See 厳しい on Wiktionary
Download JSON data for 厳しい meaning in All languages combined (16.4kB)
{
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "厳し",
"3": "",
"4": "tight, close, without gaps",
"tr": "kibishi"
},
"expansion": "厳し (kibishi, “tight, close, without gaps”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "strict; severe"
},
"expansion": "strict; severe",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Originally from regular classical adjective 厳し (kibishi, “tight, close, without gaps”), first cited to roughly 830.\nThis earlier form later shifted conjugation patterns, from the so-called \"-ku adjective\" to the \"-shiku adjective\" pattern. The two conjugation types appear to have been in broadly free variation, with both forms developing the strict; severe senses in parallel. Historically, while there was some overlap, there does appear to be a sense distinction in Classical Japanese texts, wherein the older \"-ku adjective\" form was used more commonly to express the more objective qualities of \"tight, close\", while the \"-shiku adjective\" was used more commonly to express the more subjective qualities of \"severe; harsh\".\nThe \"-shiku adjective\" pattern is first cited from the late 900s.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "厳しい",
"ruby": [
[
"厳",
"きび"
]
],
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "kibishii",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "厳しく",
"roman": "kibishiku",
"ruby": [
[
"厳",
"きび"
]
],
"tags": [
"adverbial"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ja-i",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "厳しかろ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperfective",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "きびしかろ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperfective",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "kibishikaro",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
]
},
{
"form": "厳しく",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "きびしく",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "kibishiku",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"continuative"
]
},
{
"form": "厳しい",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"stem",
"terminative"
]
},
{
"form": "きびしい",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"stem",
"terminative"
]
},
{
"form": "kibishii",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"terminative"
]
},
{
"form": "厳しい",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"attributive",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "きびしい",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"attributive",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "kibishii",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"attributive"
]
},
{
"form": "厳しけれ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"hypothetical",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "きびしけれ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"hypothetical",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "kibishikere",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"hypothetical"
]
},
{
"form": "厳しかれ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "きびしかれ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "kibishikare",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperative"
]
},
{
"form": "厳しくない",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "きびしくない",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "kibishiku nai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "厳しかった",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "きびしかった",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "kibishikatta",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "厳しくなかった",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "きびしくなかった",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "kibishiku nakatta",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "厳しいです",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "きびしいです",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "kibishii desu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "厳しくないです",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "きびしくないです",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "kibishiku nai desu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "厳しかったです",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "きびしかったです",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "kibishikatta desu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "厳しくなかったです",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "きびしくなかったです",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "kibishiku nakatta desu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "厳しくて",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "きびしくて",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "kibishikute",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "厳しければ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"conditional"
]
},
{
"form": "きびしければ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"conditional"
]
},
{
"form": "kibishikereba",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"conditional"
]
},
{
"form": "厳しかったら",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "きびしかったら",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "kibishikattara",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "厳しかろう",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "きびしかろう",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "kibishikarō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "厳しく",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"adverbial"
]
},
{
"form": "きびしく",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"adverbial"
]
},
{
"form": "kibishiku",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"adverbial"
]
},
{
"form": "厳しさ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"noun-from-adj"
]
},
{
"form": "きびしさ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"noun-from-adj"
]
},
{
"form": "kibishisa",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"noun-from-adj"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "きびしい",
"infl": "i"
},
"expansion": "厳(きび)しい • (kibishii) -i (adverbial 厳(きび)しく (kibishiku))",
"name": "ja-adj"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"adverbial": "く",
"attributive": "い",
"conditional": "ければ",
"conjunctive": "くて",
"continuative": "く",
"degree": "さ",
"formal": "い です",
"formal_negative": "く ない です",
"formal_negative_past": "く なかった です",
"formal_past": "かった です",
"hypothetical": "けれ",
"imperative": "かれ",
"imperfective": "かろ",
"informal_negative": "く ない",
"informal_negative_past": "く なかった",
"informal_past": "かった",
"kana": "きびし",
"lemma": "厳し",
"provisional": "かったら",
"terminal": "い",
"volitional": "かろう"
},
"name": "ja-adj-infl"
}
],
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"pos": "adj",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0",
"english": "kibishi, classical",
"ruby": [
[
"厳",
"きび"
]
],
"word": "厳し"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0",
"roman": "kibui",
"word": "きぶい"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0",
"roman": "kibikibi",
"tags": [
"adverb"
],
"word": "きびきび"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"stern, grave, forbidding; dignified, stately"
],
"id": "en-厳しい-ja-adj-lFX~rCt0",
"links": [
[
"stern",
"stern"
],
[
"grave",
"grave"
],
[
"forbidding",
"forbidding"
],
[
"dignified",
"dignified"
],
[
"stately",
"stately"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"strict, unforgiving"
],
"id": "en-厳しい-ja-adj-SvGLJBog",
"links": [
[
"strict",
"strict"
],
[
"unforgiving",
"unforgiving"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "19 64 0 10 4 2",
"roman": "genkaku na",
"sense": "strict",
"word": "厳格"
},
{
"_dis1": "19 64 0 10 4 2",
"roman": "katai",
"sense": "strict",
"word": "堅い"
},
{
"_dis1": "19 64 0 10 4 2",
"roman": "ine",
"sense": "strict",
"tags": [
"Kagoshima"
],
"word": "いね"
}
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"tight, close, without gaps"
],
"id": "en-厳しい-ja-adj-ZPg8sedC",
"links": [
[
"tight",
"tight"
],
[
"close",
"close"
],
[
"gap",
"gap"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "4 6 3 13 17 3 16 18 19",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese links with manual fragments",
"parents": [
"Links with manual fragments",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 9 6 19 22 6 9 12 11",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with multiple readings",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "4 4 3 16 20 3 16 15 19",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"parents": [
"Terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "a tough (steep) mountain, a severe heat wave, a harsh environment",
"roman": "kibishii yama, kibishii mōsho, kibishii kankyō",
"ruby": [
[
"厳",
"きび"
],
[
"山",
"やま"
],
[
"厳",
"きび"
],
[
"猛暑",
"もうしょ"
],
[
"厳",
"きび"
],
[
"環境",
"かんきょう"
]
],
"text": "厳しい山、厳しい猛暑、厳しい環境"
}
],
"glosses": [
"harsh, tough, extreme, severe, hard to withstand (said of natural phenomena)"
],
"id": "en-厳しい-ja-adj-~k1VekTo",
"links": [
[
"harsh",
"harsh"
],
[
"tough",
"tough"
],
[
"extreme",
"extreme"
],
[
"severe",
"severe"
],
[
"withstand",
"withstand"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "21 13 1 57 5 3",
"roman": "kitsui",
"sense": "harsh",
"word": "きつい"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "3 6 3 17 23 3 16 14 15",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "4 6 3 13 17 3 16 18 19",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese links with manual fragments",
"parents": [
"Links with manual fragments",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "6 10 5 33 41 5",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese links with redundant alt parameters",
"parents": [
"Links with redundant alt parameters",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "3 5 3 17 22 3 15 15 17",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese links with redundant wikilinks",
"parents": [
"Links with redundant wikilinks",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 9 6 19 22 6 9 12 11",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with multiple readings",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "4 5 3 17 22 2 15 15 17",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with non-redundant manual transliterations",
"parents": [
"Terms with non-redundant manual transliterations",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "4 4 3 16 20 3 16 15 19",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"parents": [
"Terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "5 9 5 34 42 5",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys",
"parents": [
"Terms with redundant sortkeys",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "That's a terrible blow!",
"roman": "Ano daboku wa kibishii yo!",
"ruby": [
[
"打撲",
"だぼく"
],
[
"厳",
"きび"
]
],
"text": "あの打撲は厳しいよ！"
}
],
"glosses": [
"extreme, excessive, terrible (said of an action)"
],
"id": "en-厳しい-ja-adj-pTj4Z6IC",
"links": [
[
"extreme",
"extreme"
],
[
"excessive",
"excessive"
],
[
"terrible",
"terrible"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "4 5 1 3 64 23",
"roman": "hageshii",
"ruby": [
[
"激",
"はげ"
]
],
"sense": "terrible",
"word": "激しい"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"english": "difficult to read",
"roman": "yomu no ga kibishii",
"ruby": [
[
"読",
"よ"
],
[
"厳",
"きび"
]
],
"text": "読むのが厳しい"
}
],
"glosses": [
"dire, difficult, tight (said of a situation)"
],
"id": "en-厳しい-ja-adj-5WdTTN8u",
"links": [
[
"dire",
"dire"
],
[
"difficult",
"difficult"
],
[
"tight",
"tight"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"other": "きびしい"
},
{
"ipa": "[kʲibʲiɕii]"
}
],
"word": "厳しい"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "itsukushimu",
"ruby": [
[
"慈",
"いつく"
]
],
"word": "慈しむ"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "連体形",
"t": "attributive form",
"tr": "rentaikei"
},
"expansion": "連体形 (rentaikei, “attributive form”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "ja-mid-ear",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Early Middle Japanese",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "厳し",
"tr": "itsukushi"
},
"expansion": "厳し (itsukushi)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "/-k-/"
},
"expansion": "/-k-/",
"name": "IPAfont"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "厳し",
"2": "itsukushi"
},
"expansion": "From the 連体形 (rentaikei, “attributive form”) of Early Middle Japanese adjective 厳し (itsukushi), with the medial /-k-/ falling out.",
"name": "ja-adj-shiku"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From the 連体形 (rentaikei, “attributive form”) of Early Middle Japanese adjective 厳し (itsukushi), with the medial /-k-/ falling out.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "厳しい",
"ruby": [
[
"厳",
"いつく"
]
],
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "itsukushii",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "厳しく",
"roman": "itsukushiku",
"ruby": [
[
"厳",
"いつく"
]
],
"tags": [
"adverbial"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "いつくしい",
"infl": "i"
},
"expansion": "厳(いつく)しい • (itsukushii) -i (adverbial 厳(いつく)しく (itsukushiku))",
"name": "ja-adj"
}
],
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"parents": [
"Terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "4 6 3 13 17 3 16 18 19",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese links with manual fragments",
"parents": [
"Links with manual fragments",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "4 4 3 16 20 3 16 15 19",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"parents": [
"Terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"wondrous, miraculous, splendid, sublime"
],
"id": "en-厳しい-ja-adj-zE0vR9zD",
"links": [
[
"wondrous",
"wondrous"
],
[
"miraculous",
"miraculous"
],
[
"splendid",
"splendid"
],
[
"sublime",
"sublime"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(rare, archaic) wondrous, miraculous, splendid, sublime"
],
"tags": [
"archaic",
"rare"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"parents": [
"Terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "4 6 3 13 17 3 16 18 19",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese links with manual fragments",
"parents": [
"Links with manual fragments",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 9 6 19 22 6 9 12 11",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with multiple readings",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "4 4 3 16 20 3 16 15 19",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"parents": [
"Terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"dignified, solemn, stern, noble, refined"
],
"id": "en-厳しい-ja-adj-oBsXvH7d",
"links": [
[
"dignified",
"dignified"
],
[
"solemn",
"solemn"
],
[
"stern",
"stern"
],
[
"noble",
"noble"
],
[
"refined",
"refined"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(rare, archaic) dignified, solemn, stern, noble, refined"
],
"tags": [
"archaic",
"rare"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"parents": [
"Terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "4 6 3 13 17 3 16 18 19",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese links with manual fragments",
"parents": [
"Links with manual fragments",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 9 6 19 22 6 9 12 11",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with multiple readings",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "4 4 3 16 20 3 16 15 19",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"parents": [
"Terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "c. 14-16th century: Kazashi no Himegimi\n姫君一人おはします。… 御かたちを見るに、髪のかかり、眉、口つき、いつくしくて …"
}
],
"glosses": [
"beautiful, pretty"
],
"id": "en-厳しい-ja-adj-DrsuARU3",
"links": [
[
"beautiful",
"beautiful"
],
[
"pretty",
"pretty"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(rare, archaic) beautiful, pretty"
],
"tags": [
"archaic",
"rare"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[it͡sɨᵝkɯ̟ᵝɕii]"
}
],
"word": "厳しい"
}
{
"categories": [
"Japanese adjectives",
"Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
"Japanese lemmas",
"Japanese links with manual fragments",
"Japanese links with redundant alt parameters",
"Japanese links with redundant wikilinks",
"Japanese terms derived from Early Middle Japanese",
"Japanese terms inherited from Early Middle Japanese",
"Japanese terms spelled with sixth grade kanji",
"Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Japanese terms with multiple readings",
"Japanese terms with non-redundant manual transliterations",
"Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys",
"Japanese terms written with one Han script character",
"Japanese い-i adjectives"
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "厳し",
"3": "",
"4": "tight, close, without gaps",
"tr": "kibishi"
},
"expansion": "厳し (kibishi, “tight, close, without gaps”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "strict; severe"
},
"expansion": "strict; severe",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Originally from regular classical adjective 厳し (kibishi, “tight, close, without gaps”), first cited to roughly 830.\nThis earlier form later shifted conjugation patterns, from the so-called \"-ku adjective\" to the \"-shiku adjective\" pattern. The two conjugation types appear to have been in broadly free variation, with both forms developing the strict; severe senses in parallel. Historically, while there was some overlap, there does appear to be a sense distinction in Classical Japanese texts, wherein the older \"-ku adjective\" form was used more commonly to express the more objective qualities of \"tight, close\", while the \"-shiku adjective\" was used more commonly to express the more subjective qualities of \"severe; harsh\".\nThe \"-shiku adjective\" pattern is first cited from the late 900s.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "厳しい",
"ruby": [
[
"厳",
"きび"
]
],
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "kibishii",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "厳しく",
"roman": "kibishiku",
"ruby": [
[
"厳",
"きび"
]
],
"tags": [
"adverbial"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ja-i",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "厳しかろ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperfective",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "きびしかろ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperfective",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "kibishikaro",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
]
},
{
"form": "厳しく",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "きびしく",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "kibishiku",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"continuative"
]
},
{
"form": "厳しい",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"stem",
"terminative"
]
},
{
"form": "きびしい",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"stem",
"terminative"
]
},
{
"form": "kibishii",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"terminative"
]
},
{
"form": "厳しい",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"attributive",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "きびしい",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"attributive",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "kibishii",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"attributive"
]
},
{
"form": "厳しけれ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"hypothetical",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "きびしけれ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"hypothetical",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "kibishikere",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"hypothetical"
]
},
{
"form": "厳しかれ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "きびしかれ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "kibishikare",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperative"
]
},
{
"form": "厳しくない",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "きびしくない",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "kibishiku nai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "厳しかった",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "きびしかった",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "kibishikatta",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "厳しくなかった",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "きびしくなかった",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "kibishiku nakatta",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "厳しいです",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "きびしいです",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "kibishii desu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "厳しくないです",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "きびしくないです",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "kibishiku nai desu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "厳しかったです",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "きびしかったです",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "kibishikatta desu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "厳しくなかったです",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "きびしくなかったです",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "kibishiku nakatta desu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "厳しくて",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "きびしくて",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "kibishikute",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "厳しければ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"conditional"
]
},
{
"form": "きびしければ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"conditional"
]
},
{
"form": "kibishikereba",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"conditional"
]
},
{
"form": "厳しかったら",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "きびしかったら",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "kibishikattara",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "厳しかろう",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "きびしかろう",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "kibishikarō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "厳しく",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"adverbial"
]
},
{
"form": "きびしく",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"adverbial"
]
},
{
"form": "kibishiku",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"adverbial"
]
},
{
"form": "厳しさ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"noun-from-adj"
]
},
{
"form": "きびしさ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"noun-from-adj"
]
},
{
"form": "kibishisa",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"noun-from-adj"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "きびしい",
"infl": "i"
},
"expansion": "厳(きび)しい • (kibishii) -i (adverbial 厳(きび)しく (kibishiku))",
"name": "ja-adj"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"adverbial": "く",
"attributive": "い",
"conditional": "ければ",
"conjunctive": "くて",
"continuative": "く",
"degree": "さ",
"formal": "い です",
"formal_negative": "く ない です",
"formal_negative_past": "く なかった です",
"formal_past": "かった です",
"hypothetical": "けれ",
"imperative": "かれ",
"imperfective": "かろ",
"informal_negative": "く ない",
"informal_negative_past": "く なかった",
"informal_past": "かった",
"kana": "きびし",
"lemma": "厳し",
"provisional": "かったら",
"terminal": "い",
"volitional": "かろう"
},
"name": "ja-adj-infl"
}
],
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"pos": "adj",
"related": [
{
"english": "kibishi, classical",
"ruby": [
[
"厳",
"きび"
]
],
"word": "厳し"
},
{
"roman": "kibui",
"word": "きぶい"
},
{
"roman": "kibikibi",
"tags": [
"adverb"
],
"word": "きびきび"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"stern, grave, forbidding; dignified, stately"
],
"links": [
[
"stern",
"stern"
],
[
"grave",
"grave"
],
[
"forbidding",
"forbidding"
],
[
"dignified",
"dignified"
],
[
"stately",
"stately"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"strict, unforgiving"
],
"links": [
[
"strict",
"strict"
],
[
"unforgiving",
"unforgiving"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"tight, close, without gaps"
],
"links": [
[
"tight",
"tight"
],
[
"close",
"close"
],
[
"gap",
"gap"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Japanese terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "a tough (steep) mountain, a severe heat wave, a harsh environment",
"roman": "kibishii yama, kibishii mōsho, kibishii kankyō",
"ruby": [
[
"厳",
"きび"
],
[
"山",
"やま"
],
[
"厳",
"きび"
],
[
"猛暑",
"もうしょ"
],
[
"厳",
"きび"
],
[
"環境",
"かんきょう"
]
],
"text": "厳しい山、厳しい猛暑、厳しい環境"
}
],
"glosses": [
"harsh, tough, extreme, severe, hard to withstand (said of natural phenomena)"
],
"links": [
[
"harsh",
"harsh"
],
[
"tough",
"tough"
],
[
"extreme",
"extreme"
],
[
"severe",
"severe"
],
[
"withstand",
"withstand"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Japanese terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "That's a terrible blow!",
"roman": "Ano daboku wa kibishii yo!",
"ruby": [
[
"打撲",
"だぼく"
],
[
"厳",
"きび"
]
],
"text": "あの打撲は厳しいよ！"
}
],
"glosses": [
"extreme, excessive, terrible (said of an action)"
],
"links": [
[
"extreme",
"extreme"
],
[
"excessive",
"excessive"
],
[
"terrible",
"terrible"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Japanese terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "difficult to read",
"roman": "yomu no ga kibishii",
"ruby": [
[
"読",
"よ"
],
[
"厳",
"きび"
]
],
"text": "読むのが厳しい"
}
],
"glosses": [
"dire, difficult, tight (said of a situation)"
],
"links": [
[
"dire",
"dire"
],
[
"difficult",
"difficult"
],
[
"tight",
"tight"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"other": "きびしい"
},
{
"ipa": "[kʲibʲiɕii]"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"roman": "kitsui",
"sense": "harsh",
"word": "きつい"
},
{
"roman": "genkaku na",
"sense": "strict",
"word": "厳格"
},
{
"roman": "katai",
"sense": "strict",
"word": "堅い"
},
{
"roman": "ine",
"sense": "strict",
"tags": [
"Kagoshima"
],
"word": "いね"
},
{
"roman": "hageshii",
"ruby": [
[
"激",
"はげ"
]
],
"sense": "terrible",
"word": "激しい"
}
],
"word": "厳しい"
}
{
"categories": [
"Japanese adjectives",
"Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
"Japanese lemmas",
"Japanese links with manual fragments",
"Japanese links with redundant wikilinks",
"Japanese terms derived from Early Middle Japanese",
"Japanese terms inherited from Early Middle Japanese",
"Japanese terms spelled with sixth grade kanji",
"Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Japanese terms with multiple readings",
"Japanese terms with non-redundant manual transliterations",
"Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"Japanese terms written with one Han script character",
"Japanese い-i adjectives"
],
"derived": [
{
"roman": "itsukushimu",
"ruby": [
[
"慈",
"いつく"
]
],
"word": "慈しむ"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "連体形",
"t": "attributive form",
"tr": "rentaikei"
},
"expansion": "連体形 (rentaikei, “attributive form”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "ja-mid-ear",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Early Middle Japanese",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "厳し",
"tr": "itsukushi"
},
"expansion": "厳し (itsukushi)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "/-k-/"
},
"expansion": "/-k-/",
"name": "IPAfont"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "厳し",
"2": "itsukushi"
},
"expansion": "From the 連体形 (rentaikei, “attributive form”) of Early Middle Japanese adjective 厳し (itsukushi), with the medial /-k-/ falling out.",
"name": "ja-adj-shiku"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From the 連体形 (rentaikei, “attributive form”) of Early Middle Japanese adjective 厳し (itsukushi), with the medial /-k-/ falling out.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "厳しい",
"ruby": [
[
"厳",
"いつく"
]
],
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "itsukushii",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "厳しく",
"roman": "itsukushiku",
"ruby": [
[
"厳",
"いつく"
]
],
"tags": [
"adverbial"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "いつくしい",
"infl": "i"
},
"expansion": "厳(いつく)しい • (itsukushii) -i (adverbial 厳(いつく)しく (itsukushiku))",
"name": "ja-adj"
}
],
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Japanese terms with archaic senses",
"Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"Japanese terms with rare senses"
],
"glosses": [
"wondrous, miraculous, splendid, sublime"
],
"links": [
[
"wondrous",
"wondrous"
],
[
"miraculous",
"miraculous"
],
[
"splendid",
"splendid"
],
[
"sublime",
"sublime"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(rare, archaic) wondrous, miraculous, splendid, sublime"
],
"tags": [
"archaic",
"rare"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Japanese terms with archaic senses",
"Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"Japanese terms with rare senses"
],
"glosses": [
"dignified, solemn, stern, noble, refined"
],
"links": [
[
"dignified",
"dignified"
],
[
"solemn",
"solemn"
],
[
"stern",
"stern"
],
[
"noble",
"noble"
],
[
"refined",
"refined"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(rare, archaic) dignified, solemn, stern, noble, refined"
],
"tags": [
"archaic",
"rare"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Japanese terms with archaic senses",
"Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"Japanese terms with rare senses"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "c. 14-16th century: Kazashi no Himegimi\n姫君一人おはします。… 御かたちを見るに、髪のかかり、眉、口つき、いつくしくて …"
}
],
"glosses": [
"beautiful, pretty"
],
"links": [
[
"beautiful",
"beautiful"
],
[
"pretty",
"pretty"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(rare, archaic) beautiful, pretty"
],
"tags": [
"archaic",
"rare"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[it͡sɨᵝkɯ̟ᵝɕii]"
}
],
"word": "厳しい"
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-05-03 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-05-02 using wiktextract (f4fd8c9 and c9440ce). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.