See chien in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
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"2": ":inh",
"3": "ine-pro:*ḱwṓ"
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},
{
"args": {
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"2": "i",
"3": "I"
},
"expansion": "I",
"name": "yesno"
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{
"args": {
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"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
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"2": "frm",
"3": "chien",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
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"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Middle French chien",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
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"2": "frm",
"3": "chien"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Middle French chien",
"name": "inh+"
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{
"args": {
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"2": "fro",
"3": "chien"
},
"expansion": "Old French chien",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "la",
"3": "canis",
"4": "canis, canem",
"t": "dog"
},
"expansion": "Latin canis, canem (“dog”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "roa-brg",
"2": "chein"
},
"expansion": "Bourguignon chein",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ca",
"2": "ca"
},
"expansion": "Catalan ca",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "co",
"2": "cane"
},
"expansion": "Corsican cane",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "frp",
"2": "shin"
},
"expansion": "Franco-Provençal shin",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
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"2": "chien"
},
"expansion": "Gallo chien",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nrf",
"2": "quien"
},
"expansion": "Norman quien",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
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"2": "can"
},
"expansion": "Occitan can",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pcd",
"2": "quien"
},
"expansion": "Picard quien",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "rup",
"2": "cãni"
},
"expansion": "Aromanian cãni",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gl",
"2": "can"
},
"expansion": "Galician can",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
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"2": "cane"
},
"expansion": "Italian cane",
"name": "cog"
},
{
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"1": "lmo",
"2": "can"
},
"expansion": "Lombard can",
"name": "cog"
},
{
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"2": "cian"
},
"expansion": "Ladin cian",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pt",
"2": "cão"
},
"expansion": "Portuguese cão",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ro",
"2": "câine"
},
"expansion": "Romanian câine",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sc",
"2": "cane"
},
"expansion": "Sardinian cane",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
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"2": "cani"
},
"expansion": "Sicilian cani",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "es",
"2": "can"
},
"expansion": "Spanish can",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Middle French chien, from Old French chien, from Latin canis, canem (“dog”).\nSee cognates in regional languages in France : Bourguignon chein, Catalan ca, Corsican cane, cani, Franco-Provençal shin, tsin, Gallo chien, cun, qhun Norman quien, tchian, Occitan can, chin, Picard quien, tchien.\nSee cognates in Romance languages outside France : Aromanian cãni, Galician can, Italian cane, Lombard can, Ladin cian, Portuguese cão, Romanian câine, Sardinian cane, Sicilian cani, Spanish can.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "chiens",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "chienne",
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
}
],
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"f": "+"
},
"expansion": "chien m (plural chiens, feminine chienne)",
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],
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "13 87 0",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "fr",
"name": "Dogs",
"orig": "fr:Dogs",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
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"dog"
],
"id": "en-chien-fr-noun-zWNX792W",
"links": [
[
"dog",
"dog"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "clebs"
},
{
"word": "cabot"
}
],
"tags": [
"masculine"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"cock, hammer (of a firearm)"
],
"id": "en-chien-fr-noun-jys7OsDu",
"links": [
[
"cock",
"cock"
],
[
"hammer",
"hammer"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ʃjɛ̃/",
"tags": [
"Belgium",
"France"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ʃjẽ/",
"tags": [
"Quebec"
]
},
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"note": "Shawinigan",
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},
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"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a3/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-GrandCelinien-chien.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-GrandCelinien-chien.wav.mp3",
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},
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},
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"note": "Grenoble",
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{
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"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4e/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-T._Le_Berre-chien.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-T._Le_Berre-chien.wav.mp3",
"note": "Hérault",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4e/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-T._Le_Berre-chien.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-T._Le_Berre-chien.wav.ogg",
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},
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"note": "Massy",
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"tags": [
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]
},
{
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"tags": [
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]
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɛ̃"
}
],
"word": "chien"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Haitian Creole",
"lang_code": "ht",
"word": "chyen"
},
{
"lang": "Mauritian Creole",
"lang_code": "mfe",
"raw_tags": [
"reshaped by analogy or addition of morphemes"
],
"word": "lisien"
},
{
"lang": "Réunion Creole French",
"lang_code": "rcf",
"word": "sien"
},
{
"lang": "Réunion Creole French",
"lang_code": "rcf",
"word": "syin"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
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"2": ":inh",
"3": "ine-pro:*ḱwṓ"
},
"expansion": "[Appendix:Glossary#inherited|Inherited]] from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"French\", \"term\" : \"chien\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"fr\" }\" data-lang=\"fr\" data-title=\"chien\">",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
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"2": "i",
"3": "I"
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"name": "yesno"
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"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
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{
"args": {
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"2": "frm",
"3": "chien",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Middle French chien",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "frm",
"3": "chien"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Middle French chien",
"name": "inh+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "fro",
"3": "chien"
},
"expansion": "Old French chien",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "la",
"3": "canis",
"4": "canis, canem",
"t": "dog"
},
"expansion": "Latin canis, canem (“dog”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "roa-brg",
"2": "chein"
},
"expansion": "Bourguignon chein",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ca",
"2": "ca"
},
"expansion": "Catalan ca",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "co",
"2": "cane"
},
"expansion": "Corsican cane",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "frp",
"2": "shin"
},
"expansion": "Franco-Provençal shin",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "roa-gal",
"2": "chien"
},
"expansion": "Gallo chien",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nrf",
"2": "quien"
},
"expansion": "Norman quien",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "oc",
"2": "can"
},
"expansion": "Occitan can",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pcd",
"2": "quien"
},
"expansion": "Picard quien",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "rup",
"2": "cãni"
},
"expansion": "Aromanian cãni",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gl",
"2": "can"
},
"expansion": "Galician can",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "it",
"2": "cane"
},
"expansion": "Italian cane",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lmo",
"2": "can"
},
"expansion": "Lombard can",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lld",
"2": "cian"
},
"expansion": "Ladin cian",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pt",
"2": "cão"
},
"expansion": "Portuguese cão",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ro",
"2": "câine"
},
"expansion": "Romanian câine",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sc",
"2": "cane"
},
"expansion": "Sardinian cane",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "scn",
"2": "cani"
},
"expansion": "Sicilian cani",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "es",
"2": "can"
},
"expansion": "Spanish can",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Middle French chien, from Old French chien, from Latin canis, canem (“dog”).\nSee cognates in regional languages in France : Bourguignon chein, Catalan ca, Corsican cane, cani, Franco-Provençal shin, tsin, Gallo chien, cun, qhun Norman quien, tchian, Occitan can, chin, Picard quien, tchien.\nSee cognates in Romance languages outside France : Aromanian cãni, Galician can, Italian cane, Lombard can, Ladin cian, Portuguese cão, Romanian câine, Sardinian cane, Sicilian cani, Spanish can.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "chienne",
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"form": "chiens",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "chiennes",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "chien (feminine chienne, masculine plural chiens, feminine plural chiennes)",
"name": "fr-adj"
}
],
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Louisiana French",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "93 7 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "French entries with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "94 3 2",
"kind": "other",
"name": "French entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "92 8 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using etymon with no ID",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "93 7 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 7 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "96 4 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "94 6 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "93 7 0",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "fr",
"name": "Gun mechanisms",
"orig": "fr:Gun mechanisms",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "92 8 0",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "fr",
"name": "Male animals",
"orig": "fr:Male animals",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "à ne pas mettre un chien dehors"
},
{
"word": "chasse-chien"
},
{
"word": "chien à perdrix"
},
{
"word": "chien chaud"
},
{
"word": "chien d'aveugle"
},
{
"word": "chien de chasse"
},
{
"word": "chien de garde"
},
{
"word": "chien de Jean de Nivelle"
},
{
"word": "chien de la casse"
},
{
"word": "chien de poche"
},
{
"word": "chien de prairie"
},
{
"word": "chien de terre"
},
{
"word": "chien d'eau"
},
{
"word": "chien hargneux a toujours l'oreille déchirée"
},
{
"word": "chien policier"
},
{
"word": "chien qui aboie ne mord pas"
},
{
"word": "chien tayau"
},
{
"word": "chien-assis"
},
{
"word": "chien-loup"
},
{
"word": "chien-rat"
},
{
"word": "chiennaille"
},
{
"word": "chienne"
},
{
"word": "chienner"
},
{
"word": "chiennerie"
},
{
"word": "chiens écrasés"
},
{
"word": "chou de chien"
},
{
"word": "comme chien et chat"
},
{
"word": "comme un chien dans un jeu de quilles"
},
{
"word": "crève-chien"
},
{
"word": "dent-de-chien"
},
{
"word": "en chien"
},
{
"word": "en chien de fusil"
},
{
"word": "entre chien et loup"
},
{
"word": "gros chien"
},
{
"word": "iench"
},
{
"word": "langue-de-chien"
},
{
"word": "les chats ne font pas des chiens"
},
{
"word": "les chiens aboient, la caravane passe"
},
{
"word": "les chiens ne font pas des chats"
},
{
"word": "maître-chien"
},
{
"word": "mal de chien"
},
{
"word": "malade comme un chien"
},
{
"word": "nom d'un chien"
},
{
"word": "peau-de-chienner"
},
{
"word": "pique-chien"
},
{
"word": "rompre les chiens"
},
{
"word": "se regarder en chiens de faïence"
},
{
"word": "six-chiens"
},
{
"word": "temps de chien"
},
{
"word": "tonnerre mes chiens"
},
{
"word": "tue-chien"
},
{
"word": "vie de chien"
},
{
"word": "yeux de chien battu"
}
],
"glosses": [
"greedy, stingy"
],
"id": "en-chien-fr-adj-IGSd3ID6",
"links": [
[
"greedy",
"greedy"
],
[
"stingy",
"stingy"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Louisiana) greedy, stingy"
],
"related": [
{
"word": "canicule"
},
{
"word": "canidé"
},
{
"word": "canin"
},
{
"word": "canine"
},
{
"word": "chenêt"
},
{
"word": "chenil"
},
{
"word": "chenille"
},
{
"word": "chiot"
},
{
"word": "cynophile"
},
{
"word": "cynophilie"
}
],
"tags": [
"Louisiana"
]
}
],
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"ipa": "/ʃjɛ̃/",
"tags": [
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"France"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ʃjẽ/",
"tags": [
"Quebec"
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"note": "Hérault",
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},
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"note": "Massy",
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{
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"note": "Somain",
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{
"rhymes": "-ɛ̃"
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],
"word": "chien"
}
{
"categories": [
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"French adjectives",
"French countable nouns",
"French entries with etymon",
"French entries with incorrect language header",
"French lemmas",
"French masculine nouns",
"French nouns",
"French terms derived from Latin",
"French terms derived from Middle French",
"French terms derived from Old French",
"French terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"French terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European word *ḱwṓ",
"French terms inherited from Latin",
"French terms inherited from Middle French",
"French terms inherited from Old French",
"French terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European",
"French terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Pages using etymon with no ID",
"Pages with 7 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Pages with etymon",
"Rhymes:French/ɛ̃",
"Rhymes:French/ɛ̃/1 syllable",
"fr:Dogs",
"fr:Gun mechanisms",
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"expansion": "[Appendix:Glossary#inherited|Inherited]] from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"French\", \"term\" : \"chien\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"fr\" }\" data-lang=\"fr\" data-title=\"chien\">",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
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"2": "i",
"3": "I"
},
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"name": "yesno"
},
{
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},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
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{
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"2": "frm",
"3": "chien",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Middle French chien",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "frm",
"3": "chien"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Middle French chien",
"name": "inh+"
},
{
"args": {
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"2": "fro",
"3": "chien"
},
"expansion": "Old French chien",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
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"2": "la",
"3": "canis",
"4": "canis, canem",
"t": "dog"
},
"expansion": "Latin canis, canem (“dog”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "roa-brg",
"2": "chein"
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"expansion": "Bourguignon chein",
"name": "cog"
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{
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"2": "ca"
},
"expansion": "Catalan ca",
"name": "cog"
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{
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"expansion": "Corsican cane",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
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"2": "shin"
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"expansion": "Franco-Provençal shin",
"name": "cog"
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{
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"2": "chien"
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"expansion": "Gallo chien",
"name": "cog"
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{
"args": {
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"2": "quien"
},
"expansion": "Norman quien",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
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"2": "can"
},
"expansion": "Occitan can",
"name": "cog"
},
{
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"2": "quien"
},
"expansion": "Picard quien",
"name": "cog"
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{
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"2": "cãni"
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"expansion": "Aromanian cãni",
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{
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"expansion": "Galician can",
"name": "cog"
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{
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"expansion": "Italian cane",
"name": "cog"
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{
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"expansion": "Lombard can",
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{
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"expansion": "Ladin cian",
"name": "cog"
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{
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"2": "cão"
},
"expansion": "Portuguese cão",
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{
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{
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"expansion": "Sardinian cane",
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{
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"expansion": "Sicilian cani",
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},
{
"args": {
"1": "es",
"2": "can"
},
"expansion": "Spanish can",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Middle French chien, from Old French chien, from Latin canis, canem (“dog”).\nSee cognates in regional languages in France : Bourguignon chein, Catalan ca, Corsican cane, cani, Franco-Provençal shin, tsin, Gallo chien, cun, qhun Norman quien, tchian, Occitan can, chin, Picard quien, tchien.\nSee cognates in Romance languages outside France : Aromanian cãni, Galician can, Italian cane, Lombard can, Ladin cian, Portuguese cão, Romanian câine, Sardinian cane, Sicilian cani, Spanish can.",
"forms": [
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"tags": [
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},
{
"form": "chienne",
"tags": [
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}
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],
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"lang_code": "fr",
"pos": "noun",
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"glosses": [
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],
"links": [
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]
],
"synonyms": [
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"word": "clebs"
},
{
"word": "cabot"
}
],
"tags": [
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]
},
{
"glosses": [
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],
"links": [
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"cock"
],
[
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],
"tags": [
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}
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},
{
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"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/08/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-WikiLucas00-chien.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-WikiLucas00-chien.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
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"Lyon"
]
},
{
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"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cb/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-X-Javier-chien.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-X-Javier-chien.wav.mp3",
"note": "Massy",
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"tags": [
"France"
]
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q150 (fra)-Jérémy-Günther-Heinz Jähnick-chien.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0b/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-J%C3%A9r%C3%A9my-G%C3%BCnther-Heinz_J%C3%A4hnick-chien.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-J%C3%A9r%C3%A9my-G%C3%BCnther-Heinz_J%C3%A4hnick-chien.wav.mp3",
"note": "Somain",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0b/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-J%C3%A9r%C3%A9my-G%C3%BCnther-Heinz_J%C3%A4hnick-chien.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-J%C3%A9r%C3%A9my-G%C3%BCnther-Heinz_J%C3%A4hnick-chien.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"France"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɛ̃"
}
],
"word": "chien"
}
{
"categories": [
"French 1-syllable words",
"French adjectives",
"French countable nouns",
"French entries with etymon",
"French entries with incorrect language header",
"French lemmas",
"French masculine nouns",
"French nouns",
"French terms derived from Latin",
"French terms derived from Middle French",
"French terms derived from Old French",
"French terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"French terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European word *ḱwṓ",
"French terms inherited from Latin",
"French terms inherited from Middle French",
"French terms inherited from Old French",
"French terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European",
"French terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Pages using etymon with no ID",
"Pages with 7 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Pages with etymon",
"Rhymes:French/ɛ̃",
"Rhymes:French/ɛ̃/1 syllable",
"fr:Dogs",
"fr:Gun mechanisms",
"fr:Male animals"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "à ne pas mettre un chien dehors"
},
{
"word": "chasse-chien"
},
{
"word": "chien à perdrix"
},
{
"word": "chien chaud"
},
{
"word": "chien d'aveugle"
},
{
"word": "chien de chasse"
},
{
"word": "chien de garde"
},
{
"word": "chien de Jean de Nivelle"
},
{
"word": "chien de la casse"
},
{
"word": "chien de poche"
},
{
"word": "chien de prairie"
},
{
"word": "chien de terre"
},
{
"word": "chien d'eau"
},
{
"word": "chien hargneux a toujours l'oreille déchirée"
},
{
"word": "chien policier"
},
{
"word": "chien qui aboie ne mord pas"
},
{
"word": "chien tayau"
},
{
"word": "chien-assis"
},
{
"word": "chien-loup"
},
{
"word": "chien-rat"
},
{
"word": "chiennaille"
},
{
"word": "chienne"
},
{
"word": "chienner"
},
{
"word": "chiennerie"
},
{
"word": "chiens écrasés"
},
{
"word": "chou de chien"
},
{
"word": "comme chien et chat"
},
{
"word": "comme un chien dans un jeu de quilles"
},
{
"word": "crève-chien"
},
{
"word": "dent-de-chien"
},
{
"word": "en chien"
},
{
"word": "en chien de fusil"
},
{
"word": "entre chien et loup"
},
{
"word": "gros chien"
},
{
"word": "iench"
},
{
"word": "langue-de-chien"
},
{
"word": "les chats ne font pas des chiens"
},
{
"word": "les chiens aboient, la caravane passe"
},
{
"word": "les chiens ne font pas des chats"
},
{
"word": "maître-chien"
},
{
"word": "mal de chien"
},
{
"word": "malade comme un chien"
},
{
"word": "nom d'un chien"
},
{
"word": "peau-de-chienner"
},
{
"word": "pique-chien"
},
{
"word": "rompre les chiens"
},
{
"word": "se regarder en chiens de faïence"
},
{
"word": "six-chiens"
},
{
"word": "temps de chien"
},
{
"word": "tonnerre mes chiens"
},
{
"word": "tue-chien"
},
{
"word": "vie de chien"
},
{
"word": "yeux de chien battu"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Haitian Creole",
"lang_code": "ht",
"word": "chyen"
},
{
"lang": "Mauritian Creole",
"lang_code": "mfe",
"raw_tags": [
"reshaped by analogy or addition of morphemes"
],
"word": "lisien"
},
{
"lang": "Réunion Creole French",
"lang_code": "rcf",
"word": "sien"
},
{
"lang": "Réunion Creole French",
"lang_code": "rcf",
"word": "syin"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "ine-pro:*ḱwṓ"
},
"expansion": "[Appendix:Glossary#inherited|Inherited]] from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"French\", \"term\" : \"chien\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"fr\" }\" data-lang=\"fr\" data-title=\"chien\">",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "",
"2": "i",
"3": "I"
},
"expansion": "I",
"name": "yesno"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "frm",
"3": "chien",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Middle French chien",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "frm",
"3": "chien"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Middle French chien",
"name": "inh+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "fro",
"3": "chien"
},
"expansion": "Old French chien",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "la",
"3": "canis",
"4": "canis, canem",
"t": "dog"
},
"expansion": "Latin canis, canem (“dog”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "roa-brg",
"2": "chein"
},
"expansion": "Bourguignon chein",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ca",
"2": "ca"
},
"expansion": "Catalan ca",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "co",
"2": "cane"
},
"expansion": "Corsican cane",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "frp",
"2": "shin"
},
"expansion": "Franco-Provençal shin",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "roa-gal",
"2": "chien"
},
"expansion": "Gallo chien",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nrf",
"2": "quien"
},
"expansion": "Norman quien",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "oc",
"2": "can"
},
"expansion": "Occitan can",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pcd",
"2": "quien"
},
"expansion": "Picard quien",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "rup",
"2": "cãni"
},
"expansion": "Aromanian cãni",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gl",
"2": "can"
},
"expansion": "Galician can",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "it",
"2": "cane"
},
"expansion": "Italian cane",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lmo",
"2": "can"
},
"expansion": "Lombard can",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lld",
"2": "cian"
},
"expansion": "Ladin cian",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pt",
"2": "cão"
},
"expansion": "Portuguese cão",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ro",
"2": "câine"
},
"expansion": "Romanian câine",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sc",
"2": "cane"
},
"expansion": "Sardinian cane",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "scn",
"2": "cani"
},
"expansion": "Sicilian cani",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "es",
"2": "can"
},
"expansion": "Spanish can",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Middle French chien, from Old French chien, from Latin canis, canem (“dog”).\nSee cognates in regional languages in France : Bourguignon chein, Catalan ca, Corsican cane, cani, Franco-Provençal shin, tsin, Gallo chien, cun, qhun Norman quien, tchian, Occitan can, chin, Picard quien, tchien.\nSee cognates in Romance languages outside France : Aromanian cãni, Galician can, Italian cane, Lombard can, Ladin cian, Portuguese cão, Romanian câine, Sardinian cane, Sicilian cani, Spanish can.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "chienne",
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"form": "chiens",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "chiennes",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "chien (feminine chienne, masculine plural chiens, feminine plural chiennes)",
"name": "fr-adj"
}
],
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"pos": "adj",
"related": [
{
"word": "canicule"
},
{
"word": "canidé"
},
{
"word": "canin"
},
{
"word": "canine"
},
{
"word": "chenêt"
},
{
"word": "chenil"
},
{
"word": "chenille"
},
{
"word": "chiot"
},
{
"word": "cynophile"
},
{
"word": "cynophilie"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Louisiana French"
],
"glosses": [
"greedy, stingy"
],
"links": [
[
"greedy",
"greedy"
],
[
"stingy",
"stingy"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Louisiana) greedy, stingy"
],
"tags": [
"Louisiana"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ʃjɛ̃/",
"tags": [
"Belgium",
"France"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ʃjẽ/",
"tags": [
"Quebec"
]
},
{
"audio": "Fr-chien.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7c/Fr-chien.ogg/Fr-chien.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7c/Fr-chien.ogg"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q150 (fra)-DenisdeShawi-chien.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4f/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-DenisdeShawi-chien.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-DenisdeShawi-chien.wav.mp3",
"note": "Shawinigan",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4f/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-DenisdeShawi-chien.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-DenisdeShawi-chien.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"Canada"
]
},
{
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"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/20/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-DSwissK-chien.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-DSwissK-chien.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/20/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-DSwissK-chien.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-DSwissK-chien.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"Switzerland",
"Valais"
]
},
{
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"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a3/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-GrandCelinien-chien.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-GrandCelinien-chien.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a3/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-GrandCelinien-chien.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-GrandCelinien-chien.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"France",
"Paris"
]
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q150 (fra)-Lepticed7-chien.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5d/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Lepticed7-chien.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Lepticed7-chien.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5d/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Lepticed7-chien.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Lepticed7-chien.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"France",
"Toulouse"
]
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q150 (fra)-LoquaxFR-chien.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/36/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-LoquaxFR-chien.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-LoquaxFR-chien.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/36/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-LoquaxFR-chien.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-LoquaxFR-chien.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"France",
"Vosges"
]
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q150 (fra)-Mecanautes-chien.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9f/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Mecanautes-chien.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Mecanautes-chien.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9f/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Mecanautes-chien.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Mecanautes-chien.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"France"
]
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q150 (fra)-Opsylac-chien.wav",
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"note": "Grenoble",
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"tags": [
"France"
]
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q150 (fra)-Poslovitch-chien.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6f/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Poslovitch-chien.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Poslovitch-chien.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6f/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Poslovitch-chien.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Poslovitch-chien.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"France",
"Vosges"
]
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q150 (fra)-T. Le Berre-chien.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4e/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-T._Le_Berre-chien.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-T._Le_Berre-chien.wav.mp3",
"note": "Hérault",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4e/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-T._Le_Berre-chien.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-T._Le_Berre-chien.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
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]
},
{
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"tags": [
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},
{
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"note": "Massy",
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"tags": [
"France"
]
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q150 (fra)-Jérémy-Günther-Heinz Jähnick-chien.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0b/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-J%C3%A9r%C3%A9my-G%C3%BCnther-Heinz_J%C3%A4hnick-chien.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-J%C3%A9r%C3%A9my-G%C3%BCnther-Heinz_J%C3%A4hnick-chien.wav.mp3",
"note": "Somain",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0b/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-J%C3%A9r%C3%A9my-G%C3%BCnther-Heinz_J%C3%A4hnick-chien.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-J%C3%A9r%C3%A9my-G%C3%BCnther-Heinz_J%C3%A4hnick-chien.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"France"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɛ̃"
}
],
"word": "chien"
}
Download raw JSONL data for chien meaning in French (21.4kB)
{
"called_from": "query_wikidata_json",
"msg": "WIKIDATA QUERY failed",
"path": [
"chien",
"Template:cog",
"#invoke",
"#invoke",
"Lua:Module:etymology/templates:cognate()"
],
"section": "French",
"subsection": "",
"title": "chien",
"trace": "<!DOCTYPE html>\n<html lang=\"en\">\n<meta charset=\"utf-8\">\n<title>Wikimedia Error</title>\n<style>\n* { margin: 0; padding: 0; }\nbody { background: #fff; font: 15px/1.6 sans-serif; color: #333; }\n.content { margin: 7% auto 0; padding: 2em 1em 1em; max-width: 640px; display: flex; flex-direction: row; flex-wrap: wrap; }\n.footer { clear: both; margin-top: 14%; border-top: 1px solid #e5e5e5; background: #f9f9f9; padding: 2em 0; font-size: 0.8em; text-align: center; }\nimg { margin: 0 2em 2em 0; }\na img { border: 0; }\nh1 { margin-top: 1em; font-size: 1.2em; }\n.content-text { flex: 1; }\np { margin: 0.7em 0 1em 0; }\na { color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; }\na:hover { text-decoration: underline; }\ncode { font-family: sans-serif; }\nsummary { font-weight: bold; cursor: pointer; }\ndetails[open] { background: #970302; color: #dfdedd; }\n.text-muted { color: #777; }\n@media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) {\n a { color: #9e9eff; }\n body { background: transparent; color: #ddd; }\n .footer { border-top: 1px solid #444; background: #060606; }\n #logo { filter: invert(1) hue-rotate(180deg); }\n .text-muted { color: #888; }\n}\n</style>\n<meta name=\"color-scheme\" content=\"light dark\">\n<div class=\"content\" role=\"main\">\n<a href=\"https://www.wikimedia.org\"><img id=\"logo\" src=\"https://www.wikimedia.org/static/images/wmf-logo.png\" srcset=\"https://www.wikimedia.org/static/images/wmf-logo-2x.png 2x\" alt=\"Wikimedia\" width=\"135\" height=\"101\">\n</a>\n<div class=\"content-text\">\n<h1>Error</h1>\n\n<p>Your bot is making too many requests. Please reduce your request rate or contact bot-traffic@wikimedia.org (f263c81)</p>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"footer\"><p>If you report this error to the Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below.</p><p class=\"text-muted\"><code>Request served via cp3073 cp3073, Varnish XID 470912735<br>Upstream caches: cp3073 int<br>Error: 429, Your bot is making too many requests. Please reduce your request rate or contact bot-traffic@wikimedia.org (f263c81) at Mon, 07 Sep 2026 16:19:51 GMT<br><details><summary>Sensitive client information</summary>IP address: 91.207.79.37</details></code></p>\n</div>\n</html>\n"
}
{
"called_from": "query_wikidata_json",
"msg": "WIKIDATA QUERY failed",
"path": [
"chien",
"Template:cog",
"#invoke",
"#invoke",
"Lua:Module:etymology/templates:cognate()"
],
"section": "French",
"subsection": "",
"title": "chien",
"trace": "<!DOCTYPE html>\n<html lang=\"en\">\n<meta charset=\"utf-8\">\n<title>Wikimedia Error</title>\n<style>\n* { margin: 0; padding: 0; }\nbody { background: #fff; font: 15px/1.6 sans-serif; color: #333; }\n.content { margin: 7% auto 0; padding: 2em 1em 1em; max-width: 640px; display: flex; flex-direction: row; flex-wrap: wrap; }\n.footer { clear: both; margin-top: 14%; border-top: 1px solid #e5e5e5; background: #f9f9f9; padding: 2em 0; font-size: 0.8em; text-align: center; }\nimg { margin: 0 2em 2em 0; }\na img { border: 0; }\nh1 { margin-top: 1em; font-size: 1.2em; }\n.content-text { flex: 1; }\np { margin: 0.7em 0 1em 0; }\na { color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; }\na:hover { text-decoration: underline; }\ncode { font-family: sans-serif; }\nsummary { font-weight: bold; cursor: pointer; }\ndetails[open] { background: #970302; color: #dfdedd; }\n.text-muted { color: #777; }\n@media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) {\n a { color: #9e9eff; }\n body { background: transparent; color: #ddd; }\n .footer { border-top: 1px solid #444; background: #060606; }\n #logo { filter: invert(1) hue-rotate(180deg); }\n .text-muted { color: #888; }\n}\n</style>\n<meta name=\"color-scheme\" content=\"light dark\">\n<div class=\"content\" role=\"main\">\n<a href=\"https://www.wikimedia.org\"><img id=\"logo\" src=\"https://www.wikimedia.org/static/images/wmf-logo.png\" srcset=\"https://www.wikimedia.org/static/images/wmf-logo-2x.png 2x\" alt=\"Wikimedia\" width=\"135\" height=\"101\">\n</a>\n<div class=\"content-text\">\n<h1>Error</h1>\n\n<p>Your bot is making too many requests. Please reduce your request rate or contact bot-traffic@wikimedia.org (f263c81)</p>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"footer\"><p>If you report this error to the Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below.</p><p class=\"text-muted\"><code>Request served via cp3073 cp3073, Varnish XID 456864204<br>Upstream caches: cp3073 int<br>Error: 429, Your bot is making too many requests. Please reduce your request rate or contact bot-traffic@wikimedia.org (f263c81) at Mon, 07 Sep 2026 16:20:46 GMT<br><details><summary>Sensitive client information</summary>IP address: 91.207.79.37</details></code></p>\n</div>\n</html>\n"
}
{
"called_from": "query_wikidata_json",
"msg": "WIKIDATA QUERY failed",
"path": [
"chien",
"Template:cog",
"#invoke",
"#invoke",
"Lua:Module:etymology/templates:cognate()"
],
"section": "French",
"subsection": "",
"title": "chien",
"trace": "<!DOCTYPE html>\n<html lang=\"en\">\n<meta charset=\"utf-8\">\n<title>Wikimedia Error</title>\n<style>\n* { margin: 0; padding: 0; }\nbody { background: #fff; font: 15px/1.6 sans-serif; color: #333; }\n.content { margin: 7% auto 0; padding: 2em 1em 1em; max-width: 640px; display: flex; flex-direction: row; flex-wrap: wrap; }\n.footer { clear: both; margin-top: 14%; border-top: 1px solid #e5e5e5; background: #f9f9f9; padding: 2em 0; font-size: 0.8em; text-align: center; }\nimg { margin: 0 2em 2em 0; }\na img { border: 0; }\nh1 { margin-top: 1em; font-size: 1.2em; }\n.content-text { flex: 1; }\np { margin: 0.7em 0 1em 0; }\na { color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; }\na:hover { text-decoration: underline; }\ncode { font-family: sans-serif; }\nsummary { font-weight: bold; cursor: pointer; }\ndetails[open] { background: #970302; color: #dfdedd; }\n.text-muted { color: #777; }\n@media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) {\n a { color: #9e9eff; }\n body { background: transparent; color: #ddd; }\n .footer { border-top: 1px solid #444; background: #060606; }\n #logo { filter: invert(1) hue-rotate(180deg); }\n .text-muted { color: #888; }\n}\n</style>\n<meta name=\"color-scheme\" content=\"light dark\">\n<div class=\"content\" role=\"main\">\n<a href=\"https://www.wikimedia.org\"><img id=\"logo\" src=\"https://www.wikimedia.org/static/images/wmf-logo.png\" srcset=\"https://www.wikimedia.org/static/images/wmf-logo-2x.png 2x\" alt=\"Wikimedia\" width=\"135\" height=\"101\">\n</a>\n<div class=\"content-text\">\n<h1>Error</h1>\n\n<p>Your bot is making too many requests. Please reduce your request rate or contact bot-traffic@wikimedia.org (f263c81)</p>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"footer\"><p>If you report this error to the Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below.</p><p class=\"text-muted\"><code>Request served via cp3073 cp3073, Varnish XID 465919177<br>Upstream caches: cp3073 int<br>Error: 429, Your bot is making too many requests. Please reduce your request rate or contact bot-traffic@wikimedia.org (f263c81) at Mon, 07 Sep 2026 16:21:41 GMT<br><details><summary>Sensitive client information</summary>IP address: 91.207.79.37</details></code></p>\n</div>\n</html>\n"
}
{
"called_from": "query_wikidata_json",
"msg": "WIKIDATA QUERY failed",
"path": [
"chien",
"Template:cog",
"#invoke",
"#invoke",
"Lua:Module:etymology/templates:cognate()"
],
"section": "French",
"subsection": "",
"title": "chien",
"trace": "<!DOCTYPE html>\n<html lang=\"en\">\n<meta charset=\"utf-8\">\n<title>Wikimedia Error</title>\n<style>\n* { margin: 0; padding: 0; }\nbody { background: #fff; font: 15px/1.6 sans-serif; color: #333; }\n.content { margin: 7% auto 0; padding: 2em 1em 1em; max-width: 640px; display: flex; flex-direction: row; flex-wrap: wrap; }\n.footer { clear: both; margin-top: 14%; border-top: 1px solid #e5e5e5; background: #f9f9f9; padding: 2em 0; font-size: 0.8em; text-align: center; }\nimg { margin: 0 2em 2em 0; }\na img { border: 0; }\nh1 { margin-top: 1em; font-size: 1.2em; }\n.content-text { flex: 1; }\np { margin: 0.7em 0 1em 0; }\na { color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; }\na:hover { text-decoration: underline; }\ncode { font-family: sans-serif; }\nsummary { font-weight: bold; cursor: pointer; }\ndetails[open] { background: #970302; color: #dfdedd; }\n.text-muted { color: #777; }\n@media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) {\n a { color: #9e9eff; }\n body { background: transparent; color: #ddd; }\n .footer { border-top: 1px solid #444; background: #060606; }\n #logo { filter: invert(1) hue-rotate(180deg); }\n .text-muted { color: #888; }\n}\n</style>\n<meta name=\"color-scheme\" content=\"light dark\">\n<div class=\"content\" role=\"main\">\n<a href=\"https://www.wikimedia.org\"><img id=\"logo\" src=\"https://www.wikimedia.org/static/images/wmf-logo.png\" srcset=\"https://www.wikimedia.org/static/images/wmf-logo-2x.png 2x\" alt=\"Wikimedia\" width=\"135\" height=\"101\">\n</a>\n<div class=\"content-text\">\n<h1>Error</h1>\n\n<p>Your bot is making too many requests. Please reduce your request rate or contact bot-traffic@wikimedia.org (f263c81)</p>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"footer\"><p>If you report this error to the Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below.</p><p class=\"text-muted\"><code>Request served via cp3073 cp3073, Varnish XID 482542902<br>Upstream caches: cp3073 int<br>Error: 429, Your bot is making too many requests. Please reduce your request rate or contact bot-traffic@wikimedia.org (f263c81) at Mon, 07 Sep 2026 16:22:36 GMT<br><details><summary>Sensitive client information</summary>IP address: 91.207.79.37</details></code></p>\n</div>\n</html>\n"
}
{
"called_from": "query_wikidata_json",
"msg": "WIKIDATA QUERY failed",
"path": [
"chien",
"Template:cog",
"#invoke",
"#invoke",
"Lua:Module:etymology/templates:cognate()"
],
"section": "French",
"subsection": "",
"title": "chien",
"trace": "<!DOCTYPE html>\n<html lang=\"en\">\n<meta charset=\"utf-8\">\n<title>Wikimedia Error</title>\n<style>\n* { margin: 0; padding: 0; }\nbody { background: #fff; font: 15px/1.6 sans-serif; color: #333; }\n.content { margin: 7% auto 0; padding: 2em 1em 1em; max-width: 640px; display: flex; flex-direction: row; flex-wrap: wrap; }\n.footer { clear: both; margin-top: 14%; border-top: 1px solid #e5e5e5; background: #f9f9f9; padding: 2em 0; font-size: 0.8em; text-align: center; }\nimg { margin: 0 2em 2em 0; }\na img { border: 0; }\nh1 { margin-top: 1em; font-size: 1.2em; }\n.content-text { flex: 1; }\np { margin: 0.7em 0 1em 0; }\na { color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; }\na:hover { text-decoration: underline; }\ncode { font-family: sans-serif; }\nsummary { font-weight: bold; cursor: pointer; }\ndetails[open] { background: #970302; color: #dfdedd; }\n.text-muted { color: #777; }\n@media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) {\n a { color: #9e9eff; }\n body { background: transparent; color: #ddd; }\n .footer { border-top: 1px solid #444; background: #060606; }\n #logo { filter: invert(1) hue-rotate(180deg); }\n .text-muted { color: #888; }\n}\n</style>\n<meta name=\"color-scheme\" content=\"light dark\">\n<div class=\"content\" role=\"main\">\n<a href=\"https://www.wikimedia.org\"><img id=\"logo\" src=\"https://www.wikimedia.org/static/images/wmf-logo.png\" srcset=\"https://www.wikimedia.org/static/images/wmf-logo-2x.png 2x\" alt=\"Wikimedia\" width=\"135\" height=\"101\">\n</a>\n<div class=\"content-text\">\n<h1>Error</h1>\n\n<p>Your bot is making too many requests. Please reduce your request rate or contact bot-traffic@wikimedia.org (f263c81)</p>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"footer\"><p>If you report this error to the Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below.</p><p class=\"text-muted\"><code>Request served via cp3073 cp3073, Varnish XID 462304272<br>Upstream caches: cp3073 int<br>Error: 429, Your bot is making too many requests. Please reduce your request rate or contact bot-traffic@wikimedia.org (f263c81) at Mon, 07 Sep 2026 16:23:32 GMT<br><details><summary>Sensitive client information</summary>IP address: 91.207.79.37</details></code></p>\n</div>\n</html>\n"
}
{
"called_from": "query_wikidata_json",
"msg": "WIKIDATA QUERY failed",
"path": [
"chien",
"Template:cog",
"#invoke",
"#invoke",
"Lua:Module:etymology/templates:cognate()"
],
"section": "French",
"subsection": "",
"title": "chien",
"trace": "<!DOCTYPE html>\n<html lang=\"en\">\n<meta charset=\"utf-8\">\n<title>Wikimedia Error</title>\n<style>\n* { margin: 0; padding: 0; }\nbody { background: #fff; font: 15px/1.6 sans-serif; color: #333; }\n.content { margin: 7% auto 0; padding: 2em 1em 1em; max-width: 640px; display: flex; flex-direction: row; flex-wrap: wrap; }\n.footer { clear: both; margin-top: 14%; border-top: 1px solid #e5e5e5; background: #f9f9f9; padding: 2em 0; font-size: 0.8em; text-align: center; }\nimg { margin: 0 2em 2em 0; }\na img { border: 0; }\nh1 { margin-top: 1em; font-size: 1.2em; }\n.content-text { flex: 1; }\np { margin: 0.7em 0 1em 0; }\na { color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; }\na:hover { text-decoration: underline; }\ncode { font-family: sans-serif; }\nsummary { font-weight: bold; cursor: pointer; }\ndetails[open] { background: #970302; color: #dfdedd; }\n.text-muted { color: #777; }\n@media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) {\n a { color: #9e9eff; }\n body { background: transparent; color: #ddd; }\n .footer { border-top: 1px solid #444; background: #060606; }\n #logo { filter: invert(1) hue-rotate(180deg); }\n .text-muted { color: #888; }\n}\n</style>\n<meta name=\"color-scheme\" content=\"light dark\">\n<div class=\"content\" role=\"main\">\n<a href=\"https://www.wikimedia.org\"><img id=\"logo\" src=\"https://www.wikimedia.org/static/images/wmf-logo.png\" srcset=\"https://www.wikimedia.org/static/images/wmf-logo-2x.png 2x\" alt=\"Wikimedia\" width=\"135\" height=\"101\">\n</a>\n<div class=\"content-text\">\n<h1>Error</h1>\n\n<p>Your bot is making too many requests. Please reduce your request rate or contact bot-traffic@wikimedia.org (f263c81)</p>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"footer\"><p>If you report this error to the Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below.</p><p class=\"text-muted\"><code>Request served via cp3073 cp3073, Varnish XID 457228986<br>Upstream caches: cp3073 int<br>Error: 429, Your bot is making too many requests. Please reduce your request rate or contact bot-traffic@wikimedia.org (f263c81) at Mon, 07 Sep 2026 16:24:27 GMT<br><details><summary>Sensitive client information</summary>IP address: 91.207.79.37</details></code></p>\n</div>\n</html>\n"
}
{
"called_from": "query_wikidata_json",
"msg": "WIKIDATA QUERY failed",
"path": [
"chien",
"Template:cog",
"#invoke",
"#invoke",
"Lua:Module:etymology/templates:cognate()"
],
"section": "French",
"subsection": "",
"title": "chien",
"trace": "<!DOCTYPE html>\n<html lang=\"en\">\n<meta charset=\"utf-8\">\n<title>Wikimedia Error</title>\n<style>\n* { margin: 0; padding: 0; }\nbody { background: #fff; font: 15px/1.6 sans-serif; color: #333; }\n.content { margin: 7% auto 0; padding: 2em 1em 1em; max-width: 640px; display: flex; flex-direction: row; flex-wrap: wrap; }\n.footer { clear: both; margin-top: 14%; border-top: 1px solid #e5e5e5; background: #f9f9f9; padding: 2em 0; font-size: 0.8em; text-align: center; }\nimg { margin: 0 2em 2em 0; }\na img { border: 0; }\nh1 { margin-top: 1em; font-size: 1.2em; }\n.content-text { flex: 1; }\np { margin: 0.7em 0 1em 0; }\na { color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; }\na:hover { text-decoration: underline; }\ncode { font-family: sans-serif; }\nsummary { font-weight: bold; cursor: pointer; }\ndetails[open] { background: #970302; color: #dfdedd; }\n.text-muted { color: #777; }\n@media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) {\n a { color: #9e9eff; }\n body { background: transparent; color: #ddd; }\n .footer { border-top: 1px solid #444; background: #060606; }\n #logo { filter: invert(1) hue-rotate(180deg); }\n .text-muted { color: #888; }\n}\n</style>\n<meta name=\"color-scheme\" content=\"light dark\">\n<div class=\"content\" role=\"main\">\n<a href=\"https://www.wikimedia.org\"><img id=\"logo\" src=\"https://www.wikimedia.org/static/images/wmf-logo.png\" srcset=\"https://www.wikimedia.org/static/images/wmf-logo-2x.png 2x\" alt=\"Wikimedia\" width=\"135\" height=\"101\">\n</a>\n<div class=\"content-text\">\n<h1>Error</h1>\n\n<p>Your bot is making too many requests. Please reduce your request rate or contact bot-traffic@wikimedia.org (f263c81)</p>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"footer\"><p>If you report this error to the Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below.</p><p class=\"text-muted\"><code>Request served via cp3073 cp3073, Varnish XID 451833349<br>Upstream caches: cp3073 int<br>Error: 429, Your bot is making too many requests. Please reduce your request rate or contact bot-traffic@wikimedia.org (f263c81) at Mon, 07 Sep 2026 16:25:22 GMT<br><details><summary>Sensitive client information</summary>IP address: 91.207.79.37</details></code></p>\n</div>\n</html>\n"
}
{
"called_from": "query_wikidata_json",
"msg": "WIKIDATA QUERY failed",
"path": [
"chien",
"Template:cog",
"#invoke",
"#invoke",
"Lua:Module:etymology/templates:cognate()"
],
"section": "French",
"subsection": "",
"title": "chien",
"trace": "<!DOCTYPE html>\n<html lang=\"en\">\n<meta charset=\"utf-8\">\n<title>Wikimedia Error</title>\n<style>\n* { margin: 0; padding: 0; }\nbody { background: #fff; font: 15px/1.6 sans-serif; color: #333; }\n.content { margin: 7% auto 0; padding: 2em 1em 1em; max-width: 640px; display: flex; flex-direction: row; flex-wrap: wrap; }\n.footer { clear: both; margin-top: 14%; border-top: 1px solid #e5e5e5; background: #f9f9f9; padding: 2em 0; font-size: 0.8em; text-align: center; }\nimg { margin: 0 2em 2em 0; }\na img { border: 0; }\nh1 { margin-top: 1em; font-size: 1.2em; }\n.content-text { flex: 1; }\np { margin: 0.7em 0 1em 0; }\na { color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; }\na:hover { text-decoration: underline; }\ncode { font-family: sans-serif; }\nsummary { font-weight: bold; cursor: pointer; }\ndetails[open] { background: #970302; color: #dfdedd; }\n.text-muted { color: #777; }\n@media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) {\n a { color: #9e9eff; }\n body { background: transparent; color: #ddd; }\n .footer { border-top: 1px solid #444; background: #060606; }\n #logo { filter: invert(1) hue-rotate(180deg); }\n .text-muted { color: #888; }\n}\n</style>\n<meta name=\"color-scheme\" content=\"light dark\">\n<div class=\"content\" role=\"main\">\n<a href=\"https://www.wikimedia.org\"><img id=\"logo\" src=\"https://www.wikimedia.org/static/images/wmf-logo.png\" srcset=\"https://www.wikimedia.org/static/images/wmf-logo-2x.png 2x\" alt=\"Wikimedia\" width=\"135\" height=\"101\">\n</a>\n<div class=\"content-text\">\n<h1>Error</h1>\n\n<p>Your bot is making too many requests. Please reduce your request rate or contact bot-traffic@wikimedia.org (f263c81)</p>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"footer\"><p>If you report this error to the Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below.</p><p class=\"text-muted\"><code>Request served via cp3073 cp3073, Varnish XID 484770996<br>Upstream caches: cp3073 int<br>Error: 429, Your bot is making too many requests. Please reduce your request rate or contact bot-traffic@wikimedia.org (f263c81) at Mon, 07 Sep 2026 16:26:17 GMT<br><details><summary>Sensitive client information</summary>IP address: 91.207.79.37</details></code></p>\n</div>\n</html>\n"
}
{
"called_from": "query_wikidata_json",
"msg": "WIKIDATA QUERY failed",
"path": [
"chien",
"Template:cog",
"#invoke",
"#invoke",
"Lua:Module:etymology/templates:cognate()"
],
"section": "French",
"subsection": "",
"title": "chien",
"trace": "<!DOCTYPE html>\n<html lang=\"en\">\n<meta charset=\"utf-8\">\n<title>Wikimedia Error</title>\n<style>\n* { margin: 0; padding: 0; }\nbody { background: #fff; font: 15px/1.6 sans-serif; color: #333; }\n.content { margin: 7% auto 0; padding: 2em 1em 1em; max-width: 640px; display: flex; flex-direction: row; flex-wrap: wrap; }\n.footer { clear: both; margin-top: 14%; border-top: 1px solid #e5e5e5; background: #f9f9f9; padding: 2em 0; font-size: 0.8em; text-align: center; }\nimg { margin: 0 2em 2em 0; }\na img { border: 0; }\nh1 { margin-top: 1em; font-size: 1.2em; }\n.content-text { flex: 1; }\np { margin: 0.7em 0 1em 0; }\na { color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; }\na:hover { text-decoration: underline; }\ncode { font-family: sans-serif; }\nsummary { font-weight: bold; cursor: pointer; }\ndetails[open] { background: #970302; color: #dfdedd; }\n.text-muted { color: #777; }\n@media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) {\n a { color: #9e9eff; }\n body { background: transparent; color: #ddd; }\n .footer { border-top: 1px solid #444; background: #060606; }\n #logo { filter: invert(1) hue-rotate(180deg); }\n .text-muted { color: #888; }\n}\n</style>\n<meta name=\"color-scheme\" content=\"light dark\">\n<div class=\"content\" role=\"main\">\n<a href=\"https://www.wikimedia.org\"><img id=\"logo\" src=\"https://www.wikimedia.org/static/images/wmf-logo.png\" srcset=\"https://www.wikimedia.org/static/images/wmf-logo-2x.png 2x\" alt=\"Wikimedia\" width=\"135\" height=\"101\">\n</a>\n<div class=\"content-text\">\n<h1>Error</h1>\n\n<p>Your bot is making too many requests. Please reduce your request rate or contact bot-traffic@wikimedia.org (f263c81)</p>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"footer\"><p>If you report this error to the Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below.</p><p class=\"text-muted\"><code>Request served via cp3073 cp3073, Varnish XID 462899059<br>Upstream caches: cp3073 int<br>Error: 429, Your bot is making too many requests. Please reduce your request rate or contact bot-traffic@wikimedia.org (f263c81) at Mon, 07 Sep 2026 16:27:12 GMT<br><details><summary>Sensitive client information</summary>IP address: 91.207.79.37</details></code></p>\n</div>\n</html>\n"
}
{
"called_from": "query_wikidata_json",
"msg": "WIKIDATA QUERY failed",
"path": [
"chien",
"Template:cog",
"#invoke",
"#invoke",
"Lua:Module:etymology/templates:cognate()"
],
"section": "French",
"subsection": "",
"title": "chien",
"trace": "<!DOCTYPE html>\n<html lang=\"en\">\n<meta charset=\"utf-8\">\n<title>Wikimedia Error</title>\n<style>\n* { margin: 0; padding: 0; }\nbody { background: #fff; font: 15px/1.6 sans-serif; color: #333; }\n.content { margin: 7% auto 0; padding: 2em 1em 1em; max-width: 640px; display: flex; flex-direction: row; flex-wrap: wrap; }\n.footer { clear: both; margin-top: 14%; border-top: 1px solid #e5e5e5; background: #f9f9f9; padding: 2em 0; font-size: 0.8em; text-align: center; }\nimg { margin: 0 2em 2em 0; }\na img { border: 0; }\nh1 { margin-top: 1em; font-size: 1.2em; }\n.content-text { flex: 1; }\np { margin: 0.7em 0 1em 0; }\na { color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; }\na:hover { text-decoration: underline; }\ncode { font-family: sans-serif; }\nsummary { font-weight: bold; cursor: pointer; }\ndetails[open] { background: #970302; color: #dfdedd; }\n.text-muted { color: #777; }\n@media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) {\n a { color: #9e9eff; }\n body { background: transparent; color: #ddd; }\n .footer { border-top: 1px solid #444; background: #060606; }\n #logo { filter: invert(1) hue-rotate(180deg); }\n .text-muted { color: #888; }\n}\n</style>\n<meta name=\"color-scheme\" content=\"light dark\">\n<div class=\"content\" role=\"main\">\n<a href=\"https://www.wikimedia.org\"><img id=\"logo\" src=\"https://www.wikimedia.org/static/images/wmf-logo.png\" srcset=\"https://www.wikimedia.org/static/images/wmf-logo-2x.png 2x\" alt=\"Wikimedia\" width=\"135\" height=\"101\">\n</a>\n<div class=\"content-text\">\n<h1>Error</h1>\n\n<p>Your bot is making too many requests. Please reduce your request rate or contact bot-traffic@wikimedia.org (f263c81)</p>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"footer\"><p>If you report this error to the Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below.</p><p class=\"text-muted\"><code>Request served via cp3073 cp3073, Varnish XID 483207703<br>Upstream caches: cp3073 int<br>Error: 429, Your bot is making too many requests. Please reduce your request rate or contact bot-traffic@wikimedia.org (f263c81) at Mon, 07 Sep 2026 16:28:08 GMT<br><details><summary>Sensitive client information</summary>IP address: 91.207.79.37</details></code></p>\n</div>\n</html>\n"
}
{
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"section": "French",
"subsection": "",
"title": "chien",
"trace": "<!DOCTYPE html>\n<html lang=\"en\">\n<meta charset=\"utf-8\">\n<title>Wikimedia Error</title>\n<style>\n* { margin: 0; padding: 0; }\nbody { background: #fff; font: 15px/1.6 sans-serif; color: #333; }\n.content { margin: 7% auto 0; padding: 2em 1em 1em; max-width: 640px; display: flex; flex-direction: row; flex-wrap: wrap; }\n.footer { clear: both; margin-top: 14%; border-top: 1px solid #e5e5e5; background: #f9f9f9; padding: 2em 0; font-size: 0.8em; text-align: center; }\nimg { margin: 0 2em 2em 0; }\na img { border: 0; }\nh1 { margin-top: 1em; font-size: 1.2em; }\n.content-text { flex: 1; }\np { margin: 0.7em 0 1em 0; }\na { color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; }\na:hover { text-decoration: underline; }\ncode { font-family: sans-serif; }\nsummary { font-weight: bold; cursor: pointer; }\ndetails[open] { background: #970302; color: #dfdedd; }\n.text-muted { color: #777; }\n@media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) {\n a { color: #9e9eff; }\n body { background: transparent; color: #ddd; }\n .footer { border-top: 1px solid #444; background: #060606; }\n #logo { filter: invert(1) hue-rotate(180deg); }\n .text-muted { color: #888; }\n}\n</style>\n<meta name=\"color-scheme\" content=\"light dark\">\n<div class=\"content\" role=\"main\">\n<a href=\"https://www.wikimedia.org\"><img id=\"logo\" src=\"https://www.wikimedia.org/static/images/wmf-logo.png\" srcset=\"https://www.wikimedia.org/static/images/wmf-logo-2x.png 2x\" alt=\"Wikimedia\" width=\"135\" height=\"101\">\n</a>\n<div class=\"content-text\">\n<h1>Error</h1>\n\n<p>Your bot is making too many requests. Please reduce your request rate or contact bot-traffic@wikimedia.org (f263c81)</p>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"footer\"><p>If you report this error to the Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below.</p><p class=\"text-muted\"><code>Request served via cp3073 cp3073, Varnish XID 471573314<br>Upstream caches: cp3073 int<br>Error: 429, Your bot is making too many requests. Please reduce your request rate or contact bot-traffic@wikimedia.org (f263c81) at Mon, 07 Sep 2026 16:29:03 GMT<br><details><summary>Sensitive client information</summary>IP address: 91.207.79.37</details></code></p>\n</div>\n</html>\n"
}
{
"called_from": "query_wikidata_json",
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"path": [
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],
"section": "French",
"subsection": "",
"title": "chien",
"trace": "<!DOCTYPE html>\n<html lang=\"en\">\n<meta charset=\"utf-8\">\n<title>Wikimedia Error</title>\n<style>\n* { margin: 0; padding: 0; }\nbody { background: #fff; font: 15px/1.6 sans-serif; color: #333; }\n.content { margin: 7% auto 0; padding: 2em 1em 1em; max-width: 640px; display: flex; flex-direction: row; flex-wrap: wrap; }\n.footer { clear: both; margin-top: 14%; border-top: 1px solid #e5e5e5; background: #f9f9f9; padding: 2em 0; font-size: 0.8em; text-align: center; }\nimg { margin: 0 2em 2em 0; }\na img { border: 0; }\nh1 { margin-top: 1em; font-size: 1.2em; }\n.content-text { flex: 1; }\np { margin: 0.7em 0 1em 0; }\na { color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; }\na:hover { text-decoration: underline; }\ncode { font-family: sans-serif; }\nsummary { font-weight: bold; cursor: pointer; }\ndetails[open] { background: #970302; color: #dfdedd; }\n.text-muted { color: #777; }\n@media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) {\n a { color: #9e9eff; }\n body { background: transparent; color: #ddd; }\n .footer { border-top: 1px solid #444; background: #060606; }\n #logo { filter: invert(1) hue-rotate(180deg); }\n .text-muted { color: #888; }\n}\n</style>\n<meta name=\"color-scheme\" content=\"light dark\">\n<div class=\"content\" role=\"main\">\n<a href=\"https://www.wikimedia.org\"><img id=\"logo\" src=\"https://www.wikimedia.org/static/images/wmf-logo.png\" srcset=\"https://www.wikimedia.org/static/images/wmf-logo-2x.png 2x\" alt=\"Wikimedia\" width=\"135\" height=\"101\">\n</a>\n<div class=\"content-text\">\n<h1>Error</h1>\n\n<p>Your bot is making too many requests. Please reduce your request rate or contact bot-traffic@wikimedia.org (f263c81)</p>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"footer\"><p>If you report this error to the Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below.</p><p class=\"text-muted\"><code>Request served via cp3073 cp3073, Varnish XID 484150778<br>Upstream caches: cp3073 int<br>Error: 429, Your bot is making too many requests. Please reduce your request rate or contact bot-traffic@wikimedia.org (f263c81) at Mon, 07 Sep 2026 16:29:58 GMT<br><details><summary>Sensitive client information</summary>IP address: 91.207.79.37</details></code></p>\n</div>\n</html>\n"
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable French dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-09-09 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-09-02 using wiktextract (ccec6f1 and 4deed51). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.