"-kaan" meaning in Finnish

{
  "antonyms": [
    {
      "sense": "antonym(s) of “neither, not ... either”",
      "word": "-kin"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "myv",
        "2": "-как"
      },
      "expansion": "Erzya -как (-kak)",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "According to Hakulinen, from earlier *-kahan, composed of -ka (as seen in joka and kuka) and -han, and why the particle is restricted to contexts with negative polarity is not clear. Räisänen (1996) presents an alternative etymology, in which the particle originates from the partitive forms of indefinite pronouns like ketään, mitään, in which it is developed from a reduction of -ka through partitive forms like *mitä-kä > *mitä-ɣä > mitää, and eventually this long vowel was adapted by analogy to other forms. The ending would have developed into a particle that represents negation, as the partitive case is used for objects in negative sentences. According to this theory, the final -n would be analogous to -kin, but this results in a cyclical etymology, as the -n in -kin is generally taken as analogous to -kaan. The particle has also been compared and probably cognate to Erzya -как (-kak).",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "-kään",
      "tags": [
        "front-vowel"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fi",
        "2": "particle",
        "3": "front vowel harmony variant",
        "4": "-kään",
        "5": "linguistic notation",
        "6": "-kAAn",
        "cat2": "clitics",
        "cat3": "",
        "f2nolink": "1",
        "head": ""
      },
      "expansion": "-kaan (front vowel harmony variant -kään, linguistic notation -kAAn)",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "var": "kään"
      },
      "expansion": "-kaan (front vowel harmony variant -kään, linguistic notation -kAAn)",
      "name": "fi-clitic"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Finnish",
  "lang_code": "fi",
  "pos": "particle",
  "related": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "-kin"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "-han"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "-hän"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "-ko"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "-kö"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "-pa"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "-pä"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "-s"
    }
  ],
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "If you won’t correct it, neither will I.",
          "text": "Jos sinä et korjaa sitä, minäkään en sitä tee.",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "neither, not ... either (also not)"
      ],
      "id": "en--kaan-fi-particle-63IgcqzZ",
      "links": [
        [
          "neither",
          "neither"
        ],
        [
          "not",
          "not"
        ],
        [
          "either",
          "either"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "enclitic"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "What else could I have done?",
          "text": "Mitä muutakaan olisin voinut tehdä?",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Used to emphasize lack of alternatives."
      ],
      "id": "en--kaan-fi-particle-20NV1RBg",
      "tags": [
        "enclitic"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "Who was this gentleman again?",
          "text": "Kuka tämä herra olikaan?",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Used to soften a question, e.g. when the speaker is asking to be reminded of something, or when the speaker is seeking agreement or confirmation."
      ],
      "id": "en--kaan-fi-particle-5qFeHxga",
      "tags": [
        "enclitic"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "That task didn't belong to me, and indeed, I didn't do it.",
          "text": "Se tehtävä ei kuulunut minulle, ja minä en sitä tehnytkään.",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Emphasizes a negative (lack of) action."
      ],
      "id": "en--kaan-fi-particle-oX0sKdvr",
      "tags": [
        "enclitic"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "I would not want to do that job for even one day.",
          "text": "En haluaisi tehdä sitä työtä päivääkään.",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "Even Ahtisaari could not solve this dispute.",
          "text": "Ahtisaarikaan ei osaisi ratkaista tätä riitaa.",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "even (implying an extreme example)"
      ],
      "id": "en--kaan-fi-particle-XLB~UeT9",
      "links": [
        [
          "even",
          "even"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "enclitic"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "13 15 11 13 1 29 5 13",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Finnish clitics",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "14 16 11 13 2 28 4 13",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Finnish entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "12 14 11 17 2 27 5 12",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Finnish negative polarity items",
          "parents": [
            "Negative polarity items",
            "Terms by semantic function"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "13 15 11 13 1 29 5 13",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Finnish particles",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "8 11 14 16 3 36 3 9",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with 1 entry",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "15 17 10 14 1 30 1 12",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "Instead of travelling to Italy, I'll go to greet my elderly mother.",
          "text": "En matkustakaan Italiaan, vaan menen tervehtimään vanhaa äitiäni.",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "It didn't rain today after all, although the morning looked gloomy.",
          "text": "Tänään ei satanutkaan, vaikka aamulla näytti synkältä.",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "After all, I didn't eat ice-cream for dessert, but pie.",
          "text": "En syönytkään jäätelöä jälkiruoaksi, vaan piirakkaa.",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Used to indicate change of mind or circumstances; indicates confirmation of not doing something, e.g. if someone doubts it, or, when someone is more or less surprised at an occurrence, indicates the reason why some thing was not successful – which is by not doing that something"
      ],
      "id": "en--kaan-fi-particle-j4LGZCPO",
      "tags": [
        "enclitic"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "Whoever that person is, they are just trying to get your attention.",
          "text": "Kuka ikinä onkaan, hän yrittää vain saada huomiosi.",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "-ever (when used with a verb that has an interrogative pronoun, often with ikinä for emphasis)"
      ],
      "id": "en--kaan-fi-particle-a6cNHCGs",
      "links": [
        [
          "ever",
          "ever"
        ],
        [
          "ikinä",
          "ikinä#Finnish"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "enclitic"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "How fleeting fame can be.",
          "text": "Kuinka katoavaista maine onkaan.",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Used to form exclamations of wonder, with clauses that begin with an interrogative."
      ],
      "id": "en--kaan-fi-particle-pDZ6VOO7",
      "tags": [
        "enclitic"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "-kaan"
}

{
  "antonyms": [
    {
      "sense": "antonym(s) of “neither, not ... either”",
      "word": "-kin"
    }
  ],
  "categories": [
    "Finnish clitics",
    "Finnish entries with incorrect language header",
    "Finnish lemmas",
    "Finnish negative polarity items",
    "Finnish particles",
    "Pages with 1 entry",
    "Pages with entries"
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "myv",
        "2": "-как"
      },
      "expansion": "Erzya -как (-kak)",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "According to Hakulinen, from earlier *-kahan, composed of -ka (as seen in joka and kuka) and -han, and why the particle is restricted to contexts with negative polarity is not clear. Räisänen (1996) presents an alternative etymology, in which the particle originates from the partitive forms of indefinite pronouns like ketään, mitään, in which it is developed from a reduction of -ka through partitive forms like *mitä-kä > *mitä-ɣä > mitää, and eventually this long vowel was adapted by analogy to other forms. The ending would have developed into a particle that represents negation, as the partitive case is used for objects in negative sentences. According to this theory, the final -n would be analogous to -kin, but this results in a cyclical etymology, as the -n in -kin is generally taken as analogous to -kaan. The particle has also been compared and probably cognate to Erzya -как (-kak).",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "-kään",
      "tags": [
        "front-vowel"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fi",
        "2": "particle",
        "3": "front vowel harmony variant",
        "4": "-kään",
        "5": "linguistic notation",
        "6": "-kAAn",
        "cat2": "clitics",
        "cat3": "",
        "f2nolink": "1",
        "head": ""
      },
      "expansion": "-kaan (front vowel harmony variant -kään, linguistic notation -kAAn)",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "var": "kään"
      },
      "expansion": "-kaan (front vowel harmony variant -kään, linguistic notation -kAAn)",
      "name": "fi-clitic"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Finnish",
  "lang_code": "fi",
  "pos": "particle",
  "related": [
    {
      "word": "-kin"
    },
    {
      "word": "-han"
    },
    {
      "word": "-hän"
    },
    {
      "word": "-ko"
    },
    {
      "word": "-kö"
    },
    {
      "word": "-pa"
    },
    {
      "word": "-pä"
    },
    {
      "word": "-s"
    }
  ],
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "Finnish terms with usage examples"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "If you won’t correct it, neither will I.",
          "text": "Jos sinä et korjaa sitä, minäkään en sitä tee.",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "neither, not ... either (also not)"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "neither",
          "neither"
        ],
        [
          "not",
          "not"
        ],
        [
          "either",
          "either"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "enclitic"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "Finnish terms with usage examples"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "What else could I have done?",
          "text": "Mitä muutakaan olisin voinut tehdä?",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Used to emphasize lack of alternatives."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "enclitic"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "Finnish terms with usage examples"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "Who was this gentleman again?",
          "text": "Kuka tämä herra olikaan?",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Used to soften a question, e.g. when the speaker is asking to be reminded of something, or when the speaker is seeking agreement or confirmation."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "enclitic"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "Finnish terms with usage examples"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "That task didn't belong to me, and indeed, I didn't do it.",
          "text": "Se tehtävä ei kuulunut minulle, ja minä en sitä tehnytkään.",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Emphasizes a negative (lack of) action."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "enclitic"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "Finnish terms with usage examples"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "I would not want to do that job for even one day.",
          "text": "En haluaisi tehdä sitä työtä päivääkään.",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "Even Ahtisaari could not solve this dispute.",
          "text": "Ahtisaarikaan ei osaisi ratkaista tätä riitaa.",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "even (implying an extreme example)"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "even",
          "even"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "enclitic"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "Finnish terms with usage examples"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "Instead of travelling to Italy, I'll go to greet my elderly mother.",
          "text": "En matkustakaan Italiaan, vaan menen tervehtimään vanhaa äitiäni.",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "It didn't rain today after all, although the morning looked gloomy.",
          "text": "Tänään ei satanutkaan, vaikka aamulla näytti synkältä.",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "After all, I didn't eat ice-cream for dessert, but pie.",
          "text": "En syönytkään jäätelöä jälkiruoaksi, vaan piirakkaa.",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Used to indicate change of mind or circumstances; indicates confirmation of not doing something, e.g. if someone doubts it, or, when someone is more or less surprised at an occurrence, indicates the reason why some thing was not successful – which is by not doing that something"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "enclitic"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "Finnish terms with usage examples"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "Whoever that person is, they are just trying to get your attention.",
          "text": "Kuka ikinä onkaan, hän yrittää vain saada huomiosi.",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "-ever (when used with a verb that has an interrogative pronoun, often with ikinä for emphasis)"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "ever",
          "ever"
        ],
        [
          "ikinä",
          "ikinä#Finnish"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "enclitic"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "Finnish terms with usage examples"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "How fleeting fame can be.",
          "text": "Kuinka katoavaista maine onkaan.",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Used to form exclamations of wonder, with clauses that begin with an interrogative."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "enclitic"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "-kaan"
}

{
  "called_from": "form_descriptions/1698",
  "msg": "unrecognized head form: linguistic notation -kAAn",
  "path": [
    "-kaan"
  ],
  "section": "Finnish",
  "subsection": "particle",
  "title": "-kaan",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "form_descriptions/1698",
  "msg": "unrecognized head form: chiefly in the negative",
  "path": [
    "-kaan"
  ],
  "section": "Finnish",
  "subsection": "particle",
  "title": "-kaan",
  "trace": ""
}