See handel in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "handel wymienny"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "handlarka"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "handlarz"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "handlować"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "de",
"3": "Handel"
},
"expansion": "Borrowed from German Handel",
"name": "bor+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "1538"
},
"expansion": "1538",
"name": "etydate/the"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "1538"
},
"expansion": "First attested in 1538",
"name": "etydate"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "<span class=\"cited-source\">Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (<span class=\"None\" lang=\"und\">2010-2023) “handel”, in <cite>Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku</cite> [<cite>A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish</cite>]</span></span>"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "ref"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from German Handel. First attested in 1538.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "handelek",
"tags": [
"diminutive"
]
},
{
"form": "handlowy",
"tags": [
"adjective"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "pl-decl-noun-m-in",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "handel",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "handlu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "handlowi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "handel",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "handlem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "handlu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "handlu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "andel",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "m-in",
"adj": "handlowy",
"dim": "handelek"
},
"expansion": "handel m inan (diminutive handelek, related adjective handlowy)",
"name": "pl-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"han‧del"
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"gens": "handlu",
"tantum": "s"
},
"name": "pl-decl-noun-m-in"
}
],
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "pl",
"name": "Business",
"orig": "pl:Business",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "pl",
"name": "Trading",
"orig": "pl:Trading",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "11 12 8 16 17 18 18",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish links with redundant alt parameters",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"trade (buying and selling of goods and services on a market)"
],
"id": "en-handel-pl-noun-2g3942kA",
"info_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "ins<in what>"
},
"expansion": "[with instrumental ‘in what’]",
"extra_data": {
"words": [
"instrumental",
"‘in",
"what’"
]
},
"name": "+obj"
}
],
"links": [
[
"business",
"business"
],
[
"trading",
"trading#Noun"
],
[
"trade",
"trade"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(business, trading) trade (buying and selling of goods and services on a market) [with instrumental ‘in what’]"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "kupiectwo"
},
{
"word": "obrót"
}
],
"tags": [
"inanimate",
"masculine"
],
"topics": [
"business",
"finance",
"trading"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish requests for English equivalent term",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "11 12 8 16 17 18 18",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish links with redundant alt parameters",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"small restaurant next to a wine storage"
],
"id": "en-handel-pl-noun-EdFHAdgi",
"links": [
[
"small",
"small"
],
[
"restaurant",
"restaurant"
],
[
"wine",
"wine"
],
[
"storage",
"storage"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(archaic) small restaurant next to a wine storage"
],
"tags": [
"archaic",
"inanimate",
"masculine"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "4 3 14 24 19 16 20",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "pl",
"name": "Buildings",
"orig": "pl:Buildings",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"warehouse (place for storing large amounts of products)"
],
"id": "en-handel-pl-noun-MFrPhMRh",
"links": [
[
"warehouse",
"warehouse"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(obsolete) warehouse (place for storing large amounts of products)"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "magazyn"
}
],
"tags": [
"inanimate",
"masculine",
"obsolete"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "5 7 9 24 19 18 18",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 10 9 13 17 20 22",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish links with manual fragments",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "11 12 8 16 17 18 18",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish links with redundant alt parameters",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "6 10 8 20 20 19 17",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish links with redundant wikilinks",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "4 4 9 23 20 18 20",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish singularia tantum",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "4 3 14 24 19 16 20",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "pl",
"name": "Buildings",
"orig": "pl:Buildings",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "9 2 10 27 13 11 29",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "pl",
"name": "Occupations",
"orig": "pl:Occupations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "0 0 0 100 0 0 0",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "pl",
"name": "People",
"orig": "pl:People",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "3 15 13 22 17 15 14",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "pl",
"name": "Restaurants",
"orig": "pl:Restaurants",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "14 15 19 24 6 13 10",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "pl",
"name": "Shops",
"orig": "pl:Shops",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"streetside junk trader (person who trades in junk by the street)"
],
"id": "en-handel-pl-noun-3M5jOSFa",
"links": [
[
"humorous",
"humorous"
],
[
"streetside",
"streetside"
],
[
"junk",
"junk"
],
[
"trader",
"trader"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(obsolete, colloquial, humorous) streetside junk trader (person who trades in junk by the street)"
],
"tags": [
"colloquial",
"humorous",
"inanimate",
"masculine",
"obsolete"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle Polish",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "10 10 9 13 17 20 22",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish links with manual fragments",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "11 12 8 16 17 18 18",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish links with redundant alt parameters",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "6 10 8 20 20 19 17",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish links with redundant wikilinks",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "4 4 9 23 20 18 20",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish singularia tantum",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "4 3 14 24 19 16 20",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "pl",
"name": "Buildings",
"orig": "pl:Buildings",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "9 2 10 27 13 11 29",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "pl",
"name": "Occupations",
"orig": "pl:Occupations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"store; stand"
],
"id": "en-handel-pl-noun-nosI2z6B",
"links": [
[
"store",
"store"
],
[
"stand",
"stand"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Middle Polish) store; stand"
],
"tags": [
"Middle",
"Polish",
"inanimate",
"masculine"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle Polish",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "10 10 9 13 17 20 22",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish links with manual fragments",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "11 12 8 16 17 18 18",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish links with redundant alt parameters",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "6 10 8 20 20 19 17",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish links with redundant wikilinks",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "4 4 9 23 20 18 20",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish singularia tantum",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "4 3 14 24 19 16 20",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "pl",
"name": "Buildings",
"orig": "pl:Buildings",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "9 2 10 27 13 11 29",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "pl",
"name": "Occupations",
"orig": "pl:Occupations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"commodity (that which is traded)"
],
"id": "en-handel-pl-noun-~x4yqrj~",
"links": [
[
"commodity",
"commodity"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Middle Polish) commodity (that which is traded)"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "towar"
}
],
"tags": [
"Middle",
"Polish",
"inanimate",
"masculine"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle Polish",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "10 10 9 13 17 20 22",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish links with manual fragments",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "11 12 8 16 17 18 18",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish links with redundant alt parameters",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "6 10 8 20 20 19 17",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish links with redundant wikilinks",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "4 4 9 23 20 18 20",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish singularia tantum",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "4 3 14 24 19 16 20",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "pl",
"name": "Buildings",
"orig": "pl:Buildings",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "9 2 10 27 13 11 29",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "pl",
"name": "Occupations",
"orig": "pl:Occupations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"trade (making transactions, activity, conduct, occupation, profession; enterprise, business, matter)"
],
"id": "en-handel-pl-noun-7-6mLG8V",
"links": [
[
"trade",
"trade"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Middle Polish) trade (making transactions, activity, conduct, occupation, profession; enterprise, business, matter)"
],
"tags": [
"Middle",
"Polish",
"inanimate",
"masculine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈxan.dɛl/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈxan.dɛl/",
"tags": [
"Middle",
"Polish"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-andɛl"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"pl:Ida Kurcz",
"pl:Stanisław Dubisz"
],
"word": "handel"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 9 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Polish 2-syllable words",
"Polish entries with incorrect language header",
"Polish inanimate nouns",
"Polish lemmas",
"Polish links with manual fragments",
"Polish links with redundant alt parameters",
"Polish links with redundant wikilinks",
"Polish masculine nouns",
"Polish nouns",
"Polish singularia tantum",
"Polish terms borrowed from German",
"Polish terms derived from German",
"Polish terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Polish terms with audio pronunciation",
"Rhymes:Polish/andɛl",
"Rhymes:Polish/andɛl/2 syllables",
"pl:Buildings",
"pl:Occupations",
"pl:People",
"pl:Restaurants",
"pl:Shops"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "handel wymienny"
},
{
"word": "handlarka"
},
{
"word": "handlarz"
},
{
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "handlować"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "de",
"3": "Handel"
},
"expansion": "Borrowed from German Handel",
"name": "bor+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "1538"
},
"expansion": "1538",
"name": "etydate/the"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "1538"
},
"expansion": "First attested in 1538",
"name": "etydate"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "<span class=\"cited-source\">Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (<span class=\"None\" lang=\"und\">2010-2023) “handel”, in <cite>Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku</cite> [<cite>A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish</cite>]</span></span>"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "ref"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from German Handel. First attested in 1538.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "handelek",
"tags": [
"diminutive"
]
},
{
"form": "handlowy",
"tags": [
"adjective"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "pl-decl-noun-m-in",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "handel",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "handlu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "handlowi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "handel",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "handlem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "handlu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "handlu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "andel",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "m-in",
"adj": "handlowy",
"dim": "handelek"
},
"expansion": "handel m inan (diminutive handelek, related adjective handlowy)",
"name": "pl-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"han‧del"
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"gens": "handlu",
"tantum": "s"
},
"name": "pl-decl-noun-m-in"
}
],
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"pl:Business",
"pl:Trading"
],
"glosses": [
"trade (buying and selling of goods and services on a market)"
],
"info_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "ins<in what>"
},
"expansion": "[with instrumental ‘in what’]",
"extra_data": {
"words": [
"instrumental",
"‘in",
"what’"
]
},
"name": "+obj"
}
],
"links": [
[
"business",
"business"
],
[
"trading",
"trading#Noun"
],
[
"trade",
"trade"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(business, trading) trade (buying and selling of goods and services on a market) [with instrumental ‘in what’]"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "kupiectwo"
},
{
"word": "obrót"
}
],
"tags": [
"inanimate",
"masculine"
],
"topics": [
"business",
"finance",
"trading"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Polish requests for English equivalent term",
"Polish terms with archaic senses"
],
"glosses": [
"small restaurant next to a wine storage"
],
"links": [
[
"small",
"small"
],
[
"restaurant",
"restaurant"
],
[
"wine",
"wine"
],
[
"storage",
"storage"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(archaic) small restaurant next to a wine storage"
],
"tags": [
"archaic",
"inanimate",
"masculine"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Polish terms with obsolete senses"
],
"glosses": [
"warehouse (place for storing large amounts of products)"
],
"links": [
[
"warehouse",
"warehouse"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(obsolete) warehouse (place for storing large amounts of products)"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "magazyn"
}
],
"tags": [
"inanimate",
"masculine",
"obsolete"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Polish colloquialisms",
"Polish humorous terms",
"Polish terms with obsolete senses"
],
"glosses": [
"streetside junk trader (person who trades in junk by the street)"
],
"links": [
[
"humorous",
"humorous"
],
[
"streetside",
"streetside"
],
[
"junk",
"junk"
],
[
"trader",
"trader"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(obsolete, colloquial, humorous) streetside junk trader (person who trades in junk by the street)"
],
"tags": [
"colloquial",
"humorous",
"inanimate",
"masculine",
"obsolete"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Middle Polish"
],
"glosses": [
"store; stand"
],
"links": [
[
"store",
"store"
],
[
"stand",
"stand"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Middle Polish) store; stand"
],
"tags": [
"Middle",
"Polish",
"inanimate",
"masculine"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Middle Polish"
],
"glosses": [
"commodity (that which is traded)"
],
"links": [
[
"commodity",
"commodity"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Middle Polish) commodity (that which is traded)"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "towar"
}
],
"tags": [
"Middle",
"Polish",
"inanimate",
"masculine"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Middle Polish"
],
"glosses": [
"trade (making transactions, activity, conduct, occupation, profession; enterprise, business, matter)"
],
"links": [
[
"trade",
"trade"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Middle Polish) trade (making transactions, activity, conduct, occupation, profession; enterprise, business, matter)"
],
"tags": [
"Middle",
"Polish",
"inanimate",
"masculine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈxan.dɛl/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈxan.dɛl/",
"tags": [
"Middle",
"Polish"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-andɛl"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"pl:Ida Kurcz",
"pl:Stanisław Dubisz"
],
"word": "handel"
}
Download raw JSONL data for handel meaning in Polish (5.6kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Polish dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-06-07 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-06-01 using wiktextract (92124b4 and f1c2b61). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.