See cram on Wiktionary
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "cramdown"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "cram-full"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "cram it"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "crammable"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "crammer"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "cram school"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "cram session"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "cram together"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "overcram"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "uncram"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "uncrammed"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "crammen"
},
"expansion": "Middle English crammen",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "crammian",
"4": "",
"5": "to cram; stuff"
},
"expansion": "Old English crammian (“to cram; stuff”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*krammōn"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *krammōn",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*krammōną"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *krammōną",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*ger-",
"4": "",
"5": "to assemble; collect; gather"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *ger- (“to assemble; collect; gather”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "crimman",
"3": "",
"4": "to cram; stuff; insert; press; bruise"
},
"expansion": "Old English crimman (“to cram; stuff; insert; press; bruise”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "is",
"2": "kremja",
"3": "",
"4": "to squeeze; crush; bruise"
},
"expansion": "Icelandic kremja (“to squeeze; crush; bruise”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English crammen, from Old English crammian (“to cram; stuff”), from Proto-West Germanic *krammōn, from Proto-Germanic *krammōną, a secondary verb derived from *krimmaną (“to stuff”), from Proto-Indo-European *ger- (“to assemble; collect; gather”). Compare Old English crimman (“to cram; stuff; insert; press; bruise”), Icelandic kremja (“to squeeze; crush; bruise”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "crams",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "cramming",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "crammed",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "crammed",
"tags": [
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "cram (third-person singular simple present crams, present participle cramming, simple past and past participle crammed)",
"name": "en-verb"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"text": "to cram fruit into a basket; to cram a room with people",
"type": "example"
},
{
"ref": "2012, Andrew Martin, Underground Overground: A passenger's history of the Tube, Profile Books, →ISBN, page 244:",
"text": "Are we to blame Livingstone for Tube overcrowding? In part, yes, but as Sir John Eliot had observed in 1955, while Chairman of the London Transport Executive: 'They're not crammed in. They cram themselves in.'",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2022 November 16, Paul Bigland, “From rural branches to high-speed arteries”, in RAIL, number 970, page 55:",
"text": "The storm has passed when I arrive at Southampton Central, but more fun is to come. The station platforms and waiting rooms are crammed with people, many toting enormous amounts of baggage as they have just come off a cruise liner.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To press, force, or drive, particularly in filling, or in thrusting one thing into another; to stuff; to fill to superfluity."
],
"id": "en-cram-en-verb-vaTrxkff",
"links": [
[
"press",
"press#Verb"
],
[
"force",
"force#Verb"
],
[
"drive",
"drive#Verb"
],
[
"filling",
"fill#Verb"
],
[
"thrusting",
"thrust#Verb"
],
[
"stuff",
"stuff#Verb"
],
[
"fill",
"fill#Verb"
],
[
"superfluity",
"superfluity#Noun"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) To press, force, or drive, particularly in filling, or in thrusting one thing into another; to stuff; to fill to superfluity."
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "92 3 2 1 0 1 1",
"code": "rup",
"lang": "Aromanian",
"sense": "to press, force, or drive, particularly in filling, or in thrusting one thing into another",
"word": "ndes"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 3 2 1 0 1 1",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "natǎpkvam",
"sense": "to press, force, or drive, particularly in filling, or in thrusting one thing into another",
"word": "натъпквам"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 3 2 1 0 1 1",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "nablǎskvam",
"sense": "to press, force, or drive, particularly in filling, or in thrusting one thing into another",
"word": "наблъсквам"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 3 2 1 0 1 1",
"code": "my",
"lang": "Burmese",
"roman": "sip",
"sense": "to press, force, or drive, particularly in filling, or in thrusting one thing into another",
"word": "သိပ်"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 3 2 1 0 1 1",
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "to press, force, or drive, particularly in filling, or in thrusting one thing into another",
"word": "embotir"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 3 2 1 0 1 1",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "to press, force, or drive, particularly in filling, or in thrusting one thing into another",
"word": "填滿"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 3 2 1 0 1 1",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "tiánmǎn",
"sense": "to press, force, or drive, particularly in filling, or in thrusting one thing into another",
"word": "填满"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 3 2 1 0 1 1",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "to press, force, or drive, particularly in filling, or in thrusting one thing into another",
"word": "volproppen"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 3 2 1 0 1 1",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to press, force, or drive, particularly in filling, or in thrusting one thing into another",
"word": "ahtaa"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 3 2 1 0 1 1",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to press, force, or drive, particularly in filling, or in thrusting one thing into another",
"word": "sulloa"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 3 2 1 0 1 1",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to press, force, or drive, particularly in filling, or in thrusting one thing into another",
"word": "tunkea"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 3 2 1 0 1 1",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to press, force, or drive, particularly in filling, or in thrusting one thing into another",
"word": "survoa"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 3 2 1 0 1 1",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to press, force, or drive, particularly in filling, or in thrusting one thing into another",
"word": "bourrer"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 3 2 1 0 1 1",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to press, force, or drive, particularly in filling, or in thrusting one thing into another",
"word": "ficher"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 3 2 1 0 1 1",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to press, force, or drive, particularly in filling, or in thrusting one thing into another",
"word": "foutre"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 3 2 1 0 1 1",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to press, force, or drive, particularly in filling, or in thrusting one thing into another",
"word": "emmancher"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 3 2 1 0 1 1",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to press, force, or drive, particularly in filling, or in thrusting one thing into another",
"word": "fourrer"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 3 2 1 0 1 1",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "to press, force, or drive, particularly in filling, or in thrusting one thing into another",
"word": "embutir"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 3 2 1 0 1 1",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to press, force, or drive, particularly in filling, or in thrusting one thing into another",
"word": "stopfen"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 3 2 1 0 1 1",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to press, force, or drive, particularly in filling, or in thrusting one thing into another",
"word": "vollpacken"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 3 2 1 0 1 1",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "to press, force, or drive, particularly in filling, or in thrusting one thing into another",
"word": "töm"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 3 2 1 0 1 1",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "to press, force, or drive, particularly in filling, or in thrusting one thing into another",
"word": "megtöm"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 3 2 1 0 1 1",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "to press, force, or drive, particularly in filling, or in thrusting one thing into another",
"word": "teletöm"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 3 2 1 0 1 1",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "to press, force, or drive, particularly in filling, or in thrusting one thing into another",
"word": "beletöm"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 3 2 1 0 1 1",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "to press, force, or drive, particularly in filling, or in thrusting one thing into another",
"word": "zsúfol"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 3 2 1 0 1 1",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "to press, force, or drive, particularly in filling, or in thrusting one thing into another",
"word": "telezsúfol"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 3 2 1 0 1 1",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "to press, force, or drive, particularly in filling, or in thrusting one thing into another",
"word": "teletölt"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 3 2 1 0 1 1",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "to press, force, or drive, particularly in filling, or in thrusting one thing into another",
"word": "telerak"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 3 2 1 0 1 1",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "to press, force, or drive, particularly in filling, or in thrusting one thing into another",
"word": "belezsúfol"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 3 2 1 0 1 1",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "to press, force, or drive, particularly in filling, or in thrusting one thing into another",
"word": "stivare"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 3 2 1 0 1 1",
"alt": "つめこむ",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "tsumekomu",
"sense": "to press, force, or drive, particularly in filling, or in thrusting one thing into another",
"word": "詰め込む"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 3 2 1 0 1 1",
"code": "ko",
"lang": "Korean",
"roman": "ssusyeo neota",
"sense": "to press, force, or drive, particularly in filling, or in thrusting one thing into another",
"word": "쑤셔 넣다"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 3 2 1 0 1 1",
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "to press, force, or drive, particularly in filling, or in thrusting one thing into another",
"word": "stīpō"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 3 2 1 0 1 1",
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "to press, force, or drive, particularly in filling, or in thrusting one thing into another",
"word": "whakapuru"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 3 2 1 0 1 1",
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "to press, force, or drive, particularly in filling, or in thrusting one thing into another",
"word": "puru"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 3 2 1 0 1 1",
"code": "no",
"lang": "Norwegian",
"sense": "to press, force, or drive, particularly in filling, or in thrusting one thing into another",
"word": "stappe"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 3 2 1 0 1 1",
"code": "ota",
"lang": "Ottoman Turkish",
"roman": "tıkmak",
"sense": "to press, force, or drive, particularly in filling, or in thrusting one thing into another",
"word": "طیقمق"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 3 2 1 0 1 1",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "to press, force, or drive, particularly in filling, or in thrusting one thing into another",
"word": "entupir"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 3 2 1 0 1 1",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "to press, force, or drive, particularly in filling, or in thrusting one thing into another",
"word": "înghesui"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 3 2 1 0 1 1",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "to press, force, or drive, particularly in filling, or in thrusting one thing into another",
"word": "îndesa"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 3 2 1 0 1 1",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "vtískivatʹ",
"sense": "to press, force, or drive, particularly in filling, or in thrusting one thing into another",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "вти́скивать"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 3 2 1 0 1 1",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "vtísnutʹ",
"sense": "to press, force, or drive, particularly in filling, or in thrusting one thing into another",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "вти́снуть"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 3 2 1 0 1 1",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "nabivátʹ",
"sense": "to press, force, or drive, particularly in filling, or in thrusting one thing into another",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "набива́ть"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 3 2 1 0 1 1",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "nabítʹ",
"sense": "to press, force, or drive, particularly in filling, or in thrusting one thing into another",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "наби́ть"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 3 2 1 0 1 1",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "zapíxivatʹ",
"sense": "to press, force, or drive, particularly in filling, or in thrusting one thing into another",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "запи́хивать"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 3 2 1 0 1 1",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "zapixnútʹ",
"sense": "to press, force, or drive, particularly in filling, or in thrusting one thing into another",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "запихну́ть"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 3 2 1 0 1 1",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to press, force, or drive, particularly in filling, or in thrusting one thing into another",
"word": "atestar"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 3 2 1 0 1 1",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to press, force, or drive, particularly in filling, or in thrusting one thing into another",
"word": "atiborrar"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 3 2 1 0 1 1",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to press, force, or drive, particularly in filling, or in thrusting one thing into another",
"word": "embutir"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 3 2 1 0 1 1",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "to press, force, or drive, particularly in filling, or in thrusting one thing into another",
"word": "stoppa"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 3 2 1 0 1 1",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "to press, force, or drive, particularly in filling, or in thrusting one thing into another",
"word": "trycka"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 3 2 1 0 1 1",
"code": "ta",
"lang": "Tamil",
"roman": "tiṇi",
"sense": "to press, force, or drive, particularly in filling, or in thrusting one thing into another",
"word": "திணி"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 3 2 1 0 1 1",
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "to press, force, or drive, particularly in filling, or in thrusting one thing into another",
"word": "tıkmak"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 3 2 1 0 1 1",
"code": "vi",
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"sense": "to press, force, or drive, particularly in filling, or in thrusting one thing into another",
"word": "nhồi"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 3 2 1 0 1 1",
"code": "vi",
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"sense": "to press, force, or drive, particularly in filling, or in thrusting one thing into another",
"word": "nhét"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"text": "The boy crammed himself with cake",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To fill with food to satiety; to stuff."
],
"id": "en-cram-en-verb-FByXR9O0",
"links": [
[
"satiety",
"satiety#Noun"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) To fill with food to satiety; to stuff."
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "17 75 1 0 6 1 0",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "prejaždam",
"sense": "to fill with food to satiety; to stuff",
"word": "преяждам"
},
{
"_dis1": "17 75 1 0 6 1 0",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "natǎpkvam se",
"sense": "to fill with food to satiety; to stuff",
"word": "натъпквам се"
},
{
"_dis1": "17 75 1 0 6 1 0",
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "to fill with food to satiety; to stuff",
"word": "empatxar-se"
},
{
"_dis1": "17 75 1 0 6 1 0",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to fill with food to satiety; to stuff",
"word": "täyttää"
},
{
"_dis1": "17 75 1 0 6 1 0",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to fill with food to satiety; to stuff",
"word": "gaver"
},
{
"_dis1": "17 75 1 0 6 1 0",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to fill with food to satiety; to stuff",
"word": "bourrer"
},
{
"_dis1": "17 75 1 0 6 1 0",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to fill with food to satiety; to stuff",
"word": "farcir"
},
{
"_dis1": "17 75 1 0 6 1 0",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to fill with food to satiety; to stuff",
"word": "truffer"
},
{
"_dis1": "17 75 1 0 6 1 0",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to fill with food to satiety; to stuff",
"word": "mästen"
},
{
"_dis1": "17 75 1 0 6 1 0",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to fill with food to satiety; to stuff",
"word": "vollstopfen"
},
{
"_dis1": "17 75 1 0 6 1 0",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "to fill with food to satiety; to stuff",
"word": "töm"
},
{
"_dis1": "17 75 1 0 6 1 0",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "to fill with food to satiety; to stuff",
"word": "megtöm"
},
{
"_dis1": "17 75 1 0 6 1 0",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "to fill with food to satiety; to stuff",
"word": "teletöm"
},
{
"_dis1": "17 75 1 0 6 1 0",
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "to fill with food to satiety; to stuff",
"word": "hāpuku"
},
{
"_dis1": "17 75 1 0 6 1 0",
"code": "ota",
"lang": "Ottoman Turkish",
"roman": "tıkmak",
"sense": "to fill with food to satiety; to stuff",
"word": "طیقمق"
},
{
"_dis1": "17 75 1 0 6 1 0",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "to fill with food to satiety; to stuff",
"word": "empanturrar"
},
{
"_dis1": "17 75 1 0 6 1 0",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"note": "\"feed plenty of\"",
"roman": "otkármlivatʹ",
"sense": "to fill with food to satiety; to stuff",
"tags": [
"imperfective",
"transitive"
],
"word": "отка́рмливать"
},
{
"_dis1": "17 75 1 0 6 1 0",
"alt": "на убо́й",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "otkormítʹ",
"sense": "to fill with food to satiety; to stuff",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "откорми́ть"
},
{
"_dis1": "17 75 1 0 6 1 0",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"note": "\"eat plenty of\"",
"roman": "najedátʹsja",
"sense": "to fill with food to satiety; to stuff",
"tags": [
"imperfective",
"intransitive"
],
"word": "наеда́ться"
},
{
"_dis1": "17 75 1 0 6 1 0",
"alt": "до́сыта",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "najéstʹsja",
"sense": "to fill with food to satiety; to stuff",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "нае́сться"
},
{
"_dis1": "17 75 1 0 6 1 0",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to fill with food to satiety; to stuff",
"tags": [
"colloquial"
],
"word": "atiborrar"
},
{
"_dis1": "17 75 1 0 6 1 0",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to fill with food to satiety; to stuff",
"tags": [
"colloquial"
],
"word": "atracar"
},
{
"_dis1": "17 75 1 0 6 1 0",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to fill with food to satiety; to stuff",
"tags": [
"colloquial"
],
"word": "atestar"
},
{
"_dis1": "17 75 1 0 6 1 0",
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "to fill with food to satiety; to stuff",
"word": "tıkmak"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"text": "A pupil is crammed by his tutor.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To put hastily through an extensive course of memorizing or study, as in preparation for an examination."
],
"id": "en-cram-en-verb-G5aYMOey",
"links": [
[
"hastily",
"hastily#Adverb"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) To put hastily through an extensive course of memorizing or study, as in preparation for an examination."
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "2 1 88 4 1 3 1",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "nazubrjam",
"sense": "to put hastily through an extensive course of memorizing or study",
"word": "назубрям"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 1 88 4 1 3 1",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "to put hastily through an extensive course of memorizing or study",
"word": "stampen"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 1 88 4 1 3 1",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to put hastily through an extensive course of memorizing or study",
"word": "päntätä"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 1 88 4 1 3 1",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to put hastily through an extensive course of memorizing or study",
"word": "bachoter"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 1 88 4 1 3 1",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "to put hastily through an extensive course of memorizing or study",
"word": "chapar"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 1 88 4 1 3 1",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to put hastily through an extensive course of memorizing or study",
"word": "büffeln"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 1 88 4 1 3 1",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to put hastily through an extensive course of memorizing or study",
"word": "pauken"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 1 88 4 1 3 1",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "to put hastily through an extensive course of memorizing or study",
"word": "fejébe ver"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 1 88 4 1 3 1",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "to put hastily through an extensive course of memorizing or study",
"word": "bemagoltat"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 1 88 4 1 3 1",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "to put hastily through an extensive course of memorizing or study",
"word": "magoltat"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 1 88 4 1 3 1",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "to put hastily through an extensive course of memorizing or study",
"word": "bifláz"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 1 88 4 1 3 1",
"code": "io",
"lang": "Ido",
"sense": "to put hastily through an extensive course of memorizing or study",
"word": "instruktegar"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 1 88 4 1 3 1",
"code": "no",
"lang": "Norwegian",
"sense": "to put hastily through an extensive course of memorizing or study",
"word": "pugge"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 1 88 4 1 3 1",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "zubrítʹ",
"sense": "to put hastily through an extensive course of memorizing or study",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "зубри́ть"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 1 88 4 1 3 1",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "výzubritʹ",
"sense": "to put hastily through an extensive course of memorizing or study",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "вы́зубрить"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 1 88 4 1 3 1",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to put hastily through an extensive course of memorizing or study",
"tags": [
"Peru"
],
"word": "chancar"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 1 88 4 1 3 1",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to put hastily through an extensive course of memorizing or study",
"word": "empollar"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 1 88 4 1 3 1",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to put hastily through an extensive course of memorizing or study",
"word": "tragar"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 1 88 4 1 3 1",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to put hastily through an extensive course of memorizing or study",
"word": "chapar"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 1 88 4 1 3 1",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to put hastily through an extensive course of memorizing or study",
"word": "amarrar"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 1 88 4 1 3 1",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to put hastily through an extensive course of memorizing or study",
"word": "machetear"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 1 88 4 1 3 1",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "to put hastily through an extensive course of memorizing or study",
"word": "hårdplugga"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 1 88 4 1 3 1",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "to put hastily through an extensive course of memorizing or study",
"word": "stormläsa"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 1 88 4 1 3 1",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "to put hastily through an extensive course of memorizing or study",
"word": "sprängläsa"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 1 88 4 1 3 1",
"code": "th",
"lang": "Thai",
"roman": "gùuat-wíchaa",
"sense": "to put hastily through an extensive course of memorizing or study",
"word": "กวดวิชา"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 1 88 4 1 3 1",
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "to put hastily through an extensive course of memorizing or study",
"word": "ineklemek"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 1 88 4 1 3 1",
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "to put hastily through an extensive course of memorizing or study",
"word": "hatmetmek"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 1 88 4 1 3 1",
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "to put hastily through an extensive course of memorizing or study",
"word": "hafızlamak"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"To study hard; to swot."
],
"id": "en-cram-en-verb-n9Pa5R6B",
"links": [
[
"study",
"study#Verb"
],
[
"swot",
"swot#Verb"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive) To study hard; to swot."
],
"tags": [
"intransitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "3 15 21 2 9 26 2 1 5 1 12 2 2",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "3 15 15 3 8 18 3 2 3 3 21 5 2",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Entries with translation boxes",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "3 16 20 2 9 25 3 3 3 1 12 2 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "2 20 20 2 9 24 2 1 2 1 15 2 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "3 16 14 3 8 17 3 2 7 2 16 4 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Aromanian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "5 15 15 3 9 17 3 3 8 2 15 4 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Bulgarian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "4 16 14 3 9 18 3 2 6 2 15 4 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Catalan translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "4 17 14 4 8 16 4 3 3 3 15 6 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Dutch translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "4 15 14 3 9 17 3 2 6 2 17 4 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Finnish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "4 16 14 4 8 15 4 5 3 3 16 5 2",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with French translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "4 16 14 3 9 18 3 2 6 2 15 4 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Galician translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "3 17 14 3 9 16 4 2 3 3 19 4 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with German translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "4 16 15 3 8 16 4 4 8 2 15 4 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Hindi translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "3 19 16 3 8 18 2 2 3 2 20 4 2",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Ido translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "3 18 15 3 8 17 3 2 3 2 20 4 2",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Italian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "3 19 15 3 8 17 3 2 3 2 18 4 2",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Japanese translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "4 16 14 3 9 18 3 2 6 2 15 4 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Korean translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "3 18 15 3 8 17 3 2 3 2 20 4 2",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Latin translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "4 15 15 3 12 15 3 2 8 2 14 4 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Mandarin translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "4 16 14 3 9 18 3 2 6 2 15 4 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Maori translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "4 16 14 3 9 18 3 2 6 2 15 4 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Norwegian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "6 12 18 2 12 15 4 3 8 3 12 3 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Ottoman Turkish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "3 14 14 2 10 17 3 2 5 2 13 3 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Portuguese translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "4 16 14 3 9 18 3 2 6 2 15 4 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Romanian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "3 18 15 3 8 17 3 2 3 2 20 4 2",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Russian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "3 21 16 3 8 17 3 2 2 2 17 4 2",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Spanish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "4 16 15 3 9 18 3 2 6 2 15 4 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Swedish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "4 16 15 3 9 18 3 2 6 2 15 4 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Turkish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To eat greedily, and to satiety; to stuff oneself."
],
"id": "en-cram-en-verb-nQ0g3Z-Q",
"links": [
[
"eat",
"eat#Verb"
],
[
"greedily",
"greedily#Adverb"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive) To eat greedily, and to satiety; to stuff oneself."
],
"tags": [
"intransitive"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "19 24 1 0 56 0 0",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "natǎpkvam se",
"sense": "to eat greedily, and to satiety; to stuff",
"word": "натъпквам се"
},
{
"_dis1": "19 24 1 0 56 0 0",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to eat greedily, and to satiety; to stuff",
"word": "ahmia"
},
{
"_dis1": "19 24 1 0 56 0 0",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to eat greedily, and to satiety; to stuff",
"word": "se gaver"
},
{
"_dis1": "19 24 1 0 56 0 0",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to eat greedily, and to satiety; to stuff",
"word": "se bourrer"
},
{
"_dis1": "19 24 1 0 56 0 0",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to eat greedily, and to satiety; to stuff",
"word": "se remplir"
},
{
"_dis1": "19 24 1 0 56 0 0",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to eat greedily, and to satiety; to stuff",
"tags": [
"colloquial"
],
"word": "bâfrer"
},
{
"_dis1": "19 24 1 0 56 0 0",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "to eat greedily, and to satiety; to stuff",
"word": "tömi magát"
},
{
"_dis1": "19 24 1 0 56 0 0",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "to eat greedily, and to satiety; to stuff",
"word": "zabál"
},
{
"_dis1": "19 24 1 0 56 0 0",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "to eat greedily, and to satiety; to stuff",
"word": "fal"
},
{
"_dis1": "19 24 1 0 56 0 0",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "to eat greedily, and to satiety; to stuff",
"word": "degeszre eszi magát"
},
{
"_dis1": "19 24 1 0 56 0 0",
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "to eat greedily, and to satiety; to stuff",
"word": "hāpuku"
},
{
"_dis1": "19 24 1 0 56 0 0",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "to eat greedily, and to satiety; to stuff",
"word": "entupir-se"
},
{
"_dis1": "19 24 1 0 56 0 0",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "požirátʹ",
"sense": "to eat greedily, and to satiety; to stuff",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "пожира́ть"
},
{
"_dis1": "19 24 1 0 56 0 0",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "sožrátʹ",
"sense": "to eat greedily, and to satiety; to stuff",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "сожра́ть"
},
{
"_dis1": "19 24 1 0 56 0 0",
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "to eat greedily, and to satiety; to stuff",
"word": "tıkmak"
},
{
"_dis1": "19 24 1 0 56 0 0",
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "to eat greedily, and to satiety; to stuff",
"word": "tıkınmak"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"To lie; to intentionally not tell the truth."
],
"id": "en-cram-en-verb-pvVHbgVv",
"links": [
[
"lie",
"lie"
],
[
"truth",
"truth"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive, dated, British slang) To lie; to intentionally not tell the truth."
],
"tags": [
"British",
"dated",
"intransitive",
"slang"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "3 14 14 2 10 17 3 2 5 2 13 3 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Portuguese translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To make (a person) believe false or exaggerated tales."
],
"id": "en-cram-en-verb-ydcw8jDH",
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive, dated, British slang) To make (a person) believe false or exaggerated tales."
],
"tags": [
"British",
"dated",
"slang",
"transitive"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "8 8 30 4 0 8 42",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to make crude preparation for a special occasion",
"word": "bâcler"
},
{
"_dis1": "8 8 30 4 0 8 42",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to make crude preparation for a special occasion",
"tags": [
"slang"
],
"word": "bachoter"
},
{
"_dis1": "8 8 30 4 0 8 42",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "to make crude preparation for a special occasion",
"word": "összecsap"
},
{
"_dis1": "8 8 30 4 0 8 42",
"code": "ko",
"lang": "Korean",
"roman": "byeorakchigireul hada",
"sense": "to make crude preparation for a special occasion",
"word": "벼락치기를 하다"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/kɹæm/"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-cram.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/55/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-cram.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-cram.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/55/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-cram.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-cram.wav.ogg"
},
{
"rhymes": "-æm"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Cram"
],
"word": "cram"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "crammen"
},
"expansion": "Middle English crammen",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "crammian",
"4": "",
"5": "to cram; stuff"
},
"expansion": "Old English crammian (“to cram; stuff”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*krammōn"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *krammōn",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*krammōną"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *krammōną",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*ger-",
"4": "",
"5": "to assemble; collect; gather"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *ger- (“to assemble; collect; gather”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "crimman",
"3": "",
"4": "to cram; stuff; insert; press; bruise"
},
"expansion": "Old English crimman (“to cram; stuff; insert; press; bruise”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "is",
"2": "kremja",
"3": "",
"4": "to squeeze; crush; bruise"
},
"expansion": "Icelandic kremja (“to squeeze; crush; bruise”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English crammen, from Old English crammian (“to cram; stuff”), from Proto-West Germanic *krammōn, from Proto-Germanic *krammōną, a secondary verb derived from *krimmaną (“to stuff”), from Proto-Indo-European *ger- (“to assemble; collect; gather”). Compare Old English crimman (“to cram; stuff; insert; press; bruise”), Icelandic kremja (“to squeeze; crush; bruise”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "crams",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "~"
},
"expansion": "cram (countable and uncountable, plural crams)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"The act of cramming (forcing or stuffing something)."
],
"id": "en-cram-en-noun-wXMv~KwU",
"links": [
[
"cram",
"#Verb"
]
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "88 3 4 1 2 3",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "blǎskane",
"sense": "the act of cramming",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "блъскане"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 3 4 1 2 3",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "blǎskanica",
"sense": "the act of cramming",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "блъсканица"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 3 4 1 2 3",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "the act of cramming",
"word": "ahtaminen"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 3 4 1 2 3",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "the act of cramming",
"word": "sullominen"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 3 4 1 2 3",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "the act of cramming",
"word": "survominen"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 3 4 1 2 3",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "the act of cramming",
"word": "tunkeminen"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 3 4 1 2 3",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "the act of cramming",
"word": "päntätä"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 3 4 1 2 3",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "the act of cramming",
"word": "bourrage"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 3 4 1 2 3",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "the act of cramming",
"word": "remplissage"
},
{
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"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "the act of cramming",
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"word": "apiñamento"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 3 4 1 2 3",
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"word": "रटना"
},
{
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"sense": "the act of cramming",
"word": "tömés"
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{
"_dis1": "88 3 4 1 2 3",
"code": "hu",
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"sense": "the act of cramming",
"word": "megtömés"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 3 4 1 2 3",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "the act of cramming",
"word": "kitömés"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 3 4 1 2 3",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "the act of cramming",
"word": "teletömés"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 3 4 1 2 3",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "the act of cramming",
"word": "telezsúfolás"
},
{
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"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "the act of cramming",
"tags": [
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"word": "entupimento"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 3 4 1 2 3",
"code": "ru",
"english": "people",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "dávka",
"sense": "the act of cramming",
"tags": [
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],
"word": "да́вка"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 3 4 1 2 3",
"code": "ru",
"english": "people",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "tolkotnjá",
"sense": "the act of cramming",
"tags": [
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],
"word": "толкотня́"
}
]
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"type": "example"
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"id": "en-cram-en-noun-ujDcOj5d",
"links": [
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[
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"hastily"
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[
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"memorize"
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"code": "hu",
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"word": "magolás"
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{
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"code": "pt",
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"sense": "information hastily memorized; as, a cram from an examination",
"tags": [
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],
"word": "decoreba"
},
{
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"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "zubrjóžka",
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"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "зубрёжка"
}
]
},
{
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"langcode": "en",
"name": "Weaving",
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"Society",
"All topics",
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"id": "en-cram-en-noun-HgnrtezR",
"links": [
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"weaving#Noun"
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[
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"warp"
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],
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],
"tags": [
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"uncountable"
],
"topics": [
"business",
"manufacturing",
"textiles",
"weaving"
]
},
{
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{
"ref": "1864, Joseph Sheridan Le Fanu, Uncle Silas:",
"text": "It is awful, an old un like that telling such crams as she do.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1894, Talbot Baines Reed, Tom, Dick, and Harry, page 107:",
"text": "Shut up, and don't tell crams.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A lie; a falsehood."
],
"id": "en-cram-en-noun-Zw65Oy36",
"links": [
[
"lie",
"lie"
],
[
"falsehood",
"falsehood"
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],
"raw_glosses": [
"(dated, British slang) A lie; a falsehood."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "lie"
}
],
"tags": [
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"dated",
"slang",
"uncountable"
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},
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"glosses": [
"A mathematical board game in which players take turns placing dominoes horizontally or vertically until no more can be placed, the loser being the player who cannot continue."
],
"id": "en-cram-en-noun-0BoTUgkV",
"links": [
[
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"mathematical"
],
[
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"board game"
],
[
"domino",
"domino"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(uncountable) A mathematical board game in which players take turns placing dominoes horizontally or vertically until no more can be placed, the loser being the player who cannot continue."
],
"tags": [
"uncountable"
]
},
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"examples": [
{
"ref": "2017, Mark Duffett, Fan Identities and Practices in Context: Dedicated to Music, page 194:",
"text": "Regular friendship books had a variety of variations, such as slams, crams, and decos.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2019, Manjit Bal, Lovingly Yours - Penpals:",
"text": "Pen pals also make and pass around friendship books, slams and crams. In recent years, pen pal correspondence with prison inmates has gained acceptance on the Internet.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A small friendship book with limited space for people to enter their information."
],
"id": "en-cram-en-noun-epGVulTz",
"links": [
[
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"friendship book"
]
],
"tags": [
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"uncountable"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/kɹæm/"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-cram.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/55/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-cram.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-cram.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/55/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-cram.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-cram.wav.ogg"
},
{
"rhymes": "-æm"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Cram"
],
"word": "cram"
}
{
"categories": [
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Old English",
"English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English terms inherited from Old English",
"English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European",
"English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"English uncountable nouns",
"English verbs",
"Entries with translation boxes",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Rhymes:English/æm",
"Rhymes:English/æm/1 syllable",
"Terms with Aromanian translations",
"Terms with Bulgarian translations",
"Terms with Burmese translations",
"Terms with Catalan translations",
"Terms with Dutch translations",
"Terms with Finnish translations",
"Terms with French translations",
"Terms with Galician translations",
"Terms with German translations",
"Terms with Hindi translations",
"Terms with Hungarian translations",
"Terms with Ido translations",
"Terms with Italian translations",
"Terms with Japanese translations",
"Terms with Korean translations",
"Terms with Latin translations",
"Terms with Mandarin translations",
"Terms with Maori translations",
"Terms with Norwegian translations",
"Terms with Ottoman Turkish translations",
"Terms with Portuguese translations",
"Terms with Romanian translations",
"Terms with Russian translations",
"Terms with Spanish translations",
"Terms with Swedish translations",
"Terms with Tamil translations",
"Terms with Thai translations",
"Terms with Turkish translations",
"Terms with Vietnamese translations"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "cramdown"
},
{
"word": "cram-full"
},
{
"word": "cram it"
},
{
"word": "crammable"
},
{
"word": "crammer"
},
{
"word": "cram school"
},
{
"word": "cram session"
},
{
"word": "cram together"
},
{
"word": "overcram"
},
{
"word": "uncram"
},
{
"word": "uncrammed"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "crammen"
},
"expansion": "Middle English crammen",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "crammian",
"4": "",
"5": "to cram; stuff"
},
"expansion": "Old English crammian (“to cram; stuff”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*krammōn"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *krammōn",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*krammōną"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *krammōną",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*ger-",
"4": "",
"5": "to assemble; collect; gather"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *ger- (“to assemble; collect; gather”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "crimman",
"3": "",
"4": "to cram; stuff; insert; press; bruise"
},
"expansion": "Old English crimman (“to cram; stuff; insert; press; bruise”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "is",
"2": "kremja",
"3": "",
"4": "to squeeze; crush; bruise"
},
"expansion": "Icelandic kremja (“to squeeze; crush; bruise”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English crammen, from Old English crammian (“to cram; stuff”), from Proto-West Germanic *krammōn, from Proto-Germanic *krammōną, a secondary verb derived from *krimmaną (“to stuff”), from Proto-Indo-European *ger- (“to assemble; collect; gather”). Compare Old English crimman (“to cram; stuff; insert; press; bruise”), Icelandic kremja (“to squeeze; crush; bruise”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "crams",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "cramming",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "crammed",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "crammed",
"tags": [
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "cram (third-person singular simple present crams, present participle cramming, simple past and past participle crammed)",
"name": "en-verb"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"English terms with usage examples",
"English transitive verbs"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "to cram fruit into a basket; to cram a room with people",
"type": "example"
},
{
"ref": "2012, Andrew Martin, Underground Overground: A passenger's history of the Tube, Profile Books, →ISBN, page 244:",
"text": "Are we to blame Livingstone for Tube overcrowding? In part, yes, but as Sir John Eliot had observed in 1955, while Chairman of the London Transport Executive: 'They're not crammed in. They cram themselves in.'",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2022 November 16, Paul Bigland, “From rural branches to high-speed arteries”, in RAIL, number 970, page 55:",
"text": "The storm has passed when I arrive at Southampton Central, but more fun is to come. The station platforms and waiting rooms are crammed with people, many toting enormous amounts of baggage as they have just come off a cruise liner.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To press, force, or drive, particularly in filling, or in thrusting one thing into another; to stuff; to fill to superfluity."
],
"links": [
[
"press",
"press#Verb"
],
[
"force",
"force#Verb"
],
[
"drive",
"drive#Verb"
],
[
"filling",
"fill#Verb"
],
[
"thrusting",
"thrust#Verb"
],
[
"stuff",
"stuff#Verb"
],
[
"fill",
"fill#Verb"
],
[
"superfluity",
"superfluity#Noun"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) To press, force, or drive, particularly in filling, or in thrusting one thing into another; to stuff; to fill to superfluity."
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with usage examples",
"English transitive verbs"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "The boy crammed himself with cake",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To fill with food to satiety; to stuff."
],
"links": [
[
"satiety",
"satiety#Noun"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) To fill with food to satiety; to stuff."
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with usage examples",
"English transitive verbs"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "A pupil is crammed by his tutor.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To put hastily through an extensive course of memorizing or study, as in preparation for an examination."
],
"links": [
[
"hastily",
"hastily#Adverb"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) To put hastily through an extensive course of memorizing or study, as in preparation for an examination."
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English intransitive verbs"
],
"glosses": [
"To study hard; to swot."
],
"links": [
[
"study",
"study#Verb"
],
[
"swot",
"swot#Verb"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive) To study hard; to swot."
],
"tags": [
"intransitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English intransitive verbs"
],
"glosses": [
"To eat greedily, and to satiety; to stuff oneself."
],
"links": [
[
"eat",
"eat#Verb"
],
[
"greedily",
"greedily#Adverb"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive) To eat greedily, and to satiety; to stuff oneself."
],
"tags": [
"intransitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"British slang",
"English dated terms",
"English intransitive verbs"
],
"glosses": [
"To lie; to intentionally not tell the truth."
],
"links": [
[
"lie",
"lie"
],
[
"truth",
"truth"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive, dated, British slang) To lie; to intentionally not tell the truth."
],
"tags": [
"British",
"dated",
"intransitive",
"slang"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"British slang",
"English dated terms",
"English transitive verbs"
],
"glosses": [
"To make (a person) believe false or exaggerated tales."
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive, dated, British slang) To make (a person) believe false or exaggerated tales."
],
"tags": [
"British",
"dated",
"slang",
"transitive"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/kɹæm/"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-cram.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/55/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-cram.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-cram.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/55/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-cram.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-cram.wav.ogg"
},
{
"rhymes": "-æm"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "rup",
"lang": "Aromanian",
"sense": "to press, force, or drive, particularly in filling, or in thrusting one thing into another",
"word": "ndes"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "natǎpkvam",
"sense": "to press, force, or drive, particularly in filling, or in thrusting one thing into another",
"word": "натъпквам"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "nablǎskvam",
"sense": "to press, force, or drive, particularly in filling, or in thrusting one thing into another",
"word": "наблъсквам"
},
{
"code": "my",
"lang": "Burmese",
"roman": "sip",
"sense": "to press, force, or drive, particularly in filling, or in thrusting one thing into another",
"word": "သိပ်"
},
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "to press, force, or drive, particularly in filling, or in thrusting one thing into another",
"word": "embotir"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "to press, force, or drive, particularly in filling, or in thrusting one thing into another",
"word": "填滿"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "tiánmǎn",
"sense": "to press, force, or drive, particularly in filling, or in thrusting one thing into another",
"word": "填满"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "to press, force, or drive, particularly in filling, or in thrusting one thing into another",
"word": "volproppen"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to press, force, or drive, particularly in filling, or in thrusting one thing into another",
"word": "ahtaa"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to press, force, or drive, particularly in filling, or in thrusting one thing into another",
"word": "sulloa"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to press, force, or drive, particularly in filling, or in thrusting one thing into another",
"word": "tunkea"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to press, force, or drive, particularly in filling, or in thrusting one thing into another",
"word": "survoa"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to press, force, or drive, particularly in filling, or in thrusting one thing into another",
"word": "bourrer"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to press, force, or drive, particularly in filling, or in thrusting one thing into another",
"word": "ficher"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to press, force, or drive, particularly in filling, or in thrusting one thing into another",
"word": "foutre"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to press, force, or drive, particularly in filling, or in thrusting one thing into another",
"word": "emmancher"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to press, force, or drive, particularly in filling, or in thrusting one thing into another",
"word": "fourrer"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "to press, force, or drive, particularly in filling, or in thrusting one thing into another",
"word": "embutir"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to press, force, or drive, particularly in filling, or in thrusting one thing into another",
"word": "stopfen"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to press, force, or drive, particularly in filling, or in thrusting one thing into another",
"word": "vollpacken"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "to press, force, or drive, particularly in filling, or in thrusting one thing into another",
"word": "töm"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "to press, force, or drive, particularly in filling, or in thrusting one thing into another",
"word": "megtöm"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "to press, force, or drive, particularly in filling, or in thrusting one thing into another",
"word": "teletöm"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "to press, force, or drive, particularly in filling, or in thrusting one thing into another",
"word": "beletöm"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "to press, force, or drive, particularly in filling, or in thrusting one thing into another",
"word": "zsúfol"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "to press, force, or drive, particularly in filling, or in thrusting one thing into another",
"word": "telezsúfol"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "to press, force, or drive, particularly in filling, or in thrusting one thing into another",
"word": "teletölt"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "to press, force, or drive, particularly in filling, or in thrusting one thing into another",
"word": "telerak"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "to press, force, or drive, particularly in filling, or in thrusting one thing into another",
"word": "belezsúfol"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "to press, force, or drive, particularly in filling, or in thrusting one thing into another",
"word": "stivare"
},
{
"alt": "つめこむ",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "tsumekomu",
"sense": "to press, force, or drive, particularly in filling, or in thrusting one thing into another",
"word": "詰め込む"
},
{
"code": "ko",
"lang": "Korean",
"roman": "ssusyeo neota",
"sense": "to press, force, or drive, particularly in filling, or in thrusting one thing into another",
"word": "쑤셔 넣다"
},
{
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "to press, force, or drive, particularly in filling, or in thrusting one thing into another",
"word": "stīpō"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "to press, force, or drive, particularly in filling, or in thrusting one thing into another",
"word": "whakapuru"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "to press, force, or drive, particularly in filling, or in thrusting one thing into another",
"word": "puru"
},
{
"code": "no",
"lang": "Norwegian",
"sense": "to press, force, or drive, particularly in filling, or in thrusting one thing into another",
"word": "stappe"
},
{
"code": "ota",
"lang": "Ottoman Turkish",
"roman": "tıkmak",
"sense": "to press, force, or drive, particularly in filling, or in thrusting one thing into another",
"word": "طیقمق"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "to press, force, or drive, particularly in filling, or in thrusting one thing into another",
"word": "entupir"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "to press, force, or drive, particularly in filling, or in thrusting one thing into another",
"word": "înghesui"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "to press, force, or drive, particularly in filling, or in thrusting one thing into another",
"word": "îndesa"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "vtískivatʹ",
"sense": "to press, force, or drive, particularly in filling, or in thrusting one thing into another",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "вти́скивать"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "vtísnutʹ",
"sense": "to press, force, or drive, particularly in filling, or in thrusting one thing into another",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "вти́снуть"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "nabivátʹ",
"sense": "to press, force, or drive, particularly in filling, or in thrusting one thing into another",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "набива́ть"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "nabítʹ",
"sense": "to press, force, or drive, particularly in filling, or in thrusting one thing into another",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "наби́ть"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "zapíxivatʹ",
"sense": "to press, force, or drive, particularly in filling, or in thrusting one thing into another",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "запи́хивать"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "zapixnútʹ",
"sense": "to press, force, or drive, particularly in filling, or in thrusting one thing into another",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "запихну́ть"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to press, force, or drive, particularly in filling, or in thrusting one thing into another",
"word": "atestar"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to press, force, or drive, particularly in filling, or in thrusting one thing into another",
"word": "atiborrar"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to press, force, or drive, particularly in filling, or in thrusting one thing into another",
"word": "embutir"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "to press, force, or drive, particularly in filling, or in thrusting one thing into another",
"word": "stoppa"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "to press, force, or drive, particularly in filling, or in thrusting one thing into another",
"word": "trycka"
},
{
"code": "ta",
"lang": "Tamil",
"roman": "tiṇi",
"sense": "to press, force, or drive, particularly in filling, or in thrusting one thing into another",
"word": "திணி"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "to press, force, or drive, particularly in filling, or in thrusting one thing into another",
"word": "tıkmak"
},
{
"code": "vi",
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"sense": "to press, force, or drive, particularly in filling, or in thrusting one thing into another",
"word": "nhồi"
},
{
"code": "vi",
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"sense": "to press, force, or drive, particularly in filling, or in thrusting one thing into another",
"word": "nhét"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "prejaždam",
"sense": "to fill with food to satiety; to stuff",
"word": "преяждам"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "natǎpkvam se",
"sense": "to fill with food to satiety; to stuff",
"word": "натъпквам се"
},
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "to fill with food to satiety; to stuff",
"word": "empatxar-se"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to fill with food to satiety; to stuff",
"word": "täyttää"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to fill with food to satiety; to stuff",
"word": "gaver"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to fill with food to satiety; to stuff",
"word": "bourrer"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to fill with food to satiety; to stuff",
"word": "farcir"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to fill with food to satiety; to stuff",
"word": "truffer"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to fill with food to satiety; to stuff",
"word": "mästen"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to fill with food to satiety; to stuff",
"word": "vollstopfen"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "to fill with food to satiety; to stuff",
"word": "töm"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "to fill with food to satiety; to stuff",
"word": "megtöm"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "to fill with food to satiety; to stuff",
"word": "teletöm"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "to fill with food to satiety; to stuff",
"word": "hāpuku"
},
{
"code": "ota",
"lang": "Ottoman Turkish",
"roman": "tıkmak",
"sense": "to fill with food to satiety; to stuff",
"word": "طیقمق"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "to fill with food to satiety; to stuff",
"word": "empanturrar"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"note": "\"feed plenty of\"",
"roman": "otkármlivatʹ",
"sense": "to fill with food to satiety; to stuff",
"tags": [
"imperfective",
"transitive"
],
"word": "отка́рмливать"
},
{
"alt": "на убо́й",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "otkormítʹ",
"sense": "to fill with food to satiety; to stuff",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "откорми́ть"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"note": "\"eat plenty of\"",
"roman": "najedátʹsja",
"sense": "to fill with food to satiety; to stuff",
"tags": [
"imperfective",
"intransitive"
],
"word": "наеда́ться"
},
{
"alt": "до́сыта",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "najéstʹsja",
"sense": "to fill with food to satiety; to stuff",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "нае́сться"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to fill with food to satiety; to stuff",
"tags": [
"colloquial"
],
"word": "atiborrar"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to fill with food to satiety; to stuff",
"tags": [
"colloquial"
],
"word": "atracar"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to fill with food to satiety; to stuff",
"tags": [
"colloquial"
],
"word": "atestar"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "to fill with food to satiety; to stuff",
"word": "tıkmak"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "nazubrjam",
"sense": "to put hastily through an extensive course of memorizing or study",
"word": "назубрям"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "to put hastily through an extensive course of memorizing or study",
"word": "stampen"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to put hastily through an extensive course of memorizing or study",
"word": "päntätä"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to put hastily through an extensive course of memorizing or study",
"word": "bachoter"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "to put hastily through an extensive course of memorizing or study",
"word": "chapar"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to put hastily through an extensive course of memorizing or study",
"word": "büffeln"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to put hastily through an extensive course of memorizing or study",
"word": "pauken"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "to put hastily through an extensive course of memorizing or study",
"word": "fejébe ver"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "to put hastily through an extensive course of memorizing or study",
"word": "bemagoltat"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "to put hastily through an extensive course of memorizing or study",
"word": "magoltat"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "to put hastily through an extensive course of memorizing or study",
"word": "bifláz"
},
{
"code": "io",
"lang": "Ido",
"sense": "to put hastily through an extensive course of memorizing or study",
"word": "instruktegar"
},
{
"code": "no",
"lang": "Norwegian",
"sense": "to put hastily through an extensive course of memorizing or study",
"word": "pugge"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "zubrítʹ",
"sense": "to put hastily through an extensive course of memorizing or study",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "зубри́ть"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "výzubritʹ",
"sense": "to put hastily through an extensive course of memorizing or study",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "вы́зубрить"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to put hastily through an extensive course of memorizing or study",
"tags": [
"Peru"
],
"word": "chancar"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to put hastily through an extensive course of memorizing or study",
"word": "empollar"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to put hastily through an extensive course of memorizing or study",
"word": "tragar"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to put hastily through an extensive course of memorizing or study",
"word": "chapar"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to put hastily through an extensive course of memorizing or study",
"word": "amarrar"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to put hastily through an extensive course of memorizing or study",
"word": "machetear"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "to put hastily through an extensive course of memorizing or study",
"word": "hårdplugga"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "to put hastily through an extensive course of memorizing or study",
"word": "stormläsa"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "to put hastily through an extensive course of memorizing or study",
"word": "sprängläsa"
},
{
"code": "th",
"lang": "Thai",
"roman": "gùuat-wíchaa",
"sense": "to put hastily through an extensive course of memorizing or study",
"word": "กวดวิชา"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "to put hastily through an extensive course of memorizing or study",
"word": "ineklemek"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "to put hastily through an extensive course of memorizing or study",
"word": "hatmetmek"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "to put hastily through an extensive course of memorizing or study",
"word": "hafızlamak"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "natǎpkvam se",
"sense": "to eat greedily, and to satiety; to stuff",
"word": "натъпквам се"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to eat greedily, and to satiety; to stuff",
"word": "ahmia"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to eat greedily, and to satiety; to stuff",
"word": "se gaver"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to eat greedily, and to satiety; to stuff",
"word": "se bourrer"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to eat greedily, and to satiety; to stuff",
"word": "se remplir"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to eat greedily, and to satiety; to stuff",
"tags": [
"colloquial"
],
"word": "bâfrer"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "to eat greedily, and to satiety; to stuff",
"word": "tömi magát"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "to eat greedily, and to satiety; to stuff",
"word": "zabál"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "to eat greedily, and to satiety; to stuff",
"word": "fal"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "to eat greedily, and to satiety; to stuff",
"word": "degeszre eszi magát"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "to eat greedily, and to satiety; to stuff",
"word": "hāpuku"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "to eat greedily, and to satiety; to stuff",
"word": "entupir-se"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "požirátʹ",
"sense": "to eat greedily, and to satiety; to stuff",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "пожира́ть"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "sožrátʹ",
"sense": "to eat greedily, and to satiety; to stuff",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "сожра́ть"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "to eat greedily, and to satiety; to stuff",
"word": "tıkmak"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "to eat greedily, and to satiety; to stuff",
"word": "tıkınmak"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to make crude preparation for a special occasion",
"word": "bâcler"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to make crude preparation for a special occasion",
"tags": [
"slang"
],
"word": "bachoter"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "to make crude preparation for a special occasion",
"word": "összecsap"
},
{
"code": "ko",
"lang": "Korean",
"roman": "byeorakchigireul hada",
"sense": "to make crude preparation for a special occasion",
"word": "벼락치기를 하다"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Cram"
],
"word": "cram"
}
{
"categories": [
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Old English",
"English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English terms inherited from Old English",
"English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European",
"English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"English uncountable nouns",
"English verbs",
"Entries with translation boxes",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Rhymes:English/æm",
"Rhymes:English/æm/1 syllable",
"Terms with Aromanian translations",
"Terms with Bulgarian translations",
"Terms with Burmese translations",
"Terms with Catalan translations",
"Terms with Dutch translations",
"Terms with Finnish translations",
"Terms with French translations",
"Terms with Galician translations",
"Terms with German translations",
"Terms with Hindi translations",
"Terms with Hungarian translations",
"Terms with Ido translations",
"Terms with Italian translations",
"Terms with Japanese translations",
"Terms with Korean translations",
"Terms with Latin translations",
"Terms with Mandarin translations",
"Terms with Maori translations",
"Terms with Norwegian translations",
"Terms with Ottoman Turkish translations",
"Terms with Portuguese translations",
"Terms with Romanian translations",
"Terms with Russian translations",
"Terms with Spanish translations",
"Terms with Swedish translations",
"Terms with Tamil translations",
"Terms with Thai translations",
"Terms with Turkish translations",
"Terms with Vietnamese translations"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "crammen"
},
"expansion": "Middle English crammen",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "crammian",
"4": "",
"5": "to cram; stuff"
},
"expansion": "Old English crammian (“to cram; stuff”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*krammōn"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *krammōn",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*krammōną"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *krammōną",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*ger-",
"4": "",
"5": "to assemble; collect; gather"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *ger- (“to assemble; collect; gather”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "crimman",
"3": "",
"4": "to cram; stuff; insert; press; bruise"
},
"expansion": "Old English crimman (“to cram; stuff; insert; press; bruise”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "is",
"2": "kremja",
"3": "",
"4": "to squeeze; crush; bruise"
},
"expansion": "Icelandic kremja (“to squeeze; crush; bruise”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English crammen, from Old English crammian (“to cram; stuff”), from Proto-West Germanic *krammōn, from Proto-Germanic *krammōną, a secondary verb derived from *krimmaną (“to stuff”), from Proto-Indo-European *ger- (“to assemble; collect; gather”). Compare Old English crimman (“to cram; stuff; insert; press; bruise”), Icelandic kremja (“to squeeze; crush; bruise”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "crams",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "~"
},
"expansion": "cram (countable and uncountable, plural crams)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"The act of cramming (forcing or stuffing something)."
],
"links": [
[
"cram",
"#Verb"
]
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "a cram from an examination",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Information hastily memorized."
],
"links": [
[
"Information",
"information"
],
[
"hastily",
"hastily"
],
[
"memorize",
"memorize"
]
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"en:Weaving"
],
"glosses": [
"A warp having more than two threads passing through each dent or split of the reed."
],
"links": [
[
"weaving",
"weaving#Noun"
],
[
"warp",
"warp"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(weaving) A warp having more than two threads passing through each dent or split of the reed."
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
],
"topics": [
"business",
"manufacturing",
"textiles",
"weaving"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"British slang",
"English dated terms",
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1864, Joseph Sheridan Le Fanu, Uncle Silas:",
"text": "It is awful, an old un like that telling such crams as she do.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1894, Talbot Baines Reed, Tom, Dick, and Harry, page 107:",
"text": "Shut up, and don't tell crams.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A lie; a falsehood."
],
"links": [
[
"lie",
"lie"
],
[
"falsehood",
"falsehood"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(dated, British slang) A lie; a falsehood."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "lie"
}
],
"tags": [
"British",
"countable",
"dated",
"slang",
"uncountable"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English uncountable nouns"
],
"glosses": [
"A mathematical board game in which players take turns placing dominoes horizontally or vertically until no more can be placed, the loser being the player who cannot continue."
],
"links": [
[
"mathematical",
"mathematical"
],
[
"board game",
"board game"
],
[
"domino",
"domino"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(uncountable) A mathematical board game in which players take turns placing dominoes horizontally or vertically until no more can be placed, the loser being the player who cannot continue."
],
"tags": [
"uncountable"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"Quotation templates to be cleaned"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "2017, Mark Duffett, Fan Identities and Practices in Context: Dedicated to Music, page 194:",
"text": "Regular friendship books had a variety of variations, such as slams, crams, and decos.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2019, Manjit Bal, Lovingly Yours - Penpals:",
"text": "Pen pals also make and pass around friendship books, slams and crams. In recent years, pen pal correspondence with prison inmates has gained acceptance on the Internet.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A small friendship book with limited space for people to enter their information."
],
"links": [
[
"friendship book",
"friendship book"
]
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/kɹæm/"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-cram.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/55/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-cram.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-cram.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/55/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-cram.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-cram.wav.ogg"
},
{
"rhymes": "-æm"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "blǎskane",
"sense": "the act of cramming",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "блъскане"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "blǎskanica",
"sense": "the act of cramming",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "блъсканица"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "the act of cramming",
"word": "ahtaminen"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "the act of cramming",
"word": "sullominen"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "the act of cramming",
"word": "survominen"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "the act of cramming",
"word": "tunkeminen"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "the act of cramming",
"word": "päntätä"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "the act of cramming",
"word": "bourrage"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "the act of cramming",
"word": "remplissage"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "the act of cramming",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "apiñamento"
},
{
"code": "hi",
"lang": "Hindi",
"roman": "raṭnā",
"sense": "the act of cramming",
"word": "रटना"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "the act of cramming",
"word": "tömés"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "the act of cramming",
"word": "megtömés"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "the act of cramming",
"word": "kitömés"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "the act of cramming",
"word": "teletömés"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "the act of cramming",
"word": "telezsúfolás"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "the act of cramming",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "entupimento"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"english": "people",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "dávka",
"sense": "the act of cramming",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "да́вка"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"english": "people",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "tolkotnjá",
"sense": "the act of cramming",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "толкотня́"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "information hastily memorized; as, a cram from an examination",
"word": "magolás"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "information hastily memorized; as, a cram from an examination",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "decoreba"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "zubrjóžka",
"sense": "information hastily memorized; as, a cram from an examination",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "зубрёжка"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Cram"
],
"word": "cram"
}
Download raw JSONL data for cram meaning in All languages combined (35.3kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-12-03 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-11-21 using wiktextract (94ba7e1 and 5dea2a6). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.