See 硬化 in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "官話動詞",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "官話名詞",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "官話詞元",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "客家語動詞",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "客家語名詞",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "客家語詞元",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "帶「化」的漢語詞",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "帶「硬」的漢語詞",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "有國際音標的漢語詞",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "泉漳話動詞",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "泉漳話名詞",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "泉漳話詞元",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "漢語動詞",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "漢語名詞",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "漢語詞元",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "粵語動詞",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "粵語名詞",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "粵語詞元",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"lang": "漢語",
"lang_code": "zh",
"pos": "unknown",
"pos_title": "釋義",
"senses": [
{
"id": "zh-硬化-zh-unknown-47DEQpj8",
"tags": [
"no-gloss"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh_pron": "yìnghuà"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Bopomofo"
],
"zh_pron": "ㄧㄥˋ ㄏㄨㄚˋ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Jyutping"
],
"zh_pron": "ngaang⁶ faa³"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Sixian",
"Phak-fa-su"
],
"zh_pron": "ngang-fa"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Phak-fa-su"
],
"zh_pron": "ngǐ-hòa"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Phak-fa-su"
],
"zh_pron": "ngī-hòa"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Phak-fa-su"
],
"zh_pron": "ngē-hòa"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Phak-fa-su"
],
"zh_pron": "ngēe-hòa"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh_pron": "yìnghuà"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Bopomofo"
],
"zh_pron": "ㄧㄥˋ ㄏㄨㄚˋ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Tongyong-Pinyin"
],
"zh_pron": "yìnghuà"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Wade–Giles"
],
"zh_pron": "ying⁴-hua⁴"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Yale"
],
"zh_pron": "yìng-hwà"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Gwoyeu-Romatsyh"
],
"zh_pron": "yinqhuah"
},
{
"roman": "inxua",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Cyrillic"
],
"zh_pron": "инхуа"
},
{
"ipa": "/iŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ xu̯ä⁵¹/",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Standard-Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Hong Kong",
"Jyutping"
],
"zh_pron": "ngaang⁶ faa³"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Standard-Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Hong Kong",
"Yale",
"Jyutping"
],
"zh_pron": "ngaahng fa"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Standard-Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Hong Kong",
"Cantonese",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh_pron": "ngaang⁶ faa³"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Standard-Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Hong Kong",
"Guangdong-Romanization"
],
"zh_pron": "ngang⁶ fa³"
},
{
"ipa": "/ŋaːŋ²² faː³³/",
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Standard-Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Hong Kong",
"IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Sixian",
"Miaoli",
"Neipu",
"Phak-fa-su"
],
"zh_pron": "ngang-fa"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Sixian",
"Miaoli",
"Neipu",
"Hakka-Romanization-System"
],
"zh_pron": "ngang fa"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Sixian",
"Miaoli",
"Neipu",
"Hagfa-Pinyim"
],
"zh_pron": "ngang⁴ fa⁴"
},
{
"ipa": "/ŋaŋ⁵⁵ fa⁵⁵/",
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Sixian",
"Miaoli",
"Neipu",
"IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Quanzhou",
"Phak-fa-su"
],
"zh_pron": "ngǐ-hòa"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Quanzhou",
"Tâi-lô"
],
"zh_pron": "ngǐ-huà"
},
{
"ipa": "/ŋĩ²² hu̯a⁴¹/",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Quanzhou",
"IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Taibei",
"Xiamen",
"Phak-fa-su"
],
"zh_pron": "ngī-hòa"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Taibei",
"Xiamen",
"Tâi-lô"
],
"zh_pron": "ngī-huà"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Taibei",
"Xiamen",
"Phofsit-Daibuun"
],
"zh_pron": "ngixhoax"
},
{
"ipa": "/ŋĩ²²⁻²¹ hu̯a²¹/",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Taibei",
"Xiamen",
"IPA"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ŋĩ³³⁻¹¹ hu̯a¹¹/",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Taibei",
"Xiamen",
"IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Kaohsiung",
"Phak-fa-su"
],
"zh_pron": "ngē-hòa"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Kaohsiung",
"Tâi-lô"
],
"zh_pron": "ngē-huà"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Kaohsiung",
"Phofsit-Daibuun"
],
"zh_pron": "ngexhoax"
},
{
"ipa": "/ŋẽ³³⁻²¹ hu̯a²¹/",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Kaohsiung",
"IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Zhangzhou",
"Phak-fa-su"
],
"zh_pron": "ngēe-hòa"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Zhangzhou",
"Tâi-lô"
],
"zh_pron": "ngēe-huà"
},
{
"ipa": "/ŋɛ̃²²⁻²¹ hu̯a²¹/",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Zhangzhou",
"IPA"
]
}
],
"translations": [
{
"lang": "英语",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "sclerosis"
}
],
"word": "硬化"
}
{
"categories": [
"官話動詞",
"官話名詞",
"官話詞元",
"客家語動詞",
"客家語名詞",
"客家語詞元",
"帶「化」的漢語詞",
"帶「硬」的漢語詞",
"有國際音標的漢語詞",
"泉漳話動詞",
"泉漳話名詞",
"泉漳話詞元",
"漢語動詞",
"漢語名詞",
"漢語詞元",
"粵語動詞",
"粵語名詞",
"粵語詞元"
],
"lang": "漢語",
"lang_code": "zh",
"pos": "unknown",
"pos_title": "釋義",
"senses": [
{
"tags": [
"no-gloss"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh_pron": "yìnghuà"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Bopomofo"
],
"zh_pron": "ㄧㄥˋ ㄏㄨㄚˋ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Jyutping"
],
"zh_pron": "ngaang⁶ faa³"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Sixian",
"Phak-fa-su"
],
"zh_pron": "ngang-fa"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Phak-fa-su"
],
"zh_pron": "ngǐ-hòa"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Phak-fa-su"
],
"zh_pron": "ngī-hòa"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Phak-fa-su"
],
"zh_pron": "ngē-hòa"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Phak-fa-su"
],
"zh_pron": "ngēe-hòa"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh_pron": "yìnghuà"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Bopomofo"
],
"zh_pron": "ㄧㄥˋ ㄏㄨㄚˋ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Tongyong-Pinyin"
],
"zh_pron": "yìnghuà"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Wade–Giles"
],
"zh_pron": "ying⁴-hua⁴"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Yale"
],
"zh_pron": "yìng-hwà"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Gwoyeu-Romatsyh"
],
"zh_pron": "yinqhuah"
},
{
"roman": "inxua",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Cyrillic"
],
"zh_pron": "инхуа"
},
{
"ipa": "/iŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ xu̯ä⁵¹/",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Standard-Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Hong Kong",
"Jyutping"
],
"zh_pron": "ngaang⁶ faa³"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Standard-Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Hong Kong",
"Yale",
"Jyutping"
],
"zh_pron": "ngaahng fa"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Standard-Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Hong Kong",
"Cantonese",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh_pron": "ngaang⁶ faa³"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Standard-Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Hong Kong",
"Guangdong-Romanization"
],
"zh_pron": "ngang⁶ fa³"
},
{
"ipa": "/ŋaːŋ²² faː³³/",
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Standard-Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Hong Kong",
"IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Sixian",
"Miaoli",
"Neipu",
"Phak-fa-su"
],
"zh_pron": "ngang-fa"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Sixian",
"Miaoli",
"Neipu",
"Hakka-Romanization-System"
],
"zh_pron": "ngang fa"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Sixian",
"Miaoli",
"Neipu",
"Hagfa-Pinyim"
],
"zh_pron": "ngang⁴ fa⁴"
},
{
"ipa": "/ŋaŋ⁵⁵ fa⁵⁵/",
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Sixian",
"Miaoli",
"Neipu",
"IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Quanzhou",
"Phak-fa-su"
],
"zh_pron": "ngǐ-hòa"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Quanzhou",
"Tâi-lô"
],
"zh_pron": "ngǐ-huà"
},
{
"ipa": "/ŋĩ²² hu̯a⁴¹/",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Quanzhou",
"IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Taibei",
"Xiamen",
"Phak-fa-su"
],
"zh_pron": "ngī-hòa"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Taibei",
"Xiamen",
"Tâi-lô"
],
"zh_pron": "ngī-huà"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Taibei",
"Xiamen",
"Phofsit-Daibuun"
],
"zh_pron": "ngixhoax"
},
{
"ipa": "/ŋĩ²²⁻²¹ hu̯a²¹/",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Taibei",
"Xiamen",
"IPA"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ŋĩ³³⁻¹¹ hu̯a¹¹/",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Taibei",
"Xiamen",
"IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Kaohsiung",
"Phak-fa-su"
],
"zh_pron": "ngē-hòa"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Kaohsiung",
"Tâi-lô"
],
"zh_pron": "ngē-huà"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Kaohsiung",
"Phofsit-Daibuun"
],
"zh_pron": "ngexhoax"
},
{
"ipa": "/ŋẽ³³⁻²¹ hu̯a²¹/",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Kaohsiung",
"IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Zhangzhou",
"Phak-fa-su"
],
"zh_pron": "ngēe-hòa"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Zhangzhou",
"Tâi-lô"
],
"zh_pron": "ngēe-huà"
},
{
"ipa": "/ŋɛ̃²²⁻²¹ hu̯a²¹/",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Zhangzhou",
"IPA"
]
}
],
"translations": [
{
"lang": "英语",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "sclerosis"
}
],
"word": "硬化"
}
Download raw JSONL data for 硬化 meaning in 漢語 (4.1kB)
{
"called_from": "extractor/zh/page/parse_section/192",
"msg": "Unhandled subtitle: 寫法",
"path": [
"硬化"
],
"section": "漢語",
"subsection": "寫法",
"title": "硬化",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable 漢語 dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-08-11 from the zhwiktionary dump dated 2025-08-01 using wiktextract (7cef23e and 3c020d2). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.