See 酷 in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
Download JSON data for 酷 meaning in Japanese (18.3kB)
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "酷寒"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "酷刑"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "酷使"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "酷似"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "酷暑"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "酷評"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "酷吏"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "苛酷"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "過酷"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "厳酷"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "残酷"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "冷酷"
}
],
"forms": [
{
"form": "“Jōyō” kanji",
"tags": [
"common"
]
}
],
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"pos": "character",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"cruel, severe"
],
"id": "en-酷-ja-character-EVTQ7lO-",
"links": [
[
"cruel",
"cruel"
],
[
"severe",
"severe"
]
],
"tags": [
"kanji"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "44 56",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Common kanji",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "19 27 3 33 18",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "23 23 7 28 18",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese links with redundant alt parameters",
"parents": [
"Links with redundant alt parameters",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "23 23 7 28 18",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese links with redundant wikilinks",
"parents": [
"Links with redundant wikilinks",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "21 25 7 31 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with non-redundant manual transliterations",
"parents": [
"Terms with non-redundant manual transliterations",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "22 24 8 29 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"parents": [
"Terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "23 23 7 29 18",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys",
"parents": [
"Terms with redundant sortkeys",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "15 85",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with redundant transliterations",
"parents": [
"Terms with redundant transliterations",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"extremely"
],
"id": "en-酷-ja-character-BoAVKJKs",
"links": [
[
"extremely",
"extremely"
]
],
"tags": [
"kanji"
]
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Kyūjitai",
"Shinjitai",
"Tōkyō"
],
"word": "酷"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "ltc",
"3": "-",
"sort": "こく"
},
"expansion": "Middle Chinese",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "酷"
},
"expansion": "酷 (MC khowk)",
"name": "ltc-l"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Ultimately from Middle Chinese 酷 (MC khowk). First cited in Japanese as a standalone term in 1754.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "酷",
"ruby": [
[
"酷",
"こく"
]
],
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "koku",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "酷な",
"roman": "koku na",
"ruby": [
[
"酷",
"こく"
]
],
"tags": [
"adnominal"
]
},
{
"form": "酷に",
"roman": "koku ni",
"ruby": [
[
"酷",
"こく"
]
],
"tags": [
"adverbial"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ja-na",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "酷だろ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperfective",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "こくだろ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperfective",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "koku daro",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
]
},
{
"form": "酷で",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "こくで",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "koku de",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"continuative"
]
},
{
"form": "酷だ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"stem",
"terminative"
]
},
{
"form": "こくだ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"stem",
"terminative"
]
},
{
"form": "koku da",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"terminative"
]
},
{
"form": "酷な",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"attributive",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "こくな",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"attributive",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "koku na",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"attributive"
]
},
{
"form": "酷なら",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"hypothetical",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "こくなら",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"hypothetical",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "koku nara",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"hypothetical"
]
},
{
"form": "酷であれ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "こくであれ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "koku de are",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperative"
]
},
{
"form": "酷ではない",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "酷じゃない",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "こくではない",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "こくじゃない",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "koku de wa nai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "koku ja nai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "酷だった",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "こくだった",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "koku datta",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "酷ではなかった",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "酷じゃなかった",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "こくではなかった",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "こくじゃなかった",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "koku de wa nakatta",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "koku ja nakatta",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "酷です",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "こくです",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "koku desu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "酷ではありません",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "酷じゃありません",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "こくではありません",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "こくじゃありません",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "koku de wa arimasen",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "koku ja arimasen",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "酷でした",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "こくでした",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "koku deshita",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "酷ではありませんでした",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "酷じゃありませんでした",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "こくではありませんでした",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "こくじゃありませんでした",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "koku de wa arimasen deshita",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "koku ja arimasen deshita",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "酷で",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "こくで",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "koku de",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "酷なら（ば）",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"conditional"
]
},
{
"form": "こくなら（ば）",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"conditional"
]
},
{
"form": "koku nara (ba)",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"conditional"
]
},
{
"form": "酷だったら",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "こくだったら",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "koku dattara",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "酷だろう",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "こくだろう",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "koku darō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "酷に",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"adverbial"
]
},
{
"form": "こくに",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"adverbial"
]
},
{
"form": "koku ni",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"adverbial"
]
},
{
"form": "酷さ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"noun-from-adj"
]
},
{
"form": "こくさ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"noun-from-adj"
]
},
{
"form": "kokusa",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"noun-from-adj"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ja-conj-bungo",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "酷なら",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"irrealis",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "こくなら",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"irrealis",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "kokunara",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"irrealis"
]
},
{
"form": "酷に",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "酷なり",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "こくに",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "こくなり",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "kokuni",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"continuative"
]
},
{
"form": "kokunari",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"continuative"
]
},
{
"form": "酷なり",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"stem",
"terminative"
]
},
{
"form": "こくなり",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"stem",
"terminative"
]
},
{
"form": "kokunari",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"terminative"
]
},
{
"form": "酷なる",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"attributive",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "こくなる",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"attributive",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "kokunaru",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"attributive"
]
},
{
"form": "酷なれ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"realis",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "こくなれ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"realis",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "kokunare",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"realis"
]
},
{
"form": "酷なれ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "こくなれ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "kokunare",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperative"
]
},
{
"form": "酷ならず",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "こくならず",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "kokunarazu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "酷なれど",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"contrastive"
]
},
{
"form": "こくなれど",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"contrastive"
]
},
{
"form": "kokunaredo",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"contrastive"
]
},
{
"form": "酷なれば",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "こくなれば",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "kokunareba",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "酷ならば",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"conditional"
]
},
{
"form": "こくならば",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"conditional"
]
},
{
"form": "kokunaraba",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"conditional"
]
},
{
"form": "酷なりき",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "こくなりき",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "kokunariki",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "酷なりけり",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "こくなりけり",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "kokunarikeri",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "酷に",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"adverbial"
]
},
{
"form": "こくに",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"adverbial"
]
},
{
"form": "kokuni",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"adverbial"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "こく",
"hhira": "こく",
"infl": "na"
},
"expansion": "酷(こく) • (koku) ^(←こく (koku)?)-na (adnominal 酷(こく)な (koku na), adverbial 酷(こく)に (koku ni))",
"name": "ja-adj"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"adverbial": ". に",
"attributive": ". な",
"conditional": ". なら（ば）",
"conjunctive": ". で",
"continuative": ". で",
"degree": "さ",
"formal": ". です",
"formal_negative": ". で は ありません",
"formal_negative2": ". じゃ ありません",
"formal_negative_past": ". で は ありません でした",
"formal_negative_past2": ". じゃ ありません でした",
"formal_past": ". でした",
"hypothetical": ". なら",
"imperative": ". で あれ",
"imperfective": ". だろ",
"informal_negative": ". で は ない",
"informal_negative2": ". じゃ ない",
"informal_negative_past": ". で は なかった",
"informal_negative_past2": ". じゃ なかった",
"informal_past": ". だった",
"kana": "こく",
"lemma": "酷",
"provisional": ". だったら",
"terminal": ". だ",
"volitional": ". だろう"
},
"name": "ja-adj-infl"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "こく",
"2": "adj-nar"
},
"name": "ja-conj-bungo"
}
],
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "19 27 3 33 18",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "23 23 7 28 18",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese links with redundant alt parameters",
"parents": [
"Links with redundant alt parameters",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "23 23 7 28 18",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese links with redundant wikilinks",
"parents": [
"Links with redundant wikilinks",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "21 25 7 31 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with non-redundant manual transliterations",
"parents": [
"Terms with non-redundant manual transliterations",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "22 24 8 29 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"parents": [
"Terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "23 23 7 29 18",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys",
"parents": [
"Terms with redundant sortkeys",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"cruel, severe, harsh, merciless"
],
"id": "en-酷-ja-adj-DwRXsI~b",
"links": [
[
"cruel",
"cruel"
],
[
"severe",
"severe"
],
[
"harsh",
"harsh"
],
[
"merciless",
"merciless"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "むごい"
},
{
"word": "厳しい"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "19 27 3 33 18",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "23 23 7 28 18",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese links with redundant alt parameters",
"parents": [
"Links with redundant alt parameters",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "23 23 7 28 18",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese links with redundant wikilinks",
"parents": [
"Links with redundant wikilinks",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "21 25 7 31 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with non-redundant manual transliterations",
"parents": [
"Terms with non-redundant manual transliterations",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "22 24 8 29 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"parents": [
"Terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "23 23 7 29 18",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys",
"parents": [
"Terms with redundant sortkeys",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"extremely, excessively"
],
"id": "en-酷-ja-adj-VXY~Nal6",
"links": [
[
"extremely",
"extremely"
],
[
"excessively",
"excessively"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "甚だしい"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"other": "こく"
},
{
"other": "こく"
},
{
"ipa": "[ko̞kɯ̟ᵝ]"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Kyūjitai",
"Shinjitai",
"Tōkyō"
],
"word": "酷"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "ltc",
"3": "-",
"sort": "こく"
},
"expansion": "Middle Chinese",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "酷"
},
"expansion": "酷 (MC khowk)",
"name": "ltc-l"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Ultimately from Middle Chinese 酷 (MC khowk). First cited in Japanese as a standalone term in 1754.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "酷",
"ruby": [
[
"酷",
"こく"
]
],
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "koku",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "こく"
},
"expansion": "酷(こく) • (koku)",
"name": "ja-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "19 27 3 33 18",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "23 23 7 28 18",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese links with redundant alt parameters",
"parents": [
"Links with redundant alt parameters",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "23 23 7 28 18",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese links with redundant wikilinks",
"parents": [
"Links with redundant wikilinks",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "21 25 7 31 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with non-redundant manual transliterations",
"parents": [
"Terms with non-redundant manual transliterations",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "22 24 8 29 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"parents": [
"Terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "23 23 7 29 18",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys",
"parents": [
"Terms with redundant sortkeys",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"cruelty, severity, harshness, mercilessness"
],
"id": "en-酷-ja-noun-nEwYaZSo",
"links": [
[
"cruelty",
"cruelty"
],
[
"severity",
"severity"
],
[
"harshness",
"harshness"
],
[
"mercilessness",
"mercilessness"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"other": "こく"
},
{
"other": "こく"
},
{
"ipa": "[ko̞kɯ̟ᵝ]"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Kyūjitai",
"Shinjitai",
"Tōkyō"
],
"word": "酷"
}
{
"categories": [
"Common kanji",
"Japanese Han characters",
"Japanese adjectives",
"Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
"Japanese kanji with goon reading こく",
"Japanese kanji with kan'on reading こく",
"Japanese kanji with kun reading きび-しい",
"Japanese kanji with kun reading はなは-だ",
"Japanese kanji with kun reading はなは-だしい",
"Japanese kanji with kun reading ひど-い",
"Japanese kanji with kun reading むご-い",
"Japanese kanji with nanori reading あつ",
"Japanese lemmas",
"Japanese links with redundant alt parameters",
"Japanese links with redundant wikilinks",
"Japanese nouns",
"Japanese single-kanji terms",
"Japanese terms derived from Middle Chinese",
"Japanese terms spelled with secondary school kanji",
"Japanese terms spelled with 酷",
"Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Japanese terms with non-redundant manual transliterations",
"Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys",
"Japanese terms with redundant transliterations",
"Japanese terms written with one Han script character",
"Japanese な-na adjectives"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "酷寒"
},
{
"word": "酷刑"
},
{
"word": "酷使"
},
{
"word": "酷似"
},
{
"word": "酷暑"
},
{
"word": "酷評"
},
{
"word": "酷吏"
},
{
"word": "苛酷"
},
{
"word": "過酷"
},
{
"word": "厳酷"
},
{
"word": "残酷"
},
{
"word": "冷酷"
}
],
"forms": [
{
"form": "“Jōyō” kanji",
"tags": [
"common"
]
}
],
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"pos": "character",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"cruel, severe"
],
"links": [
[
"cruel",
"cruel"
],
[
"severe",
"severe"
]
],
"tags": [
"kanji"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"extremely"
],
"links": [
[
"extremely",
"extremely"
]
],
"tags": [
"kanji"
]
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Kyūjitai",
"Shinjitai",
"Tōkyō"
],
"word": "酷"
}
{
"categories": [
"Japanese adjectives",
"Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
"Japanese lemmas",
"Japanese links with redundant alt parameters",
"Japanese links with redundant wikilinks",
"Japanese nouns",
"Japanese single-kanji terms",
"Japanese terms derived from Middle Chinese",
"Japanese terms spelled with secondary school kanji",
"Japanese terms spelled with 酷",
"Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Japanese terms with non-redundant manual transliterations",
"Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys",
"Japanese terms written with one Han script character",
"Japanese な-na adjectives"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "ltc",
"3": "-",
"sort": "こく"
},
"expansion": "Middle Chinese",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "酷"
},
"expansion": "酷 (MC khowk)",
"name": "ltc-l"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Ultimately from Middle Chinese 酷 (MC khowk). First cited in Japanese as a standalone term in 1754.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "酷",
"ruby": [
[
"酷",
"こく"
]
],
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "koku",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "酷な",
"roman": "koku na",
"ruby": [
[
"酷",
"こく"
]
],
"tags": [
"adnominal"
]
},
{
"form": "酷に",
"roman": "koku ni",
"ruby": [
[
"酷",
"こく"
]
],
"tags": [
"adverbial"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ja-na",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "酷だろ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperfective",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "こくだろ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperfective",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "koku daro",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
]
},
{
"form": "酷で",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "こくで",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "koku de",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"continuative"
]
},
{
"form": "酷だ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"stem",
"terminative"
]
},
{
"form": "こくだ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"stem",
"terminative"
]
},
{
"form": "koku da",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"terminative"
]
},
{
"form": "酷な",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"attributive",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "こくな",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"attributive",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "koku na",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"attributive"
]
},
{
"form": "酷なら",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"hypothetical",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "こくなら",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"hypothetical",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "koku nara",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"hypothetical"
]
},
{
"form": "酷であれ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "こくであれ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "koku de are",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperative"
]
},
{
"form": "酷ではない",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "酷じゃない",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "こくではない",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "こくじゃない",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "koku de wa nai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "koku ja nai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "酷だった",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "こくだった",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "koku datta",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "酷ではなかった",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "酷じゃなかった",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "こくではなかった",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "こくじゃなかった",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "koku de wa nakatta",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "koku ja nakatta",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "酷です",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "こくです",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "koku desu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "酷ではありません",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "酷じゃありません",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "こくではありません",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "こくじゃありません",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "koku de wa arimasen",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "koku ja arimasen",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "酷でした",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "こくでした",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "koku deshita",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "酷ではありませんでした",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "酷じゃありませんでした",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "こくではありませんでした",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "こくじゃありませんでした",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "koku de wa arimasen deshita",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "koku ja arimasen deshita",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "酷で",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "こくで",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "koku de",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "酷なら（ば）",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"conditional"
]
},
{
"form": "こくなら（ば）",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"conditional"
]
},
{
"form": "koku nara (ba)",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"conditional"
]
},
{
"form": "酷だったら",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "こくだったら",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "koku dattara",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "酷だろう",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "こくだろう",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "koku darō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "酷に",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"adverbial"
]
},
{
"form": "こくに",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"adverbial"
]
},
{
"form": "koku ni",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"adverbial"
]
},
{
"form": "酷さ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"noun-from-adj"
]
},
{
"form": "こくさ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"noun-from-adj"
]
},
{
"form": "kokusa",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"noun-from-adj"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ja-conj-bungo",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "酷なら",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"irrealis",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "こくなら",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"irrealis",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "kokunara",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"irrealis"
]
},
{
"form": "酷に",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "酷なり",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "こくに",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "こくなり",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "kokuni",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"continuative"
]
},
{
"form": "kokunari",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"continuative"
]
},
{
"form": "酷なり",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"stem",
"terminative"
]
},
{
"form": "こくなり",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"stem",
"terminative"
]
},
{
"form": "kokunari",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"terminative"
]
},
{
"form": "酷なる",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"attributive",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "こくなる",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"attributive",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "kokunaru",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"attributive"
]
},
{
"form": "酷なれ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"realis",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "こくなれ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"realis",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "kokunare",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"realis"
]
},
{
"form": "酷なれ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "こくなれ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "kokunare",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperative"
]
},
{
"form": "酷ならず",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "こくならず",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "kokunarazu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "酷なれど",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"contrastive"
]
},
{
"form": "こくなれど",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"contrastive"
]
},
{
"form": "kokunaredo",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"contrastive"
]
},
{
"form": "酷なれば",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "こくなれば",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "kokunareba",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "酷ならば",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"conditional"
]
},
{
"form": "こくならば",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"conditional"
]
},
{
"form": "kokunaraba",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"conditional"
]
},
{
"form": "酷なりき",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "こくなりき",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "kokunariki",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "酷なりけり",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "こくなりけり",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "kokunarikeri",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "酷に",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"adverbial"
]
},
{
"form": "こくに",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"adverbial"
]
},
{
"form": "kokuni",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"adverbial"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "こく",
"hhira": "こく",
"infl": "na"
},
"expansion": "酷(こく) • (koku) ^(←こく (koku)?)-na (adnominal 酷(こく)な (koku na), adverbial 酷(こく)に (koku ni))",
"name": "ja-adj"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"adverbial": ". に",
"attributive": ". な",
"conditional": ". なら（ば）",
"conjunctive": ". で",
"continuative": ". で",
"degree": "さ",
"formal": ". です",
"formal_negative": ". で は ありません",
"formal_negative2": ". じゃ ありません",
"formal_negative_past": ". で は ありません でした",
"formal_negative_past2": ". じゃ ありません でした",
"formal_past": ". でした",
"hypothetical": ". なら",
"imperative": ". で あれ",
"imperfective": ". だろ",
"informal_negative": ". で は ない",
"informal_negative2": ". じゃ ない",
"informal_negative_past": ". で は なかった",
"informal_negative_past2": ". じゃ なかった",
"informal_past": ". だった",
"kana": "こく",
"lemma": "酷",
"provisional": ". だったら",
"terminal": ". だ",
"volitional": ". だろう"
},
"name": "ja-adj-infl"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "こく",
"2": "adj-nar"
},
"name": "ja-conj-bungo"
}
],
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"cruel, severe, harsh, merciless"
],
"links": [
[
"cruel",
"cruel"
],
[
"severe",
"severe"
],
[
"harsh",
"harsh"
],
[
"merciless",
"merciless"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "むごい"
},
{
"word": "厳しい"
}
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"extremely, excessively"
],
"links": [
[
"extremely",
"extremely"
],
[
"excessively",
"excessively"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "甚だしい"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"other": "こく"
},
{
"other": "こく"
},
{
"ipa": "[ko̞kɯ̟ᵝ]"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Kyūjitai",
"Shinjitai",
"Tōkyō"
],
"word": "酷"
}
{
"categories": [
"Japanese adjectives",
"Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
"Japanese lemmas",
"Japanese links with redundant alt parameters",
"Japanese links with redundant wikilinks",
"Japanese nouns",
"Japanese single-kanji terms",
"Japanese terms derived from Middle Chinese",
"Japanese terms spelled with secondary school kanji",
"Japanese terms spelled with 酷",
"Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Japanese terms with non-redundant manual transliterations",
"Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys",
"Japanese terms written with one Han script character",
"Japanese な-na adjectives"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "ltc",
"3": "-",
"sort": "こく"
},
"expansion": "Middle Chinese",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "酷"
},
"expansion": "酷 (MC khowk)",
"name": "ltc-l"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Ultimately from Middle Chinese 酷 (MC khowk). First cited in Japanese as a standalone term in 1754.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "酷",
"ruby": [
[
"酷",
"こく"
]
],
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "koku",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "こく"
},
"expansion": "酷(こく) • (koku)",
"name": "ja-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"cruelty, severity, harshness, mercilessness"
],
"links": [
[
"cruelty",
"cruelty"
],
[
"severity",
"severity"
],
[
"harshness",
"harshness"
],
[
"mercilessness",
"mercilessness"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"other": "こく"
},
{
"other": "こく"
},
{
"ipa": "[ko̞kɯ̟ᵝ]"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Kyūjitai",
"Shinjitai",
"Tōkyō"
],
"word": "酷"
}
{
"called_from": "parser/304",
"msg": "HTML tag <span> not properly closed",
"path": [
"酷"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "adjective",
"title": "酷",
"trace": "started on line 2, detected on line 2"
}
{
"called_from": "parser/1336",
"msg": "no corresponding start tag found for </span>",
"path": [
"酷"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "adjective",
"title": "酷",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/2530",
"msg": "accepted heuristic header: table cell identified as header based on style, AND the cleaned text is in LANGUAGES_WITH_CELLS_AS_HEADERS[Japanese]; cleaned text: ^([1])Without auxiliary verb. ^([2])With auxiliary verb., style: text-align:left;////NodeKind.TABLE_CELL",
"path": [
"酷"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "adjective",
"title": "酷",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "parser/1336",
"msg": "no corresponding start tag found for </span>",
"path": [
"酷"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "酷",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Japanese dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-06-04 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-05-02 using wiktextract (e9e0a99 and db5a844). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.