See -어 on Wiktionary
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"roman": "-eo itda",
"word": "어 있다"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"roman": "-eodo",
"word": "어도"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"roman": "-eoboda",
"word": "어보다"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"roman": "-eoseo",
"word": "어서"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"roman": "-eoya",
"word": "어야"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"roman": "-eoya doeda",
"word": "어야 되다"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"roman": "-eoya hada",
"word": "어야 하다"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"roman": "-eoyaget-",
"word": "어야겠"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"roman": "-eoyo",
"word": "어요"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"roman": "-eojida",
"word": "어지다"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"roman": "-eot-",
"word": "었"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ko",
"2": "okm",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Middle Korean",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "-어〮",
"2": "-é"
},
"expansion": "어〮 (Yale: -é)",
"name": "okm-l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ko",
"2": "oko",
"3": "良",
"tr": "*-a"
},
"expansion": "Old Korean 良 (*-a)",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle Korean 어〮 (Yale: -é), from Old Korean 良 (*-a), the vowel shift presumably informed by vowel harmony. In Old and Middle Korean, the suffix was solely a connective one and could not be used to end a sentence.\nModern sentence-final usage emerged at some point in Early Modern Korean. Indisputable examples of the infinitive serving as an informal imperative, one given below, are found by the eighteenth century. This innovation was probably extended from a practice in which the auxiliary or other subsequent verb was omitted to be determined by context in colloquial speech, transforming the infinitive into a sentence-ending suffix.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "어",
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "-eo",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "어 • (-eo)",
"name": "ko-pos"
}
],
"lang": "Korean",
"lang_code": "ko",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"english": "The sun is setting.",
"roman": "Hae-neun jeomur-eo ganda.",
"text": "해는 저물어 간다.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "Have a taste of that.",
"roman": "Jeo-geo han beon meog-eo bwa.",
"text": "저거 한 번 먹어 봐.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "He is dead.",
"roman": "Geu-neun jug-eo itda.",
"text": "그는 죽어 있다.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "It's getting hot.",
"roman": "Nar-i deo-wo-jinda.",
"text": "날이 더워진다.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"The \"infinitive\" suffix, connecting verbs and adjectives.",
"Joins the main verb or adjective to its auxiliary."
],
"id": "en--어-ko-suffix-C618uHiZ",
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "10 22 10 11 11 11 11 14",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "I took off my clothes and threw them on the bed.",
"roman": "Os-eul beos-eo chimdae-e deonjeotda.",
"text": "옷을 벗어 침대에 던졌다.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "I will sit on a chair and write.",
"roman": "Uija-e anj-a geur-eul sseul geosida.",
"text": "의자에 앉아 글을 쓸 것이다.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "I made cranes by folding paper.",
"roman": "Jong'i-reul jeob-eo hag-eul mandeureotda.",
"text": "종이를 접어 학을 만들었다.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"The \"infinitive\" suffix, connecting verbs and adjectives.",
"and, by; expresses a sequence of actions made by the same subject. There is a nuance that the first action is impacting or enabling the second; compare 고 (-go), which lacks this nuance."
],
"id": "en--어-ko-suffix-t25eObhw",
"links": [
[
"and",
"and"
],
[
"by",
"by"
],
[
"고",
"-고#Korean"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "-어서"
}
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"english": "I feel happy since the flowers bloomed.",
"roman": "Kkoch-i pi-eo gibun-i jota.",
"text": "꽃이 피어 기분이 좋다.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"The \"infinitive\" suffix, connecting verbs and adjectives.",
"since, because; expresses causation."
],
"id": "en--어-ko-suffix-b~RFqWaZ",
"links": [
[
"since",
"since"
],
[
"because",
"because"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "-어서"
},
{
"word": "-니까"
}
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"english": "I'm having lunch.",
"roman": "Na jeomsim meokgo iss-eo.",
"text": "나 점심 먹고 있어.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "소년이 벽에 페인트를 칠하고 있어요. ― Sonyeoni byeoge peinteureul chilhago isseoyo. ― A boy is painting on the wall.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"In the \"intimate\" speech level used between friends, by superiors to inferiors, etc., a general-purpose sentence-ending suffix attached to verbs and adjectives:",
"Marks the declarative or indicative mood."
],
"id": "en--어-ko-suffix-p8CETgTH",
"links": [
[
"\"intimate\" speech level",
"w:Korean speech levels#Hae-che"
],
[
"declarative",
"declarative#English"
],
[
"indicative",
"indicative#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"english": "Did you have lunch?",
"roman": "neo-neun jeomsim meogeoss-eo?",
"text": "너는 점심 먹었어?",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"In the \"intimate\" speech level used between friends, by superiors to inferiors, etc., a general-purpose sentence-ending suffix attached to verbs and adjectives:",
"Marks the interrogative mood."
],
"id": "en--어-ko-suffix-HiEVMUTz",
"links": [
[
"\"intimate\" speech level",
"w:Korean speech levels#Hae-che"
],
[
"interrogative",
"interrogative#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Korean links with redundant wikilinks",
"parents": [
"Links with redundant wikilinks",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "Go have lunch soon.",
"roman": "Eolleun jeomsim meog-eo.",
"text": "얼른 점심 먹어.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "Three-legged crow inside the sun, don't go; listen to what I have to say.",
"ref": "1728, 珍(진)本(본)靑(청)丘(구)永(영)言(언) (Jinbon Cheongguyeong'eon) [Songs from the Green Hills]:",
"roman": "Ildyung samjyogo-ya gaji malgo nae mal deur-eo",
"text": "日(일)中(듕)三(삼)足(죡)烏(오)야 가지 말고 내 말 드러",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"In the \"intimate\" speech level used between friends, by superiors to inferiors, etc., a general-purpose sentence-ending suffix attached to verbs and adjectives:",
"Marks the imperative mood."
],
"id": "en--어-ko-suffix-rpkyqF71",
"links": [
[
"\"intimate\" speech level",
"w:Korean speech levels#Hae-che"
],
[
"imperative",
"imperative#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"In the \"intimate\" speech level used between friends, by superiors to inferiors, etc., a general-purpose sentence-ending suffix attached to verbs and adjectives:",
"Marks the hortative mood."
],
"id": "en--어-ko-suffix-j-t8Hjma",
"links": [
[
"\"intimate\" speech level",
"w:Korean speech levels#Hae-che"
],
[
"hortative",
"hortative#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"In the \"intimate\" speech level used between friends, by superiors to inferiors, etc., a general-purpose sentence-ending suffix attached to verbs and adjectives:",
"(uncommon) Marks the hortative mood."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "-자"
}
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"uncommon"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ʌ̹]",
"tags": [
"SK-Standard",
"Seoul"
]
},
{
"hangeul": "어"
},
{
"other": "[어]"
}
],
"word": "-어"
}
{
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_text": "Sino-Korean suffix; see the main entry.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "어",
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "-eo",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "어 • (-eo)",
"name": "ko-pos"
}
],
"lang": "Korean",
"lang_code": "ko",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Korean links with manual fragments",
"parents": [
"Links with manual fragments",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Korean links with redundant target parameters",
"parents": [
"Links with redundant target parameters",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "10 17 10 9 9 11 9 23",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Korean entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "9 12 9 11 11 15 11 23",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Korean terms with redundant script codes",
"parents": [
"Terms with redundant script codes",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 16 10 10 10 14 10 22",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Korean terms with redundant transliterations",
"parents": [
"Terms with redundant transliterations",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "9 19 9 7 7 8 7 33",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"See the entry at 어(語) (eo, “language”)."
],
"id": "en--어-ko-suffix-k4AvP44D",
"links": [
[
"어(語)",
"어#語"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ʌ̹]",
"tags": [
"SK-Standard",
"Seoul"
]
},
{
"hangeul": "어"
},
{
"other": "[어]"
}
],
"word": "-어"
}
{
"categories": [
"Korean entries with incorrect language header",
"Korean inflectional suffixes",
"Korean lemmas",
"Korean suffixes",
"Korean terms derived from Middle Korean",
"Korean terms derived from Old Korean",
"Korean terms inherited from Middle Korean",
"Korean terms inherited from Old Korean",
"Korean terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Korean terms with redundant script codes",
"Korean terms with redundant transliterations",
"Korean yin-vowel forms",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries"
],
"derived": [
{
"roman": "-eo itda",
"word": "어 있다"
},
{
"roman": "-eodo",
"word": "어도"
},
{
"roman": "-eoboda",
"word": "어보다"
},
{
"roman": "-eoseo",
"word": "어서"
},
{
"roman": "-eoya",
"word": "어야"
},
{
"roman": "-eoya doeda",
"word": "어야 되다"
},
{
"roman": "-eoya hada",
"word": "어야 하다"
},
{
"roman": "-eoyaget-",
"word": "어야겠"
},
{
"roman": "-eoyo",
"word": "어요"
},
{
"roman": "-eojida",
"word": "어지다"
},
{
"roman": "-eot-",
"word": "었"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ko",
"2": "okm",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Middle Korean",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "-어〮",
"2": "-é"
},
"expansion": "어〮 (Yale: -é)",
"name": "okm-l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ko",
"2": "oko",
"3": "良",
"tr": "*-a"
},
"expansion": "Old Korean 良 (*-a)",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle Korean 어〮 (Yale: -é), from Old Korean 良 (*-a), the vowel shift presumably informed by vowel harmony. In Old and Middle Korean, the suffix was solely a connective one and could not be used to end a sentence.\nModern sentence-final usage emerged at some point in Early Modern Korean. Indisputable examples of the infinitive serving as an informal imperative, one given below, are found by the eighteenth century. This innovation was probably extended from a practice in which the auxiliary or other subsequent verb was omitted to be determined by context in colloquial speech, transforming the infinitive into a sentence-ending suffix.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "어",
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "-eo",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "어 • (-eo)",
"name": "ko-pos"
}
],
"lang": "Korean",
"lang_code": "ko",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Korean terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "The sun is setting.",
"roman": "Hae-neun jeomur-eo ganda.",
"text": "해는 저물어 간다.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "Have a taste of that.",
"roman": "Jeo-geo han beon meog-eo bwa.",
"text": "저거 한 번 먹어 봐.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "He is dead.",
"roman": "Geu-neun jug-eo itda.",
"text": "그는 죽어 있다.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "It's getting hot.",
"roman": "Nar-i deo-wo-jinda.",
"text": "날이 더워진다.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"The \"infinitive\" suffix, connecting verbs and adjectives.",
"Joins the main verb or adjective to its auxiliary."
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Korean terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "I took off my clothes and threw them on the bed.",
"roman": "Os-eul beos-eo chimdae-e deonjeotda.",
"text": "옷을 벗어 침대에 던졌다.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "I will sit on a chair and write.",
"roman": "Uija-e anj-a geur-eul sseul geosida.",
"text": "의자에 앉아 글을 쓸 것이다.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "I made cranes by folding paper.",
"roman": "Jong'i-reul jeob-eo hag-eul mandeureotda.",
"text": "종이를 접어 학을 만들었다.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"The \"infinitive\" suffix, connecting verbs and adjectives.",
"and, by; expresses a sequence of actions made by the same subject. There is a nuance that the first action is impacting or enabling the second; compare 고 (-go), which lacks this nuance."
],
"links": [
[
"and",
"and"
],
[
"by",
"by"
],
[
"고",
"-고#Korean"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "-어서"
}
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Korean terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "I feel happy since the flowers bloomed.",
"roman": "Kkoch-i pi-eo gibun-i jota.",
"text": "꽃이 피어 기분이 좋다.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"The \"infinitive\" suffix, connecting verbs and adjectives.",
"since, because; expresses causation."
],
"links": [
[
"since",
"since"
],
[
"because",
"because"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "-어서"
},
{
"word": "-니까"
}
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Korean terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "I'm having lunch.",
"roman": "Na jeomsim meokgo iss-eo.",
"text": "나 점심 먹고 있어.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "소년이 벽에 페인트를 칠하고 있어요. ― Sonyeoni byeoge peinteureul chilhago isseoyo. ― A boy is painting on the wall.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"In the \"intimate\" speech level used between friends, by superiors to inferiors, etc., a general-purpose sentence-ending suffix attached to verbs and adjectives:",
"Marks the declarative or indicative mood."
],
"links": [
[
"\"intimate\" speech level",
"w:Korean speech levels#Hae-che"
],
[
"declarative",
"declarative#English"
],
[
"indicative",
"indicative#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Korean terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "Did you have lunch?",
"roman": "neo-neun jeomsim meogeoss-eo?",
"text": "너는 점심 먹었어?",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"In the \"intimate\" speech level used between friends, by superiors to inferiors, etc., a general-purpose sentence-ending suffix attached to verbs and adjectives:",
"Marks the interrogative mood."
],
"links": [
[
"\"intimate\" speech level",
"w:Korean speech levels#Hae-che"
],
[
"interrogative",
"interrogative#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Korean links with redundant wikilinks",
"Korean terms with quotations",
"Korean terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "Go have lunch soon.",
"roman": "Eolleun jeomsim meog-eo.",
"text": "얼른 점심 먹어.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "Three-legged crow inside the sun, don't go; listen to what I have to say.",
"ref": "1728, 珍(진)本(본)靑(청)丘(구)永(영)言(언) (Jinbon Cheongguyeong'eon) [Songs from the Green Hills]:",
"roman": "Ildyung samjyogo-ya gaji malgo nae mal deur-eo",
"text": "日(일)中(듕)三(삼)足(죡)烏(오)야 가지 말고 내 말 드러",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"In the \"intimate\" speech level used between friends, by superiors to inferiors, etc., a general-purpose sentence-ending suffix attached to verbs and adjectives:",
"Marks the imperative mood."
],
"links": [
[
"\"intimate\" speech level",
"w:Korean speech levels#Hae-che"
],
[
"imperative",
"imperative#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Korean terms with uncommon senses"
],
"glosses": [
"In the \"intimate\" speech level used between friends, by superiors to inferiors, etc., a general-purpose sentence-ending suffix attached to verbs and adjectives:",
"Marks the hortative mood."
],
"links": [
[
"\"intimate\" speech level",
"w:Korean speech levels#Hae-che"
],
[
"hortative",
"hortative#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"In the \"intimate\" speech level used between friends, by superiors to inferiors, etc., a general-purpose sentence-ending suffix attached to verbs and adjectives:",
"(uncommon) Marks the hortative mood."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "-자"
}
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"uncommon"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ʌ̹]",
"tags": [
"SK-Standard",
"Seoul"
]
},
{
"hangeul": "어"
},
{
"other": "[어]"
}
],
"word": "-어"
}
{
"categories": [
"Korean entries with incorrect language header",
"Korean inflectional suffixes",
"Korean lemmas",
"Korean suffixes",
"Korean terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Korean terms with redundant script codes",
"Korean terms with redundant transliterations",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries"
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_text": "Sino-Korean suffix; see the main entry.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "어",
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "-eo",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "어 • (-eo)",
"name": "ko-pos"
}
],
"lang": "Korean",
"lang_code": "ko",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Korean links with manual fragments",
"Korean links with redundant target parameters"
],
"glosses": [
"See the entry at 어(語) (eo, “language”)."
],
"links": [
[
"어(語)",
"어#語"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ʌ̹]",
"tags": [
"SK-Standard",
"Seoul"
]
},
{
"hangeul": "어"
},
{
"other": "[어]"
}
],
"word": "-어"
}
Download raw JSONL data for -어 meaning in All languages combined (8.3kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-01-18 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-01-01 using wiktextract (e4a2c88 and 4230888). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.