See -ъ on Wiktionary
Download JSON data for -ъ meaning in All languages combined (17.2kB)
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "East Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "orv",
"2": "-ъ"
},
"expansion": "Old East Slavic: -ъ (-ŭ)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old East Slavic: -ъ (-ŭ)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zle-ort",
"2": "-ъ"
},
"expansion": "Old Ruthenian: -ъ",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Ruthenian: -ъ"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ru",
"2": "-ъ"
},
"expansion": "Russian: -ъ",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Pre-reform orthography (1918)"
},
"expansion": "(Pre-reform orthography (1918))",
"name": "qualifier"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(Pre-reform orthography (1918))",
"name": "ru-PRO"
}
],
"text": "Russian: -ъ (Pre-reform orthography (1918))"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zle-ono",
"2": "-ъ",
"3": "-е"
},
"expansion": "Old Novgorodian: -ъ (-ŭ), -е (-e)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Novgorodian: -ъ (-ŭ), -е (-e)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "South Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cu",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Old Church Slavonic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Church Slavonic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cu",
"2": "-ъ",
"sclb": "1"
},
"expansion": "Old Cyrillic script: -ъ (-ŭ)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Cyrillic script: -ъ (-ŭ)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cu",
"2": "-ⱏ",
"sclb": "1"
},
"expansion": "Glagolitic script: -ⱏ (-ŭ)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Glagolitic script: -ⱏ (-ŭ)"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*-os"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-os",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*-o"
},
"expansion": "*-o",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "zle-ono",
"2": "-е"
},
"expansion": "-е (-e)",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Since mid-19th century two scenarios for the development of Indo-European *-os in Slavic have been proposed, respectively deriving this desinence:\n* immediately from Proto-Indo-European *-os with narrowing of the vowel in the final syllable.\n* from the accusative, analogically after other stem classes (u- and i-stems), probably to avoid homonymy with the neuter ending *-o.\nA variant of the former view first proposed by Zaliznyak, Dybo and Nikolayev holds that IE *-os became *-ə in Slavic, which developed into *-ъ in mainstream dialects but into -е (-e) in Old Novgorodian. In the latter view, the Old Novgorodian ending can be considered original, with generalisation of the front variant from the soft declension.\nSome authors also speculated that *-os could have had both outcomes depending on some other factors, with subsequent generalisation of one or the other in different grammatical categories.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "sla-decl-noun",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "o-stem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "nominative",
"source": "declension"
},
{
"form": "-ъ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-a",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "-i",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "genitive",
"source": "declension"
},
{
"form": "-a",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-u",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "-ъ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "dative",
"source": "declension"
},
{
"form": "-u",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-oma",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "-omъ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "accusative",
"source": "declension"
},
{
"form": "-y",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "instrumental",
"source": "declension"
},
{
"form": "-ъmь",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-omь",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "locative",
"source": "declension"
},
{
"form": "-ě",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ěxъ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "vocative",
"source": "declension"
},
{
"form": "-e",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "inflectional suffixes",
"cat3": "noun-forming suffixes",
"g": "m"
},
"expansion": "*-ъ m",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "sla-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Slavic",
"lang_code": "sla-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/-ъ",
"pos": "suffix",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"english": "ending for hypocoristic masculine names; real; argued to be the reflex of PIE *-os",
"word": "-o"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "18 14 18 18 18 14",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Slavic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Nominative singular desinence for masculine o-stems."
],
"id": "en--ъ-sla-pro-suffix-dpS3vhQT",
"qualifier": "diachronic",
"raw_glosses": [
"(diachronic) Nominative singular desinence for masculine o-stems."
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "18 14 18 18 18 14",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Slavic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "poteťi (“to elapse; start flowing”) → *potokъ (“brook, stream”)"
},
{
"text": "teťi (“to flow (liquid); run (time) etc.”) → *tokъ (“flow, stream”)"
},
{
"text": "gňiti (“to rot”) → *gnojь (“pus”)"
},
{
"text": "vezti (“to drive, take, carry”) → *vozъ (“cart, wagon”)"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Deverbative, in combination with o-grade of the root, forming nouns of the form *-CoC-ъ."
],
"id": "en--ъ-sla-pro-suffix-l7br1ADw",
"links": [
[
"o-grade",
"o-grade#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(synchronic) Deverbative, in combination with o-grade of the root, forming nouns of the form *-CoC-ъ."
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0",
"english": "soft declension",
"word": "-ь"
}
],
"word": "-ъ"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "East Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "orv",
"2": "-ъ"
},
"expansion": "Old East Slavic: -ъ (-ŭ)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old East Slavic: -ъ (-ŭ)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zle-ort",
"2": "-ъ"
},
"expansion": "Old Ruthenian: -ъ",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Ruthenian: -ъ"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ru",
"2": "-ъ"
},
"expansion": "Russian: -ъ",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Pre-reform orthography (1918)"
},
"expansion": "(Pre-reform orthography (1918))",
"name": "qualifier"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(Pre-reform orthography (1918))",
"name": "ru-PRO"
}
],
"text": "Russian: -ъ (Pre-reform orthography (1918))"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zle-ono",
"2": "-ъ",
"3": "-е"
},
"expansion": "Old Novgorodian: -ъ (-ŭ), -е (-e)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Novgorodian: -ъ (-ŭ), -е (-e)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "South Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cu",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Old Church Slavonic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Church Slavonic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cu",
"2": "-ъ",
"sclb": "1"
},
"expansion": "Old Cyrillic script: -ъ (-ŭ)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Cyrillic script: -ъ (-ŭ)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cu",
"2": "-ⱏ",
"sclb": "1"
},
"expansion": "Glagolitic script: -ⱏ (-ŭ)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Glagolitic script: -ⱏ (-ŭ)"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*-om"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-om",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*-o-"
},
"expansion": "*-o-",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*-m"
},
"expansion": "*-m",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Widely agreed to have been inherited from Proto-Indo-European *-om, itself composed from the thematic vowel *-o- and the accusative singular ending *-m. A small minority of researches instead argued for an extension of the u-stem ending.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "inflectional suffixes"
},
"expansion": "*-ъ",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Slavic",
"lang_code": "sla-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/-ъ",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "18 14 18 18 18 14",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Slavic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Accusative singular desinence for masculine o-stems"
],
"id": "en--ъ-sla-pro-suffix-PJCbQz4G",
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0",
"english": "soft declension",
"word": "-ь"
}
],
"word": "-ъ"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "East Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "orv",
"2": "-ъ"
},
"expansion": "Old East Slavic: -ъ (-ŭ)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old East Slavic: -ъ (-ŭ)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zle-ort",
"2": "-ъ"
},
"expansion": "Old Ruthenian: -ъ",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Ruthenian: -ъ"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ru",
"2": "-ъ"
},
"expansion": "Russian: -ъ",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Pre-reform orthography (1918)"
},
"expansion": "(Pre-reform orthography (1918))",
"name": "qualifier"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(Pre-reform orthography (1918))",
"name": "ru-PRO"
}
],
"text": "Russian: -ъ (Pre-reform orthography (1918))"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zle-ono",
"2": "-ъ",
"3": "-е"
},
"expansion": "Old Novgorodian: -ъ (-ŭ), -е (-e)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Novgorodian: -ъ (-ŭ), -е (-e)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "South Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cu",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Old Church Slavonic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Church Slavonic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cu",
"2": "-ъ",
"sclb": "1"
},
"expansion": "Old Cyrillic script: -ъ (-ŭ)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Cyrillic script: -ъ (-ŭ)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cu",
"2": "-ⱏ",
"sclb": "1"
},
"expansion": "Glagolitic script: -ⱏ (-ŭ)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Glagolitic script: -ⱏ (-ŭ)"
}
],
"etymology_number": 3,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*-us"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-us",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*-s"
},
"expansion": "*-s",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Indo-European *-us, itself composed from the final vowel of the stem and the nominative singular ending *-s.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "inflectional suffixes"
},
"expansion": "*-ъ",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Slavic",
"lang_code": "sla-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/-ъ",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "18 14 18 18 18 14",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Slavic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Nominative singular desinence for masculine u-stems"
],
"id": "en--ъ-sla-pro-suffix-Keop3iQc",
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0",
"english": "soft declension",
"word": "-ь"
}
],
"word": "-ъ"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "East Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "orv",
"2": "-ъ"
},
"expansion": "Old East Slavic: -ъ (-ŭ)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old East Slavic: -ъ (-ŭ)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zle-ort",
"2": "-ъ"
},
"expansion": "Old Ruthenian: -ъ",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Ruthenian: -ъ"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ru",
"2": "-ъ"
},
"expansion": "Russian: -ъ",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Pre-reform orthography (1918)"
},
"expansion": "(Pre-reform orthography (1918))",
"name": "qualifier"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(Pre-reform orthography (1918))",
"name": "ru-PRO"
}
],
"text": "Russian: -ъ (Pre-reform orthography (1918))"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zle-ono",
"2": "-ъ",
"3": "-е"
},
"expansion": "Old Novgorodian: -ъ (-ŭ), -е (-e)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Novgorodian: -ъ (-ŭ), -е (-e)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "South Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cu",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Old Church Slavonic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Church Slavonic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cu",
"2": "-ъ",
"sclb": "1"
},
"expansion": "Old Cyrillic script: -ъ (-ŭ)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Cyrillic script: -ъ (-ŭ)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cu",
"2": "-ⱏ",
"sclb": "1"
},
"expansion": "Glagolitic script: -ⱏ (-ŭ)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Glagolitic script: -ⱏ (-ŭ)"
}
],
"etymology_number": 4,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*-m"
},
"expansion": "*-m",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Indo-European *-um, itself composed from the final vowel of the stem and the accusative singular ending *-m.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "inflectional suffixes"
},
"expansion": "*-ъ",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Slavic",
"lang_code": "sla-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/-ъ",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "18 14 18 18 18 14",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Slavic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Accusative singular desinence for masculine u-stems"
],
"id": "en--ъ-sla-pro-suffix-eh-x3LPd",
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0",
"english": "soft declension",
"word": "-ь"
}
],
"word": "-ъ"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "East Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "orv",
"2": "-ъ"
},
"expansion": "Old East Slavic: -ъ (-ŭ)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old East Slavic: -ъ (-ŭ)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zle-ort",
"2": "-ъ"
},
"expansion": "Old Ruthenian: -ъ",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Ruthenian: -ъ"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ru",
"2": "-ъ"
},
"expansion": "Russian: -ъ",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Pre-reform orthography (1918)"
},
"expansion": "(Pre-reform orthography (1918))",
"name": "qualifier"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(Pre-reform orthography (1918))",
"name": "ru-PRO"
}
],
"text": "Russian: -ъ (Pre-reform orthography (1918))"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zle-ono",
"2": "-ъ",
"3": "-е"
},
"expansion": "Old Novgorodian: -ъ (-ŭ), -е (-e)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Novgorodian: -ъ (-ŭ), -е (-e)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "South Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cu",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Old Church Slavonic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Church Slavonic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cu",
"2": "-ъ",
"sclb": "1"
},
"expansion": "Old Cyrillic script: -ъ (-ŭ)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Cyrillic script: -ъ (-ŭ)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cu",
"2": "-ⱏ",
"sclb": "1"
},
"expansion": "Glagolitic script: -ⱏ (-ŭ)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Glagolitic script: -ⱏ (-ŭ)"
}
],
"etymology_number": 5,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*-ōm"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-ōm",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*-oHom"
},
"expansion": "*-oHom",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*-om"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-om",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "-ā"
},
"expansion": "-ā",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Two sources have been proposed, depending on the reconstruction of the Indo-European ending:\n* Proto-Indo-European *-ōm or *-oHom with some kind of shortening.\n* Proto-Indo-European *-om, the supposed athematic genitive plural alongside thematic *-ōm < *-o-om. A variant of this view holds that also thematic stems had *-om without the thematic vowel in Proto-Indo-European.\nProponents of the former view have sometimes connected the neocircumflex intonation in Slovene, the stem short vowel in Czech and the Serbo-Croatian desinence -ā with the alleged Proto-Slavic length.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "inflectional suffixes"
},
"expansion": "*-ъ",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Slavic",
"lang_code": "sla-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/-ъ",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "18 14 18 18 18 14",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Slavic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Genitive plural desinence for hard stems of all classes."
],
"id": "en--ъ-sla-pro-suffix-yiPtrXXm",
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0",
"english": "soft declension",
"word": "-ь"
}
],
"word": "-ъ"
}
{
"categories": [
"Proto-Slavic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Slavic hard masculine o-stem nouns",
"Proto-Slavic hard o-stem nouns",
"Proto-Slavic inflectional suffixes",
"Proto-Slavic lemmas",
"Proto-Slavic masculine suffixes",
"Proto-Slavic noun-forming suffixes",
"Proto-Slavic suffixes"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "East Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "orv",
"2": "-ъ"
},
"expansion": "Old East Slavic: -ъ (-ŭ)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old East Slavic: -ъ (-ŭ)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zle-ort",
"2": "-ъ"
},
"expansion": "Old Ruthenian: -ъ",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Ruthenian: -ъ"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ru",
"2": "-ъ"
},
"expansion": "Russian: -ъ",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Pre-reform orthography (1918)"
},
"expansion": "(Pre-reform orthography (1918))",
"name": "qualifier"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(Pre-reform orthography (1918))",
"name": "ru-PRO"
}
],
"text": "Russian: -ъ (Pre-reform orthography (1918))"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zle-ono",
"2": "-ъ",
"3": "-е"
},
"expansion": "Old Novgorodian: -ъ (-ŭ), -е (-e)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Novgorodian: -ъ (-ŭ), -е (-e)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "South Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cu",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Old Church Slavonic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Church Slavonic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cu",
"2": "-ъ",
"sclb": "1"
},
"expansion": "Old Cyrillic script: -ъ (-ŭ)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Cyrillic script: -ъ (-ŭ)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cu",
"2": "-ⱏ",
"sclb": "1"
},
"expansion": "Glagolitic script: -ⱏ (-ŭ)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Glagolitic script: -ⱏ (-ŭ)"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*-os"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-os",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*-o"
},
"expansion": "*-o",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "zle-ono",
"2": "-е"
},
"expansion": "-е (-e)",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Since mid-19th century two scenarios for the development of Indo-European *-os in Slavic have been proposed, respectively deriving this desinence:\n* immediately from Proto-Indo-European *-os with narrowing of the vowel in the final syllable.\n* from the accusative, analogically after other stem classes (u- and i-stems), probably to avoid homonymy with the neuter ending *-o.\nA variant of the former view first proposed by Zaliznyak, Dybo and Nikolayev holds that IE *-os became *-ə in Slavic, which developed into *-ъ in mainstream dialects but into -е (-e) in Old Novgorodian. In the latter view, the Old Novgorodian ending can be considered original, with generalisation of the front variant from the soft declension.\nSome authors also speculated that *-os could have had both outcomes depending on some other factors, with subsequent generalisation of one or the other in different grammatical categories.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "sla-decl-noun",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "o-stem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "nominative",
"source": "declension"
},
{
"form": "-ъ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-a",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "-i",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "genitive",
"source": "declension"
},
{
"form": "-a",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-u",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "-ъ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "dative",
"source": "declension"
},
{
"form": "-u",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-oma",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "-omъ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "accusative",
"source": "declension"
},
{
"form": "-y",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "instrumental",
"source": "declension"
},
{
"form": "-ъmь",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-omь",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "locative",
"source": "declension"
},
{
"form": "-ě",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ěxъ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "vocative",
"source": "declension"
},
{
"form": "-e",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "inflectional suffixes",
"cat3": "noun-forming suffixes",
"g": "m"
},
"expansion": "*-ъ m",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "sla-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Slavic",
"lang_code": "sla-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/-ъ",
"pos": "suffix",
"related": [
{
"english": "ending for hypocoristic masculine names; real; argued to be the reflex of PIE *-os",
"word": "-o"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"Nominative singular desinence for masculine o-stems."
],
"qualifier": "diachronic",
"raw_glosses": [
"(diachronic) Nominative singular desinence for masculine o-stems."
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "poteťi (“to elapse; start flowing”) → *potokъ (“brook, stream”)"
},
{
"text": "teťi (“to flow (liquid); run (time) etc.”) → *tokъ (“flow, stream”)"
},
{
"text": "gňiti (“to rot”) → *gnojь (“pus”)"
},
{
"text": "vezti (“to drive, take, carry”) → *vozъ (“cart, wagon”)"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Deverbative, in combination with o-grade of the root, forming nouns of the form *-CoC-ъ."
],
"links": [
[
"o-grade",
"o-grade#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(synchronic) Deverbative, in combination with o-grade of the root, forming nouns of the form *-CoC-ъ."
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"english": "soft declension",
"word": "-ь"
}
],
"word": "-ъ"
}
{
"categories": [
"Proto-Slavic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Slavic inflectional suffixes",
"Proto-Slavic lemmas",
"Proto-Slavic suffixes",
"Proto-Slavic terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Proto-Slavic terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "East Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "orv",
"2": "-ъ"
},
"expansion": "Old East Slavic: -ъ (-ŭ)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old East Slavic: -ъ (-ŭ)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zle-ort",
"2": "-ъ"
},
"expansion": "Old Ruthenian: -ъ",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Ruthenian: -ъ"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ru",
"2": "-ъ"
},
"expansion": "Russian: -ъ",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Pre-reform orthography (1918)"
},
"expansion": "(Pre-reform orthography (1918))",
"name": "qualifier"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(Pre-reform orthography (1918))",
"name": "ru-PRO"
}
],
"text": "Russian: -ъ (Pre-reform orthography (1918))"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zle-ono",
"2": "-ъ",
"3": "-е"
},
"expansion": "Old Novgorodian: -ъ (-ŭ), -е (-e)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Novgorodian: -ъ (-ŭ), -е (-e)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "South Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cu",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Old Church Slavonic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Church Slavonic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cu",
"2": "-ъ",
"sclb": "1"
},
"expansion": "Old Cyrillic script: -ъ (-ŭ)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Cyrillic script: -ъ (-ŭ)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cu",
"2": "-ⱏ",
"sclb": "1"
},
"expansion": "Glagolitic script: -ⱏ (-ŭ)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Glagolitic script: -ⱏ (-ŭ)"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*-om"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-om",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*-o-"
},
"expansion": "*-o-",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*-m"
},
"expansion": "*-m",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Widely agreed to have been inherited from Proto-Indo-European *-om, itself composed from the thematic vowel *-o- and the accusative singular ending *-m. A small minority of researches instead argued for an extension of the u-stem ending.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "inflectional suffixes"
},
"expansion": "*-ъ",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Slavic",
"lang_code": "sla-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/-ъ",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"Accusative singular desinence for masculine o-stems"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"english": "soft declension",
"word": "-ь"
}
],
"word": "-ъ"
}
{
"categories": [
"Proto-Slavic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Slavic inflectional suffixes",
"Proto-Slavic lemmas",
"Proto-Slavic suffixes",
"Proto-Slavic terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Proto-Slavic terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "East Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "orv",
"2": "-ъ"
},
"expansion": "Old East Slavic: -ъ (-ŭ)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old East Slavic: -ъ (-ŭ)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zle-ort",
"2": "-ъ"
},
"expansion": "Old Ruthenian: -ъ",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Ruthenian: -ъ"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ru",
"2": "-ъ"
},
"expansion": "Russian: -ъ",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Pre-reform orthography (1918)"
},
"expansion": "(Pre-reform orthography (1918))",
"name": "qualifier"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(Pre-reform orthography (1918))",
"name": "ru-PRO"
}
],
"text": "Russian: -ъ (Pre-reform orthography (1918))"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zle-ono",
"2": "-ъ",
"3": "-е"
},
"expansion": "Old Novgorodian: -ъ (-ŭ), -е (-e)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Novgorodian: -ъ (-ŭ), -е (-e)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "South Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cu",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Old Church Slavonic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Church Slavonic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cu",
"2": "-ъ",
"sclb": "1"
},
"expansion": "Old Cyrillic script: -ъ (-ŭ)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Cyrillic script: -ъ (-ŭ)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cu",
"2": "-ⱏ",
"sclb": "1"
},
"expansion": "Glagolitic script: -ⱏ (-ŭ)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Glagolitic script: -ⱏ (-ŭ)"
}
],
"etymology_number": 3,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*-us"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-us",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*-s"
},
"expansion": "*-s",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Indo-European *-us, itself composed from the final vowel of the stem and the nominative singular ending *-s.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "inflectional suffixes"
},
"expansion": "*-ъ",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Slavic",
"lang_code": "sla-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/-ъ",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"Nominative singular desinence for masculine u-stems"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"english": "soft declension",
"word": "-ь"
}
],
"word": "-ъ"
}
{
"categories": [
"Proto-Slavic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Slavic inflectional suffixes",
"Proto-Slavic lemmas",
"Proto-Slavic suffixes",
"Proto-Slavic terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Proto-Slavic terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "East Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "orv",
"2": "-ъ"
},
"expansion": "Old East Slavic: -ъ (-ŭ)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old East Slavic: -ъ (-ŭ)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zle-ort",
"2": "-ъ"
},
"expansion": "Old Ruthenian: -ъ",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Ruthenian: -ъ"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ru",
"2": "-ъ"
},
"expansion": "Russian: -ъ",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Pre-reform orthography (1918)"
},
"expansion": "(Pre-reform orthography (1918))",
"name": "qualifier"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(Pre-reform orthography (1918))",
"name": "ru-PRO"
}
],
"text": "Russian: -ъ (Pre-reform orthography (1918))"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zle-ono",
"2": "-ъ",
"3": "-е"
},
"expansion": "Old Novgorodian: -ъ (-ŭ), -е (-e)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Novgorodian: -ъ (-ŭ), -е (-e)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "South Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cu",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Old Church Slavonic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Church Slavonic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cu",
"2": "-ъ",
"sclb": "1"
},
"expansion": "Old Cyrillic script: -ъ (-ŭ)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Cyrillic script: -ъ (-ŭ)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cu",
"2": "-ⱏ",
"sclb": "1"
},
"expansion": "Glagolitic script: -ⱏ (-ŭ)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Glagolitic script: -ⱏ (-ŭ)"
}
],
"etymology_number": 4,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*-m"
},
"expansion": "*-m",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Indo-European *-um, itself composed from the final vowel of the stem and the accusative singular ending *-m.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "inflectional suffixes"
},
"expansion": "*-ъ",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Slavic",
"lang_code": "sla-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/-ъ",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"Accusative singular desinence for masculine u-stems"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"english": "soft declension",
"word": "-ь"
}
],
"word": "-ъ"
}
{
"categories": [
"Proto-Slavic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Slavic inflectional suffixes",
"Proto-Slavic lemmas",
"Proto-Slavic suffixes"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "East Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "orv",
"2": "-ъ"
},
"expansion": "Old East Slavic: -ъ (-ŭ)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old East Slavic: -ъ (-ŭ)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zle-ort",
"2": "-ъ"
},
"expansion": "Old Ruthenian: -ъ",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Ruthenian: -ъ"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ru",
"2": "-ъ"
},
"expansion": "Russian: -ъ",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Pre-reform orthography (1918)"
},
"expansion": "(Pre-reform orthography (1918))",
"name": "qualifier"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(Pre-reform orthography (1918))",
"name": "ru-PRO"
}
],
"text": "Russian: -ъ (Pre-reform orthography (1918))"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zle-ono",
"2": "-ъ",
"3": "-е"
},
"expansion": "Old Novgorodian: -ъ (-ŭ), -е (-e)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Novgorodian: -ъ (-ŭ), -е (-e)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "South Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cu",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Old Church Slavonic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Church Slavonic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cu",
"2": "-ъ",
"sclb": "1"
},
"expansion": "Old Cyrillic script: -ъ (-ŭ)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Cyrillic script: -ъ (-ŭ)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cu",
"2": "-ⱏ",
"sclb": "1"
},
"expansion": "Glagolitic script: -ⱏ (-ŭ)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Glagolitic script: -ⱏ (-ŭ)"
}
],
"etymology_number": 5,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*-ōm"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-ōm",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*-oHom"
},
"expansion": "*-oHom",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*-om"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-om",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "-ā"
},
"expansion": "-ā",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Two sources have been proposed, depending on the reconstruction of the Indo-European ending:\n* Proto-Indo-European *-ōm or *-oHom with some kind of shortening.\n* Proto-Indo-European *-om, the supposed athematic genitive plural alongside thematic *-ōm < *-o-om. A variant of this view holds that also thematic stems had *-om without the thematic vowel in Proto-Indo-European.\nProponents of the former view have sometimes connected the neocircumflex intonation in Slovene, the stem short vowel in Czech and the Serbo-Croatian desinence -ā with the alleged Proto-Slavic length.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "inflectional suffixes"
},
"expansion": "*-ъ",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Slavic",
"lang_code": "sla-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/-ъ",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"Genitive plural desinence for hard stems of all classes."
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"english": "soft declension",
"word": "-ь"
}
],
"word": "-ъ"
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-05-03 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-05-02 using wiktextract (f4fd8c9 and c9440ce). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.