"viņš" meaning in Latvian

See viņš in All languages combined, or Wiktionary

Pronoun

IPA: [viɲʃ]
Etymology: There are several theories on the origin of this word. According to some, it has the same origin as one: Proto-Baltic *winyas, from Proto-Indo-European *óynos, *éynos, *ínos (possibly from *h₁ey-, *ey-, *i- (“that; he”)), made into a yo-stem and with an extra initial w-. Others suggest a connection with Old Prussian winna (“outside”) (possibly < *winnā < *winnān), from wins (“air (outside)”), derived from a possible Proto-Baltic *vina-. A more recent suggestion is that viņš results from a compound of an older *vin (“outside”) and *jis (“he”), hence *vin-j(i)s > viņš. *jis cognate to Latgalian jis and Lithuanian jis. *vin cognate to Old Prussian winna and Old Church Slavonic вънѣ (vŭně, “outside”). The feminine viņa forming accordingly *vin-ja > viņa, pointing to an earlier Latvian *ja (“she”), probably formed by analogy with an older Proto-Baltic *jās (“pl. she”). The dialectal (Pilda Latgalian) forms veńìs (masc.), veńei (fem.) lends this theory support, as they appear constructed identically but with cognate Latgalian forms Latgalian jis (“he”) and Latgalian jei (“she”). The declension also bears resemblence to Latgalian and Lithuanian cognates. Etymology templates: {{m|lv|viens|one}} one, {{der|lv|bat-pro|-}} Proto-Baltic, {{m|ine-bsl-pro|*winyas}} *winyas, {{der|lv|ine-pro|*óynos}} Proto-Indo-European *óynos, {{m|ine-pro|*éynos}} *éynos, {{m|ine-pro|*ínos}} *ínos, {{m|ine-pro|*h₁ey-}} *h₁ey-, {{m|ine-pro|*ey-}} *ey-, {{m|ine-pro|*i-||that; he}} *i- (“that; he”), {{cog|prg|winna||outside}} Old Prussian winna (“outside”), {{m|prg|*winnā}} *winnā, {{m|prg|*winnān}} *winnān, {{m|prg|wins||air (outside)}} wins (“air (outside)”), {{cog|bat-pro|*vina-}} Proto-Baltic *vina-, {{m|lv|viņš}} viņš, {{m|lv|*vin|4=outside}} *vin (“outside”), {{m|lv|*jis||he}} *jis (“he”), {{m|lv|*vin-j(i)s}} *vin-j(i)s, {{m|lv|viņš}} viņš, {{m|lv|*jis||}} *jis, {{cog|ltg|jis||}} Latgalian jis, {{cog|lt|jis||}} Lithuanian jis, {{m|lv|*vin|4=}} *vin, {{cog|prg|winna}} Old Prussian winna, {{cog|cu|вънѣ||outside}} Old Church Slavonic вънѣ (vŭně, “outside”), {{m|lv|viņa}} viņa, {{m|lv|*vin-ja}} *vin-ja, {{m|lv|viņa}} viņa, {{cog|lv|*ja||she}} Latvian *ja (“she”), {{cog|bat-pro|*jās|4=pl. she}} Proto-Baltic *jās (“pl. she”), {{cog|ltg|-}} Latgalian, {{cog|ltg|jis||he}} Latgalian jis (“he”), {{cog|ltg|jei||she}} Latgalian jei (“she”) Head templates: {{head|lv|pronoun|cat2=personal pronouns}} viņš, {{lv-pronoun|pers|3rd|s|m||pro}} viņš (personal, 3rd person singular masculine) Inflection templates: {{lv-decl-personal pronoun|viņš|viņu|viņa|viņam|viņu|viņā}} Forms: viņa [feminine], viņas [feminine, plural], no-table-tags [table-tags], viņš [nominative], viņu [accusative], viņa [genitive], viņam [dative], viņu [instrumental], viņā [locative]
  1. he; third person pronoun, referring to someone other than the speaker or addressee Tags: masculine, personal, singular, third-person
    Sense id: en-viņš-lv-pron-1DOpM3g3 Categories (other): Pages using bad params when calling Template:lv-pronoun, Latvian demonstrative pronouns, Latvian entries with incorrect language header, Latvian entries with language name categories using raw markup, Latvian etymologies from LEV, Latvian personal pronouns, Latvian pronouns, Latvian terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys Disambiguation of Pages using bad params when calling Template:lv-pronoun: 24 51 8 10 6 Disambiguation of Latvian demonstrative pronouns: 50 15 18 17 Disambiguation of Latvian entries with incorrect language header: 53 18 27 2 Disambiguation of Latvian entries with language name categories using raw markup: 63 15 19 3 Disambiguation of Latvian etymologies from LEV: 67 13 16 4 Disambiguation of Latvian personal pronouns: 76 9 12 4 Disambiguation of Latvian pronouns: 62 15 15 8 Disambiguation of Latvian terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys: 68 12 17 3
  2. his (in the genitive, as part of certain titles) Tags: masculine, personal, singular, third-person
    Sense id: en-viņš-lv-pron-gXwdmgVA
  3. he (referring to masculine animals, objects, etc.) Tags: masculine, personal, singular, third-person
    Sense id: en-viņš-lv-pron-ZqbJfqDX
  4. (usually as a non-nominative determiner) that, the other (one); distal demonstrative Tags: masculine, personal, singular, third-person, usually
    Sense id: en-viņš-lv-pron-3ANE6UBW
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Related terms: viņējs, vietniekvārds

Download JSON data for viņš meaning in Latvian (9.8kB)

{
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lv",
        "2": "viens",
        "3": "one"
      },
      "expansion": "one",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lv",
        "2": "bat-pro",
        "3": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Baltic",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ine-bsl-pro",
        "2": "*winyas"
      },
      "expansion": "*winyas",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lv",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*óynos"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *óynos",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ine-pro",
        "2": "*éynos"
      },
      "expansion": "*éynos",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ine-pro",
        "2": "*ínos"
      },
      "expansion": "*ínos",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ine-pro",
        "2": "*h₁ey-"
      },
      "expansion": "*h₁ey-",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ine-pro",
        "2": "*ey-"
      },
      "expansion": "*ey-",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ine-pro",
        "2": "*i-",
        "3": "",
        "4": "that; he"
      },
      "expansion": "*i- (“that; he”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "prg",
        "2": "winna",
        "3": "",
        "4": "outside"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Prussian winna (“outside”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "prg",
        "2": "*winnā"
      },
      "expansion": "*winnā",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "prg",
        "2": "*winnān"
      },
      "expansion": "*winnān",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "prg",
        "2": "wins",
        "3": "",
        "4": "air (outside)"
      },
      "expansion": "wins (“air (outside)”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "bat-pro",
        "2": "*vina-"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Baltic *vina-",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lv",
        "2": "viņš"
      },
      "expansion": "viņš",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lv",
        "2": "*vin",
        "4": "outside"
      },
      "expansion": "*vin (“outside”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lv",
        "2": "*jis",
        "3": "",
        "4": "he"
      },
      "expansion": "*jis (“he”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lv",
        "2": "*vin-j(i)s"
      },
      "expansion": "*vin-j(i)s",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lv",
        "2": "viņš"
      },
      "expansion": "viņš",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lv",
        "2": "*jis",
        "3": "",
        "4": ""
      },
      "expansion": "*jis",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ltg",
        "2": "jis",
        "3": "",
        "4": ""
      },
      "expansion": "Latgalian jis",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lt",
        "2": "jis",
        "3": "",
        "4": ""
      },
      "expansion": "Lithuanian jis",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lv",
        "2": "*vin",
        "4": ""
      },
      "expansion": "*vin",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "prg",
        "2": "winna"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Prussian winna",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "cu",
        "2": "вънѣ",
        "3": "",
        "4": "outside"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Church Slavonic вънѣ (vŭně, “outside”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lv",
        "2": "viņa"
      },
      "expansion": "viņa",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lv",
        "2": "*vin-ja"
      },
      "expansion": "*vin-ja",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lv",
        "2": "viņa"
      },
      "expansion": "viņa",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lv",
        "2": "*ja",
        "3": "",
        "4": "she"
      },
      "expansion": "Latvian *ja (“she”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "bat-pro",
        "2": "*jās",
        "4": "pl. she"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Baltic *jās (“pl. she”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ltg",
        "2": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "Latgalian",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ltg",
        "2": "jis",
        "3": "",
        "4": "he"
      },
      "expansion": "Latgalian jis (“he”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ltg",
        "2": "jei",
        "3": "",
        "4": "she"
      },
      "expansion": "Latgalian jei (“she”)",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "There are several theories on the origin of this word. According to some, it has the same origin as one: Proto-Baltic *winyas, from Proto-Indo-European *óynos, *éynos, *ínos (possibly from *h₁ey-, *ey-, *i- (“that; he”)), made into a yo-stem and with an extra initial w-.\nOthers suggest a connection with Old Prussian winna (“outside”) (possibly < *winnā < *winnān), from wins (“air (outside)”), derived from a possible Proto-Baltic *vina-.\nA more recent suggestion is that viņš results from a compound of an older *vin (“outside”) and *jis (“he”), hence *vin-j(i)s > viņš. *jis cognate to Latgalian jis and Lithuanian jis. *vin cognate to Old Prussian winna and Old Church Slavonic вънѣ (vŭně, “outside”). The feminine viņa forming accordingly *vin-ja > viņa, pointing to an earlier Latvian *ja (“she”), probably formed by analogy with an older Proto-Baltic *jās (“pl. she”). The dialectal (Pilda Latgalian) forms veńìs (masc.), veńei (fem.) lends this theory support, as they appear constructed identically but with cognate Latgalian forms Latgalian jis (“he”) and Latgalian jei (“she”). The declension also bears resemblence to Latgalian and Lithuanian cognates.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "viņa",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "viņas",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "lv-decl-personal pronoun",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "viņš",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "viņu",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "viņa",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "viņam",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "viņu",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "viņā",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "locative"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lv",
        "2": "pronoun",
        "cat2": "personal pronouns"
      },
      "expansion": "viņš",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "pers",
        "2": "3rd",
        "3": "s",
        "4": "m",
        "5": "",
        "6": "pro"
      },
      "expansion": "viņš (personal, 3rd person singular masculine)",
      "name": "lv-pronoun"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "viņš",
        "2": "viņu",
        "3": "viņa",
        "4": "viņam",
        "5": "viņu",
        "6": "viņā"
      },
      "name": "lv-decl-personal pronoun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Latvian",
  "lang_code": "lv",
  "pos": "pron",
  "related": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
      "word": "viņējs"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
      "word": "vietniekvārds"
    }
  ],
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "24 51 8 10 6",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages using bad params when calling Template:lv-pronoun",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "50 15 18 17",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Latvian demonstrative pronouns",
          "parents": [
            "Demonstrative pronouns",
            "Demonstrative pro-forms",
            "Pronouns",
            "Pro-forms",
            "Lemmas",
            "Terms by semantic function"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "53 18 27 2",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Latvian entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "63 15 19 3",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Latvian entries with language name categories using raw markup",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with language name categories using raw markup",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "67 13 16 4",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Latvian etymologies from LEV",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "76 9 12 4",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Latvian personal pronouns",
          "parents": [
            "Personal pronouns",
            "Pronouns",
            "Lemmas"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "62 15 15 8",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Latvian pronouns",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "68 12 17 3",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Latvian terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
          "parents": [
            "Terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "the lecturer came in, (the audience) received him with applause",
          "text": "ienāca lektors, viņu saņēma aplausiem",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "his father said that",
          "text": "to sacīja viņa tēvs",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "text": "Blaumanis aizbrauca uz Valmieru; tur notika “Indrānu” izrāde, kurā arī viņam pašam bija loma ― Blaumanis went to Valmiera; there was the “Indrāni” show, in which he himself had (= played) a part",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "he; third person pronoun, referring to someone other than the speaker or addressee"
      ],
      "id": "en-viņš-lv-pron-1DOpM3g3",
      "links": [
        [
          "he",
          "he"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "personal",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "his eminence, majesty, highness",
          "text": "viņa eminence, majestāte, augstība",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "his (in the genitive, as part of certain titles)"
      ],
      "id": "en-viņš-lv-pron-gXwdmgVA",
      "links": [
        [
          "his",
          "his"
        ],
        [
          "genitive",
          "genitive#English"
        ],
        [
          "part",
          "part#English"
        ],
        [
          "certain",
          "certain#English"
        ],
        [
          "titles",
          "titles#English"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "personal",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "the dog didn't know what come up, began to howl in the evening, so that it was necessary to take him to the barn and lock him up, (and) there he howled even louder",
          "text": "sunim nezin kas uznācis, sāka pa vakariem gaudot, tā ka vajadzēja aizvest uz riju un ieslodzīt pelavu pūnītē, tur viņš gan vaimanāja vēl skaļāk",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "he (referring to masculine animals, objects, etc.)"
      ],
      "id": "en-viņš-lv-pron-ZqbJfqDX",
      "links": [
        [
          "he",
          "he"
        ],
        [
          "refer",
          "refer#English"
        ],
        [
          "masculine",
          "masculine#English"
        ],
        [
          "animal",
          "animal#English"
        ],
        [
          "object",
          "object#English"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "personal",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "on the other bank, end, side",
          "text": "viņā malā, galā, puse",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "to go up to that, the other corner",
          "text": "aiziet līdz viņam stūriem",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "in those days (= in earlier days, in the past)",
          "text": "viņās dienās",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "in those times (= in old, ancient times)",
          "text": "viņos laikos",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "here on the road someone is going (by) from the other side",
          "text": "te pa ceļu no viņas puses kāds brauc",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "that, the other (one); distal demonstrative"
      ],
      "id": "en-viņš-lv-pron-3ANE6UBW",
      "links": [
        [
          "nominative",
          "nominative"
        ],
        [
          "determiner",
          "determiner"
        ],
        [
          "that",
          "that"
        ],
        [
          "other",
          "other"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(usually as a non-nominative determiner) that, the other (one); distal demonstrative"
      ],
      "raw_tags": [
        "as a non-nominative determiner"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "personal",
        "singular",
        "third-person",
        "usually"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "[viɲʃ]"
    }
  ],
  "word": "viņš"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "Latvian demonstrative pronouns",
    "Latvian entries with incorrect language header",
    "Latvian entries with language name categories using raw markup",
    "Latvian etymologies from LEV",
    "Latvian lemmas",
    "Latvian personal pronouns",
    "Latvian pronouns",
    "Latvian terms derived from Proto-Baltic",
    "Latvian terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
    "Latvian terms with IPA pronunciation",
    "Latvian terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
    "Pages using bad params when calling Template:lv-pronoun"
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lv",
        "2": "viens",
        "3": "one"
      },
      "expansion": "one",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lv",
        "2": "bat-pro",
        "3": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Baltic",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ine-bsl-pro",
        "2": "*winyas"
      },
      "expansion": "*winyas",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lv",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*óynos"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *óynos",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ine-pro",
        "2": "*éynos"
      },
      "expansion": "*éynos",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ine-pro",
        "2": "*ínos"
      },
      "expansion": "*ínos",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ine-pro",
        "2": "*h₁ey-"
      },
      "expansion": "*h₁ey-",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ine-pro",
        "2": "*ey-"
      },
      "expansion": "*ey-",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ine-pro",
        "2": "*i-",
        "3": "",
        "4": "that; he"
      },
      "expansion": "*i- (“that; he”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "prg",
        "2": "winna",
        "3": "",
        "4": "outside"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Prussian winna (“outside”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "prg",
        "2": "*winnā"
      },
      "expansion": "*winnā",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "prg",
        "2": "*winnān"
      },
      "expansion": "*winnān",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "prg",
        "2": "wins",
        "3": "",
        "4": "air (outside)"
      },
      "expansion": "wins (“air (outside)”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "bat-pro",
        "2": "*vina-"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Baltic *vina-",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lv",
        "2": "viņš"
      },
      "expansion": "viņš",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lv",
        "2": "*vin",
        "4": "outside"
      },
      "expansion": "*vin (“outside”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lv",
        "2": "*jis",
        "3": "",
        "4": "he"
      },
      "expansion": "*jis (“he”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lv",
        "2": "*vin-j(i)s"
      },
      "expansion": "*vin-j(i)s",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lv",
        "2": "viņš"
      },
      "expansion": "viņš",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lv",
        "2": "*jis",
        "3": "",
        "4": ""
      },
      "expansion": "*jis",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ltg",
        "2": "jis",
        "3": "",
        "4": ""
      },
      "expansion": "Latgalian jis",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lt",
        "2": "jis",
        "3": "",
        "4": ""
      },
      "expansion": "Lithuanian jis",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lv",
        "2": "*vin",
        "4": ""
      },
      "expansion": "*vin",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "prg",
        "2": "winna"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Prussian winna",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "cu",
        "2": "вънѣ",
        "3": "",
        "4": "outside"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Church Slavonic вънѣ (vŭně, “outside”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lv",
        "2": "viņa"
      },
      "expansion": "viņa",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lv",
        "2": "*vin-ja"
      },
      "expansion": "*vin-ja",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lv",
        "2": "viņa"
      },
      "expansion": "viņa",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lv",
        "2": "*ja",
        "3": "",
        "4": "she"
      },
      "expansion": "Latvian *ja (“she”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "bat-pro",
        "2": "*jās",
        "4": "pl. she"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Baltic *jās (“pl. she”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ltg",
        "2": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "Latgalian",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ltg",
        "2": "jis",
        "3": "",
        "4": "he"
      },
      "expansion": "Latgalian jis (“he”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ltg",
        "2": "jei",
        "3": "",
        "4": "she"
      },
      "expansion": "Latgalian jei (“she”)",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "There are several theories on the origin of this word. According to some, it has the same origin as one: Proto-Baltic *winyas, from Proto-Indo-European *óynos, *éynos, *ínos (possibly from *h₁ey-, *ey-, *i- (“that; he”)), made into a yo-stem and with an extra initial w-.\nOthers suggest a connection with Old Prussian winna (“outside”) (possibly < *winnā < *winnān), from wins (“air (outside)”), derived from a possible Proto-Baltic *vina-.\nA more recent suggestion is that viņš results from a compound of an older *vin (“outside”) and *jis (“he”), hence *vin-j(i)s > viņš. *jis cognate to Latgalian jis and Lithuanian jis. *vin cognate to Old Prussian winna and Old Church Slavonic вънѣ (vŭně, “outside”). The feminine viņa forming accordingly *vin-ja > viņa, pointing to an earlier Latvian *ja (“she”), probably formed by analogy with an older Proto-Baltic *jās (“pl. she”). The dialectal (Pilda Latgalian) forms veńìs (masc.), veńei (fem.) lends this theory support, as they appear constructed identically but with cognate Latgalian forms Latgalian jis (“he”) and Latgalian jei (“she”). The declension also bears resemblence to Latgalian and Lithuanian cognates.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "viņa",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "viņas",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "lv-decl-personal pronoun",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "viņš",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "viņu",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "viņa",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "viņam",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "viņu",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "viņā",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "locative"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lv",
        "2": "pronoun",
        "cat2": "personal pronouns"
      },
      "expansion": "viņš",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "pers",
        "2": "3rd",
        "3": "s",
        "4": "m",
        "5": "",
        "6": "pro"
      },
      "expansion": "viņš (personal, 3rd person singular masculine)",
      "name": "lv-pronoun"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "viņš",
        "2": "viņu",
        "3": "viņa",
        "4": "viņam",
        "5": "viņu",
        "6": "viņā"
      },
      "name": "lv-decl-personal pronoun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Latvian",
  "lang_code": "lv",
  "pos": "pron",
  "related": [
    {
      "word": "viņējs"
    },
    {
      "word": "vietniekvārds"
    }
  ],
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "Latvian terms with usage examples"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "the lecturer came in, (the audience) received him with applause",
          "text": "ienāca lektors, viņu saņēma aplausiem",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "his father said that",
          "text": "to sacīja viņa tēvs",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "text": "Blaumanis aizbrauca uz Valmieru; tur notika “Indrānu” izrāde, kurā arī viņam pašam bija loma ― Blaumanis went to Valmiera; there was the “Indrāni” show, in which he himself had (= played) a part",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "he; third person pronoun, referring to someone other than the speaker or addressee"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "he",
          "he"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "personal",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "Latvian terms with usage examples"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "his eminence, majesty, highness",
          "text": "viņa eminence, majestāte, augstība",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "his (in the genitive, as part of certain titles)"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "his",
          "his"
        ],
        [
          "genitive",
          "genitive#English"
        ],
        [
          "part",
          "part#English"
        ],
        [
          "certain",
          "certain#English"
        ],
        [
          "titles",
          "titles#English"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "personal",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "Latvian terms with usage examples"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "the dog didn't know what come up, began to howl in the evening, so that it was necessary to take him to the barn and lock him up, (and) there he howled even louder",
          "text": "sunim nezin kas uznācis, sāka pa vakariem gaudot, tā ka vajadzēja aizvest uz riju un ieslodzīt pelavu pūnītē, tur viņš gan vaimanāja vēl skaļāk",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "he (referring to masculine animals, objects, etc.)"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "he",
          "he"
        ],
        [
          "refer",
          "refer#English"
        ],
        [
          "masculine",
          "masculine#English"
        ],
        [
          "animal",
          "animal#English"
        ],
        [
          "object",
          "object#English"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "personal",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "Latvian terms with usage examples"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "on the other bank, end, side",
          "text": "viņā malā, galā, puse",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "to go up to that, the other corner",
          "text": "aiziet līdz viņam stūriem",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "in those days (= in earlier days, in the past)",
          "text": "viņās dienās",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "in those times (= in old, ancient times)",
          "text": "viņos laikos",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "here on the road someone is going (by) from the other side",
          "text": "te pa ceļu no viņas puses kāds brauc",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "that, the other (one); distal demonstrative"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "nominative",
          "nominative"
        ],
        [
          "determiner",
          "determiner"
        ],
        [
          "that",
          "that"
        ],
        [
          "other",
          "other"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(usually as a non-nominative determiner) that, the other (one); distal demonstrative"
      ],
      "raw_tags": [
        "as a non-nominative determiner"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "personal",
        "singular",
        "third-person",
        "usually"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "[viɲʃ]"
    }
  ],
  "word": "viņš"
}

{
  "called_from": "parserfns/156",
  "msg": "#tag creating non-allowed tag <pre> - omitted",
  "path": [
    "viņš",
    "lv-pronoun",
    "#invoke",
    "#invoke",
    "Lua:checkparams:warn()",
    "extensionTag()"
  ],
  "section": "Latvian",
  "subsection": "pronoun",
  "title": "viņš",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "parserfns/156",
  "msg": "#tag creating non-allowed tag <pre> - omitted",
  "path": [
    "viņš",
    "lv-pronoun",
    "#invoke",
    "#invoke",
    "Lua:checkparams:warn()",
    "frame:preprocess()",
    "#tag",
    "#tag"
  ],
  "section": "Latvian",
  "subsection": "pronoun",
  "title": "viņš",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "parserfns/156",
  "msg": "#tag creating non-allowed tag <pre> - omitted",
  "path": [
    "viņš",
    "lv-pronoun",
    "#tag",
    "#tag"
  ],
  "section": "Latvian",
  "subsection": "pronoun",
  "title": "viņš",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "parserfns/156",
  "msg": "#tag creating non-allowed tag <pre> - omitted",
  "path": [
    "viņš",
    "lv-pronoun",
    "#invoke",
    "#invoke",
    "Lua:checkparams:warn()",
    "extensionTag()"
  ],
  "section": "Latvian",
  "subsection": "pronoun",
  "title": "viņš",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "parserfns/156",
  "msg": "#tag creating non-allowed tag <pre> - omitted",
  "path": [
    "viņš",
    "lv-pronoun",
    "#invoke",
    "#invoke",
    "Lua:checkparams:warn()",
    "frame:preprocess()",
    "#tag",
    "#tag"
  ],
  "section": "Latvian",
  "subsection": "pronoun",
  "title": "viņš",
  "trace": ""
}

This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Latvian dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-04-26 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-04-21 using wiktextract (93a6c53 and 21a9316). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.