See -ien on Wiktionary
Download JSON data for -ien meaning in All languages combined (14.7kB)
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "br",
"2": "obt",
"3": "-ion"
},
"expansion": "Old Breton -ion",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "obt",
"2": "-on"
},
"expansion": "-on",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "br",
"2": "cel-bry-pro",
"3": "*-onos"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Brythonic *-onos",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-bry-pro",
"2": "*-onā"
},
"expansion": "*-onā",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "-ion"
},
"expansion": "Welsh -ion",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "kw",
"2": "-yon"
},
"expansion": "Cornish -yon",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old Breton -ion, -on, Proto-Brythonic *-onos, *-onā. Cognate to Welsh -ion, Cornish -yon.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "br",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "plural suffixes"
},
"expansion": "-ien",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Breton",
"lang_code": "br",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Breton entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "lenner (“reader”) + -ien → lennerien (“readers”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "mab (“son”) + -ien → mibien (“sons”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Noun pluralization suffix; sometimes with vocalic ablaut in the pluralized noun"
],
"id": "en--ien-br-suffix-hjcUKsNZ",
"links": [
[
"ablaut",
"ablaut#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-ien"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "frm",
"3": "-ien",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Middle French -ien",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "frm",
"3": "-ien"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Middle French -ien",
"name": "inh+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "fro",
"3": "-ien"
},
"expansion": "Old French -ien",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "la",
"3": "-iānus"
},
"expansion": "Latin -iānus",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "-ānus"
},
"expansion": "-ānus",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "-ain"
},
"expansion": "French -ain",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "-an"
},
"expansion": "-an",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Middle French -ien, from Old French -ien, from Latin -iānus, from -ānus.\nCognate to French -ain and -an.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-iens",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ienne",
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "m",
"f": "+"
},
"expansion": "-ien m (plural -iens, feminine -ienne)",
"name": "fr-noun"
}
],
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "46 54",
"kind": "other",
"name": "French entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "Paris + -ien → Parisien (“a Parisian”)"
},
{
"text": "Californie + -ien → Californien (“a Californian”)"
}
],
"glosses": [
"forms nouns denoting where something or someone is from; -ian"
],
"id": "en--ien-fr-suffix-0~XFKAX7",
"links": [
[
"-ian",
"-ian"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/jɛ̃/"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q150 (fra)-WikiLucas00--ien.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1b/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-WikiLucas00--ien.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-WikiLucas00--ien.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1b/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-WikiLucas00--ien.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-WikiLucas00--ien.wav.ogg",
"text": "Audio"
}
],
"word": "-ien"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "frm",
"3": "-ien",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Middle French -ien",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "frm",
"3": "-ien"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Middle French -ien",
"name": "inh+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "fro",
"3": "-ien"
},
"expansion": "Old French -ien",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "la",
"3": "-iānus"
},
"expansion": "Latin -iānus",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "-ānus"
},
"expansion": "-ānus",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "-ain"
},
"expansion": "French -ain",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "-an"
},
"expansion": "-an",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Middle French -ien, from Old French -ien, from Latin -iānus, from -ānus.\nCognate to French -ain and -an.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-ienne",
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"form": "-iens",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-iennes",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "-ien (feminine -ienne, masculine plural -iens, feminine plural -iennes)",
"name": "fr-adj"
}
],
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "46 54",
"kind": "other",
"name": "French entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "Paris + -ien → parisien (“Parisian”)"
},
{
"text": "Californie + -ien → californien (“Californian”)"
},
{
"text": "Vadim + -ien → vadimien (“of Roger Vadim Plemiannikov, French screenwriter, film director and producer”)"
}
],
"glosses": [
"forms adjectives indicating relation to; -ian"
],
"id": "en--ien-fr-suffix-tooDJorP",
"links": [
[
"-ian",
"-ian"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/jɛ̃/"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q150 (fra)-WikiLucas00--ien.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1b/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-WikiLucas00--ien.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-WikiLucas00--ien.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1b/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-WikiLucas00--ien.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-WikiLucas00--ien.wav.ogg",
"text": "Audio"
}
],
"word": "-ien"
}
{
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "gmh",
"3": "-ie"
},
"expansion": "Middle High German -ie",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmh",
"2": "-je"
},
"expansion": "-je",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "la",
"3": "-ia",
"pos": "feminine singular"
},
"expansion": "Latin -ia (feminine singular)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmh",
"2": "",
"3": "-ien"
},
"expansion": "-ien",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "Böhmen"
},
"expansion": "Böhmen",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "Franken"
},
"expansion": "Franken",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "Sachsen"
},
"expansion": "Sachsen",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle High German -ie, -je, from Latin -ia (feminine singular). Nouns with this Latinate suffix were originally strong (i.e. invariable) feminines, but inflected forms in -ien arose when the distinction between strong and weak feminines collapsed in later Middle High German. These were then treated by analogy with local names like Böhmen, Franken, Sachsen etc. (all originally dative plural of a tribe name).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "suffix",
"g": "n"
},
"expansion": "-ien n",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "Tscheche (“Czech person”) + -ien → Tschechien (“Czechia”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "Jordan (“Jordan”, river) + -ien → Jordanien (“Jordan”, country)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Used to form country names; -ia"
],
"id": "en--ien-de-suffix-doNg2j2K",
"links": [
[
"-ia",
"-ia"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"neuter"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/i̯ən/"
},
{
"ipa": "[i.ən]"
},
{
"ipa": "[jən]"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q188 (deu)-Frank C. Müller--ien.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d6/LL-Q188_%28deu%29-Frank_C._M%C3%BCller--ien.wav/LL-Q188_%28deu%29-Frank_C._M%C3%BCller--ien.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d6/LL-Q188_%28deu%29-Frank_C._M%C3%BCller--ien.wav/LL-Q188_%28deu%29-Frank_C._M%C3%BCller--ien.wav.ogg",
"text": "Audio"
}
],
"word": "-ien"
}
{
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "la",
"3": "-ia",
"pos": "neuter plural"
},
"expansion": "Latin -ia (neuter plural)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "",
"3": "-ium"
},
"expansion": "-ium",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "Principium"
},
"expansion": "Principium",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "Prinzip"
},
"expansion": "Prinzip",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "",
"3": "-ien"
},
"expansion": "-ien",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "",
"3": "-e"
},
"expansion": "-e",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "",
"3": "-ia"
},
"expansion": "-ia",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Latin -ia (neuter plural). In some cases, analysable within German as a regular plural of an earlier form in -ium; e.g. Principium as an obsolete variant of Prinzip. The singular ending was sometimes lost, leaving -ien as a new, irregular plural suffix. In other cases, simply following the Latin i-declension (singular in -e, plural in -ia).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "suffix",
"g": "p"
},
"expansion": "-ien pl",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "13 87",
"kind": "other",
"name": "German entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "15 85",
"kind": "other",
"name": "German pluralia tantum",
"parents": [
"Pluralia tantum",
"Nouns",
"Lemmas"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "Material + -ien → Materialien",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "Prinzip + -ien → Prinzipien",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "Reptil + -ien → Reptilien",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Used to form the plurals of some neuter nouns of Latin descent whose original plural ends in -ia."
],
"id": "en--ien-de-suffix-ZlZOuBH4",
"links": [
[
"-ia",
"-ia#Latin"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"plural"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/i̯ən/"
},
{
"ipa": "[i.ən]"
},
{
"ipa": "[jən]"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q188 (deu)-Frank C. Müller--ien.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d6/LL-Q188_%28deu%29-Frank_C._M%C3%BCller--ien.wav/LL-Q188_%28deu%29-Frank_C._M%C3%BCller--ien.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d6/LL-Q188_%28deu%29-Frank_C._M%C3%BCller--ien.wav/LL-Q188_%28deu%29-Frank_C._M%C3%BCller--ien.wav.ogg",
"text": "Audio"
}
],
"word": "-ien"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "-ian"
},
"expansion": "English: -ian",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "English: -ian"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "-ian"
},
"expansion": "Scots: -ian",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Scots: -ian"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ian"
},
"expansion": "table",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "loanword",
"2": "Borrowed"
},
"expansion": "Borrowed",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "fro",
"3": "-ien",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Old French -ien",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "fro",
"3": "-ien"
},
"expansion": "Borrowed from Old French -ien",
"name": "bor+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "la",
"3": "-iānus"
},
"expansion": "Latin -iānus",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "table\nBorrowed from Old French -ien, from Latin -iānus.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-ien",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Forms nouns and adjectives denoting origin, association, or residence; -ian."
],
"id": "en--ien-enm-noun-ULB5Bu33",
"links": [
[
"-ian",
"-ian"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "-ian"
},
{
"word": "-ion"
},
{
"word": "-ione"
},
{
"word": "-ioun"
},
{
"word": "-yen"
},
{
"word": "-yone"
},
{
"word": "-youn"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/-iˈɛːn/"
},
{
"ipa": "/-i.ɛn/"
},
{
"ipa": "/-i.ən/"
},
{
"ipa": "/-jɛn/"
},
{
"ipa": "/-jən/"
}
],
"word": "-ien"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "frm",
"2": "fro",
"3": "-ien"
},
"expansion": "Old French -ien",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "frm",
"2": "la",
"3": "-iānus"
},
"expansion": "Latin -iānus",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old French -ien, from Latin -iānus.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "equivalent -ienne",
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "frm",
"2": "suffix",
"3": "feminine equivalent",
"4": "-ienne"
},
"expansion": "-ien (feminine equivalent -ienne)",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle French",
"lang_code": "frm",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle French entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "patrician",
"text": "patricien",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"-ian"
],
"id": "en--ien-frm-suffix-Oasokk93",
"links": [
[
"-ian",
"-ian"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-ien"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "frm",
"2": "-ien"
},
"expansion": "Middle French: -ien",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle French: -ien"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "-ien"
},
"expansion": "French: -ien",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "French: -ien"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "-ien",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Middle English: -ien, -ian, -ion, -ione, -ioun, -yen, -yone, -youn\nEnglish: -ian\nScots: -ian",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "→ Middle English: -ien, -ian, -ion, -ione, -ioun, -yen, -yone, -youn\nEnglish: -ian\nScots: -ian"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "la",
"3": "-iānus"
},
"expansion": "Latin -iānus",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "-ānus"
},
"expansion": "-ānus",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Latin -iānus, from -ānus.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "equivalent -iene",
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"form": "-ienne",
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "suffix",
"3": "feminine equivalent",
"4": "-iene",
"5": "or",
"6": "-ienne"
},
"expansion": "-ien (feminine equivalent -iene or -ienne)",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Old French",
"lang_code": "fro",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Old French entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"-ian"
],
"id": "en--ien-fro-suffix-Oasokk93",
"links": [
[
"-ian",
"-ian"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-ien"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "br",
"2": "obt",
"3": "-ion"
},
"expansion": "Old Breton -ion",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "obt",
"2": "-on"
},
"expansion": "-on",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "br",
"2": "cel-bry-pro",
"3": "*-onos"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Brythonic *-onos",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-bry-pro",
"2": "*-onā"
},
"expansion": "*-onā",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "-ion"
},
"expansion": "Welsh -ion",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "kw",
"2": "-yon"
},
"expansion": "Cornish -yon",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old Breton -ion, -on, Proto-Brythonic *-onos, *-onā. Cognate to Welsh -ion, Cornish -yon.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "br",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "plural suffixes"
},
"expansion": "-ien",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Breton",
"lang_code": "br",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Breton entries with incorrect language header",
"Breton lemmas",
"Breton plural suffixes",
"Breton suffixes",
"Breton terms derived from Old Breton",
"Breton terms derived from Proto-Brythonic",
"Breton terms inherited from Old Breton",
"Breton terms inherited from Proto-Brythonic"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "lenner (“reader”) + -ien → lennerien (“readers”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "mab (“son”) + -ien → mibien (“sons”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Noun pluralization suffix; sometimes with vocalic ablaut in the pluralized noun"
],
"links": [
[
"ablaut",
"ablaut#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-ien"
}
{
"categories": [
"French 1-syllable words",
"French adjective-forming suffixes",
"French adjectives with red links in their headword lines",
"French countable nouns",
"French entries with incorrect language header",
"French lemmas",
"French masculine suffixes",
"French noun-forming suffixes",
"French suffixes",
"French terms derived from Latin",
"French terms derived from Middle French",
"French terms derived from Old French",
"French terms inherited from Latin",
"French terms inherited from Middle French",
"French terms inherited from Old French",
"French terms with IPA pronunciation",
"French terms with audio links"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "frm",
"3": "-ien",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Middle French -ien",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "frm",
"3": "-ien"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Middle French -ien",
"name": "inh+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "fro",
"3": "-ien"
},
"expansion": "Old French -ien",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "la",
"3": "-iānus"
},
"expansion": "Latin -iānus",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "-ānus"
},
"expansion": "-ānus",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "-ain"
},
"expansion": "French -ain",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "-an"
},
"expansion": "-an",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Middle French -ien, from Old French -ien, from Latin -iānus, from -ānus.\nCognate to French -ain and -an.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-iens",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ienne",
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "m",
"f": "+"
},
"expansion": "-ien m (plural -iens, feminine -ienne)",
"name": "fr-noun"
}
],
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "Paris + -ien → Parisien (“a Parisian”)"
},
{
"text": "Californie + -ien → Californien (“a Californian”)"
}
],
"glosses": [
"forms nouns denoting where something or someone is from; -ian"
],
"links": [
[
"-ian",
"-ian"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/jɛ̃/"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q150 (fra)-WikiLucas00--ien.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1b/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-WikiLucas00--ien.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-WikiLucas00--ien.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1b/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-WikiLucas00--ien.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-WikiLucas00--ien.wav.ogg",
"text": "Audio"
}
],
"word": "-ien"
}
{
"categories": [
"French 1-syllable words",
"French adjective-forming suffixes",
"French adjectives with red links in their headword lines",
"French countable nouns",
"French entries with incorrect language header",
"French lemmas",
"French masculine suffixes",
"French noun-forming suffixes",
"French suffixes",
"French terms derived from Latin",
"French terms derived from Middle French",
"French terms derived from Old French",
"French terms inherited from Latin",
"French terms inherited from Middle French",
"French terms inherited from Old French",
"French terms with IPA pronunciation",
"French terms with audio links"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "frm",
"3": "-ien",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Middle French -ien",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "frm",
"3": "-ien"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Middle French -ien",
"name": "inh+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "fro",
"3": "-ien"
},
"expansion": "Old French -ien",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "la",
"3": "-iānus"
},
"expansion": "Latin -iānus",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "-ānus"
},
"expansion": "-ānus",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "-ain"
},
"expansion": "French -ain",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "-an"
},
"expansion": "-an",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Middle French -ien, from Old French -ien, from Latin -iānus, from -ānus.\nCognate to French -ain and -an.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-ienne",
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"form": "-iens",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-iennes",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "-ien (feminine -ienne, masculine plural -iens, feminine plural -iennes)",
"name": "fr-adj"
}
],
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "Paris + -ien → parisien (“Parisian”)"
},
{
"text": "Californie + -ien → californien (“Californian”)"
},
{
"text": "Vadim + -ien → vadimien (“of Roger Vadim Plemiannikov, French screenwriter, film director and producer”)"
}
],
"glosses": [
"forms adjectives indicating relation to; -ian"
],
"links": [
[
"-ian",
"-ian"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/jɛ̃/"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q150 (fra)-WikiLucas00--ien.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1b/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-WikiLucas00--ien.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-WikiLucas00--ien.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1b/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-WikiLucas00--ien.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-WikiLucas00--ien.wav.ogg",
"text": "Audio"
}
],
"word": "-ien"
}
{
"categories": [
"German 1-syllable words",
"German entries with incorrect language header",
"German lemmas",
"German neuter suffixes",
"German pluralia tantum",
"German suffixes",
"German terms derived from Latin",
"German terms derived from Middle High German",
"German terms inherited from Middle High German",
"German terms with IPA pronunciation",
"German terms with audio links"
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "gmh",
"3": "-ie"
},
"expansion": "Middle High German -ie",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmh",
"2": "-je"
},
"expansion": "-je",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "la",
"3": "-ia",
"pos": "feminine singular"
},
"expansion": "Latin -ia (feminine singular)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmh",
"2": "",
"3": "-ien"
},
"expansion": "-ien",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "Böhmen"
},
"expansion": "Böhmen",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "Franken"
},
"expansion": "Franken",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "Sachsen"
},
"expansion": "Sachsen",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle High German -ie, -je, from Latin -ia (feminine singular). Nouns with this Latinate suffix were originally strong (i.e. invariable) feminines, but inflected forms in -ien arose when the distinction between strong and weak feminines collapsed in later Middle High German. These were then treated by analogy with local names like Böhmen, Franken, Sachsen etc. (all originally dative plural of a tribe name).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "suffix",
"g": "n"
},
"expansion": "-ien n",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "Tscheche (“Czech person”) + -ien → Tschechien (“Czechia”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "Jordan (“Jordan”, river) + -ien → Jordanien (“Jordan”, country)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Used to form country names; -ia"
],
"links": [
[
"-ia",
"-ia"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"neuter"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/i̯ən/"
},
{
"ipa": "[i.ən]"
},
{
"ipa": "[jən]"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q188 (deu)-Frank C. Müller--ien.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d6/LL-Q188_%28deu%29-Frank_C._M%C3%BCller--ien.wav/LL-Q188_%28deu%29-Frank_C._M%C3%BCller--ien.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d6/LL-Q188_%28deu%29-Frank_C._M%C3%BCller--ien.wav/LL-Q188_%28deu%29-Frank_C._M%C3%BCller--ien.wav.ogg",
"text": "Audio"
}
],
"word": "-ien"
}
{
"categories": [
"German 1-syllable words",
"German entries with incorrect language header",
"German lemmas",
"German pluralia tantum",
"German suffixes",
"German terms derived from Latin",
"German terms with IPA pronunciation",
"German terms with audio links"
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "la",
"3": "-ia",
"pos": "neuter plural"
},
"expansion": "Latin -ia (neuter plural)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "",
"3": "-ium"
},
"expansion": "-ium",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "Principium"
},
"expansion": "Principium",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "Prinzip"
},
"expansion": "Prinzip",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "",
"3": "-ien"
},
"expansion": "-ien",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "",
"3": "-e"
},
"expansion": "-e",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "",
"3": "-ia"
},
"expansion": "-ia",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Latin -ia (neuter plural). In some cases, analysable within German as a regular plural of an earlier form in -ium; e.g. Principium as an obsolete variant of Prinzip. The singular ending was sometimes lost, leaving -ien as a new, irregular plural suffix. In other cases, simply following the Latin i-declension (singular in -e, plural in -ia).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "suffix",
"g": "p"
},
"expansion": "-ien pl",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "Material + -ien → Materialien",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "Prinzip + -ien → Prinzipien",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "Reptil + -ien → Reptilien",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Used to form the plurals of some neuter nouns of Latin descent whose original plural ends in -ia."
],
"links": [
[
"-ia",
"-ia#Latin"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"plural"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/i̯ən/"
},
{
"ipa": "[i.ən]"
},
{
"ipa": "[jən]"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q188 (deu)-Frank C. Müller--ien.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d6/LL-Q188_%28deu%29-Frank_C._M%C3%BCller--ien.wav/LL-Q188_%28deu%29-Frank_C._M%C3%BCller--ien.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d6/LL-Q188_%28deu%29-Frank_C._M%C3%BCller--ien.wav/LL-Q188_%28deu%29-Frank_C._M%C3%BCller--ien.wav.ogg",
"text": "Audio"
}
],
"word": "-ien"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "-ian"
},
"expansion": "English: -ian",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "English: -ian"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "-ian"
},
"expansion": "Scots: -ian",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Scots: -ian"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ian"
},
"expansion": "table",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "loanword",
"2": "Borrowed"
},
"expansion": "Borrowed",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "fro",
"3": "-ien",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Old French -ien",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "fro",
"3": "-ien"
},
"expansion": "Borrowed from Old French -ien",
"name": "bor+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "la",
"3": "-iānus"
},
"expansion": "Latin -iānus",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "table\nBorrowed from Old French -ien, from Latin -iānus.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-ien",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle English lemmas",
"Middle English suffixes",
"Middle English terms borrowed from Old French",
"Middle English terms derived from Latin",
"Middle English terms derived from Old French",
"Middle English terms with IPA pronunciation"
],
"glosses": [
"Forms nouns and adjectives denoting origin, association, or residence; -ian."
],
"links": [
[
"-ian",
"-ian"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/-iˈɛːn/"
},
{
"ipa": "/-i.ɛn/"
},
{
"ipa": "/-i.ən/"
},
{
"ipa": "/-jɛn/"
},
{
"ipa": "/-jən/"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "-ian"
},
{
"word": "-ion"
},
{
"word": "-ione"
},
{
"word": "-ioun"
},
{
"word": "-yen"
},
{
"word": "-yone"
},
{
"word": "-youn"
}
],
"word": "-ien"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "frm",
"2": "fro",
"3": "-ien"
},
"expansion": "Old French -ien",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "frm",
"2": "la",
"3": "-iānus"
},
"expansion": "Latin -iānus",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old French -ien, from Latin -iānus.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "equivalent -ienne",
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "frm",
"2": "suffix",
"3": "feminine equivalent",
"4": "-ienne"
},
"expansion": "-ien (feminine equivalent -ienne)",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle French",
"lang_code": "frm",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Middle French entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle French lemmas",
"Middle French suffixes",
"Middle French terms derived from Latin",
"Middle French terms derived from Old French",
"Middle French terms inherited from Latin",
"Middle French terms inherited from Old French",
"Middle French terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "patrician",
"text": "patricien",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"-ian"
],
"links": [
[
"-ian",
"-ian"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-ien"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "frm",
"2": "-ien"
},
"expansion": "Middle French: -ien",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle French: -ien"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "-ien"
},
"expansion": "French: -ien",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "French: -ien"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "-ien",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Middle English: -ien, -ian, -ion, -ione, -ioun, -yen, -yone, -youn\nEnglish: -ian\nScots: -ian",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "→ Middle English: -ien, -ian, -ion, -ione, -ioun, -yen, -yone, -youn\nEnglish: -ian\nScots: -ian"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "la",
"3": "-iānus"
},
"expansion": "Latin -iānus",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "-ānus"
},
"expansion": "-ānus",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Latin -iānus, from -ānus.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "equivalent -iene",
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"form": "-ienne",
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "suffix",
"3": "feminine equivalent",
"4": "-iene",
"5": "or",
"6": "-ienne"
},
"expansion": "-ien (feminine equivalent -iene or -ienne)",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Old French",
"lang_code": "fro",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Old French entries with incorrect language header",
"Old French lemmas",
"Old French suffixes",
"Old French terms derived from Latin",
"Old French terms inherited from Latin"
],
"glosses": [
"-ian"
],
"links": [
[
"-ian",
"-ian"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-ien"
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-05-06 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-05-02 using wiktextract (f4fd8c9 and c9440ce). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.