See handel in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "handel wymienny"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "handlarka"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "handlarz"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "handlować"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "de",
"3": "Handel"
},
"expansion": "Borrowed from German Handel",
"name": "bor+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "1538"
},
"expansion": "1538",
"name": "etydate/the"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "1538"
},
"expansion": "First attested in 1538",
"name": "etydate"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "<span class=\"cited-source\">Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (<span class=\"None\" lang=\"und\">2010-2023) “handel”, in <cite>Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku</cite> [<cite>A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish</cite>]</span></span>"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "ref"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from German Handel. First attested in 1538.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "handelek",
"tags": [
"diminutive"
]
},
{
"form": "handlowy",
"tags": [
"adjective"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "pl-decl-noun-m-in",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "handel",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "handlu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "handlowi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "handel",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "handlem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "handlu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "handlu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "andel",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "m-in",
"adj": "handlowy",
"dim": "handelek"
},
"expansion": "handel m inan (diminutive handelek, related adjective handlowy)",
"name": "pl-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"han‧del"
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"gens": "handlu",
"tantum": "s"
},
"name": "pl-decl-noun-m-in"
}
],
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "pl",
"name": "Business",
"orig": "pl:Business",
"parents": [
"Economics",
"Society",
"Social sciences",
"All topics",
"Sciences",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "pl",
"name": "Trading",
"orig": "pl:Trading",
"parents": [
"Business",
"Economics",
"Society",
"Social sciences",
"All topics",
"Sciences",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "15 8 9 20 14 17 18",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "pl",
"name": "Restaurants",
"orig": "pl:Restaurants",
"parents": [
"Businesses",
"Food and drink",
"Business",
"All topics",
"Economics",
"Society",
"Fundamental",
"Social sciences",
"Sciences"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"trade (buying and selling of goods and services on a market)"
],
"id": "en-handel-pl-noun-2g3942kA",
"info_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "ins<in what>"
},
"expansion": "[with instrumental ‘in what’]",
"extra_data": {
"words": [
"instrumental",
"‘in",
"what’"
]
},
"name": "+obj"
}
],
"links": [
[
"business",
"business"
],
[
"trading",
"trading#Noun"
],
[
"trade",
"trade"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(business, trading) trade (buying and selling of goods and services on a market) [with instrumental ‘in what’]"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "kupiectwo"
},
{
"word": "obrót"
}
],
"tags": [
"inanimate",
"masculine"
],
"topics": [
"business",
"finance",
"trading"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish requests for English equivalent term",
"parents": [
"Requests for English equivalent term",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"small restaurant next to a wine storage"
],
"id": "en-handel-pl-noun-EdFHAdgi",
"links": [
[
"small",
"small"
],
[
"restaurant",
"restaurant"
],
[
"wine",
"wine"
],
[
"storage",
"storage"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(archaic) small restaurant next to a wine storage"
],
"tags": [
"archaic",
"inanimate",
"masculine"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "4 4 35 21 12 12 12",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "pl",
"name": "Buildings",
"orig": "pl:Buildings",
"parents": [
"Buildings and structures",
"Architecture",
"Applied sciences",
"Art",
"Sciences",
"Culture",
"All topics",
"Society",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "13 3 29 17 10 13 15",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "pl",
"name": "Shops",
"orig": "pl:Shops",
"parents": [
"Buildings",
"Businesses",
"Buildings and structures",
"Business",
"Architecture",
"Economics",
"Society",
"Applied sciences",
"Art",
"Social sciences",
"All topics",
"Sciences",
"Culture",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"warehouse (place for storing large amounts of products)"
],
"id": "en-handel-pl-noun-MFrPhMRh",
"links": [
[
"warehouse",
"warehouse"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(obsolete) warehouse (place for storing large amounts of products)"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "magazyn"
}
],
"tags": [
"inanimate",
"masculine",
"obsolete"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "5 8 8 25 19 17 18",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 12 7 27 15 15 17",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish links with manual fragments",
"parents": [
"Links with manual fragments",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "6 11 7 28 16 15 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish links with redundant alt parameters",
"parents": [
"Links with redundant alt parameters",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "6 11 7 28 17 16 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish links with redundant wikilinks",
"parents": [
"Links with redundant wikilinks",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "5 5 9 26 19 17 19",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish singularia tantum",
"parents": [
"Singularia tantum",
"Nouns",
"Lemmas"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "15 8 9 20 14 17 18",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "pl",
"name": "Restaurants",
"orig": "pl:Restaurants",
"parents": [
"Businesses",
"Food and drink",
"Business",
"All topics",
"Economics",
"Society",
"Fundamental",
"Social sciences",
"Sciences"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"streetside junk trader (person who trades in junk by the street)"
],
"id": "en-handel-pl-noun-3M5jOSFa",
"links": [
[
"humorous",
"humorous"
],
[
"streetside",
"streetside"
],
[
"junk",
"junk"
],
[
"trader",
"trader"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(obsolete, colloquial, humorous) streetside junk trader (person who trades in junk by the street)"
],
"tags": [
"colloquial",
"humorous",
"inanimate",
"masculine",
"obsolete"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle Polish",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "15 8 9 20 14 17 18",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "pl",
"name": "Restaurants",
"orig": "pl:Restaurants",
"parents": [
"Businesses",
"Food and drink",
"Business",
"All topics",
"Economics",
"Society",
"Fundamental",
"Social sciences",
"Sciences"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"store; stand"
],
"id": "en-handel-pl-noun-nosI2z6B",
"links": [
[
"store",
"store"
],
[
"stand",
"stand"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Middle Polish) store; stand"
],
"tags": [
"Middle",
"Polish",
"inanimate",
"masculine"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle Polish",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "15 8 9 20 14 17 18",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "pl",
"name": "Restaurants",
"orig": "pl:Restaurants",
"parents": [
"Businesses",
"Food and drink",
"Business",
"All topics",
"Economics",
"Society",
"Fundamental",
"Social sciences",
"Sciences"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"commodity (that which is traded)"
],
"id": "en-handel-pl-noun-~x4yqrj~",
"links": [
[
"commodity",
"commodity"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Middle Polish) commodity (that which is traded)"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "towar"
}
],
"tags": [
"Middle",
"Polish",
"inanimate",
"masculine"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle Polish",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "7 2 4 26 11 9 41",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "pl",
"name": "Occupations",
"orig": "pl:Occupations",
"parents": [
"People",
"Work",
"Human",
"Human activity",
"All topics",
"Human behaviour",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "0 0 0 26 10 9 55",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "pl",
"name": "People",
"orig": "pl:People",
"parents": [
"Human",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "15 8 9 20 14 17 18",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "pl",
"name": "Restaurants",
"orig": "pl:Restaurants",
"parents": [
"Businesses",
"Food and drink",
"Business",
"All topics",
"Economics",
"Society",
"Fundamental",
"Social sciences",
"Sciences"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"trade (making transactions, activity, conduct, occupation, profession; enterprise, business, matter)"
],
"id": "en-handel-pl-noun-7-6mLG8V",
"links": [
[
"trade",
"trade"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Middle Polish) trade (making transactions, activity, conduct, occupation, profession; enterprise, business, matter)"
],
"tags": [
"Middle",
"Polish",
"inanimate",
"masculine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈxan.dɛl/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈxan.dɛl/",
"tags": [
"Middle",
"Polish"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-andɛl"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"pl:Ida Kurcz",
"pl:Stanisław Dubisz"
],
"word": "handel"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 9 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Polish 2-syllable words",
"Polish entries with incorrect language header",
"Polish inanimate nouns",
"Polish lemmas",
"Polish links with manual fragments",
"Polish links with redundant alt parameters",
"Polish links with redundant wikilinks",
"Polish masculine nouns",
"Polish nouns",
"Polish singularia tantum",
"Polish terms borrowed from German",
"Polish terms derived from German",
"Polish terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Polish terms with audio pronunciation",
"Rhymes:Polish/andɛl",
"Rhymes:Polish/andɛl/2 syllables",
"pl:Buildings",
"pl:Occupations",
"pl:People",
"pl:Restaurants",
"pl:Shops"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "handel wymienny"
},
{
"word": "handlarka"
},
{
"word": "handlarz"
},
{
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "handlować"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "de",
"3": "Handel"
},
"expansion": "Borrowed from German Handel",
"name": "bor+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "1538"
},
"expansion": "1538",
"name": "etydate/the"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "1538"
},
"expansion": "First attested in 1538",
"name": "etydate"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "<span class=\"cited-source\">Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (<span class=\"None\" lang=\"und\">2010-2023) “handel”, in <cite>Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku</cite> [<cite>A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish</cite>]</span></span>"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "ref"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from German Handel. First attested in 1538.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "handelek",
"tags": [
"diminutive"
]
},
{
"form": "handlowy",
"tags": [
"adjective"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "pl-decl-noun-m-in",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "handel",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "handlu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "handlowi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "handel",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "handlem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "handlu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "handlu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "andel",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "m-in",
"adj": "handlowy",
"dim": "handelek"
},
"expansion": "handel m inan (diminutive handelek, related adjective handlowy)",
"name": "pl-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"han‧del"
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"gens": "handlu",
"tantum": "s"
},
"name": "pl-decl-noun-m-in"
}
],
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"pl:Business",
"pl:Trading"
],
"glosses": [
"trade (buying and selling of goods and services on a market)"
],
"info_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "ins<in what>"
},
"expansion": "[with instrumental ‘in what’]",
"extra_data": {
"words": [
"instrumental",
"‘in",
"what’"
]
},
"name": "+obj"
}
],
"links": [
[
"business",
"business"
],
[
"trading",
"trading#Noun"
],
[
"trade",
"trade"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(business, trading) trade (buying and selling of goods and services on a market) [with instrumental ‘in what’]"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "kupiectwo"
},
{
"word": "obrót"
}
],
"tags": [
"inanimate",
"masculine"
],
"topics": [
"business",
"finance",
"trading"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Polish requests for English equivalent term",
"Polish terms with archaic senses"
],
"glosses": [
"small restaurant next to a wine storage"
],
"links": [
[
"small",
"small"
],
[
"restaurant",
"restaurant"
],
[
"wine",
"wine"
],
[
"storage",
"storage"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(archaic) small restaurant next to a wine storage"
],
"tags": [
"archaic",
"inanimate",
"masculine"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Polish terms with obsolete senses"
],
"glosses": [
"warehouse (place for storing large amounts of products)"
],
"links": [
[
"warehouse",
"warehouse"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(obsolete) warehouse (place for storing large amounts of products)"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "magazyn"
}
],
"tags": [
"inanimate",
"masculine",
"obsolete"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Polish colloquialisms",
"Polish humorous terms",
"Polish terms with obsolete senses"
],
"glosses": [
"streetside junk trader (person who trades in junk by the street)"
],
"links": [
[
"humorous",
"humorous"
],
[
"streetside",
"streetside"
],
[
"junk",
"junk"
],
[
"trader",
"trader"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(obsolete, colloquial, humorous) streetside junk trader (person who trades in junk by the street)"
],
"tags": [
"colloquial",
"humorous",
"inanimate",
"masculine",
"obsolete"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Middle Polish"
],
"glosses": [
"store; stand"
],
"links": [
[
"store",
"store"
],
[
"stand",
"stand"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Middle Polish) store; stand"
],
"tags": [
"Middle",
"Polish",
"inanimate",
"masculine"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Middle Polish"
],
"glosses": [
"commodity (that which is traded)"
],
"links": [
[
"commodity",
"commodity"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Middle Polish) commodity (that which is traded)"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "towar"
}
],
"tags": [
"Middle",
"Polish",
"inanimate",
"masculine"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Middle Polish"
],
"glosses": [
"trade (making transactions, activity, conduct, occupation, profession; enterprise, business, matter)"
],
"links": [
[
"trade",
"trade"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Middle Polish) trade (making transactions, activity, conduct, occupation, profession; enterprise, business, matter)"
],
"tags": [
"Middle",
"Polish",
"inanimate",
"masculine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈxan.dɛl/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈxan.dɛl/",
"tags": [
"Middle",
"Polish"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-andɛl"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"pl:Ida Kurcz",
"pl:Stanisław Dubisz"
],
"word": "handel"
}
Download raw JSONL data for handel meaning in Polish (5.6kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Polish dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-03-21 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-03-02 using wiktextract (db0bec0 and 633533e). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.