See cleven on Wiktionary
Download JSON data for cleven meaning in All languages combined (17.8kB)
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "kleven"
},
"expansion": "Dutch: kleven",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Dutch: kleven"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "li",
"2": "kleive"
},
"expansion": "Limburgish: kleive",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Limburgish: kleive"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dum",
"2": "odt",
"3": "clivon"
},
"expansion": "Old Dutch clivon",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "dum",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*klibāną"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *klibāną",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "dum",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*gleybʰ-",
"4": "",
"5": "to stick"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *gleybʰ- (“to stick”)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old Dutch clivon, from Proto-Germanic *klibāną, from Proto-Indo-European *gleybʰ- (“to stick”). Weak forms are probably influenced by Etymology 2.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "clēven",
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dum",
"2": "verb",
"head": "clēven",
"head2": ""
},
"expansion": "clēven",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"head": "clēven"
},
"expansion": "clēven",
"name": "dum-verb"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Dutch",
"lang_code": "dum",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle Dutch entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to stick, to adhere"
],
"id": "en-cleven-dum-verb-CnyWLA4c",
"links": [
[
"stick",
"stick"
],
[
"adhere",
"adhere"
]
]
}
],
"word": "cleven"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "cleave"
},
"expansion": "English: cleave",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "English: cleave"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "cleave"
},
"expansion": "Scots: cleave",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Scots: cleave"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "clēofan"
},
"expansion": "Old English clēofan",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*kleuban"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *kleuban",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*kleubaną"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *kleubaną",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old English clēofan, from Proto-West Germanic *kleuban, from Proto-Germanic *kleubaną.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "strong weak",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "enm-conj-st",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "2/4 or weak in -te/-ed",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "cleven",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "to cleven",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "cleve",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "cleve",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "clef",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "claf",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "clefte",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "cleved",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "clevest",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "clove",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "clef",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "claf",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "cleftest",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "clevedest",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "cleveth",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "clef",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "claf",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "clefte",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "cleved",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "cleve",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "clove",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "clefte",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "cleved",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "cleve",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "cleven",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "cleve",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "cloven",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "clove",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "cleften",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "clefte",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "cleveden",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "clevede",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "cleveth",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "cleve",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "clevynge",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "clevende",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "cloven",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "clove",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "cleft",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "cleved",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "ycloven",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "yclove",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "verb"
},
"expansion": "cleven",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "clev",
"2": "clef",
"2a": "claf",
"3": "clov",
"4": "clov",
"c": "2",
"c2": "4",
"w": "te",
"w2": "ed",
"w_p": "clef"
},
"name": "enm-conj-st"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "verb",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "clevere"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "clove"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "cloven"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "clevynge"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"To cleave; to split or slice through:",
"To slice at; to make a slashing blow."
],
"id": "en-cleven-enm-verb-enm:to_split",
"links": [
[
"cleave",
"cleave"
],
[
"slice",
"slice"
],
[
"slashing",
"slashing"
]
],
"senseid": [
"enm:to split"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"To cleave; to split or slice through:",
"To make a crack, cut or slice in something."
],
"id": "en-cleven-enm-verb-enm:to_split1",
"links": [
[
"cleave",
"cleave"
],
[
"crack",
"crack"
],
[
"cut",
"cut"
],
[
"slice",
"slice"
]
],
"senseid": [
"enm:to split"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"To cleave; to split or slice through:",
"To chop off (separate or sunder)."
],
"id": "en-cleven-enm-verb-enm:to_split1",
"links": [
[
"cleave",
"cleave"
]
],
"senseid": [
"enm:to split"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"To break into small pieces; to shatter."
],
"id": "en-cleven-enm-verb-uV43YAr3",
"links": [
[
"break",
"break"
],
[
"shatter",
"shatter"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"To open up; to split apart."
],
"id": "en-cleven-enm-verb-AmC1tWRI",
"links": [
[
"open up",
"open up"
],
[
"split",
"split"
],
[
"apart",
"apart"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"To ruin or finish (cause something's destruction) ."
],
"id": "en-cleven-enm-verb-Dt6CU~JY",
"links": [
[
"ruin",
"ruin"
],
[
"finish",
"finish"
],
[
"destruction",
"destruction#English"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "3 3 4 1 0 5 36 4 1 5 8 14 0 0 3 4 9",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Death",
"orig": "enm:Death",
"parents": [
"Body",
"Life",
"Human",
"Nature",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To stab someone mortally (by striking at their heart)"
],
"id": "en-cleven-enm-verb-to8JsktJ",
"links": [
[
"mortally",
"mortally"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈkleːvən/"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "clyvyn"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "cleoven"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "cleeve"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "cleev"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "cleve"
}
],
"word": "cleven"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "cleave"
},
"expansion": "English: cleave",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "English: cleave"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "cleave",
"3": "cleif"
},
"expansion": "Scots: cleave, cleif",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Scots: cleave, cleif"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "cleofian"
},
"expansion": "Old English cleofian",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "clifian"
},
"expansion": "clifian",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*klibēn"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *klibēn",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*klibāną"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *klibāną",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "clīfan"
},
"expansion": "Old English clīfan",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*klīban"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *klīban",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*klībaną"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *klībaną",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Originally two distinct verbs:\n* Old English cleofian, clifian, from Proto-West Germanic *klibēn, from Proto-Germanic *klibāną.\n* Old English clīfan, from Proto-West Germanic *klīban, from Proto-Germanic *klībaną.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "strong weak",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "enm-conj-wk",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "cleven",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "to cleven",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "cleve",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "cleve",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "cleved",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "clof",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "clevest",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "clevedest",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "clove",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "clive",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "clof",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "cleveth",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "cleved",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "clof",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "cleve",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "cleved",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "clove",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "clive",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "cleve",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "cleven",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "cleve",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "cleveden",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "clevede",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "cloven",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "clove",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "cliven",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "clive",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "cleveth",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "cleve",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "clevynge",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "clevende",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "cleved",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "cliven",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "clive",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "ycleved",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "ycliven",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "verb"
},
"expansion": "cleven",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "clev",
"s2": "clof",
"s3": "clov",
"s3_2": "cliv",
"s4": "cliv",
"sc": "1"
},
"name": "enm-conj-wk"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "verb",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "clevynge"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"To stick or adhere (often with on or to):",
"To have cohesion or unity; to adhere together."
],
"id": "en-cleven-enm-verb-enm:to_stick",
"links": [
[
"stick",
"stick"
],
[
"adhere",
"adhere"
],
[
"on",
"on#Middle English"
],
[
"to",
"to#Middle English"
],
[
"cohesion",
"cohesion"
],
[
"unity",
"unity"
]
],
"senseid": [
"enm:to stick"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"english": "Afterwards, when the voice was raised, they began to weep again. Orpah kissed the mother of her husband, and turned around, and Ruth cleaved to the mother of her husband.\n(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"ref": "1395, Wycliffe Bible, Ruth 1:14",
"text": "Therfor, whanne the vois was reisid, eft thei bigunnen to wepe. Orpha kisside the modir of hir hosebonde, and turnede ayen, and Ruth cleuyde to the modir of hir hosebonde.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To stick or adhere (often with on or to):",
"To cling (hold onto something)"
],
"id": "en-cleven-enm-verb-enm:to_stick1",
"links": [
[
"stick",
"stick"
],
[
"adhere",
"adhere"
],
[
"on",
"on#Middle English"
],
[
"to",
"to#Middle English"
],
[
"cling",
"cling"
]
],
"senseid": [
"enm:to stick"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"To be adhesive or sticky; to cause to adhere."
],
"id": "en-cleven-enm-verb-tCgpzZ6y",
"links": [
[
"adhesive",
"adhesive"
],
[
"sticky",
"sticky"
],
[
"adhere",
"adhere"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"To be an inherent or inseparable part; to be intrinsic."
],
"id": "en-cleven-enm-verb-gEkYDwx5",
"links": [
[
"inherent",
"inherent"
],
[
"inseparable",
"inseparable"
],
[
"intrinsic",
"intrinsic"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "8 3 3 3 2 3 2 2 3 2 6 11 28 1 1 3 9 10",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 3 3 3 2 4 2 2 3 2 7 11 27 2 1 3 9 10",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"parents": [
"Entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 3 3 3 2 4 2 2 3 2 7 10 27 2 1 3 8 9",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"parents": [
"Entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "0 0 0 0 0 9 0 10 10 2 0 69 0 0 0 0 0",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Time",
"orig": "enm:Time",
"parents": [
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To withstand or stay put; to weather time."
],
"id": "en-cleven-enm-verb-KTK4HQgj",
"links": [
[
"withstand",
"withstand"
],
[
"weather",
"weather"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"To believe in a creed or belief."
],
"id": "en-cleven-enm-verb-ru0RfT41",
"links": [
[
"believe",
"believe"
],
[
"creed",
"creed"
],
[
"belief",
"belief"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"To trust or follow someone."
],
"id": "en-cleven-enm-verb-eDtcyGjk",
"links": [
[
"trust",
"trust"
],
[
"follow",
"follow"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"To stay balanced or coherent."
],
"id": "en-cleven-enm-verb-NTU14MbH",
"links": [
[
"balanced",
"balanced"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(rare) To stay balanced or coherent."
],
"tags": [
"rare"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"To convince; to spread one's beliefs."
],
"id": "en-cleven-enm-verb-amVTUQjn",
"links": [
[
"convince",
"convince"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(rare) To convince; to spread one's beliefs."
],
"tags": [
"rare"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"To acquire (belongings)"
],
"id": "en-cleven-enm-verb-2pdvPS6k",
"links": [
[
"acquire",
"acquire"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(rare) To acquire (belongings)"
],
"tags": [
"rare"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈklɛːvən/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈklæːvən/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈkleːvən/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈklɛvən/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈklivən/"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "cleve"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "cliven"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "clefian"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "clyven"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "cleeven"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "clevyn"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "clevyen"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "cleovien"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "clyve"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "cliviȝe"
}
],
"word": "cleven"
}
{
"categories": [
"Middle English class 1 strong verbs",
"Middle English class 2 strong verbs",
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle English entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"Middle English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"Middle English lemmas",
"Middle English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Middle English terms with quotations",
"Middle English verbs",
"Middle English weak verbs",
"enm:Death",
"enm:Time"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "kleven"
},
"expansion": "Dutch: kleven",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Dutch: kleven"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "li",
"2": "kleive"
},
"expansion": "Limburgish: kleive",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Limburgish: kleive"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dum",
"2": "odt",
"3": "clivon"
},
"expansion": "Old Dutch clivon",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "dum",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*klibāną"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *klibāną",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "dum",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*gleybʰ-",
"4": "",
"5": "to stick"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *gleybʰ- (“to stick”)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old Dutch clivon, from Proto-Germanic *klibāną, from Proto-Indo-European *gleybʰ- (“to stick”). Weak forms are probably influenced by Etymology 2.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "clēven",
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dum",
"2": "verb",
"head": "clēven",
"head2": ""
},
"expansion": "clēven",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"head": "clēven"
},
"expansion": "clēven",
"name": "dum-verb"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Dutch",
"lang_code": "dum",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Middle Dutch entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle Dutch lemmas",
"Middle Dutch terms derived from Old Dutch",
"Middle Dutch terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle Dutch terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Middle Dutch terms inherited from Old Dutch",
"Middle Dutch terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle Dutch verbs",
"Middle Dutch weak verbs"
],
"glosses": [
"to stick, to adhere"
],
"links": [
[
"stick",
"stick"
],
[
"adhere",
"adhere"
]
]
}
],
"word": "cleven"
}
{
"categories": [
"Middle English class 1 strong verbs",
"Middle English class 2 strong verbs",
"Middle English class 4 strong verbs",
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle English entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"Middle English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"Middle English lemmas",
"Middle English terms derived from Old English",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"Middle English terms inherited from Old English",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"Middle English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Middle English terms with quotations",
"Middle English verbs",
"Middle English weak verbs",
"enm:Death",
"enm:Time"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "cleave"
},
"expansion": "English: cleave",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "English: cleave"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "cleave"
},
"expansion": "Scots: cleave",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Scots: cleave"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "clēofan"
},
"expansion": "Old English clēofan",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*kleuban"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *kleuban",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*kleubaną"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *kleubaną",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old English clēofan, from Proto-West Germanic *kleuban, from Proto-Germanic *kleubaną.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "strong weak",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "enm-conj-st",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "2/4 or weak in -te/-ed",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "cleven",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "to cleven",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "cleve",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "cleve",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "clef",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "claf",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "clefte",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "cleved",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "clevest",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "clove",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "clef",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "claf",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "cleftest",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "clevedest",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "cleveth",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "clef",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "claf",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "clefte",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "cleved",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "cleve",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "clove",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "clefte",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "cleved",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "cleve",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "cleven",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "cleve",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "cloven",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "clove",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "cleften",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "clefte",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "cleveden",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "clevede",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "cleveth",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "cleve",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "clevynge",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "clevende",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "cloven",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "clove",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "cleft",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "cleved",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "ycloven",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "yclove",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "verb"
},
"expansion": "cleven",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "clev",
"2": "clef",
"2a": "claf",
"3": "clov",
"4": "clov",
"c": "2",
"c2": "4",
"w": "te",
"w2": "ed",
"w_p": "clef"
},
"name": "enm-conj-st"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "verb",
"related": [
{
"word": "clevere"
},
{
"word": "clevynge"
},
{
"word": "clove"
},
{
"word": "cloven"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"To cleave; to split or slice through:",
"To slice at; to make a slashing blow."
],
"links": [
[
"cleave",
"cleave"
],
[
"slice",
"slice"
],
[
"slashing",
"slashing"
]
],
"senseid": [
"enm:to split"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"To cleave; to split or slice through:",
"To make a crack, cut or slice in something."
],
"links": [
[
"cleave",
"cleave"
],
[
"crack",
"crack"
],
[
"cut",
"cut"
],
[
"slice",
"slice"
]
],
"senseid": [
"enm:to split"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"To cleave; to split or slice through:",
"To chop off (separate or sunder)."
],
"links": [
[
"cleave",
"cleave"
]
],
"senseid": [
"enm:to split"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"To break into small pieces; to shatter."
],
"links": [
[
"break",
"break"
],
[
"shatter",
"shatter"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"To open up; to split apart."
],
"links": [
[
"open up",
"open up"
],
[
"split",
"split"
],
[
"apart",
"apart"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"To ruin or finish (cause something's destruction) ."
],
"links": [
[
"ruin",
"ruin"
],
[
"finish",
"finish"
],
[
"destruction",
"destruction#English"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"To stab someone mortally (by striking at their heart)"
],
"links": [
[
"mortally",
"mortally"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈkleːvən/"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "clyvyn"
},
{
"word": "cleoven"
},
{
"word": "cleeve"
},
{
"word": "cleev"
},
{
"word": "cleve"
}
],
"word": "cleven"
}
{
"categories": [
"Middle English class 1 strong verbs",
"Middle English class 2 strong verbs",
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle English entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"Middle English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"Middle English lemmas",
"Middle English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Middle English terms with quotations",
"Middle English verbs",
"Middle English weak verbs",
"enm:Death",
"enm:Time"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "cleave"
},
"expansion": "English: cleave",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "English: cleave"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "cleave",
"3": "cleif"
},
"expansion": "Scots: cleave, cleif",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Scots: cleave, cleif"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "cleofian"
},
"expansion": "Old English cleofian",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "clifian"
},
"expansion": "clifian",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*klibēn"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *klibēn",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*klibāną"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *klibāną",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "clīfan"
},
"expansion": "Old English clīfan",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*klīban"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *klīban",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*klībaną"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *klībaną",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Originally two distinct verbs:\n* Old English cleofian, clifian, from Proto-West Germanic *klibēn, from Proto-Germanic *klibāną.\n* Old English clīfan, from Proto-West Germanic *klīban, from Proto-Germanic *klībaną.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "strong weak",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "enm-conj-wk",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "cleven",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "to cleven",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "cleve",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "cleve",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "cleved",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "clof",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "clevest",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "clevedest",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "clove",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "clive",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "clof",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "cleveth",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "cleved",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "clof",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "cleve",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "cleved",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "clove",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "clive",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "cleve",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "cleven",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "cleve",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "cleveden",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "clevede",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "cloven",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "clove",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "cliven",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "clive",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "cleveth",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "cleve",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "clevynge",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "clevende",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "cleved",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "cliven",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "clive",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "ycleved",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "ycliven",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "verb"
},
"expansion": "cleven",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "clev",
"s2": "clof",
"s3": "clov",
"s3_2": "cliv",
"s4": "cliv",
"sc": "1"
},
"name": "enm-conj-wk"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "verb",
"related": [
{
"word": "clevynge"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"To stick or adhere (often with on or to):",
"To have cohesion or unity; to adhere together."
],
"links": [
[
"stick",
"stick"
],
[
"adhere",
"adhere"
],
[
"on",
"on#Middle English"
],
[
"to",
"to#Middle English"
],
[
"cohesion",
"cohesion"
],
[
"unity",
"unity"
]
],
"senseid": [
"enm:to stick"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Middle English terms with quotations",
"Quotation templates to be cleaned",
"Requests for translations of Middle English quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "Afterwards, when the voice was raised, they began to weep again. Orpah kissed the mother of her husband, and turned around, and Ruth cleaved to the mother of her husband.\n(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"ref": "1395, Wycliffe Bible, Ruth 1:14",
"text": "Therfor, whanne the vois was reisid, eft thei bigunnen to wepe. Orpha kisside the modir of hir hosebonde, and turnede ayen, and Ruth cleuyde to the modir of hir hosebonde.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To stick or adhere (often with on or to):",
"To cling (hold onto something)"
],
"links": [
[
"stick",
"stick"
],
[
"adhere",
"adhere"
],
[
"on",
"on#Middle English"
],
[
"to",
"to#Middle English"
],
[
"cling",
"cling"
]
],
"senseid": [
"enm:to stick"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"To be adhesive or sticky; to cause to adhere."
],
"links": [
[
"adhesive",
"adhesive"
],
[
"sticky",
"sticky"
],
[
"adhere",
"adhere"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"To be an inherent or inseparable part; to be intrinsic."
],
"links": [
[
"inherent",
"inherent"
],
[
"inseparable",
"inseparable"
],
[
"intrinsic",
"intrinsic"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"To withstand or stay put; to weather time."
],
"links": [
[
"withstand",
"withstand"
],
[
"weather",
"weather"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"To believe in a creed or belief."
],
"links": [
[
"believe",
"believe"
],
[
"creed",
"creed"
],
[
"belief",
"belief"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"To trust or follow someone."
],
"links": [
[
"trust",
"trust"
],
[
"follow",
"follow"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Middle English terms with rare senses"
],
"glosses": [
"To stay balanced or coherent."
],
"links": [
[
"balanced",
"balanced"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(rare) To stay balanced or coherent."
],
"tags": [
"rare"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Middle English terms with rare senses"
],
"glosses": [
"To convince; to spread one's beliefs."
],
"links": [
[
"convince",
"convince"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(rare) To convince; to spread one's beliefs."
],
"tags": [
"rare"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Middle English terms with rare senses"
],
"glosses": [
"To acquire (belongings)"
],
"links": [
[
"acquire",
"acquire"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(rare) To acquire (belongings)"
],
"tags": [
"rare"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈklɛːvən/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈklæːvən/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈkleːvən/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈklɛvən/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈklivən/"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "cliven"
},
{
"word": "clefian"
},
{
"word": "clyven"
},
{
"word": "cleeven"
},
{
"word": "clevyn"
},
{
"word": "clevyen"
},
{
"word": "cleovien"
},
{
"word": "cleve"
},
{
"word": "clyve"
},
{
"word": "cliviȝe"
}
],
"word": "cleven"
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-05-03 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-05-02 using wiktextract (f4fd8c9 and c9440ce). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.