See subaltern in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
Download JSON data for subaltern meaning in English (10.4kB)
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "subaltern studies"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "frm",
"3": "subalterne"
},
"expansion": "Middle French subalterne",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "LL.",
"3": "subalternus"
},
"expansion": "Late Latin subalternus",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "sub-"
},
"expansion": "Latin sub-",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "alternus"
},
"expansion": "alternus",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "alter"
},
"expansion": "alter",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle French subalterne, from Late Latin subalternus, from Latin sub- + alternus, from alter.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "more subaltern",
"tags": [
"comparative"
]
},
{
"form": "most subaltern",
"tags": [
"superlative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "subaltern (comparative more subaltern, superlative most subaltern)",
"name": "en-adj"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Military ranks",
"orig": "en:Military ranks",
"parents": [
"Military",
"Positions of authority",
"Titles",
"Society",
"Leaders",
"Occupations",
"People",
"All topics",
"Work",
"Human",
"Fundamental",
"Human activity",
"Human behaviour"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "a subaltern officer",
"type": "example"
},
{
"ref": "2009 January 27, Agnes Poirier, “The fall of Rachida Dati reflects badly on the French president”, in The Guardian",
"text": "Two weeks after giving birth[…] she [Rachida Dati] was removed and offered no consolation prize other than the subaltern position of No 2 on the UMP's list for the next European elections.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2013, Isher-Paul Sahni, “More than Horseplay”, in Studies in Popular Culture, volume 35, page 81",
"text": "Celebrating the subversive practices of subaltern groups",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Of a lower rank or position; inferior or secondary; especially (military) ranking as a junior officer, below the rank of captain."
],
"id": "en-subaltern-en-adj-QXagZ3Xd",
"links": [
[
"inferior",
"inferior"
],
[
"secondary",
"secondary"
],
[
"military",
"military"
],
[
"junior",
"junior"
],
[
"captain",
"captain"
]
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "of a lower rank of position",
"word": "nuorempi"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "of a lower rank of position",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine"
],
"word": "subalterne"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "of a lower rank of position",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "Subaltern"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "of a lower rank of position",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "Subalternoffizier"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "stáršij lejtenánt",
"sense": "of a lower rank of position",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "ста́рший лейтена́нт"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "of a lower rank of position",
"word": "subalterno"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Logic",
"orig": "en:Logic",
"parents": [
"Formal sciences",
"Philosophy",
"Sciences",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Asserting only a part of what is asserted in a related proposition."
],
"id": "en-subaltern-en-adj-nJZgpqmj",
"links": [
[
"logic",
"logic"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(logic) Asserting only a part of what is asserted in a related proposition."
],
"topics": [
"human-sciences",
"logic",
"mathematics",
"philosophy",
"sciences"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "1 99",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "asserting only a part of what is asserted in a related proposition",
"word": "alisteinen"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈsʌbəltɚn/",
"tags": [
"UK"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/sʌbˈɔltərn/",
"tags": [
"US"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈsʌbəltɚn/",
"tags": [
"US"
]
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-subaltern.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/91/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-subaltern.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-subaltern.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/91/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-subaltern.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-subaltern.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"Southern-England"
],
"text": "Audio (Southern England)"
}
],
"word": "subaltern"
}
{
"coordinate_terms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "lieutenant"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "subalternism"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "frm",
"3": "subalterne"
},
"expansion": "Middle French subalterne",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "LL.",
"3": "subalternus"
},
"expansion": "Late Latin subalternus",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "sub-"
},
"expansion": "Latin sub-",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "alternus"
},
"expansion": "alternus",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "alter"
},
"expansion": "alter",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle French subalterne, from Late Latin subalternus, from Latin sub- + alternus, from alter.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "subalterns",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "subaltern (plural subalterns)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"A subordinate."
],
"id": "en-subaltern-en-noun-bEh3O8ED",
"links": [
[
"subordinate",
"subordinate"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "British English",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Military",
"orig": "en:Military",
"parents": [
"Society",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "4 10 4 49 14 18",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "16 3 7 63 4 7",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Military ranks",
"orig": "en:Military ranks",
"parents": [
"Military",
"Positions of authority",
"Titles",
"Society",
"Leaders",
"Occupations",
"People",
"All topics",
"Work",
"Human",
"Fundamental",
"Human activity",
"Human behaviour"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "2003 February 20, Ciar Byrne, “Colditz: remade with love”, in The Guardian",
"text": "As a subaltern of 24, Neave was captured in the defence of Calais in May 1940.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A commissioned officer having a rank below that of captain; a lieutenant or second lieutenant."
],
"id": "en-subaltern-en-noun-wdaRGfRL",
"links": [
[
"military",
"military"
],
[
"commissioned",
"commissioned"
],
[
"officer",
"officer"
],
[
"rank",
"rank"
],
[
"captain",
"captain"
],
[
"lieutenant",
"lieutenant"
],
[
"second lieutenant",
"second lieutenant"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(British, military) A commissioned officer having a rank below that of captain; a lieutenant or second lieutenant."
],
"tags": [
"British"
],
"topics": [
"government",
"military",
"politics",
"war"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "4 81 5 10",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "mladši oficer",
"sense": "commissioned officer",
"word": "младши офицер"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 81 5 10",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "commissioned officer",
"word": "nuorempi upseeri"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Logic",
"orig": "en:Logic",
"parents": [
"Formal sciences",
"Philosophy",
"Sciences",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A subaltern proposition; a proposition implied by a universal proposition."
],
"id": "en-subaltern-en-noun-nnvdwJjO",
"links": [
[
"logic",
"logic"
],
[
"proposition",
"proposition"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(logic) A subaltern proposition; a proposition implied by a universal proposition."
],
"topics": [
"human-sciences",
"logic",
"mathematics",
"philosophy",
"sciences"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "4 5 85 5",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "proposition implied by a universal proposition",
"word": "johtopäätös"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Social sciences",
"orig": "en:Social sciences",
"parents": [
"Sciences",
"Society",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "2003 August 9, Steven Poole, “Postcolonialism and all that jazz”, in The Guardian",
"text": "Young refers sardonically to the existence of reams of postcolonial \"theory\", and promises to give us \"postcolonialism from below, which is what and where it should rightly be, given that it elaborates a politics of ‘the subaltern’, that is, subordinated classes and peoples\".",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2012, Aparajita De, Amrita Ghosh, Ujjwal Jana, Subaltern Vision: A Study in Postcolonial Indian English Text, page 109",
"text": "In Ghosh's novel, a canonical western scientist is pitted against a counterscientific group of native folk-medicine practitioners led by Mangala, a subaltern in every conceivable meaning of the term.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A member of a group that is socially, politically and geographically outside of the hegemonic power structure of the colony and of the colonial homeland."
],
"id": "en-subaltern-en-noun-QI6Hl3aY",
"links": [
[
"social science",
"social science"
],
[
"socially",
"socially"
],
[
"politically",
"politically"
],
[
"geographically",
"geographically"
],
[
"hegemonic",
"hegemonic"
],
[
"power",
"power"
],
[
"structure",
"structure"
],
[
"colony",
"colony"
],
[
"colonial",
"colonial"
],
[
"homeland",
"homeland"
]
],
"qualifier": "literary theory",
"raw_glosses": [
"(social sciences, literary theory) A member of a group that is socially, politically and geographically outside of the hegemonic power structure of the colony and of the colonial homeland."
],
"topics": [
"human-sciences",
"sciences",
"social-science",
"social-sciences"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "4 12 8 75",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "member of a group outside a hegemonic power structure",
"word": "siirtomaa-alamainen"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈsʌbəltɚn/",
"tags": [
"UK"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/sʌbˈɔltərn/",
"tags": [
"US"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈsʌbəltɚn/",
"tags": [
"US"
]
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-subaltern.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/91/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-subaltern.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-subaltern.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/91/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-subaltern.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-subaltern.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"Southern-England"
],
"text": "Audio (Southern England)"
}
],
"word": "subaltern"
}
{
"categories": [
"English 3-syllable words",
"English adjectives",
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms derived from Late Latin",
"English terms derived from Latin",
"English terms derived from Middle French",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"English terms with audio links",
"en:Military ranks"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "subaltern studies"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "frm",
"3": "subalterne"
},
"expansion": "Middle French subalterne",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "LL.",
"3": "subalternus"
},
"expansion": "Late Latin subalternus",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "sub-"
},
"expansion": "Latin sub-",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "alternus"
},
"expansion": "alternus",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "alter"
},
"expansion": "alter",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle French subalterne, from Late Latin subalternus, from Latin sub- + alternus, from alter.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "more subaltern",
"tags": [
"comparative"
]
},
{
"form": "most subaltern",
"tags": [
"superlative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "subaltern (comparative more subaltern, superlative most subaltern)",
"name": "en-adj"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"English terms with usage examples",
"en:Military ranks"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "a subaltern officer",
"type": "example"
},
{
"ref": "2009 January 27, Agnes Poirier, “The fall of Rachida Dati reflects badly on the French president”, in The Guardian",
"text": "Two weeks after giving birth[…] she [Rachida Dati] was removed and offered no consolation prize other than the subaltern position of No 2 on the UMP's list for the next European elections.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2013, Isher-Paul Sahni, “More than Horseplay”, in Studies in Popular Culture, volume 35, page 81",
"text": "Celebrating the subversive practices of subaltern groups",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Of a lower rank or position; inferior or secondary; especially (military) ranking as a junior officer, below the rank of captain."
],
"links": [
[
"inferior",
"inferior"
],
[
"secondary",
"secondary"
],
[
"military",
"military"
],
[
"junior",
"junior"
],
[
"captain",
"captain"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"en:Logic"
],
"glosses": [
"Asserting only a part of what is asserted in a related proposition."
],
"links": [
[
"logic",
"logic"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(logic) Asserting only a part of what is asserted in a related proposition."
],
"topics": [
"human-sciences",
"logic",
"mathematics",
"philosophy",
"sciences"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈsʌbəltɚn/",
"tags": [
"UK"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/sʌbˈɔltərn/",
"tags": [
"US"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈsʌbəltɚn/",
"tags": [
"US"
]
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-subaltern.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/91/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-subaltern.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-subaltern.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/91/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-subaltern.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-subaltern.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"Southern-England"
],
"text": "Audio (Southern England)"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "of a lower rank of position",
"word": "nuorempi"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "of a lower rank of position",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine"
],
"word": "subalterne"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "of a lower rank of position",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "Subaltern"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "of a lower rank of position",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "Subalternoffizier"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "stáršij lejtenánt",
"sense": "of a lower rank of position",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "ста́рший лейтена́нт"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "of a lower rank of position",
"word": "subalterno"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "asserting only a part of what is asserted in a related proposition",
"word": "alisteinen"
}
],
"word": "subaltern"
}
{
"categories": [
"English 3-syllable words",
"English adjectives",
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms derived from Late Latin",
"English terms derived from Latin",
"English terms derived from Middle French",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"English terms with audio links",
"en:Military ranks"
],
"coordinate_terms": [
{
"word": "lieutenant"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "subalternism"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "frm",
"3": "subalterne"
},
"expansion": "Middle French subalterne",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "LL.",
"3": "subalternus"
},
"expansion": "Late Latin subalternus",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "sub-"
},
"expansion": "Latin sub-",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "alternus"
},
"expansion": "alternus",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "alter"
},
"expansion": "alter",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle French subalterne, from Late Latin subalternus, from Latin sub- + alternus, from alter.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "subalterns",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "subaltern (plural subalterns)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"A subordinate."
],
"links": [
[
"subordinate",
"subordinate"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"British English",
"English terms with quotations",
"en:Military"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "2003 February 20, Ciar Byrne, “Colditz: remade with love”, in The Guardian",
"text": "As a subaltern of 24, Neave was captured in the defence of Calais in May 1940.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A commissioned officer having a rank below that of captain; a lieutenant or second lieutenant."
],
"links": [
[
"military",
"military"
],
[
"commissioned",
"commissioned"
],
[
"officer",
"officer"
],
[
"rank",
"rank"
],
[
"captain",
"captain"
],
[
"lieutenant",
"lieutenant"
],
[
"second lieutenant",
"second lieutenant"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(British, military) A commissioned officer having a rank below that of captain; a lieutenant or second lieutenant."
],
"tags": [
"British"
],
"topics": [
"government",
"military",
"politics",
"war"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"en:Logic"
],
"glosses": [
"A subaltern proposition; a proposition implied by a universal proposition."
],
"links": [
[
"logic",
"logic"
],
[
"proposition",
"proposition"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(logic) A subaltern proposition; a proposition implied by a universal proposition."
],
"topics": [
"human-sciences",
"logic",
"mathematics",
"philosophy",
"sciences"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"Quotation templates to be cleaned",
"en:Social sciences"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "2003 August 9, Steven Poole, “Postcolonialism and all that jazz”, in The Guardian",
"text": "Young refers sardonically to the existence of reams of postcolonial \"theory\", and promises to give us \"postcolonialism from below, which is what and where it should rightly be, given that it elaborates a politics of ‘the subaltern’, that is, subordinated classes and peoples\".",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2012, Aparajita De, Amrita Ghosh, Ujjwal Jana, Subaltern Vision: A Study in Postcolonial Indian English Text, page 109",
"text": "In Ghosh's novel, a canonical western scientist is pitted against a counterscientific group of native folk-medicine practitioners led by Mangala, a subaltern in every conceivable meaning of the term.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A member of a group that is socially, politically and geographically outside of the hegemonic power structure of the colony and of the colonial homeland."
],
"links": [
[
"social science",
"social science"
],
[
"socially",
"socially"
],
[
"politically",
"politically"
],
[
"geographically",
"geographically"
],
[
"hegemonic",
"hegemonic"
],
[
"power",
"power"
],
[
"structure",
"structure"
],
[
"colony",
"colony"
],
[
"colonial",
"colonial"
],
[
"homeland",
"homeland"
]
],
"qualifier": "literary theory",
"raw_glosses": [
"(social sciences, literary theory) A member of a group that is socially, politically and geographically outside of the hegemonic power structure of the colony and of the colonial homeland."
],
"topics": [
"human-sciences",
"sciences",
"social-science",
"social-sciences"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈsʌbəltɚn/",
"tags": [
"UK"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/sʌbˈɔltərn/",
"tags": [
"US"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈsʌbəltɚn/",
"tags": [
"US"
]
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-subaltern.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/91/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-subaltern.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-subaltern.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/91/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-subaltern.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-subaltern.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"Southern-England"
],
"text": "Audio (Southern England)"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "mladši oficer",
"sense": "commissioned officer",
"word": "младши офицер"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "commissioned officer",
"word": "nuorempi upseeri"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "proposition implied by a universal proposition",
"word": "johtopäätös"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "member of a group outside a hegemonic power structure",
"word": "siirtomaa-alamainen"
}
],
"word": "subaltern"
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-05-01 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-04-21 using wiktextract (f4fd8c9 and c9440ce). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.