
"expansion": "Old French: crois",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Old French: crois (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Occitano-Romance:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "oc",
"2": "crotz"
},
"expansion": "Occitan: crotz",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Occitan: crotz"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "roa-oca",
"2": "crou",
"3": "creu"
},
"expansion": "Old Catalan: crou, creu",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Catalan: crou, creu"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ca",
"2": "creu"
},
"expansion": "Catalan: creu",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Catalan: creu"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "West Iberian:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ast",
"2": "cruz"
},
"expansion": "Asturian: cruz",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Asturian: cruz"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "roa-opt",
"2": "cruz"
},
"expansion": "Old Galician-Portuguese: cruz, crruz, crus, crux\nFala: cru\nGalician: cruz\nPortuguese: cruz (see there for further descendants)",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Old Galician-Portuguese: cruz, crruz, crus, crux\nFala: cru\nGalician: cruz\nPortuguese: cruz (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "es",
"2": "cruz"
},
"expansion": "Spanish: cruz",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Spanish: cruz (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Insular Romance:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sc",
"2": "cruche",
"3": "crugi",
"4": "cruxi",
"5": "gruche",
"6": "grughe",
"7": "gruxi"
},
"expansion": "Sardinian: cruche, crugi, cruxi, gruche, grughe, gruxi",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sardinian: cruche, crugi, cruxi, gruche, grughe, gruxi"
},
{
"depth": 0,
"templates": [],
"text": "Borrowings"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sq",
"2": "kryq",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Albanian: kryq",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Albanian: kryq"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "eu",
"2": "gurutze",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Basque: gurutze",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Basque: gurutze"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "",
"alt": "*kruxsā",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Proto-Celtic: *kruxsā",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Proto-Celtic: *kruxsā"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-bry-pro",
"2": "*kroɨs"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Brythonic: *kroɨs",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Brythonic: *kroɨs"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "br",
"2": "kroes",
"3": "kroaz"
},
"expansion": "Breton: kroes, kroaz",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Breton: kroes, kroaz"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "kw",
"2": "krows"
},
"expansion": "Cornish: krows",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Cornish: krows"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "croes",
"3": "crwys"
},
"expansion": "Welsh: croes, crwys",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Welsh: croes, crwys"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sga",
"2": "cros"
},
"expansion": "Old Irish: cros, cross\nIrish: cros, crois\nManx: crosh\nScottish Gaelic: crois, cros\n→ Old Norse: kross, *kors\nDanish: kors\nFaroese: krossur\nIcelandic: kross\nNorwegian Bokmål: kors\nNorwegian Nynorsk: kors, kross\nSwedish: kors\n→ Old English: cros\nMiddle English: cross, cros, croz, crosse, crosce\nEnglish: cross\n→ Japanese: クロス (kurosu)\nScots: cross, cros",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Old Irish: cros, cross\nIrish: cros, crois\nManx: crosh\nScottish Gaelic: crois, cros\n→ Old Norse: kross, *kors\nDanish: kors\nFaroese: krossur\nIcelandic: kross\nNorwegian Bokmål: kors\nNorwegian Nynorsk: kors, kross\nSwedish: kors\n→ Old English: cros\nMiddle English: cross, cros, croz, crosse, crosce\nEnglish: cross\n→ Japanese: クロス (kurosu)\nScots: cross, cros"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "",
"alt": "*krukā",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Proto-Celtic: *krukā",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Proto-Celtic: *krukā"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-bry-pro",
"2": "*krog"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Brythonic: *krog",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Brythonic: *krog"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "wlm",
"2": "croc"
},
"expansion": "Middle Welsh: croc",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Welsh: croc"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "crog"
},
"expansion": "Welsh: crog",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Welsh: crog"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sga",
"2": "croch"
},
"expansion": "Old Irish: croch",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Irish: croch (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "crux",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Dutch: crux",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Dutch: crux"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "crux",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ English: crux",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ English: crux"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "crūċ",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Old English: crūċ",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Old English: crūċ (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fi",
"2": "ruksi",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Finnish: ruksi",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Finnish: ruksi"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "Crux",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ German: Crux",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ German: Crux"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "krūzi",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Old High German: krūzi",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Old High German: krūzi (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "is",
"2": "krús",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Icelandic: krús",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Icelandic: krús"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dum",
"2": "cruce",
"3": "crucen",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Middle Dutch: cruce, crucen",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Middle Dutch: cruce, crucen"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "kruis"
},
"expansion": "Dutch: kruis",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Dutch: kruis (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "li",
"2": "kruutse"
},
"expansion": "Limburgish: kruutse",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Limburgish: kruutse"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vls",
"2": "kruus"
},
"expansion": "West Flemish: kruus",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "West Flemish: kruus"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "osx",
"2": "krūci",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Old Saxon: krūci",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Old Saxon: krūci (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"alt1": "*kryžь",
"bor": "1",
"nolb": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ *kryžь",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Southern Common Slavic: → *kryžь"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sh"
},
"expansion": "Serbo-Croatian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Serbo-Croatian:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "križ",
"sclb": "1"
},
"expansion": "Latin script: križ",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin script: križ"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "криж",
"sclb": "1"
},
"expansion": "Cyrillic script: криж",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Cyrillic script: криж"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sl",
"2": "križ"
},
"expansion": "Slovene: križ",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Slovene: križ"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zlw-ocs",
"2": "kříž",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Old Czech: kříž",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Old Czech: kříž"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cs",
"2": "kříž"
},
"expansion": "Czech: kříž",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Czech: kříž"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zlw-opl",
"2": "krzyż",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Old Polish: krzyż",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Old Polish: krzyż"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "krzyż",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Polish: krzyż",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Polish: krzyż (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zlw-osk",
"2": "kríž",
"3": "krúž",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Old Slovak: kríž, krúž",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Old Slovak: kríž, krúž"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "rsk",
"2": "криж"
},
"expansion": "Pannonian Rusyn: криж (križ)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Pannonian Rusyn: криж (križ)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sk",
"2": "kríž"
},
"expansion": "Slovak: kríž",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Slovak: kríž"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dsb",
"2": "kśica",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Lower Sorbian: kśica",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Lower Sorbian: kśica"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hsb",
"2": "křiž",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Upper Sorbian: křiž",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Upper Sorbian: křiž"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vi",
"2": "câu rút",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Vietnamese: câu rút",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Vietnamese: câu rút"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "der",
"3": "unc",
"4": "ine-pro>*(s)ker->turn",
"id": "cross"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "itc-pro",
"3": "",
"4": "*kruks"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic *kruks",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "unclear"
},
"expansion": "unclear",
"name": "unk"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*(s)ker-",
"4": "",
"5": "to turn, to bend"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker- (“to turn, to bend”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "circus",
"3": "",
"4": "circle"
},
"expansion": "Latin circus (“circle”)",
"name": "m+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ga",
"2": "crúach",
"3": "",
"4": "heap, hill"
},
"expansion": "Irish crúach (“heap, hill”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-gau",
"2": "*krouka",
"3": "",
"4": "summit"
},
"expansion": "Gaulish *krouka (“summit”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-bry-pro",
"2": "*krʉg",
"3": "",
"4": "small hill; pillar"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Brythonic *krʉg (“small hill; pillar”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "hrúga",
"3": "",
"4": "heap, pile"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse hrúga (“heap, pile”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*hraukaz",
"3": "",
"4": "heap, pile"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *hraukaz (“heap, pile”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*krewk-",
"3": "",
"4": "~ heap, hill; back, spine?"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *krewk- (“~ heap, hill; back, spine?”)",
"name": "m+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "qfa-sub"
},
"expansion": "substrate",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Italic *kruks or *krukis (it is uncertain whether the original form was an i-stem), of unclear origin. Pokorny connected Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker- (“to turn, to bend”) with an assumed extension in *-k-; compare Latin circus (“circle”) and curvus (“curve”). This explanation suffers phonetic, morphological and semantic problems. A modern hypothesis connects Irish crúach (“heap, hill”), Gaulish *krouka (“summit”), Proto-Brythonic *krʉg (“small hill; pillar”), Old Norse hrúga (“heap, pile”), and Proto-Germanic *hraukaz (“heap, pile”) and *hrugjaz (“back, spine, ridge”), pointing to Proto-Indo-European *krewk- (“~ heap, hill; back, spine?”), albeit with an unusual root structure and shaky semantics. Alternatively, a loanword from an unidentified or substrate language.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "crucis",
"tags": [
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "la-ndecl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "crux",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "crucēs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "crucis",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "crucum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "crucī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "crucibus",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "crucem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "crucēs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "cruce",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "crucibus",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "crux",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "crucēs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "crux<3>",
"g": "f"
},
"expansion": "crux f (genitive crucis); third declension",
"name": "la-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "crux<3>"
},
"name": "la-ndecl"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "cruciābilis"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "cruciābilitās"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "cruciābiliter"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "cruciābundus"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "cruciāmen"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "cruciāmentum"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "cruciātiō"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "cruciātor"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "cruciātōrius"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "cruciātus"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "41 46 11 2",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "21 31 28 21",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin feminine nouns in the third declension",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"wooden frame on which criminals were crucified, especially a cross"
],
"id": "en-crux-la-noun-EfnaOoYr",
"links": [
[
"wooden",
"wooden"
],
[
"frame",
"frame"
],
[
"criminal",
"criminal"
],
[
"crucified",
"crucify"
],
[
"cross",
"cross"
]
],
"tags": [
"declension-3",
"feminine"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "41 46 11 2",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "21 31 28 21",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin feminine nouns in the third declension",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"gallows bird; one who deserves to be hanged"
],
"id": "en-crux-la-noun-44tr2Q3I",
"links": [
[
"derogatory",
"derogatory"
],
[
"gallows bird",
"gallows bird"
],
[
"deserve",
"deserve"
],
[
"hanged",
"hanged"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(derogatory) gallows bird; one who deserves to be hanged"
],
"tags": [
"declension-3",
"derogatory",
"feminine"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "41 46 11 2",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "21 31 28 21",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin feminine nouns in the third declension",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "1 34 65 0",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "la",
"name": "People",
"orig": "la:People",
"parents": [
"Human",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"torture; misery"
],
"id": "en-crux-la-noun-m454LTfF",
"links": [
[
"torture",
"torture"
],
[
"misery",
"misery"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(figuratively) torture; misery"
],
"tags": [
"declension-3",
"feminine",
"figuratively"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "21 31 28 21",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin feminine nouns in the third declension",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "Hail thou white Cross",
"text": "Ave Crux alba",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"cross (symbol)"
],
"id": "en-crux-la-noun-9k-4zJAx",
"links": [
[
"cross",
"cross"
]
],
"tags": [
"declension-3",
"feminine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈkruks/",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈkrʊks̠]",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈkruks/",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈkruks]",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"la:crux"
],
"word": "crux"
}
{
"categories": [
"Latin 1-syllable words",
"Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"Latin feminine nouns",
"Latin feminine nouns in the third declension",
"Latin lemmas",
"Latin nouns",
"Latin terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Latin terms derived from Proto-Italic",
"Latin terms derived from substrate languages",
"Latin terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *(s)ker- (turn)",
"Latin terms inherited from Proto-Italic",
"Latin terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Latin terms with unknown etymologies",
"Latin third declension nouns",
"Pages with 4 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"la:People"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "cruciārius"
},
{
"word": "crucifer"
},
{
"word": "crucifīgō"
},
{
"word": "crucifixor"
},
{
"word": "cruciō"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Balkan Romance:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "rup",
"2": "crutsi",
"alts": "1"
},
"expansion": "Aromanian: crutsi, crutse, crutsã, cãrutsi, cãrutse",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Aromanian: crutsi, crutse, crutsã, cãrutsi, cãrutse"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ro",
"2": "cruce"
},
"expansion": "Romanian: cruce",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Romanian: cruce"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Dalmatian:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dlm",
"2": "crauc",
"nolb": "1"
},
"expansion": "crauc",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "crauc"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Italo-Romance:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "co",
"2": "croce",
"3": "croci"
},
"expansion": "Corsican: croce, croci",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Corsican: croce, croci"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sdn",
"2": "gruci",
"3": "grugi"
},
"expansion": "Gallurese: gruci, grugi",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Gallurese: gruci, grugi"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "it",
"2": "croce"
},
"expansion": "Italian: croce",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Italian: croce"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nap",
"2": "croce"
},
"expansion": "Neapolitan: croce",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Neapolitan: croce"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sdc",
"2": "crozi"
},
"expansion": "Sassarese: crozi",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sassarese: crozi"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "scn",
"2": "cruci"
},
"expansion": "Sicilian: cruci",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sicilian: cruci"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "North Italian:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fur",
"2": "crôs"
},
"expansion": "Friulian: crôs",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Friulian: crôs"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lij",
"2": "crôxe"
},
"expansion": "Ligurian: crôxe",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ligurian: crôxe"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lmo",
"2": "crox"
},
"expansion": "Lombard: crox",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Lombard: crox"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lmo",
"2": "crox"
},
"expansion": "Lombard: crox",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Lombard: crox"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pms",
"2": "cros"
},
"expansion": "Piedmontese: cros",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Piedmontese: cros"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "rgn",
"2": "cróṡ"
},
"expansion": "Romagnol: cróṡ",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Ravenna, Lugo"
},
"expansion": "(Ravenna, Lugo)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "Romagnol: cróṡ (Ravenna, Lugo)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "rm",
"2": "crusch",
"3": "crousch"
},
"expansion": "Romansch: crusch, crousch",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Romansch: crusch, crousch"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vec",
"2": "cróxe"
},
"expansion": "Venetan: cróxe",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Venetan: cróxe"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Gallo-Romance:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "frp",
"2": "croués"
},
"expansion": "Franco-Provençal: croués",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Franco-Provençal: croués"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "crois"
},
"expansion": "Old French: crois",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Old French: crois (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Occitano-Romance:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "oc",
"2": "crotz"
},
"expansion": "Occitan: crotz",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Occitan: crotz"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "roa-oca",
"2": "crou",
"3": "creu"
},
"expansion": "Old Catalan: crou, creu",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Catalan: crou, creu"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ca",
"2": "creu"
},
"expansion": "Catalan: creu",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Catalan: creu"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "West Iberian:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ast",
"2": "cruz"
},
"expansion": "Asturian: cruz",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Asturian: cruz"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "roa-opt",
"2": "cruz"
},
"expansion": "Old Galician-Portuguese: cruz, crruz, crus, crux\nFala: cru\nGalician: cruz\nPortuguese: cruz (see there for further descendants)",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Old Galician-Portuguese: cruz, crruz, crus, crux\nFala: cru\nGalician: cruz\nPortuguese: cruz (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "es",
"2": "cruz"
},
"expansion": "Spanish: cruz",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Spanish: cruz (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Insular Romance:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sc",
"2": "cruche",
"3": "crugi",
"4": "cruxi",
"5": "gruche",
"6": "grughe",
"7": "gruxi"
},
"expansion": "Sardinian: cruche, crugi, cruxi, gruche, grughe, gruxi",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sardinian: cruche, crugi, cruxi, gruche, grughe, gruxi"
},
{
"depth": 0,
"templates": [],
"text": "Borrowings"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sq",
"2": "kryq",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Albanian: kryq",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Albanian: kryq"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "eu",
"2": "gurutze",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Basque: gurutze",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Basque: gurutze"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "",
"alt": "*kruxsā",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Proto-Celtic: *kruxsā",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Proto-Celtic: *kruxsā"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-bry-pro",
"2": "*kroɨs"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Brythonic: *kroɨs",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Brythonic: *kroɨs"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "br",
"2": "kroes",
"3": "kroaz"
},
"expansion": "Breton: kroes, kroaz",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Breton: kroes, kroaz"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "kw",
"2": "krows"
},
"expansion": "Cornish: krows",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Cornish: krows"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "croes",
"3": "crwys"
},
"expansion": "Welsh: croes, crwys",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Welsh: croes, crwys"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sga",
"2": "cros"
},
"expansion": "Old Irish: cros, cross\nIrish: cros, crois\nManx: crosh\nScottish Gaelic: crois, cros\n→ Old Norse: kross, *kors\nDanish: kors\nFaroese: krossur\nIcelandic: kross\nNorwegian Bokmål: kors\nNorwegian Nynorsk: kors, kross\nSwedish: kors\n→ Old English: cros\nMiddle English: cross, cros, croz, crosse, crosce\nEnglish: cross\n→ Japanese: クロス (kurosu)\nScots: cross, cros",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Old Irish: cros, cross\nIrish: cros, crois\nManx: crosh\nScottish Gaelic: crois, cros\n→ Old Norse: kross, *kors\nDanish: kors\nFaroese: krossur\nIcelandic: kross\nNorwegian Bokmål: kors\nNorwegian Nynorsk: kors, kross\nSwedish: kors\n→ Old English: cros\nMiddle English: cross, cros, croz, crosse, crosce\nEnglish: cross\n→ Japanese: クロス (kurosu)\nScots: cross, cros"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "",
"alt": "*krukā",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Proto-Celtic: *krukā",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Proto-Celtic: *krukā"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-bry-pro",
"2": "*krog"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Brythonic: *krog",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Brythonic: *krog"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "wlm",
"2": "croc"
},
"expansion": "Middle Welsh: croc",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Welsh: croc"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "crog"
},
"expansion": "Welsh: crog",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Welsh: crog"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sga",
"2": "croch"
},
"expansion": "Old Irish: croch",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Irish: croch (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "crux",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Dutch: crux",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Dutch: crux"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "crux",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ English: crux",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ English: crux"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "crūċ",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Old English: crūċ",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Old English: crūċ (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fi",
"2": "ruksi",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Finnish: ruksi",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Finnish: ruksi"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "Crux",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ German: Crux",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ German: Crux"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "krūzi",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Old High German: krūzi",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Old High German: krūzi (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "is",
"2": "krús",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Icelandic: krús",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Icelandic: krús"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dum",
"2": "cruce",
"3": "crucen",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Middle Dutch: cruce, crucen",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Middle Dutch: cruce, crucen"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "kruis"
},
"expansion": "Dutch: kruis",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Dutch: kruis (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "li",
"2": "kruutse"
},
"expansion": "Limburgish: kruutse",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Limburgish: kruutse"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vls",
"2": "kruus"
},
"expansion": "West Flemish: kruus",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "West Flemish: kruus"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "osx",
"2": "krūci",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Old Saxon: krūci",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Old Saxon: krūci (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"alt1": "*kryžь",
"bor": "1",
"nolb": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ *kryžь",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Southern Common Slavic: → *kryžь"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sh"
},
"expansion": "Serbo-Croatian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Serbo-Croatian:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "križ",
"sclb": "1"
},
"expansion": "Latin script: križ",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin script: križ"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "криж",
"sclb": "1"
},
"expansion": "Cyrillic script: криж",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Cyrillic script: криж"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sl",
"2": "križ"
},
"expansion": "Slovene: križ",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Slovene: križ"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zlw-ocs",
"2": "kříž",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Old Czech: kříž",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Old Czech: kříž"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cs",
"2": "kříž"
},
"expansion": "Czech: kříž",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Czech: kříž"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zlw-opl",
"2": "krzyż",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Old Polish: krzyż",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Old Polish: krzyż"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "krzyż",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Polish: krzyż",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Polish: krzyż (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zlw-osk",
"2": "kríž",
"3": "krúž",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Old Slovak: kríž, krúž",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Old Slovak: kríž, krúž"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "rsk",
"2": "криж"
},
"expansion": "Pannonian Rusyn: криж (križ)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Pannonian Rusyn: криж (križ)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sk",
"2": "kríž"
},
"expansion": "Slovak: kríž",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Slovak: kríž"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dsb",
"2": "kśica",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Lower Sorbian: kśica",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Lower Sorbian: kśica"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hsb",
"2": "křiž",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Upper Sorbian: křiž",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Upper Sorbian: křiž"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vi",
"2": "câu rút",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Vietnamese: câu rút",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Vietnamese: câu rút"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "der",
"3": "unc",
"4": "ine-pro>*(s)ker->turn",
"id": "cross"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "itc-pro",
"3": "",
"4": "*kruks"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic *kruks",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "unclear"
},
"expansion": "unclear",
"name": "unk"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*(s)ker-",
"4": "",
"5": "to turn, to bend"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker- (“to turn, to bend”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "circus",
"3": "",
"4": "circle"
},
"expansion": "Latin circus (“circle”)",
"name": "m+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ga",
"2": "crúach",
"3": "",
"4": "heap, hill"
},
"expansion": "Irish crúach (“heap, hill”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-gau",
"2": "*krouka",
"3": "",
"4": "summit"
},
"expansion": "Gaulish *krouka (“summit”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-bry-pro",
"2": "*krʉg",
"3": "",
"4": "small hill; pillar"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Brythonic *krʉg (“small hill; pillar”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "hrúga",
"3": "",
"4": "heap, pile"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse hrúga (“heap, pile”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*hraukaz",
"3": "",
"4": "heap, pile"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *hraukaz (“heap, pile”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*krewk-",
"3": "",
"4": "~ heap, hill; back, spine?"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *krewk- (“~ heap, hill; back, spine?”)",
"name": "m+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "qfa-sub"
},
"expansion": "substrate",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Italic *kruks or *krukis (it is uncertain whether the original form was an i-stem), of unclear origin. Pokorny connected Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker- (“to turn, to bend”) with an assumed extension in *-k-; compare Latin circus (“circle”) and curvus (“curve”). This explanation suffers phonetic, morphological and semantic problems. A modern hypothesis connects Irish crúach (“heap, hill”), Gaulish *krouka (“summit”), Proto-Brythonic *krʉg (“small hill; pillar”), Old Norse hrúga (“heap, pile”), and Proto-Germanic *hraukaz (“heap, pile”) and *hrugjaz (“back, spine, ridge”), pointing to Proto-Indo-European *krewk- (“~ heap, hill; back, spine?”), albeit with an unusual root structure and shaky semantics. Alternatively, a loanword from an unidentified or substrate language.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "crucis",
"tags": [
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "la-ndecl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "crux",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "crucēs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "crucis",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "crucum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "crucī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "crucibus",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "crucem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "crucēs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "cruce",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "crucibus",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "crux",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "crucēs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "crux<3>",
"g": "f"
},
"expansion": "crux f (genitive crucis); third declension",
"name": "la-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "crux<3>"
},
"name": "la-ndecl"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"word": "cruciābilis"
},
{
"word": "cruciābilitās"
},
{
"word": "cruciābiliter"
},
{
"word": "cruciābundus"
},
{
"word": "cruciāmen"
},
{
"word": "cruciāmentum"
},
{
"word": "cruciātiō"
},
{
"word": "cruciātor"
},
{
"word": "cruciātōrius"
},
{
"word": "cruciātus"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"wooden frame on which criminals were crucified, especially a cross"
],
"links": [
[
"wooden",
"wooden"
],
[
"frame",
"frame"
],
[
"criminal",
"criminal"
],
[
"crucified",
"crucify"
],
[
"cross",
"cross"
]
],
"tags": [
"declension-3",
"feminine"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Latin derogatory terms"
],
"glosses": [
"gallows bird; one who deserves to be hanged"
],
"links": [
[
"derogatory",
"derogatory"
],
[
"gallows bird",
"gallows bird"
],
[
"deserve",
"deserve"
],
[
"hanged",
"hanged"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(derogatory) gallows bird; one who deserves to be hanged"
],
"tags": [
"declension-3",
"derogatory",
"feminine"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"torture; misery"
],
"links": [
[
"torture",
"torture"
],
[
"misery",
"misery"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(figuratively) torture; misery"
],
"tags": [
"declension-3",
"feminine",
"figuratively"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Latin terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "Hail thou white Cross",
"text": "Ave Crux alba",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"cross (symbol)"
],
"links": [
[
"cross",
"cross"
]
],
"tags": [
"declension-3",
"feminine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈkruks/",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈkrʊks̠]",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈkruks/",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈkruks]",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"la:crux"
],
"word": "crux"
}
Download raw JSONL data for crux meaning in Latin (18.9kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Latin dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-03-01 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-02-21 using wiktextract (7c21d10 and f2e72e5). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.