See 厳しい in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_text": "Originally from regular classical adjective 厳し (kibishi, “tight, close, without gaps”), first cited to roughly 830.\nThis earlier form later shifted conjugation patterns, from the so-called \"-ku adjective\" to the \"-shiku adjective\" pattern. The two conjugation types appear to have been in broadly free variation, with both forms developing the strict; severe senses in parallel. Historically, while there was some overlap, there does appear to be a sense distinction in Classical Japanese texts, wherein the older \"-ku adjective\" form was used more commonly to express the more objective qualities of \"tight, close\", while the \"-shiku adjective\" was used more commonly to express the more subjective qualities of \"severe; harsh\".\nThe \"-shiku adjective\" pattern is first cited from the late 900s.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "厳しい",
"ruby": [
[
"厳",
"きび"
]
],
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "kibishii",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "厳しく",
"roman": "kibishiku",
"ruby": [
[
"厳",
"きび"
]
],
"tags": [
"adverbial"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ja-i",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "厳しかろ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperfective",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "きびしかろ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperfective",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "kibishikaro",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
]
},
{
"form": "厳しく",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "きびしく",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "kibishiku",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"continuative"
]
},
{
"form": "厳しい",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"stem",
"terminative"
]
},
{
"form": "きびしい",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"stem",
"terminative"
]
},
{
"form": "kibishii",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"terminative"
]
},
{
"form": "厳しい",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"attributive",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "きびしい",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"attributive",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "kibishii",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"attributive"
]
},
{
"form": "厳しけれ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"hypothetical",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "きびしけれ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"hypothetical",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "kibishikere",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"hypothetical"
]
},
{
"form": "厳しかれ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "きびしかれ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "kibishikare",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperative"
]
},
{
"form": "厳しくない",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "きびしくない",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "kibishiku nai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "厳しかった",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "きびしかった",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "kibishikatta",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "厳しくなかった",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "きびしくなかった",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "kibishiku nakatta",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "厳しいです",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "きびしいです",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "kibishii desu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "厳しくないです",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "きびしくないです",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "kibishiku nai desu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "厳しかったです",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "きびしかったです",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "kibishikatta desu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "厳しくなかったです",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "きびしくなかったです",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "kibishiku nakatta desu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "厳しくて",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "きびしくて",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "kibishikute",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "厳しければ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"conditional"
]
},
{
"form": "きびしければ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"conditional"
]
},
{
"form": "kibishikereba",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"conditional"
]
},
{
"form": "厳しかったら",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "きびしかったら",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "kibishikattara",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "厳しかろう",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "きびしかろう",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "kibishikarō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "厳しく",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"adverbial"
]
},
{
"form": "きびしく",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"adverbial"
]
},
{
"form": "kibishiku",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"adverbial"
]
},
{
"form": "厳しさ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"noun-from-adj"
]
},
{
"form": "きびしさ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"noun-from-adj"
]
},
{
"form": "kibishisa",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"noun-from-adj"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "きびしい",
"infl": "i"
},
"expansion": "厳(きび)しい • (kibishii) -i (adverbial 厳(きび)しく (kibishiku))",
"name": "ja-adj"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"adverbial": "く",
"attributive": "い",
"conditional": "ければ",
"conjunctive": "くて",
"continuative": "く",
"degree": "さ",
"formal": "い です",
"formal_negative": "く ない です",
"formal_negative_past": "く なかった です",
"formal_past": "かった です",
"hypothetical": "けれ",
"imperative": "かれ",
"imperfective": "かろ",
"informal_negative": "く ない",
"informal_negative_past": "く なかった",
"informal_past": "かった",
"kana": "きびし",
"lemma": "厳し",
"provisional": "かったら",
"terminal": "い",
"volitional": "かろう"
},
"name": "ja-adj-infl"
}
],
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"pos": "adj",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0",
"english": "kibishi, classical",
"ruby": [
[
"厳",
"きび"
]
],
"word": "厳し"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0",
"roman": "kibui",
"word": "きぶい"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0",
"roman": "kibikibi",
"tags": [
"adverb"
],
"word": "きびきび"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "11 11 12 8 6 10 11 13 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese links with manual fragments",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "12 12 12 9 7 11 11 13 15",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with 1 kanji",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 10 11 8 6 10 11 17 17",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with multiple readings",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "11 12 12 8 5 11 11 13 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "13 15 14 3 2 12 13 13 17",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"stern, grave, forbidding; dignified, stately"
],
"id": "en-厳しい-ja-adj-lFX~rCt0",
"links": [
[
"stern",
"stern"
],
[
"grave",
"grave"
],
[
"forbidding",
"forbidding"
],
[
"dignified",
"dignified"
],
[
"stately",
"stately"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "11 11 12 8 6 10 11 13 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese links with manual fragments",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "12 12 12 9 7 11 11 13 15",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with 1 kanji",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 10 11 8 6 10 11 17 17",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with multiple readings",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "11 12 12 8 5 11 11 13 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "13 15 14 3 2 12 13 13 17",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"strict, unforgiving"
],
"id": "en-厳しい-ja-adj-SvGLJBog",
"links": [
[
"strict",
"strict"
],
[
"unforgiving",
"unforgiving"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "19 64 0 17 0 0",
"roman": "genkaku na",
"sense": "strict",
"word": "厳格"
},
{
"_dis1": "19 64 0 17 0 0",
"roman": "katai",
"sense": "strict",
"word": "堅い"
},
{
"_dis1": "19 64 0 17 0 0",
"roman": "ine",
"sense": "strict",
"tags": [
"Kagoshima"
],
"word": "いね"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "11 11 12 8 6 10 11 13 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese links with manual fragments",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "12 12 12 9 7 11 11 13 15",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with 1 kanji",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 10 11 8 6 10 11 17 17",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with multiple readings",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "11 12 12 8 5 11 11 13 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "13 15 14 3 2 12 13 13 17",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"tight, close, without gaps"
],
"id": "en-厳しい-ja-adj-ZPg8sedC",
"links": [
[
"tight",
"tight"
],
[
"close",
"close"
],
[
"gap",
"gap"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"bold_english_offsets": [
[
2,
7
],
[
28,
34
],
[
48,
53
]
],
"bold_roman_offsets": [
[
0,
8
],
[
15,
23
],
[
31,
39
]
],
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
0,
3
],
[
5,
8
],
[
11,
14
]
],
"english": "a tough (steep) mountain, a severe heat wave, a harsh environment",
"roman": "kibishii yama, kibishii mōsho, kibishii kankyō",
"ruby": [
[
"厳",
"きび"
],
[
"山",
"やま"
],
[
"厳",
"きび"
],
[
"猛暑",
"もうしょ"
],
[
"厳",
"きび"
],
[
"環境",
"かんきょう"
]
],
"text": "厳しい山、厳しい猛暑、厳しい環境",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"harsh, tough, extreme, severe, hard to withstand (said of natural phenomena)"
],
"id": "en-厳しい-ja-adj-~k1VekTo",
"links": [
[
"harsh",
"harsh"
],
[
"tough",
"tough"
],
[
"extreme",
"extreme"
],
[
"severe",
"severe"
],
[
"withstand",
"withstand"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "29 0 0 71 0 0",
"roman": "kitsui",
"sense": "harsh",
"word": "きつい"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "15 14 15 14 25 17",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_english_offsets": [
[
9,
17
]
],
"bold_roman_offsets": [
[
14,
22
]
],
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
5,
8
]
],
"english": "That's a terrible blow!",
"roman": "Ano daboku wa kibishii yo!",
"ruby": [
[
"打",
"だ"
],
[
"撲",
"ぼく"
],
[
"厳",
"きび"
]
],
"text": "あの打撲は厳しいよ！",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"extreme, excessive, terrible (said of an action)"
],
"id": "en-厳しい-ja-adj-pTj4Z6IC",
"links": [
[
"extreme",
"extreme"
],
[
"excessive",
"excessive"
],
[
"terrible",
"terrible"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "3 1 1 4 86 5",
"roman": "hageshii",
"ruby": [
[
"激",
"はげ"
]
],
"sense": "terrible",
"word": "激しい"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "11 11 12 8 6 10 11 13 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese links with manual fragments",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "12 12 12 9 7 11 11 13 15",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with 1 kanji",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "11 12 12 8 5 11 11 13 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "13 15 14 3 2 12 13 13 17",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_english_offsets": [
[
0,
9
]
],
"bold_roman_offsets": [
[
11,
19
]
],
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
4,
7
]
],
"english": "difficult to read",
"roman": "yomu no ga kibishii",
"ruby": [
[
"読",
"よ"
],
[
"厳",
"きび"
]
],
"text": "読むのが厳しい",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"dire, difficult, tight (said of a situation)"
],
"id": "en-厳しい-ja-adj-5WdTTN8u",
"links": [
[
"dire",
"dire"
],
[
"difficult",
"difficult"
],
[
"tight",
"tight"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"other": "きびしい"
},
{
"ipa": "[kʲibʲiɕii]"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Nihon Kokugo Daijiten"
],
"word": "厳しい"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "itsukushimu",
"ruby": [
[
"慈",
"いつく"
]
],
"word": "慈しむ"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "ja-mid-ear",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Early Middle Japanese",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "/-k-/"
},
"expansion": "/-k-/",
"name": "IPAfont"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "厳し",
"2": "itsukushi"
},
"expansion": "From the 連体形 (rentaikei, “attributive form”) of Early Middle Japanese adjective 厳し (itsukushi), with the medial /-k-/ falling out.",
"name": "ja-adj-shiku"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From the 連体形 (rentaikei, “attributive form”) of Early Middle Japanese adjective 厳し (itsukushi), with the medial /-k-/ falling out.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "厳しい",
"ruby": [
[
"厳",
"いつく"
]
],
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "itsukushii",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "厳しく",
"roman": "itsukushiku",
"ruby": [
[
"厳",
"いつく"
]
],
"tags": [
"adverbial"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "いつくしい",
"infl": "i"
},
"expansion": "厳(いつく)しい • (itsukushii) -i (adverbial 厳(いつく)しく (itsukushiku))",
"name": "ja-adj"
}
],
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "11 11 12 8 6 10 11 13 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese links with manual fragments",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "12 12 12 9 7 11 11 13 15",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with 1 kanji",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 10 11 8 6 10 11 17 17",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with multiple readings",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "11 12 12 8 5 11 11 13 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "13 15 14 3 2 12 13 13 17",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"wondrous, miraculous, splendid, sublime"
],
"id": "en-厳しい-ja-adj-zE0vR9zD",
"links": [
[
"wondrous",
"wondrous"
],
[
"miraculous",
"miraculous"
],
[
"splendid",
"splendid"
],
[
"sublime",
"sublime"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(rare, archaic) wondrous, miraculous, splendid, sublime"
],
"tags": [
"archaic",
"rare"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "11 11 12 8 6 10 11 13 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese links with manual fragments",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "12 12 12 9 7 11 11 13 15",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with 1 kanji",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 10 11 8 6 10 11 17 17",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with multiple readings",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "11 12 12 8 5 11 11 13 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "13 15 14 3 2 12 13 13 17",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"dignified, solemn, stern, noble, refined"
],
"id": "en-厳しい-ja-adj-oBsXvH7d",
"links": [
[
"dignified",
"dignified"
],
[
"solemn",
"solemn"
],
[
"stern",
"stern"
],
[
"noble",
"noble"
],
[
"refined",
"refined"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(rare, archaic) dignified, solemn, stern, noble, refined"
],
"tags": [
"archaic",
"rare"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "7 7 8 7 4 7 17 16 28",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "11 11 12 8 6 10 11 13 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese links with manual fragments",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 7 8 7 12 8 12 16 22",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese links with redundant alt parameters",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 7 8 7 13 8 13 14 23",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese links with redundant wikilinks",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "12 12 12 9 7 11 11 13 15",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with 1 kanji",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 10 11 8 6 10 11 17 17",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with multiple readings",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 5 7 5 13 6 17 15 25",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "11 12 12 8 5 11 11 13 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "13 15 14 3 2 12 13 13 17",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "c. 14-16th century: Kazashi no Himegimi\n姫君一人おはします。… 御かたちを見るに、髪のかかり、眉、口つき、いつくしくて …"
}
],
"glosses": [
"beautiful, pretty"
],
"id": "en-厳しい-ja-adj-DrsuARU3",
"links": [
[
"beautiful",
"beautiful"
],
[
"pretty",
"pretty"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(rare, archaic) beautiful, pretty"
],
"tags": [
"archaic",
"rare"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[it͡sɨkɯ̟ɕii]"
}
],
"word": "厳しい"
}
{
"categories": [
"Japanese adjectives",
"Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
"Japanese lemmas",
"Japanese links with manual fragments",
"Japanese links with redundant alt parameters",
"Japanese links with redundant wikilinks",
"Japanese terms derived from Early Middle Japanese",
"Japanese terms inherited from Early Middle Japanese",
"Japanese terms spelled with sixth grade kanji",
"Japanese terms with 1 kanji",
"Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation missing pitch accent",
"Japanese terms with multiple readings",
"Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys",
"Japanese い-i adjectives",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries"
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_text": "Originally from regular classical adjective 厳し (kibishi, “tight, close, without gaps”), first cited to roughly 830.\nThis earlier form later shifted conjugation patterns, from the so-called \"-ku adjective\" to the \"-shiku adjective\" pattern. The two conjugation types appear to have been in broadly free variation, with both forms developing the strict; severe senses in parallel. Historically, while there was some overlap, there does appear to be a sense distinction in Classical Japanese texts, wherein the older \"-ku adjective\" form was used more commonly to express the more objective qualities of \"tight, close\", while the \"-shiku adjective\" was used more commonly to express the more subjective qualities of \"severe; harsh\".\nThe \"-shiku adjective\" pattern is first cited from the late 900s.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "厳しい",
"ruby": [
[
"厳",
"きび"
]
],
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "kibishii",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "厳しく",
"roman": "kibishiku",
"ruby": [
[
"厳",
"きび"
]
],
"tags": [
"adverbial"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ja-i",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "厳しかろ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperfective",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "きびしかろ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperfective",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "kibishikaro",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
]
},
{
"form": "厳しく",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "きびしく",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "kibishiku",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"continuative"
]
},
{
"form": "厳しい",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"stem",
"terminative"
]
},
{
"form": "きびしい",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"stem",
"terminative"
]
},
{
"form": "kibishii",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"terminative"
]
},
{
"form": "厳しい",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"attributive",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "きびしい",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"attributive",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "kibishii",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"attributive"
]
},
{
"form": "厳しけれ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"hypothetical",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "きびしけれ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"hypothetical",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "kibishikere",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"hypothetical"
]
},
{
"form": "厳しかれ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "きびしかれ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "kibishikare",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperative"
]
},
{
"form": "厳しくない",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "きびしくない",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "kibishiku nai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "厳しかった",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "きびしかった",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "kibishikatta",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "厳しくなかった",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "きびしくなかった",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "kibishiku nakatta",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "厳しいです",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "きびしいです",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "kibishii desu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "厳しくないです",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "きびしくないです",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "kibishiku nai desu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "厳しかったです",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "きびしかったです",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "kibishikatta desu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "厳しくなかったです",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "きびしくなかったです",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "kibishiku nakatta desu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "厳しくて",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "きびしくて",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "kibishikute",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "厳しければ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"conditional"
]
},
{
"form": "きびしければ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"conditional"
]
},
{
"form": "kibishikereba",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"conditional"
]
},
{
"form": "厳しかったら",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "きびしかったら",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "kibishikattara",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "厳しかろう",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "きびしかろう",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "kibishikarō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "厳しく",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"adverbial"
]
},
{
"form": "きびしく",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"adverbial"
]
},
{
"form": "kibishiku",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"adverbial"
]
},
{
"form": "厳しさ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"noun-from-adj"
]
},
{
"form": "きびしさ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"noun-from-adj"
]
},
{
"form": "kibishisa",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"noun-from-adj"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "きびしい",
"infl": "i"
},
"expansion": "厳(きび)しい • (kibishii) -i (adverbial 厳(きび)しく (kibishiku))",
"name": "ja-adj"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"adverbial": "く",
"attributive": "い",
"conditional": "ければ",
"conjunctive": "くて",
"continuative": "く",
"degree": "さ",
"formal": "い です",
"formal_negative": "く ない です",
"formal_negative_past": "く なかった です",
"formal_past": "かった です",
"hypothetical": "けれ",
"imperative": "かれ",
"imperfective": "かろ",
"informal_negative": "く ない",
"informal_negative_past": "く なかった",
"informal_past": "かった",
"kana": "きびし",
"lemma": "厳し",
"provisional": "かったら",
"terminal": "い",
"volitional": "かろう"
},
"name": "ja-adj-infl"
}
],
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"pos": "adj",
"related": [
{
"english": "kibishi, classical",
"ruby": [
[
"厳",
"きび"
]
],
"word": "厳し"
},
{
"roman": "kibui",
"word": "きぶい"
},
{
"roman": "kibikibi",
"tags": [
"adverb"
],
"word": "きびきび"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"stern, grave, forbidding; dignified, stately"
],
"links": [
[
"stern",
"stern"
],
[
"grave",
"grave"
],
[
"forbidding",
"forbidding"
],
[
"dignified",
"dignified"
],
[
"stately",
"stately"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"strict, unforgiving"
],
"links": [
[
"strict",
"strict"
],
[
"unforgiving",
"unforgiving"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"tight, close, without gaps"
],
"links": [
[
"tight",
"tight"
],
[
"close",
"close"
],
[
"gap",
"gap"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Japanese terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_english_offsets": [
[
2,
7
],
[
28,
34
],
[
48,
53
]
],
"bold_roman_offsets": [
[
0,
8
],
[
15,
23
],
[
31,
39
]
],
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
0,
3
],
[
5,
8
],
[
11,
14
]
],
"english": "a tough (steep) mountain, a severe heat wave, a harsh environment",
"roman": "kibishii yama, kibishii mōsho, kibishii kankyō",
"ruby": [
[
"厳",
"きび"
],
[
"山",
"やま"
],
[
"厳",
"きび"
],
[
"猛暑",
"もうしょ"
],
[
"厳",
"きび"
],
[
"環境",
"かんきょう"
]
],
"text": "厳しい山、厳しい猛暑、厳しい環境",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"harsh, tough, extreme, severe, hard to withstand (said of natural phenomena)"
],
"links": [
[
"harsh",
"harsh"
],
[
"tough",
"tough"
],
[
"extreme",
"extreme"
],
[
"severe",
"severe"
],
[
"withstand",
"withstand"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Japanese terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_english_offsets": [
[
9,
17
]
],
"bold_roman_offsets": [
[
14,
22
]
],
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
5,
8
]
],
"english": "That's a terrible blow!",
"roman": "Ano daboku wa kibishii yo!",
"ruby": [
[
"打",
"だ"
],
[
"撲",
"ぼく"
],
[
"厳",
"きび"
]
],
"text": "あの打撲は厳しいよ！",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"extreme, excessive, terrible (said of an action)"
],
"links": [
[
"extreme",
"extreme"
],
[
"excessive",
"excessive"
],
[
"terrible",
"terrible"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Japanese terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_english_offsets": [
[
0,
9
]
],
"bold_roman_offsets": [
[
11,
19
]
],
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
4,
7
]
],
"english": "difficult to read",
"roman": "yomu no ga kibishii",
"ruby": [
[
"読",
"よ"
],
[
"厳",
"きび"
]
],
"text": "読むのが厳しい",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"dire, difficult, tight (said of a situation)"
],
"links": [
[
"dire",
"dire"
],
[
"difficult",
"difficult"
],
[
"tight",
"tight"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"other": "きびしい"
},
{
"ipa": "[kʲibʲiɕii]"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"roman": "kitsui",
"sense": "harsh",
"word": "きつい"
},
{
"roman": "genkaku na",
"sense": "strict",
"word": "厳格"
},
{
"roman": "katai",
"sense": "strict",
"word": "堅い"
},
{
"roman": "ine",
"sense": "strict",
"tags": [
"Kagoshima"
],
"word": "いね"
},
{
"roman": "hageshii",
"ruby": [
[
"激",
"はげ"
]
],
"sense": "terrible",
"word": "激しい"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Nihon Kokugo Daijiten"
],
"word": "厳しい"
}
{
"categories": [
"Japanese adjectives",
"Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
"Japanese lemmas",
"Japanese links with manual fragments",
"Japanese links with redundant alt parameters",
"Japanese links with redundant wikilinks",
"Japanese terms derived from Early Middle Japanese",
"Japanese terms inherited from Early Middle Japanese",
"Japanese terms spelled with sixth grade kanji",
"Japanese terms with 1 kanji",
"Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation missing pitch accent",
"Japanese terms with multiple readings",
"Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"Japanese い-i adjectives",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries"
],
"derived": [
{
"roman": "itsukushimu",
"ruby": [
[
"慈",
"いつく"
]
],
"word": "慈しむ"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "ja-mid-ear",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Early Middle Japanese",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "/-k-/"
},
"expansion": "/-k-/",
"name": "IPAfont"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "厳し",
"2": "itsukushi"
},
"expansion": "From the 連体形 (rentaikei, “attributive form”) of Early Middle Japanese adjective 厳し (itsukushi), with the medial /-k-/ falling out.",
"name": "ja-adj-shiku"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From the 連体形 (rentaikei, “attributive form”) of Early Middle Japanese adjective 厳し (itsukushi), with the medial /-k-/ falling out.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "厳しい",
"ruby": [
[
"厳",
"いつく"
]
],
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "itsukushii",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "厳しく",
"roman": "itsukushiku",
"ruby": [
[
"厳",
"いつく"
]
],
"tags": [
"adverbial"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "いつくしい",
"infl": "i"
},
"expansion": "厳(いつく)しい • (itsukushii) -i (adverbial 厳(いつく)しく (itsukushiku))",
"name": "ja-adj"
}
],
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Japanese terms with archaic senses",
"Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"Japanese terms with rare senses"
],
"glosses": [
"wondrous, miraculous, splendid, sublime"
],
"links": [
[
"wondrous",
"wondrous"
],
[
"miraculous",
"miraculous"
],
[
"splendid",
"splendid"
],
[
"sublime",
"sublime"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(rare, archaic) wondrous, miraculous, splendid, sublime"
],
"tags": [
"archaic",
"rare"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Japanese terms with archaic senses",
"Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"Japanese terms with rare senses"
],
"glosses": [
"dignified, solemn, stern, noble, refined"
],
"links": [
[
"dignified",
"dignified"
],
[
"solemn",
"solemn"
],
[
"stern",
"stern"
],
[
"noble",
"noble"
],
[
"refined",
"refined"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(rare, archaic) dignified, solemn, stern, noble, refined"
],
"tags": [
"archaic",
"rare"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Japanese terms with archaic senses",
"Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"Japanese terms with rare senses"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "c. 14-16th century: Kazashi no Himegimi\n姫君一人おはします。… 御かたちを見るに、髪のかかり、眉、口つき、いつくしくて …"
}
],
"glosses": [
"beautiful, pretty"
],
"links": [
[
"beautiful",
"beautiful"
],
[
"pretty",
"pretty"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(rare, archaic) beautiful, pretty"
],
"tags": [
"archaic",
"rare"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[it͡sɨkɯ̟ɕii]"
}
],
"word": "厳しい"
}
Download raw JSONL data for 厳しい meaning in Japanese (13.5kB)
{
"called_from": "parser/1336",
"msg": "no corresponding start tag found for </span>",
"path": [
"厳しい"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "adjective",
"title": "厳しい",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "parser/1336",
"msg": "no corresponding start tag found for </span>",
"path": [
"厳しい"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "adjective",
"title": "厳しい",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Japanese dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-06-13 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-06-01 using wiktextract (9c82c1c and f1c2b61). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.