See viņš on Wiktionary
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ltg",
"2": "pronoun",
"g": "m"
},
"expansion": "viņš m",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Latgalian",
"lang_code": "ltg",
"pos": "pron",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latgalian demonstrative pronouns",
"parents": [
"Demonstrative pronouns",
"Demonstrative pro-forms",
"Pronouns",
"Pro-forms",
"Lemmas",
"Terms by semantic function"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latgalian entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latgalian pronouns",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 2 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "56 7 10 26 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 2 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "57 6 14 23 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"that one, that, the other one, the other"
],
"id": "en-viņš-ltg-pron-2otriAl7",
"links": [
[
"that",
"that"
],
[
"one",
"one"
],
[
"the",
"the"
],
[
"other",
"other"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine"
]
}
],
"word": "viņš"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "bat-pro",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Baltic",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*h₁iH-n-os"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *h₁iH-n-os",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*óynos"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *óynos",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "prg",
"2": "winna",
"3": "",
"4": "outside"
},
"expansion": "Old Prussian winna (“outside”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "bat-pro",
"2": "*vina-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Baltic *vina-",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ltg",
"2": "jis",
"3": "",
"4": ""
},
"expansion": "Latgalian jis",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "jis",
"3": "",
"4": ""
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian jis",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "prg",
"2": "winna"
},
"expansion": "Old Prussian winna",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cu",
"2": "вънѣ",
"3": "",
"4": "outside"
},
"expansion": "Old Church Slavonic вънѣ (vŭně, “outside”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "*ja",
"3": "",
"4": "she"
},
"expansion": "Latvian *ja (“she”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "bat-pro",
"2": "*jās",
"4": "pl. she"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Baltic *jās (“pl. she”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ltg",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Latgalian",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ltg",
"2": "jis",
"3": "",
"4": "he"
},
"expansion": "Latgalian jis (“he”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ltg",
"2": "jei",
"3": "",
"4": "she"
},
"expansion": "Latgalian jei (“she”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "There are several theories on the origin of this word. According to some, it has the same origin as one: Proto-Baltic *winyas, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁iH-n-os, from Proto-Indo-European *óynos, *éynos, *ínos (possibly from *h₁ey-, *ey-, *i- (“that; he”)), made into a yo-stem and with an extra initial w-.\nOthers suggest a connection with Old Prussian winna (“outside”) (possibly < *winnā < *winnān), from wins (“air (outside)”), derived from a possible Proto-Baltic *vina-.\nA more recent suggestion is that viņš results from a compound of an older *vin (“outside”) and *jis (“he”), hence *vin-j(i)s > viņš. *jis cognate to Latgalian jis and Lithuanian jis. *vin cognate to Old Prussian winna and Old Church Slavonic вънѣ (vŭně, “outside”). The feminine viņa forming accordingly *vin-ja > viņa, pointing to an earlier Latvian *ja (“she”), probably formed by analogy with an older Proto-Baltic *jās (“pl. she”). The dialectal (Pilda Latgalian) forms veńìs (masc.), veńei (fem.) lends this theory support, as they appear constructed identically but with cognate Latgalian forms Latgalian jis (“he”) and Latgalian jei (“she”). The declension also bears resemblence to Latgalian and Lithuanian cognates.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "viņa",
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"form": "viņas",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "lv-decl-personal pronoun",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "viņš",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "viņa",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "viņam",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative"
]
},
{
"form": "viņu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative"
]
},
{
"form": "viņu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "viņā",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "pronoun",
"cat2": "personal pronouns"
},
"expansion": "viņš",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pers",
"2": "3rd",
"3": "s",
"4": "m",
"5": "",
"6": "pro"
},
"expansion": "viņš (personal, 3rd person singular masculine)",
"name": "lv-pronoun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "viņš",
"2": "viņu",
"3": "viņa",
"4": "viņam",
"5": "viņu",
"6": "viņā"
},
"name": "lv-decl-personal pronoun"
}
],
"lang": "Latvian",
"lang_code": "lv",
"pos": "pron",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "viņējs"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "vietniekvārds"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "11 62 10 11 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using invalid parameters when calling Template:lv-pronoun",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "47 18 19 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latvian demonstrative pronouns",
"parents": [
"Demonstrative pronouns",
"Demonstrative pro-forms",
"Pronouns",
"Pro-forms",
"Lemmas",
"Terms by semantic function"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "51 22 26 2",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latvian entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "71 13 11 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latvian etymologies from LEV",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "72 12 13 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latvian personal pronouns",
"parents": [
"Personal pronouns",
"Pronouns",
"Lemmas"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "60 17 16 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latvian pronouns",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "the lecturer came in, (the audience) received him with applause",
"text": "ienāca lektors, viņu saņēma aplausiem",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "his father said that",
"text": "to sacīja viņa tēvs",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "Blaumanis went to Valmiera; there was the “Indrāni” show, in which he himself had (= played) a part",
"text": "Blaumanis aizbrauca uz Valmieru; tur notika “Indrānu” izrāde, kurā arī viņam pašam bija loma",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"he; third person pronoun, referring to someone other than the speaker or addressee"
],
"id": "en-viņš-lv-pron-1DOpM3g3",
"links": [
[
"he",
"he"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"personal",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"english": "his eminence, majesty, highness",
"text": "viņa eminence, majestāte, augstība",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"his (in the genitive, as part of certain titles)"
],
"id": "en-viņš-lv-pron-gXwdmgVA",
"links": [
[
"his",
"his"
],
[
"genitive",
"genitive#English"
],
[
"part",
"part#English"
],
[
"certain",
"certain#English"
],
[
"titles",
"titles#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"personal",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"english": "the dog didn't know what come up, began to howl in the evening, so that it was necessary to take him to the barn and lock him up, (and) there he howled even louder",
"text": "sunim nezin kas uznācis, sāka pa vakariem gaudot, tā ka vajadzēja aizvest uz riju un ieslodzīt pelavu pūnītē, tur viņš gan vaimanāja vēl skaļāk",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"he (referring to masculine animals, objects, etc.)"
],
"id": "en-viņš-lv-pron-ZqbJfqDX",
"links": [
[
"he",
"he"
],
[
"refer",
"refer#English"
],
[
"masculine",
"masculine#English"
],
[
"animal",
"animal#English"
],
[
"object",
"object#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"personal",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"english": "on the other bank, end, side",
"text": "viņā malā, galā, puse",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "to go up to that, the other corner",
"text": "aiziet līdz viņam stūriem",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "in those days (= in earlier days, in the past)",
"text": "viņās dienās",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "in those times (= in old, ancient times)",
"text": "viņos laikos",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "here on the road someone is going (by) from the other side",
"text": "te pa ceļu no viņas puses kāds brauc",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"that, the other (one); distal demonstrative"
],
"id": "en-viņš-lv-pron-3ANE6UBW",
"links": [
[
"nominative",
"nominative"
],
[
"determiner",
"determiner"
],
[
"that",
"that"
],
[
"other",
"other"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(usually as a non-nominative determiner) that, the other (one); distal demonstrative"
],
"raw_tags": [
"as a non-nominative determiner"
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"personal",
"singular",
"third-person",
"usually"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[viɲʃ]"
}
],
"word": "viņš"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages using invalid parameters when calling Template:lv-pronoun",
"Pages with 2 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ltg",
"2": "pronoun",
"g": "m"
},
"expansion": "viņš m",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Latgalian",
"lang_code": "ltg",
"pos": "pron",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Latgalian demonstrative pronouns",
"Latgalian entries with incorrect language header",
"Latgalian lemmas",
"Latgalian pronouns",
"Pages with 2 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"glosses": [
"that one, that, the other one, the other"
],
"links": [
[
"that",
"that"
],
[
"one",
"one"
],
[
"the",
"the"
],
[
"other",
"other"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine"
]
}
],
"word": "viņš"
}
{
"categories": [
"Latvian demonstrative pronouns",
"Latvian entries with incorrect language header",
"Latvian etymologies from LEV",
"Latvian lemmas",
"Latvian personal pronouns",
"Latvian pronouns",
"Latvian terms derived from Proto-Baltic",
"Latvian terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Pages using invalid parameters when calling Template:lv-pronoun",
"Pages with 2 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "bat-pro",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Baltic",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*h₁iH-n-os"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *h₁iH-n-os",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*óynos"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *óynos",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "prg",
"2": "winna",
"3": "",
"4": "outside"
},
"expansion": "Old Prussian winna (“outside”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "bat-pro",
"2": "*vina-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Baltic *vina-",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ltg",
"2": "jis",
"3": "",
"4": ""
},
"expansion": "Latgalian jis",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "jis",
"3": "",
"4": ""
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian jis",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "prg",
"2": "winna"
},
"expansion": "Old Prussian winna",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cu",
"2": "вънѣ",
"3": "",
"4": "outside"
},
"expansion": "Old Church Slavonic вънѣ (vŭně, “outside”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "*ja",
"3": "",
"4": "she"
},
"expansion": "Latvian *ja (“she”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "bat-pro",
"2": "*jās",
"4": "pl. she"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Baltic *jās (“pl. she”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ltg",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Latgalian",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ltg",
"2": "jis",
"3": "",
"4": "he"
},
"expansion": "Latgalian jis (“he”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ltg",
"2": "jei",
"3": "",
"4": "she"
},
"expansion": "Latgalian jei (“she”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "There are several theories on the origin of this word. According to some, it has the same origin as one: Proto-Baltic *winyas, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁iH-n-os, from Proto-Indo-European *óynos, *éynos, *ínos (possibly from *h₁ey-, *ey-, *i- (“that; he”)), made into a yo-stem and with an extra initial w-.\nOthers suggest a connection with Old Prussian winna (“outside”) (possibly < *winnā < *winnān), from wins (“air (outside)”), derived from a possible Proto-Baltic *vina-.\nA more recent suggestion is that viņš results from a compound of an older *vin (“outside”) and *jis (“he”), hence *vin-j(i)s > viņš. *jis cognate to Latgalian jis and Lithuanian jis. *vin cognate to Old Prussian winna and Old Church Slavonic вънѣ (vŭně, “outside”). The feminine viņa forming accordingly *vin-ja > viņa, pointing to an earlier Latvian *ja (“she”), probably formed by analogy with an older Proto-Baltic *jās (“pl. she”). The dialectal (Pilda Latgalian) forms veńìs (masc.), veńei (fem.) lends this theory support, as they appear constructed identically but with cognate Latgalian forms Latgalian jis (“he”) and Latgalian jei (“she”). The declension also bears resemblence to Latgalian and Lithuanian cognates.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "viņa",
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"form": "viņas",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "lv-decl-personal pronoun",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "viņš",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "viņa",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "viņam",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative"
]
},
{
"form": "viņu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative"
]
},
{
"form": "viņu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "viņā",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "pronoun",
"cat2": "personal pronouns"
},
"expansion": "viņš",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pers",
"2": "3rd",
"3": "s",
"4": "m",
"5": "",
"6": "pro"
},
"expansion": "viņš (personal, 3rd person singular masculine)",
"name": "lv-pronoun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "viņš",
"2": "viņu",
"3": "viņa",
"4": "viņam",
"5": "viņu",
"6": "viņā"
},
"name": "lv-decl-personal pronoun"
}
],
"lang": "Latvian",
"lang_code": "lv",
"pos": "pron",
"related": [
{
"word": "viņējs"
},
{
"word": "vietniekvārds"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Latvian terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "the lecturer came in, (the audience) received him with applause",
"text": "ienāca lektors, viņu saņēma aplausiem",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "his father said that",
"text": "to sacīja viņa tēvs",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "Blaumanis went to Valmiera; there was the “Indrāni” show, in which he himself had (= played) a part",
"text": "Blaumanis aizbrauca uz Valmieru; tur notika “Indrānu” izrāde, kurā arī viņam pašam bija loma",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"he; third person pronoun, referring to someone other than the speaker or addressee"
],
"links": [
[
"he",
"he"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"personal",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Latvian terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "his eminence, majesty, highness",
"text": "viņa eminence, majestāte, augstība",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"his (in the genitive, as part of certain titles)"
],
"links": [
[
"his",
"his"
],
[
"genitive",
"genitive#English"
],
[
"part",
"part#English"
],
[
"certain",
"certain#English"
],
[
"titles",
"titles#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"personal",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Latvian terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "the dog didn't know what come up, began to howl in the evening, so that it was necessary to take him to the barn and lock him up, (and) there he howled even louder",
"text": "sunim nezin kas uznācis, sāka pa vakariem gaudot, tā ka vajadzēja aizvest uz riju un ieslodzīt pelavu pūnītē, tur viņš gan vaimanāja vēl skaļāk",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"he (referring to masculine animals, objects, etc.)"
],
"links": [
[
"he",
"he"
],
[
"refer",
"refer#English"
],
[
"masculine",
"masculine#English"
],
[
"animal",
"animal#English"
],
[
"object",
"object#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"personal",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Latvian terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "on the other bank, end, side",
"text": "viņā malā, galā, puse",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "to go up to that, the other corner",
"text": "aiziet līdz viņam stūriem",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "in those days (= in earlier days, in the past)",
"text": "viņās dienās",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "in those times (= in old, ancient times)",
"text": "viņos laikos",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "here on the road someone is going (by) from the other side",
"text": "te pa ceļu no viņas puses kāds brauc",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"that, the other (one); distal demonstrative"
],
"links": [
[
"nominative",
"nominative"
],
[
"determiner",
"determiner"
],
[
"that",
"that"
],
[
"other",
"other"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(usually as a non-nominative determiner) that, the other (one); distal demonstrative"
],
"raw_tags": [
"as a non-nominative determiner"
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"personal",
"singular",
"third-person",
"usually"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[viɲʃ]"
}
],
"word": "viņš"
}
Download raw JSONL data for viņš meaning in All languages combined (8.0kB)
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1698",
"msg": "unrecognized head form: masc. pl. viņi",
"path": [
"viņš"
],
"section": "Latvian",
"subsection": "pronoun",
"title": "viņš",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "parserfns/156",
"msg": "#tag creating non-allowed tag <pre> - omitted",
"path": [
"viņš",
"Template:lv-pronoun",
"#invoke",
"#invoke",
"Lua:Module:checkparams:warn()",
"extensionTag()"
],
"section": "Latvian",
"subsection": "pronoun",
"title": "viņš",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "parserfns/156",
"msg": "#tag creating non-allowed tag <pre> - omitted",
"path": [
"viņš",
"Template:lv-pronoun",
"#invoke",
"#invoke",
"Lua:Module:checkparams:warn()",
"frame:preprocess()",
"#tag",
"#tag"
],
"section": "Latvian",
"subsection": "pronoun",
"title": "viņš",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "parserfns/156",
"msg": "#tag creating non-allowed tag <pre> - omitted",
"path": [
"viņš",
"Template:lv-pronoun",
"#tag",
"#tag"
],
"section": "Latvian",
"subsection": "pronoun",
"title": "viņš",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "parserfns/156",
"msg": "#tag creating non-allowed tag <pre> - omitted",
"path": [
"viņš",
"Template:lv-pronoun",
"#invoke",
"#invoke",
"Lua:Module:checkparams:warn()",
"extensionTag()"
],
"section": "Latvian",
"subsection": "pronoun",
"title": "viņš",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "parserfns/156",
"msg": "#tag creating non-allowed tag <pre> - omitted",
"path": [
"viņš",
"Template:lv-pronoun",
"#invoke",
"#invoke",
"Lua:Module:checkparams:warn()",
"frame:preprocess()",
"#tag",
"#tag"
],
"section": "Latvian",
"subsection": "pronoun",
"title": "viņš",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-01-25 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-01-20 using wiktextract (c15a5ce and 5c11237). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.